OSHA Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR)
The control of hazardous energy (lockout/tagout). - 1910.147
(a)Scope, application and purpose -
(a)(1)Scope
(a)(1)(i) This standard covers the servicing and maintenance of machines and equipment in which the unexpected energization or start up of the machines or equipment, or release of stored energy could cause injury to employees. This standard establishes minimum performance requirements for the control of such hazardous energy.
(a)(1)(ii) This standard does not cover the following:
(a)(1)(ii)(A) Construction, agriculture and maritime employment;
(a)(1)(ii)(B) Installations under the exclusive control of electric utilities for the purpose of power generation, transmission and distribution, including related equipment for communication or metering; and
(a)(1)(ii)(C) Exposure to electrical hazards from work on, near, or with conductors or equipment in electric utilization installations, which is covered by Subpart S of this part; and
(a)(1)(ii)(D) Oil and gas well drilling and servicing.
(a)(2) Application.
(a)(2)(i) This standard applies to the control of energy during servicing and/or maintenance of machines and equipment.
(a)(2)(ii) Normal production operations are not covered by this standard (See Subpart O of this Part). Servicing and/or maintenance which takes place during normal production operations is covered by this standard only if:
(a)(2)(ii)(A) An employee is required to remove or bypass a guard or other safety device; or
(a)(2)(ii)(B) An employee is required to place any part of his or her body into an area on a machine or piece of equipment where work is actually performed upon the material being processed (point of operation) or where an associated danger zone exists during a machine operating cycle.
Note: Exception to paragraph (a)(2)(ii): Minor tool changes and adjustments, and other minor servicing activities, which take place during normal production operations, are not covered by this standard if they are routine, repetitive, and integral to the use of the equipment for production, provided that the work is performed using alternative measures which provide effective protection (See Subpart O of this Part).
(a)(2)(iii) This standard does not apply to the following:
(a)(2)(iii)(A) Work on cord and plug connected electric equipment for which exposure to the hazards of unexpected energization or start up of the equipment is controlled by the unplugging of the equipment from the energy source and by the plug being under the exclusive control of the employee performing the servicing or maintenance.
(a)(2)(iii)(B) Hot tap operations involving transmission and distribution systems for substances such as gas, steam, water or petroleum products when they are performed on pressurized pipelines, provided that the employer demonstrates that-
(a)(2)(iii)(B)(1) continuity of service is essential;
(a)(2)(iii)(B)(2) shutdown of the system is impractical; and
(a)(2)(iii)(B)(3) documented procedures are followed, and special equipment is used which will provide proven effective protection for employees.
(a)(3) Purpose.
(a)(3)(i) This section requires employers to establish a program and utilize procedures for affixing appropriate lockout devices or tagout devices to energy isolating devices, and to
otherwise disable machines or equipment to prevent unexpected energization, start up or release of stored energy in order to prevent injury to employees.
(a)(3)(ii) When other standards in this part require the use of lockout or tagout, they shall be used and supplemented by the procedural and training requirements of this section.
(b) Definitions applicable to this section.
Affected employee. An employee whose job requires him/her to operate or use a machine or equipment on which servicing or maintenance is being performed under lockout or tagout, or whose job requires him/her to work in an area in which such servicing or maintenance is being performed.
Authorized employee. A person who locks out or tags out machines or equipment in order to perform servicing or maintenance on that machine or equipment. An affected employee becomes an authorized employee when that employee's duties include performing servicing or maintenance covered under this section.
Capable of being locked out. An energy isolating device is capable of being locked out if it has a hasp or other means of attachment to which, or through which, a lock can be affixed, or it has a locking mechanism built into it. Other energy isolating devices are capable of being locked out, if lockout can be achieved without the need to dismantle, rebuild, or replace the energy isolating device or permanently alter its energy control capability.
Energized. Connected to an energy source or containing residual or stored energy.
Energy isolating device. A mechanical device that physically prevents the transmission or release of energy, including but not limited to the following: A manually operated electrical circuit breaker; a disconnect switch; a manually operated switch by which the conductors of a circuit can be disconnected from all ungrounded supply conductors, and, in addition, no pole can be operated independently; a line valve; a block; and any similar device used to block or isolate energy. Push buttons, selector switches and other control circuit type devices are not energy isolating devices.
Energy source. Any source of electrical, mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, or other energy.
Hot tap. A procedure used in the repair, maintenance and services activities which involves welding on a piece of equipment (pipelines, vessels or tanks) under pressure, in order to install connections or appurtenances. it is commonly used to replace or add sections of pipeline without the interruption of service for air, gas, water, steam, and petrochemical distribution systems.
Lockout. The placement of a lockout device on an energy isolating device, in accordance with an established procedure, ensuring that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled cannot be operated until the lockout device is removed.
Lockout device. A device that utilizes a positive means such as a lock, either key or combination type, to hold an energy isolating device in the safe position and prevent the energizing of a machine or equipment. Included are blank flanges and bolted slip blinds.
Normal production operations. The utilization of a machine or equipment to perform its intended production function.
Servicing and/or maintenance. Workplace activities such as constructing, installing, setting up, adjusting, inspecting, modifying, and maintaining and/or servicing machines or equipment. These activities include lubrication, cleaning or unjamming of machines or equipment and making adjustments or tool changes, where the employee may be exposed to the unexpected energization or startup of the equipment or release of hazardous energy.
Setting up. Any work performed to prepare a machine or equipment to perform its normal production operation.
Tagout. The placement of a tagout device on an energy isolating device, in accordance with an established procedure, to indicate that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed.
Tagout device. A prominent warning device, such as a tag and a means of attachment, which can be securely fastened to an energy isolating device in accordance with an established procedure, to indicate that the energy isolating device and the equipment being controlled may not be operated until the tagout device is removed.
(c) General -
(c)(1) Energy control program. The employer shall establish a program consisting of energy control procedures, employee training and periodic inspections to ensure that before any employee performs any servicing or maintenance on a machine or equipment where the unexpected energizing, startup or release of stored energy could occur and cause injury, the machine or equipment shall be isolated from the energy source and rendered inoperative.
(c)(2) Lockout/tagout.
(c)(2)(i) If an energy isolating device is not capable of being locked out, the employer's energy control program under paragraph (c)(1) of this section shall utilize a tagout system.
(c)(2)(ii) If an energy isolating device is capable of being locked out, the employer's energy control program under paragraph (c)(1) of this section shall utilize lockout, unless the employer can demonstrate that the utilization of a tagout system will provide full employee protection as set forth in paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
(c)(2)(iii) After January 2, 1990, whenever replacement or major repair, renovation or modification of a machine or equipment is performed, and whenever new machines or equipment are installed, energy isolating devices for such machine or equipment shall be designed to accept a lockout device.
(c)(3) Full employee protection.
(c)(3)(i) When a tagout device is used on an energy isolating device which is capable of being locked out, the tagout device shall be attached at the same location that the lockout device would have been attached, and the employer shall demonstrate that the tagout program will provide a level of safety equivalent to that obtained by using a lockout program.
(c)(3)(ii) In demonstrating that a level of safety is achieved in the tagout program which is equivalent to the level of safety obtained by using a lockout program, the employer shall demonstrate full compliance with all tagout-related provisions of this standard together with such additional elements as are necessary to provide the equivalent safety available from the use of a lockout device. Additional means to be considered as part of the demonstration of full employee protection shall include the implementation of additional safety measures such as the removal of an isolating circuit element, blocking of a controlling switch, opening of an extra disconnecting device, or the removal of a valve handle to reduce the likelihood of inadvertent energization.
(c)(4) Energy control procedure.
(c)(4)(i) Procedures shall be developed, documented and utilized for the control of potentially hazardous energy when employees are engaged in the activities covered by this section.
Note: Exception: The employer need not document the required procedure for a particular machine or equipment, when all of the following elements exist: (1) The machine or equipment has no potential for stored or residual energy or reaccumulation of stored energy after shut down which could endanger employees; (2) the machine or equipment has a single energy source which can be readily identified and isolated; (3) the isolation and locking out of that energy source will completely deenergize and deactivate the machine or equipment; (4) the machine or equipment is isolated from that energy source and locked out during servicing or maintenance;
(5) a single lockout device will achieve a locker-out condition; (6) the lockout device is under the exclusive control of the authorized employee performing the servicing or maintenance; (7) the servicing or maintenance does not create hazards for other employees; and (8) the employer, in utilizing this exception, has had no accidents involving the unexpected activation or reenergization of the machine or equipment during servicing or maintenance.
(c)(4)(ii) The procedures shall clearly and specifically outline the scope, purpose, authorization, rules, and techniques to be utilized for the control of hazardous energy, and the means to enforce compliance including, but not limited to, the following:
(c)(4)(ii)(A) A specific statement of the intended use of the procedure;
(c)(4)(ii)(B) Specific procedural steps for shutting down, isolating, blocking and securing machines or equipment to control hazardous energy;
(c)(4)(ii)(C) Specific procedural steps for the placement, removal and transfer of lockout devices or tagout devices and the responsibility for them; and
(c)(4)(ii)(D) Specific requirements for testing a machine or equipment to determine and verify the effectiveness of lockout devices, tagout devices, and other energy control measures.
(c)(5) Protective materials and hardware.
(c)(5)(i) Locks, tags, chains, wedges, key blocks, adapter pins, self-locking fasteners, or other hardware shall be provided by the employer for isolating, securing or blocking of machines or equipment from energy sources.
(c)(5)(ii) Lockout devices and tagout devices shall be singularly identified; shall be the only devices(s) used for controlling energy; shall not be used for other purposes; and shall meet the following requirements:
(c)(5)(ii)(A) Durable.
(c)(5)(ii)(A)(1) Lockout and tagout devices shall be capable of withstanding the environment to which they are exposed for the maximum period of time that exposure is expected.
(c)(5)(ii)(A)(2) Tagout devices shall be constructed and printed so that exposure to weather conditions or wet and damp locations will not cause the tag to deteriorate or the message on the tag to become illegible.
(c)(5)(ii)(A)(3) Tags shall not deteriorate when used in corrosive environments such as areas where acid and alkali chemicals are handled and stored.
(c)(5)(ii)(B) Standardized. Lockout and tagout devices shall be standardized within the facility in at least one of the following criteria: Color; shape; or size; and additionally, in the case of tagout devices, print and format shall be standardized.
(c)(5)(ii)(C) Substantial -
(c)(5)(ii)(C)(1) Lockout devices. Lockout devices shall be substantial enough to prevent removal without the use of excessive force or unusual techniques, such as with the use of bolt cutters or other metal cutting tools.
(c)(5)(ii)(C)(2) Tagout devices. Tagout devices, including their means of attachment, shall be substantial enough to prevent inadvertent or accidental removal. Tagout device attachment means shall be of a non-reusable type, attachable by hand, self-locking, and non-releasable with a minimum unlocking strength of no less than 50 pounds and having the general design and basic characteristics of being at least equivalent to a one-piece, all environment-tolerant nylon cable tie.
(c)(5)(ii)(D) Identifiable. Lockout devices and tagout devices shall indicate the identity of the employee applying the device(s).
(c)(5)(iii) Tagout devices shall warn against hazardous conditions if the machine or equipment is energized and shall include a legend such as the following: Do Not Start. Do Not Open. Do Not Close. Do Not Energize. Do Not Operate.
(c)(6) Periodic inspection.
(c)(6)(i) The employer shall conduct a periodic inspection of the energy control procedure at least annually to ensure that the procedure and the requirements of this standard are being followed.
(c)(6)(i)(A) The periodic inspection shall be performed by an authorized employee other than the ones(s) utilizing the energy control procedure being inspected.
(c)(6)(i)(B) The periodic inspection shall be conducted to correct any deviations or inadequacies identified.
(c)(6)(i)(C) Where lockout is used for energy control, the periodic inspection shall include a review, between the inspector and each authorized employee, of that employee's responsibilities under the energy control procedure being inspected.
(c)(6)(i)(D) Where tagout is used for energy control, the periodic inspection shall include a review, between the inspector and each authorized and affected employee, of that employee's responsibilities under the energy control procedure being inspected, and the elements set forth in paragraph (c)(7)(ii) of this section.
(c)(6)(ii) The employer shall certify that the periodic inspections have been performed. The certification shall identify the machine or equipment on which the energy control procedure was being utilized, the date of the inspection, the employees included in the inspection, and the person performing the inspection.
(c)(7) Training and communication.
(c)(7)(i) The employer shall provide training to ensure that the purpose and function of the energy control program are understood by employees and that the knowledge and skills required for the safe application, usage, and removal of the energy controls are acquired by employees. The training shall include the following:
(c)(7)(i)(A) Each authorized employee shall receive training in the recognition of applicable hazardous energy sources, the type and magnitude of the energy available in the workplace, and the methods and means necessary for energy isolation and control.
(c)(7)(i)(B) Each affected employee shall be instructed in the purpose and use of the energy control procedure.
(c)(7)(i)(C) All other employees whose work operations are or may be in an area where energy control procedures may be utilized, shall be instructed about the procedure, and about the prohibition relating to attempts to restart or reenergize machines or equipment which are locked out or tagged out.
(c)(7)(ii) When tagout systems are used, employees shall also be trained in the following limitations of tags:
(c)(7)(ii)(A) Tags are essentially warning devices affixed to energy isolating devices, and do not provide the physical restraint on those devices that is provided by a lock.
(c)(7)(ii)(B) When a tag is attached to an energy isolating means, it is not to be removed without authorization of the authorized person responsible for it, and it is never to be bypassed, ignored, or otherwise defeated.
(c)(7)(ii)(C) Tags must be legible and understandable by all authorized employees, affected employees, and all other employees whose work operations are or may be in the area, in order to be effective.
(c)(7)(ii)(D) Tags and their means of attachment must be made of materials which will withstand the environmental conditions encountered in the workplace.
(c)(7)(ii)(E) Tags may evoke a false sense of security, and their meaning needs to be understood as part of the overall energy control program.
(c)(7)(ii)(F) Tags must be securely attached to energy isolating devices so that they cannot be inadvertently or accidentally detached during use.
(c)(7)(iii) Employee retraining.
(c)(7)(iii)(A) Retraining shall be provided for all authorized and affected employees whenever there is a change in their job assignments, a change in machines, equipment or processes that present a new hazard, or when there is a change in the energy control procedures.
(c)(7)(iii)(B) Additional retraining shall also be conducted whenever a periodic inspection under paragraph (c)(6) of this section reveals, or whenever the employer has reason to believe that there are deviations from or inadequacies in the employee's knowledge or use of the energy control procedures.
(c)(7)(iii)(C) The retraining shall reestablish employee proficiency and introduce new or revised control methods and procedures, as necessary.
(c)(7)(iv) The employer shall certify that employee training has been accomplished and is being kept up to date. The certification shall contain each employee's name and dates of training.
(c)(8) Energy isolation. Lockout or tagout shall be performed only by the authorized employees who are performing the servicing or maintenance.
(c)(9) Notification of employees. Affected employees shall be notified by the employer or authorized employee of the application and removal of lockout devices or tagout devices. Notification shall be given before the controls are applied, and after they are removed from the machine or equipment.
(d) Application of control. The established procedures for the application of energy control (the lockout or tagout procedures) shall cover the following elements and actions and shall be done in the following sequence:
(d)(1) Preparation for shutdown. Before an authorized or affected employee turns off a machine or equipment, the authorized employee shall have knowledge of the type and magnitude of the energy, the hazards of the energy to be controlled, and the method or means to control the energy.
(d)(2) Machine or equipment shutdown. The machine or equipment shall be turned off or shut down using the procedures established for the machine or equipment. An orderly shutdown must be utilized to avoid any additional or increased hazard(s) to employees as a result of the equipment stoppage.
(d)(3) Machine or equipment isolation. All energy isolating devices that are needed to control the energy to the machine or equipment shall be physically located and operated in such a manner as to isolate the machine or equipment from the energy source(s).
(d)(4) Lockout or tagout device application.
(d)(4)(i) Lockout or tagout devices shall be affixed to each energy isolating device by authorized employees.
(d)(4)(ii) Lockout devices, where used, shall be affixed in a manner to that will hold the energy isolating devices in a "safe" or "off" position.
(d)(4)(iii) Tagout devices, where used, shall be affixed in such a manner as will clearly indicate that the operation or movement of energy isolating devices from the "safe" or "off" position is prohibited.
(d)(4)(iii)(A) Where tagout devices are used with energy isolating devices designed with the capability of being locked, the tag attachment shall be fastened at the same point at which the lock would have been attached.
(d)(4)(iii)(B) Where a tag cannot be affixed directly to the energy isolating device, the tag shall be located as close as safely possible to the device, in a position that will be immediately obvious to anyone attempting to operate the device.
(d)(5) Stored energy.
(d)(5)(i) Following the application of lockout or tagout devices to energy isolating devices, all potentially hazardous stored or residual energy shall be relieved, disconnected, restrained, and otherwise rendered safe.
(d)(5)(ii) If there is a possibility of reaccumulation of stored energy to a hazardous level, verification of isolation shall be continued until the servicing or maintenance is completed, or until the possibility of such accumulation no longer exists.
(d)(6) Verification of isolation. Prior to starting work on machines or equipment that have been locked out or tagged out, the authorized employee shall verify that isolation and deenergization of the machine or equipment have been accomplished.
(e) Release from lockout or tagout. Before lockout or tagout devices are removed and energy is restored to the machine or equipment, procedures shall be followed and actions taken by the authorized employee(s) to ensure the following:
(e)(1) The machine or equipment. The work area shall be inspected to ensure that nonessential items have been removed and to ensure that machine or equipment components are operationally intact.
(e)(2) Employees.
(e)(2)(i) The work area shall be checked to ensure that all employees have been safely positioned or removed.
(e)(2)(ii) After lockout or tagout devices have been removed and before a machine or equipment is started, affected employees shall be notified that the lockout or tagout device(s) have been removed.
(e)(3) Lockout or tagout devices removal. Each lockout or tagout device shall be removed from each energy isolating device by the employee who applied the device. Exception to paragraph (e)(3): When the authorized employee who applied the lockout or tagout device is not available to remove it, that device may be removed under the direction of the employer, provided that specific procedures and training for such removal have been developed, documented and incorporated into the employer's energy control program. The employer shall demonstrate that the specific procedure provides equivalent safety to the removal of the device by the authorized employee who applied it. The specific procedure shall include at least the following elements:
(e)(3)(i) Verification by the employer that the authorized employee who applied the device is not at the facility:
(e)(3)(ii) Making all reasonable efforts to contact the authorized employee to inform
him/her that his/her lockout or tagout device has been removed; and
(e)(3)(iii) Ensuring that the authorized employee has this knowledge before he/she resumes work at that facility.
(f) Additional requirements.
(f)(1) Testing or positioning of machines, equipment or components thereof. In situations in which lockout or tagout devices must be temporarily removed from the energy isolating device and the machine or equipment energized to test or position the machine, equipment or component thereof, the following sequence of actions shall be followed:
(f)(1)(i) Clear the machine or equipment of tools and materials in accordance with paragraph (e)(1) of this section;
(f)(1)(ii) Remove employees from the machine or equipment area in accordance with paragraph (e)(2) of this section;
(f)(1)(iii) Remove the lockout or tagout devices as specified in paragraph (e)(3) of this section;
(f)(1)(iv) Energize and proceed with testing or positioning;
(f)(1)(v) Deenergize all systems and reapply energy control measures in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section to continue the servicing and/or maintenance.
(f)(2) Outside personnel (contractors, etc.).
(f)(2)(i) Whenever outside servicing personnel are to be engaged in activities covered by the scope and application of this standard, the on-site employer and the outside employer shall inform each other of their respective lockout or tagout procedures.
(f)(2)(ii) The on-site employer shall ensure that his/her employees understand and comply with the restrictions and prohibitions of the outside employer's energy control program.
(f)(3) Group lockout or tagout.
(f)(3)(i)When servicing and/or maintenance is performed by a crew, craft, department or other group, they shall utilize a procedure which affords the employees a level of protection equivalent to that provided by the implementation of a personal lockout or tagout device.
(f)(3)(ii) Group lockout or tagout devices shall be used in accordance with the procedures required by paragraph (c)(4) of this section including, but not necessarily limited to, the following specific requirements:
(f)(3)(ii)(A) Primary responsibility is vested in an authorized employee for a set number of employees working under the protection of a group lockout or tagout device (such as an operations lock);
(f)(3)(ii)(B) Provision for the authorized employee to ascertain the exposure status of individual group members with regard to the lockout or tagout of the machine or equipment and
(f)(3)(ii)(C) When more than one crew, craft, department, etc. is involved, assignment of overall job-associated lockout or tagout control responsibility to an authorized employee designated to coordinate affected work forces and ensure continuity of protection; and
(f)(3)(ii)(D) Each authorized employee shall affix a personal lockout or tagout device to the group lockout device, group lockbox, or comparable mechanism when he or she begins work, and shall remove those devices when he or she stops working on the machine or equipment being serviced or maintained.
(f)(4) Shift or personnel changes. Specific procedures shall be utilized during shift or personnel changes to ensure the continuity of lockout or tagout protection, including provision for the orderly transfer of lockout or tagout device protection between off-going and oncoming employees, to minimize exposure to hazards from the unexpected energization or start-up of the machine or equipment, or the release of stored energy.
Note: The following appendix to §1910.147 services as a non-mandatory guideline to assist employers and employees in complying with the requirements of this section, as well as to provide other helpful information. Nothing in the appendix adds to or detracts from any of the requirements of this section.
[54 FR 36687, Sept. 1, 1989, as amended at 54 FR 42498, Oct. 17, 1989; 55 FR 38685, 38686, Sept. 20, 1990; 61 FR 5507, Feb. 13, 1996]
OSHA Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR)
Typical minimal lockout procedures - 1910.147 Appendix A
General
The following simple lockout procedure is provided to assist employers in developing their procedures so they meet the requirements of this standard. When the energy isolating devices are not lockable, tagout may be used, provided the employer complies with the provisions of the standard which require additional training and more rigorous periodic inspections. When tagout is used and the energy isolating devices are lockable, the employer must provide full employee protection (see paragraph (c)(3)) and additional training and more rigorous periodic inspections are required. For more complex systems, more comprehensive procedures may need to be developed, documented, and utilized.
Lockout Procedure
Lockout Procedure for
___________________________________________________________________
(Name of Company for single procedure or identification of equipment
if multiple procedures are used).
Purpose
This procedure establishes the minimum requirements for the lockout of energy isolating devices whenever maintenance or servicing is done on machines or equipment. It shall be used to ensure that the machine or equipment is stopped, isolated from all potentially hazardous energy sources and locked out before employees perform any servicing or maintenance where the unexpected energization or start-up of the machine or equipment or release of stored energy could cause injury.
Compliance With This Program
All employees are required to comply with the restrictions and limitations imposed upon them during the use of lockout. The authorized employees are required to perform the lockout in accordance with this procedure. All employees, upon observing a machine or piece of equipment which is locked out to perform servicing or maintenance shall not attempt to start, energize, or use that machine or equipment.
___________________________________________________________________
Type of compliance enforcement to be taken for violation of the above.
Sequence of Lockout
(1) Notify all affected employees that servicing or maintenance is required on a machine or equipment and that the machine or equipment must be shut down and locked out to perform the servicing or maintenance.
___________________________________________________________________
Name(s)/Job Title(s) of affected employees and how to notify.
(2) The authorized employee shall refer to the company procedure to identify the type and magnitude of the energy that the machine or equipment utilizes, shall understand the hazards of the energy, and shall know the methods to control the energy.
___________________________________________________________________
Type(s) and magnitude(s) of energy, its hazards and the methods to
control the energy.
(3) If the machine or equipment is operating, shut it down by the normal stopping procedure (depress the stop button, open switch, close valve, etc.).
___________________________________________________________________Type(s) and location(s) of machine or equipment operating controls.
(4) De-activate the energy isolating device(s) so that the machine or equipment is isolated from the energy source(s).
___________________________________________________________________Type(s) and location(s) of energy isolating devices.
(5) Lock out the energy isolating device(s) with assigned individual lock(s).
(6) Stored or residual energy (such as that in capacitors, springs, elevated machine members, rotating flywheels, hydraulic systems, and air, gas, steam, or water pressure, etc.) must be dissipated or restrained by methods such as grounding, repositioning, blocking, bleeding down, etc.
___________________________________________________________________Type(s) of stored energy - methods to dissipate or restrain.
(7) Ensure that the equipment is disconnected from the energy source(s) by first checking that no personnel are exposed, then verify the isolation of the equipment by operating the push button or other normal operating control(s) or by testing to make certain the equipment will not operate.
Caution: Return operating control(s) to neutral or "off" position after verifying the isolation of the equipment.
___________________________________________________________________Method of verifying the isolation of the equipment.
(8) The machine or equipment is now locked out.
"Restoring Equipment to Service." When the servicing or maintenance is completed and the machine or equipment is ready to return to normal operating condition, the following steps shall be taken.
(1) Check the machine or equipment and the immediate area around the machine to ensure that nonessential items have been removed and that the machine or equipment components are operationally intact.
(2) Check the work area to ensure that all employees have been safely positioned or removed from the area.
(3) Verify that the controls are in neutral.
(4) Remove the lockout devices and reenergize the machine or equipment. Note: The removal of some forms of blocking may require reenergization of of the machine before safe removal. (5) Notify affected employees that the servicing or maintenance is completed and the machine or equipment is ready for used.
[54 FR 36687, Sept. 1, 1989 as amended at 54 FR 42498, Oct. 17, 1989; 55 FR 38685, Sept. 20, 1990; 61 FR 5507, Feb. 13, 1996]
2016年现行工程建设有效标准及规范清单 编制部门： 编制人： 审核人： 审批人： 编制日期：2016年3月2日
现行工程建设标准及规范清单（2016） 序号标准编号标准名称被代替编号 1 工程建设国家标准 1 GB/T50001-2010 房屋建筑制图统一标准GB/T50001-2001 2 GB/T50002-201 3 建筑模数协调统一标准GBJ2-86 3 GB50003-2011 砌体结构设计规范GB50003-2001 4 GB50005-2003 木结构设计规范（2005年版）GBJ5-88 5 GB/T50006-2010 厂房建筑模数协调标准GBJ6-86 6 GB50007-2011 建筑地基基础设计规范GB50007-2002 7 GB50009-2012 建筑结构荷载规范GB50009-2001 8 GB50010-2010 混凝土结构设计规范GB50010-2002 9 GB50011-2010 建筑抗震设计规范GB50011-2001 10 GB50013-2006 室外给水设计规范GBJ13-86 11 GB50014-2006 室外排水设计规范（2014年版）GBJ14-87 12 GB50015-2003 建筑给水排水设计规范（2009年版）GBJ15-88 13 GB50016-2014 建筑设计防火规范GB50016-2006,GB5 0045-95 14 GB50017-2003 钢结构设计规范GBJ17-88 15 GB50018-2002 冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规范GBJ18-87 16 GB50019-2015 工业建筑供暖通风与空气调节设计规范（2016-06-01 实施） GB50019-2003 17 GB50021-2001 岩土工程勘察规范（2009年版）GB50021-94 18 GB50023-2009 建筑抗震鉴定标准GB50023-95 19 GB50025-2004 湿陷性黄土地区建筑规范GB50025-90 20 GB50026-2007 工程测量规范GB50026-93 21 GB50027-2001 供水水文地质勘查规范GBJ27-88 22 GB50028-2006 城镇燃气设计规范GB50028-93 23 GB50029-2014 压缩空气站设计规范GB50029-2003 24 GB50032-2003 室外给水排水和燃气热力工程抗震设计规范TJ32-78 25 GB50033-2013 建筑采光设计标准GB/T50033-2001 26 GB50034-2013 建筑照明设计标准GB50034-2004 27 GB50037-2013 建筑地面设计规范GB50037-96 28 GB50040-96 动力机器基础设计规范GBJ40-79 29 GB50041-2008 锅炉房设计规范GB50041-92 30 GB50046-2008 工业建筑防腐蚀设计规范GB50046-95 31 GB50049-2011 小型火力发电厂设计规范GB50049-94 32 GB50050-2007 工业循环冷却水处理设计规范GB50050-95 33 GB50051-2013 烟囱设计规范GB50051-2002 34 GB50052-2009 供配电系统设计规范GB50052-95 35 GB50053-2013 20kV及以下变电所设计规范GB50053-94 36 GB50054-2011 低压配电设计规范GBJ54-95
第一部分：结构、建筑、市政、路桥GJBT图集系列 1 00(03)J202-1(GJBT-529-2002) 坡屋面建筑构造（一） 2 00G101(GJBT-518-2000)混凝土结构施工图平面整体表示方法制图规则和构造详图 3 00G514(六)(GJBT-531-2001) 吊车轨道联结及车挡 4 00J008-2(GJBT-368-2002) 抗震重力式挡土墙 5 00J008-3(GJBT-368-2002) 钢筋混凝土挡土墙 6 00J202-1(GJBT-529-2002) 坡屋面建筑构造 7 00J618(一) 中悬钢天窗 8 00J904-1(GJBT-528-2002) 智能化示范小区设计 9 00SJ008(二)(GJBT-368-2002) 抗震重力式挡土墙 10 00SJ202(GJBT-529-2000) 建筑坡屋面构造 11 00SJ904(一)(GJBT-528-2000) 智能化示范小区设计 12 01(03)J304(GJBT-552(03)-2003) 楼地面建筑构造 13 01J202-2(GJBT-551-2001) 坡屋面建筑构造（有檩） 14 01J304(GJBT-552-2001) 楼地面建筑构造 15 01J618(二)(GJBT-536-2001) 轻质新型钢天窗 16 01J925-1(GJBT-553-2001) 压型钢板、夹芯板屋面及墙体建筑构造 17 01S519(GJBT-548-2001) 小型排水构筑物(替代93S217 88S238(一)～（四）)图集 18 01SG515(GJBT-537-2001) 轻型屋面梯形钢屋架 19 01SG516(GJBT-538-2001) 轻型屋面钢天窗架(pdf4) 20 01SG519(GJBT-543-2001) 多、高层民用建筑钢结构节点构造详图 21 01SG519(GJBT-543-2001) 钢结构节点构造详图【含04年修改】 22 01SJ606(GJBT-535-2001) 住宅门 23 01SJ913(GJBT-533-2001) 住宅厨房
焊接国家标准总汇 标准号标准名称 焊接基础通用标准 GB/T3375--94 焊接术语 GB324--88 焊缝符号表示法 GB5185--85 金属焊接及钎焊方法在图样上的表示代号 GB12212--90 技术制图焊缝符号的尺寸、比例及简化表示法 GB4656--84 技术制图金属结构件表示法 GB985--88 气焊、手工电弧焊及气体保护焊焊缝坡口的基本形式和尺寸 GB986--88 埋弧焊焊缝坡口的基本形式与尺寸 GB/T12467.1—1998 焊接质量要求金属材料的熔化焊第1部分：选择及使用指南 GB/Tl2468.2--1998 焊接质量保证金属材料的熔化焊第2部分：完整质量要求 GB/Tl2468.3--1998 焊接质量保证金属材料的熔化焊第3部分：一般质量要求 GB/Tl2468.4--1998 焊接质量保证金属材料的熔化焊第4部分：基本质量要求 GB/T12469--90 焊接质量保证钢熔化焊接头的要求和缺陷分级 GBl0854--90 钢结构焊缝外形尺寸 GB/T16672—1996 焊缝----工作位置----倾角和转角的定义 焊接材料标准 焊条 GB/T5117--1995 碳钢焊条 GB/T5118--1995 低合金钢焊条 GB/T983—1995 不锈钢焊条 GB984--85 堆焊焊条 GB/T3670--1995 铜及铜合金焊条 GB3669--83 铝及铝合金焊条 GBl0044--88 铸铁焊条及焊丝 GB/T13814—92 镍及镍合金焊条 GB895--86 船用395焊条技术条件 JB/T6964—93 特细碳钢焊条 JB/T8423—96 电焊条焊接工艺性能评定方法 GB3429--82 碳素焊条钢盘条 JB/DQ7388--88 堆焊焊条产品质量分等 JB/DQ7389--88 铸铁焊条产品质量分等 JB/DQ7390--88 碳钢、低合金钢、不锈钢焊条产品质量分等 JB/T3223--96 焊接材料质量管理规程 焊丝
橡胶国家标准大全 No. 标准编号标准名称 1 GB/T 10541-2003 近海停泊排吸油橡胶软管 2 GB/T 19090-200 3 矿用输送空气和水的织物增强橡胶软管及软管组合件 3 GB 7542-2003 铁路机车车辆制动用橡胶软管 4 GB/T 10546-2003 液化石油气(LPG)用橡胶软管和软管组合件散装输送用 5 GB/T 15329.1-2003 橡胶软管及软管组合件织物增强液压型第1部分: 油基 流体用 6 GB/T 18950-2003 橡胶和塑料软管静态下耐紫外线性能测定 7 GB/T 5566-2003 橡胶或塑料软管耐压扁试验方法 8 GB/T 19228.3-2003 不锈钢卡压式管件用橡胶O型密封圈 9 GB 4491-2003 橡胶输血胶管 10 GB/T 19089-2003 橡胶或塑料涂覆织物耐磨性的测定马丁达尔法 11 GB/T 19208-2003 硫化橡胶粉 12 GB/T 13460-2003 再生橡胶 13 GB/T 11409.9-2003 橡胶防老剂、硫化促进剂盐酸不溶物含量的测定 14 GB/T 11409.6-2003 橡胶防老剂、硫化促进剂表观密度的测定 15 GB/T 11409.3-2003 橡胶防老剂、硫化促进剂软化点的测定 16 GB 4655-2003 橡胶工业静电安全规程 17 GB/T 5009.64-2003 食品用橡胶垫片(圈)卫生标准的分析方法 18 GB/T 5009.66-2003 橡胶奶嘴卫生标准的分析方法 19 GB/T 5009.79-2003 食品用橡胶管卫生检验方法 20 GB/T 5009.152-2003 食品包装用苯乙烯—丙烯腈共聚物和橡胶改性的丙烯腈 —丁二烯—苯乙烯树脂 及其成型品中残留丙烯腈单体的测定 21 GB/T 1698-2003 硬质橡胶硬度的测定 22 GB/T 1699-2003 硬质橡胶马丁耐热温度的测定 23 GB/T 18943-2003 多孔橡胶与塑料动态缓冲性能测定 24 GB/T 18944.1-2003 高聚物多孔弹性材料海绵与多孔橡胶制品第1部分: 片 材 25 GB/T 18946-2003 橡胶涂覆织物橡胶与织物粘合强度的测定直接拉力法 26 GB/T 18951-2003 橡胶配合剂氧化锌试验方法 27 GB/T 18952-2003 橡胶配合剂硫磺试验方法 28 GB/T 18953-2003 橡胶配合剂硬脂酸定义及试验方法 29 GB/T 7760-2003 硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶与硬质板材粘合强度的测定90° 剥离法 30 GB/T 7762-2003 硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶耐臭氧龟裂静态拉伸试验 31 GB/T 4500-2003 橡胶中锌含量的测定原子吸收光谱法 32 GB/T 11202-2003 橡胶中铁含量的测定1,10-菲罗啉光度法 33 GB/T 9881-2003 橡胶术语 34 GB/T 12587-2003 橡胶或塑料涂覆织物抗压裂性的测定 35 GB/T 7755-2003 硫化橡胶或热塑性橡胶透气性的测定
水环境标准 类别标准编号标准名称实施日期 水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002 地表水环境质量标准2002-6-1 GB 3097-1997 海水水质标准1998-7-1 GB/T 14848-93 地下水质量标准1994-10-1 GB 5084-92 农田灌溉水质标准1992-10-1 GB 11607-89 渔业水质标准1990-3-1 水污染物排放标准GB 20425-2006 皂素工业水污染物排放标准2007-1-1 GB 20426-2006 煤炭工业污染物排放标准2006-10-1 GB 18466-2005 医疗机构水污染物排放标准2006-1-1 GB 19821-2005 啤酒工业污染物排放标准2006-1-1 GB 19430-2004 柠檬酸工业污染物排放标准2004-4-1 GB 19431-2004 味精工业污染物排放标准2004-4-1 GB 18918-2002 城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准2003-7-1 GB 14470.1-2002 兵器工业水污染物排放标准火炸药2003-7-1 GB 14470.2-2002 兵器工业水污染物排放标准火工药剂2003-7-1 GB 14470.3-2002 兵器工业水污染物排放标准弹药装药2003-7-1 GB 13458-2001 合成氨工业水污染物排放标准2002-1-1 GB 3544-2001 造纸工业水污染物排放标准2002-1-1 GB 18486-2001 污水海洋处置工程污染控制标准2002-1-1 GB 18596-2001 畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准2003-1-1 GB 8978-1996 污水综合排放标准1998-1-1 GB 15580-1995 磷肥工业水污染物排放标准1996-7-1 GB 15581-1995 烧碱、聚氯乙烯工业水污染物排放标准1996-7-1 GB 14374-93 航天推进剂水污染物排放标准1993-12-1 GB 13456-92 钢铁工业水污染物排放标准1992-7-1 GB 13457-92 肉类加工工业水污染物排放标准1992-7-1 GB 4287-92 纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准1992-7-1 GB 4914-85 海洋石油开发工业含油污水排放标准1985-8-1 GB 4286-84 船舶工业污染物排放标准1985-3-1 GB 3552-83 船舶污染物排放标准1983-10-1 HJ/T 338-2007 饮用水水源地保护区划分技术规2007-2-1 HJ/T 341-2007 水质汞的测定冷原子荧光法（试行）2007-5-1 HJ/T 342-2007 水质硫酸盐的测定铬酸钡分光光度法（试行）2007-5-1 HJ/T 343-2007 水质氯化物的测定硝酸汞滴定法（试行）2007-5-1 HJ/T 344-2007 水质锰的测定甲醛肟分光光度法（试行）2007-5-1 HJ/T 345-2007 水质铁的测定邻菲啰啉分光光度法（试行）2007-5-1 HJ/T 346-2007 水质硝酸盐氮的测定紫外分光光度法（试行）2007-5-1 HJ/T 347-2007 水质粪大肠菌群的测定多管发酵法和滤膜法（试 行） 2007-5-1 HJ/T 191-2005 紫外（UV）吸收水质自动在线监测仪技术要求2005-11-1 HJ/T 195-2005 水质氨氮的测定气相分子吸收光谱法2006-1-1
钢材国家标准大全 钢材国家标准大全 2013-05-29 11:02:21| 分类：《刀具+钢材+模具| 标签：收藏常识|举报|字号订阅 一、型材 1. 起重机钢轨（GB3426-82）10. 碳素焊条钢盘条（GB3429-82） 2. 铁路钢轨（GB2585-81）11. 桥梁用结构钢 [YB(T)10-81] 3. 轻轨（GB11264-89）12. 桥梁建筑用热轧碳素钢（GB714-65） 4. 热轧钢筋（GB1499-84）13. 电焊锚链用钢 （YB897-85） 5. 预应力混凝土用热处理钢筋（GB4463-84）14. 矿用钢（GB3414-82） 6. 冷镦钢（YB534-65）15. 农用复合钢（GB1199-75） 7. 冷、热顶锻铆螺钢(GB715-89)(GB715-65) 16. 农机用钢
8. 凿岩钎杆用中空钢（GB1301-87）17. 机引犁犁铧用型钢（GB1465-78） 9. 冷拉优质结构钢（GB3078-82）18. 覆带板用热轧型钢（GB3085-82） 二、板材 1. 优质碳素厚钢板（GB711-88）21. 搪瓷用热轧薄钢板（YB474-64） 2. 造船用结构钢（GB712-88）22. 空压机阀片用热轧薄钢板（YB539-65） 3. 压力容器和多层压力容器用厚钢板（GB6654-86）23. 200升油桶用热轧碳素结构钢薄钢板（GB3276-89） 4. 低温压力容器用低合金厚钢板（GB3531-83）24. 热镀锌薄钢板和钢带 5. 耐候结构钢25. 镀锡薄钢板和钢带 6. 汽车用优质碳素结构钢热轧厚钢板（GB3275-82）26. 塑料符合薄钢板 7. 汽车大梁用热轧钢板（GB3273-89）27. 钢带的分类及代号 8. 锅炉用碳素钢及低合金钢钢板（GB713-88）28. 优质碳素结构钢冷轧钢带（GB3522-83） 9. 桥梁用碳素钢及普通低合金钢钢板（YB168-70）29. 低碳钢冷轧钢带（GB3526-83）
序号标准号标准名称 1 GB8478-2008代替GB8478-2003、GB8479-2003 铝合金门窗 2 DBJ15-30-2002 铝合金门窗工程设计、施工及验收规范 3 JG/T177-2005代替GB/T3015.1、GB/T3015.2 自动门 4 GB5823-2008代替GB5823-1986 建筑门窗术语 5 GB5824-2008代替GB5824-198 6 建筑门窗口尺寸系列 6 GB5825-1986 建筑门窗扇开关面的标志 7 GB7106-2008代替GB7106-2002、GB7107-2002、GB7108-2002 建筑外门窗气密、水密、抗风压性能分级及其检测方法 8 GB8484-2008代替GB8484-2002 建筑外门窗保温性能分级及检测方法 9 GB8485-2008代替GB8485-2002 建筑门窗空气隔声性能分级及检测方法 10 GB11976-2002代替GB11976-1989 建筑外窗采光性能分级及检测方法 11 GB9158-1988 建筑外窗承受机械力的检测方法 12 QB/T2697-2005代替QB/T3884-1999、GB9296 地弹簧 13 QB/T3885-1999代替GB9297 铝合金门插锁 14 QB/T3886-1999代替GB9298 平开铝合金窗把手 15 QB/T3887-1999代替GB9299 铝合金撑挡 16 QB/T3888-1999代替GB9300 铝合金窗不锈钢滑撑 17 QB/T3889-1999代替GB9301 铝合金门窗拉手 18 QB/T3900-1999代替GB9302 铝合金窗锁 19 QB/T3901-1999代替GB9303 铝合金门锁 20 QB/T3902-1999代替GB9304 推拉铝合金门用滑轮 21 QB/T3893-1999代替GB9305 闭合器 22 QB/T2473-2000 外装门锁
基本概念及生产方法我国钢号表示方法钢材专业名词介绍热连轧钢板产品简介板材常识具体介绍船体用结构钢介绍牌号表示方法型材相关实用知 识管材相关实用知识不锈钢相关实用知识钢材的尺寸和重量表示方法（一）表示方法（二）表示方法（三）表示方法（四）进出口贸易合同的交货条款 钢材基本概念及生产方法 钢材基本概念及生产方法 1 、钢材的概念：钢是铁、碳和少量其它元素的合金。钢材是钢锭、钢坯或钢材通过压力加工制成我们所需要的各种形状、尺寸和性能的材料。钢材是国家建设和实现四化必不可少的重要物资，应用广泛、品种繁多，根据断面形状的不同、一般分为型材、板材、管材和金属制品四大类、为了便于组织钢材的生产、订货供应和搞好经营管理工作，又分为重轨、轻轨、大型型钢、中型型钢、小型型钢、冷弯型钢，优质型钢、线材、中厚钢板、薄钢板、电工用硅钢片、带钢、无缝钢管、焊接钢管、金属制品等品种。 钢是铁、碳和少量其它元素的合金。不锈钢或者 10.5% 或以上铬金含量的抗腐蚀性合金钢是该类金属的通用术语。应该记住不锈钢并不是说这种钢材不生锈或不会被腐蚀，而只不过是它比不含铬的合金的耐腐蚀性能强得多。除了铬金属之外，其它金属元素如镍、钼、钒等也可以加入合金中用于改变合金钢的性能，从而生产出不同等级、不同性能的不锈钢。因应用目的和场所的不同，仔细挑选性能最为合适的不锈钢所制造的刀具，对于提高特定工作的工作效率和成功概率至关重要。刀具中不同金属元素带来的优点。简单地说：钢就是铁和碳的合金。其它成分是为了使钢材性能有所区别。以下以字母顺序列出重要的钢材，他们包含以下成分： 碳（ Carbon)- 存在于所有的钢材，是最重要的硬化元素。有助于增加钢材的强度，我们通常希望刀具级别的钢材拥有 0.5% 以上的碳，也成为高碳钢。 铬（ Chromium) - 增加耐磨损性，硬度，最重要的是耐腐蚀性，拥有 13% 以上的认为是不锈钢。尽管这么叫，如果保养不当，所有钢材都会生锈的。 锰（ Manganese ） - 重要的元素，有助于生成纹理结构，增加坚固性，和强度、及耐磨损性。在热处理和卷压过程中使钢材内部脱氧，出现在大多数的刀剪用钢材中，除了 A-2,L-6 和 CPM 420V 。 钼（ Molybdenum ） - 碳化作用剂，防止钢材变脆，在高温时保持钢材的强度，出现在很多钢材中，空气硬化钢（例如 A-2,ATS-34 ）总是包含 1% 或者更多的钼 , 这样它们才能在空气中变硬。 镍（ Nickle ） - 保持强度、抗腐蚀性、和韧性。出现在 L-6\AUS-6 和 AUS-8 中。 硅（ Silicon ） - 有助于增强强度。和锰一样，硅在钢的生产过程中用于保持钢材的强度。 钨（ Tungsten ） - 增强抗磨损性。将钨和适当比例的铬或锰混合用于制造高速钢。在高速钢 M-2 中就含有大量的钨。 钒（ Vanadium ） - 增强抗磨损能力和延展性。一种钒的碳化物用于制造条纹钢。在许多种钢材中都含有钒，其中 M-2 ， Vascowear ， CPM T440V 和 420VA 含有大量的钒。而 BG-42 与 ATS-34 最大的不同就是前者含有钒。 2、钢材种类 炼钢炉炼出的钢水被铸成钢坯，钢锭或钢坯经压力加工成钢材（钢铁产品）。钢材种类很多，一般可分为型、板、管和丝四大类。 1 、型钢类 型钢品种很多，是一种具有一定截面形状和尺寸的实心长条钢材。按其断面形状不同又分简单和复杂断面两种。前者包括圆钢、方钢、扁钢、六角钢和角钢；后者包括钢轨、工字钢、槽钢、窗框钢和异型钢等。直径在 6.5 -9.0mm 的小圆钢称线材。 2 、钢板类 是一种宽厚比和表面积都很大的扁平钢材。按厚度不同分薄板（厚度 < 4mm ）、中板（厚度 4 -25mm ）和厚板（厚度 > 25mm ）三种。钢带包括在钢板类内。
国家标准图集及地方图集目录大全
第一部分：结构、建筑、市政、路桥GJBT图集系列 1 00(03)J202-1(GJBT-529-2002) 坡屋面建筑构造（一） 2 00G101(GJBT-518-2000)混凝土结构施工图平面整体表示方法制图规则和构造详图 3 00G514(六)(GJBT-531-2001) 吊车轨道联结及车挡 4 00J008-2(GJBT-368-2002) 抗震重力式挡土墙 5 00J008-3(GJBT-368-2002) 钢筋混凝土挡土墙 6 00J202-1(GJBT-529-2002) 坡屋面建筑构造 7 00J618(一) 中悬钢天窗 8 00J904-1(GJBT-528-2002) 智能化示范小区设计 9 00SJ008(二)(GJBT-368-2002) 抗震重力式挡土墙 10 00SJ202(GJBT-529-2000) 建筑坡屋面构造 11 00SJ904(一)(GJBT-528-2000) 智能化示范小区设计 12 01(03)J304(GJBT-552(03)-2003) 楼地面建筑构造 13 01J202-2(GJBT-551-2001) 坡屋面建筑构造（有檩） 14 01J304(GJBT-552-2001) 楼地面建筑构造 15 01J618(二)(GJBT-536-2001) 轻质新型钢天窗 16 01J925-1(GJBT-553-2001) 压型钢板、夹芯板屋面及墙体建筑构造 17 01S519(GJBT-548-2001) 小型排水构筑物(替代93S217 88S238(一)～（四）)图集 18 01SG515(GJBT-537-2001) 轻型屋面梯形钢屋架 19 01SG516(GJBT-538-2001) 轻型屋面钢天窗架(pdf4) 20 01SG519(GJBT-543-2001) 多、高层民用建筑钢结构节点构造详图 21 01SG519(GJBT-543-2001) 钢结构节点构造详图【含04年修改】 22 01SJ606(GJBT-535-2001) 住宅门 23 01SJ913(GJBT-533-2001) 住宅厨房 24 01ZJ110-1(GJBT-550-2001) 瓷面纤维增强水泥墙板建筑构造 25 02(03)J401(GJBT-578-2002) 钢梯图集 26 02(04)SG518-1(GJBT-590(04)-2004) 门式刚架轻型房屋钢结构（2004年修改版) 27 02J003(GJBT-572-2002) 室外工程 28 02J003(GJBT-572-2002) 室外工程 29 02J102-1(GJBT-431-2002) 混凝土小型空心砌块墙体建筑构造 30 02J102-2(GJBT-585-2002) 框架结构填充小型空心砖墙体建筑构造 31 02J121-1(GJBT-574-2002) 外墙外保温建筑构造(一) 32 02J301(GJBT-586-2002) 地下建筑防水构造 33 02J331(GJBT-584-2002) 地沟及盖板 34 02J401(GJBT-573(03)-2002) 钢梯【含03年修改】 35 02J401(GJBT-573-2002) 钢梯图集 36 02J404-1(GJBT-578-2002) 电梯、自动扶梯、自动人行道 37 02J503-1(GJBT-588-2002) 常用建筑色 38 02J603-1(JSJT-247-2002) 70系列平开铝合金窗 39 02J603-1(JSJT-248-2002) 60系列推拉铝合金窗 40 02J611-1(GJBT-466-2002) 钢、钢木大门 41 02J611-2(GJBT-575-2002) 轻质推拉钢大门 42 02J611-3(GJBT-274、459、460、385、489-2002) 压型钢板及夹心板大门 43 02J915(GJBT-589-2002) 公共建筑卫生间
抽样标准大全
統計抽樣標準大全 什么是抽样方案？它有哪些类型？ 答：抽样方案是由样本量和对样本的要求两部分组成。抽样方案有计数型和计量型两种类型。计数型抽样方案可记为：（n；c），n表示样本量，c表示对样本的要求，即从一批产品中抽取n个样品，（n当然不能大于批量），逐个检验这n 个产品，若在其中发现有d个不合格品，若d不大于C，判为总体可接收，若d大于C，判为总体不可接收。计数型抽样方案又分为计件和计点两种情况。 抽样方案类型如下： 抽样方案：技术型抽样方案：计件、计点 计量型抽样方案 抽样检验方案的设计依据是什么？ 答：抽样检验方案是根据对总体的质量要求，用数理统计理论设计出来的。对总体的质量要求不同，对样本的要求也就必然不同。例如要求总体不合格品率不超过万分之一，所用的抽样方案与要求总体不合格品率不超过百分之一所用的抽样方案必然不同。所以说应先有对总体的质量要求，才能有抽样方案；如果没有对总体提出质量要求，抽样方案也无从谈起。这里应特别指出，总体不合格品率与样本不合格品率是两个不同的概念，在数值上不能混为一谈。例如从批量为10000的一批产品中抽取两件样品，样本不合格品率仅有三个
值：0，50％，100％。两件都合格样本不合格品率是零；其中有一件不合格，样本不合格品率为50％；两件都不合格样本不合格品率是100％，但总体不合格品率的真值可能不是上述三个值中的任何一个值，综上所述，样本不合格品率与总体不合格品率不一定相等。 抽样检验方面有哪些国家标准？ 答：抽样检验这门科学，就是用尽量少的样本量，来尽量准确的判断总体质量状况，这是一个很复杂的领域。欲达到上述目的，根据不同种情况要用不同的抽样方案或抽样系统。到目前为止，我国已正式颁布了20个关于抽样检验的国家标准，如下： GB 2828—87 逐批检查计数抽样程序及抽样表（适用于连续批的检查） GB 2829—87 周期检查计数抽样程序及抽样表（适用于生产过程稳定性的检查） GB 6378—86 不合格品率的计量抽样检查程序及图表 GB 8051—87 计数序贯抽样检查及表 GB 8052—87 单水平和多水平计数连续抽样检查程序及表GB 8053—87 不合格品率计量标准型一次抽样检查程序及表GB 8054—87 平均值计量标准型一次抽样检查程序及表 GB／T 13262—91 不合格品率的计数标准型一次抽样检查程序及抽样表 GB／T 13263—91 跳批计数抽样检查程序
钢材国家标准大全内部编号：（YUUT-TBBY-MMUT-URRUY-UOOY-DBUYI-0128）
钢材国家标准大全 一、型材 1.起重机钢轨（GB3426-82） 2.铁路钢轨（GB2585-81） 3.轻轨（GB11264-89） 4.热轧钢筋（GB1499-84） 5.预应力混凝土用热处理钢筋（GB4463-84） 6.冷镦钢（YB534-65） 7.冷、热顶锻铆螺钢(GB715-89)(GB715-65) 8.凿岩钎杆用中空钢（GB1301-87） 9.冷拉优质结构钢（GB3078-82） 10.碳素焊条钢盘条（GB3429-82） 11.桥梁用结构钢[YB(T)10-81] 12.桥梁建筑用热轧碳素钢（GB714-65） 13.电焊锚链用钢（YB897-85） 14.矿用钢（GB3414-82） 15.农用复合钢（GB1199-75） 16.农机用钢 17.机引犁犁铧用型钢（GB1465-78） 18.覆带板用热轧型钢（GB3085-82） 二、板材 1.优质碳素厚钢板（GB711-88） 2.造船用结构钢（GB712-88） 3.压力容器和多层压力容器用厚钢板（GB6654-86） 4.低温压力容器用低合金厚钢板（GB3531-83） 5.耐候结构钢 6.汽车用优质碳素结构钢热轧厚钢板（GB3275-82） 7.汽车大梁用热轧钢板（GB3273-89） 8.锅炉用碳素钢及低合金钢钢板（GB713-88） 9.桥梁用碳素钢及普通低合金钢钢板（YB168-70） 10.航空用合金结构钢板（YB540-65） 11.不锈热轧厚钢板（GB4237-84） 12.不锈冷轧薄钢板（GB3280-84） 13.不锈钢板重量计算方法（GB4229-84） 14.耐热钢热轧钢板和冷轧钢板（GB4238-84） 15.合金结构钢薄钢板（GB5067-85）
国家标准： GB 中国国家标准 GBJ 国家工程建设标准 GJB 国家军用标准 JJF 国家计量技术规范 JJG 国家计量检定规程 行业标准： AQ 安全生产行业标准 BB 包装行业标准 CB 船舶行业标准 CECS 工程建设标准化协会标准 CH 测绘行业标准 CJ 城建行业标准 CJJ 城建行业工程建设规程 CY 新闻出版行业标准 DA 档案行业标准 DB 地震行业标准 DL 电力行业标准 DZ 地质行业标准 EJ 核工业行业标准 FZ 纺织行业标准 GA 公安行业标准 GH 供销合作行业标准 GY 广播电影电视行业标准 HB 航空行业标准 HG 化工行业标准 HGJ 化工行业工程建设规程 HJ 环保行业标准 HS 海关行业标准 HY 海洋行业标准 JB 机械行业标准 JC 建材行业标准 JG 建筑行业标准 JGJ 建筑行业工程建设规程 JR 金融行业标准 JT 交通行业标准 JY 教育行业标准 LB 旅游行业标准 LD 劳动行业标准 LS 粮油行业标准 LY 林业行业标准 MH 民用航空行业标准 MT 煤炭行业标准 MZ 民政行业标准 NY 农业行业标准 QB 轻工业行业标准 QC 汽车行业标准 QJ 航天行业标准 QX 气象行业标准 RF 人防行业标准 SB 商业行业标准 SC 水产行业标准 SH 石油化工行业标准 SJ 电子行业标准 SL 水利行业标准 SN 商品检验行业标准 SY 石油行业标准 TB 铁道行业标准 TD 土地行业标准 TSG 特种设备行业标准 TY 体育行业标准 WB 物资行业标准 WH 文化行业标准 WJ 兵工民品行业标准 WM 外贸行业标准 WS 卫生行业标准 XB 稀土行业标准 YB 黑色冶金行业标准 YBB 药品包装行业标准 YC 烟草行业标准 YD 通信行业标准 YS 有色冶金行业标准 YY 医药行业标准 YZ 邮政行业标准 ZY 中医药行业标准 港澳台地区标准： CNS 台湾地区标准
国家标准查询 文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-
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钢材国家标准大全 一、管材 1. 结构用无缝钢管（GB8162-1999）8. 输送流体用无缝钢管(GB8163-1999) 2. 冷拔或冷轧精密无缝钢管（GB3639-83）9. 地质、石油钻探用钢管，石油油管及其接头(YB235-70) 10.石油钻探管（YB528-65） 3. 化肥设备用高压无缝钢管（GB6479-86）11. 石油裂化用无缝钢管(GB9948-88) 4. 锅炉用高压无缝钢管（GB5310-85）12. 石油对焊钻杆、钻铤、方钻杆管材及套管(YB691-70) 5. 锅炉用低中压无缝钢管（GB3087-82）(YB(T)33-86) 13. 船舶用碳钢无缝钢管（GB5213-85） 6. 汽车半轴套管用无缝钢管（GB3088-82）14. 不锈钢无缝钢管(GB2270-80) 7. 金刚石岩心钻探用无缝钢管（GB3423-82）15. 不锈耐酸钢极薄壁和小直径无缝钢管(GB3089-82)(GB3090-82) 16. 直径5-152毫米电焊钢管(YB242-63) 二、型材 1. 起重机钢轨（GB3426-82）8. 碳素焊条钢盘条（GB3429-82） 2. 铁路钢轨（GB2585-81）9. 桥梁用结构钢[YB(T)10-81] 3. 轻轨（GB11264-89）10. 桥梁建筑用热轧碳素钢（GB714-65） 4. 热轧钢筋（GB1499-84）11. 电焊锚链用钢（YB897-85） 5. 预应力混凝土用热处理钢筋（GB4463-84）12 矿用钢（GB3414-82） 6. 凿岩钎杆用中空钢（GB1301-87）13. 机引犁犁铧用型钢（GB1465-78） 7. 冷拉优质结构钢（GB3078-82）14. 覆带板用热轧型钢（GB3085-82） 三、板材 1. 优质碳素厚钢板（GB711-88）21. 搪瓷用热轧薄钢板（YB474-64） 2. 造船用结构钢（GB712-88）22. 空压机阀片用热轧薄钢板（YB539-65） 3. 压力容器和多层压力容器用厚钢板（GB6654-86） 4. 低温压力容器用低合金厚钢板（GB3531-83）24. 热镀锌薄钢板和钢带（GB／T2518—1988） 5. 耐候结构钢（GB/T4171-2000）25. 镀锡薄钢板和钢带（GB/T2520-2000） 6. 汽车用优质碳素结构钢热轧厚钢板（GB3275-82）
土壤检测方法国家标准大全(共84种) 土壤国家标准(仅供参考) 1 GB 11728-1989 土壤中铜的卫生标准 2 GB 12297-1990 石灰性土壤有效磷测定方法 3 GB 12298-1990 土壤有效硼测定方法 4 GB 15618-199 5 土壤环境质量标准 5 GB 19062-2003 销毁日本遗弃在华化学武器土壤污染控制标准(试行) 6 GB 19615-2004 销毁日本遗弃在华化学武器环境土壤中污染物含量标准(试行) 7 GB 6260-1986 土壤中氧化稀土总量的测定对马尿酸偶氮氯膦分光光度法 8 GB 7172-1987 土壤水分测定法 9 GB 7173-1987 土壤全氮测定法(半微量开氏法) 10 GB 7833-1987 森林土壤含水量的测定 11 GB 7836-1987 森林土壤最大吸湿水的测定 12 GB 7838-1987 森林土壤渗透性的测定 13 GB 7839-1987 森林土壤温度的测定 14 GB 7843-1987 森林土壤坚实度的测定 15 GB 7844-1987 森林土壤比重的测定 16 GB 7845-1987 森林土壤颗粒组成(机械组成)的测定 17 GB 7846-1987 森林土壤微团聚体组成的测定 18 GB 7852-1987 森林土壤全磷的测定 19 GB 7853-1987 森林土壤有效磷的测定 20 GB 7854-1987 森林土壤全钾的测定 21 GB 7855-1987 森林土壤缓效钾的测定 22 GB 7856-1987 森林土壤速效钾的测定 23 GB 7857-1987 森林土壤有机质的测定及碳氮比的计算 24 GB 7858-1987 森林土壤腐殖质组成的测定 25 GB 7859-1987 森林土壤pH值的测定 26 GB 7860-1987 森林土壤交换性酸的测定 27 GB 7862-1987 森林土壤石灰施用量的测定 28 GB 7863-1987 森林土壤阳离子交换量的测定 29 GB 7864-1987 森林土壤交换性盐基总量的测定 30 GB 7865-1987 森林土壤交换性钙和镁的测定 31 GB 7866-1987 森林土壤交换性钾和钠的测定 32 GB 7868-1987 碱化土壤交换性钠的测定 33 GB 7870-1987 森林土壤碳酸钙的测定 34 GB 7871-1987 森林土壤水溶性盐分分析 35 GB 7872-1987 森林土壤粘粒的提取 36 GB 7873-1987 森林土壤矿质全量(二氧化硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、磷)分析方法 37 GB 7874-1987 森林土壤全钾、全钠的测定 38 GB 7875-1987 森林土壤全硫的测定 39 GB 7876-1987 森林土壤烧失量的测定
钢材国家标准大全钢材国家标准大全 2013-05-2911:02:21|分类：《刀具+钢材+模具|标签：收藏常识|举报|字号订阅 一、型材 1.起重机钢轨（GB3426-82）10.碳素焊条钢盘条（GB3429-82） 2.铁路钢轨（GB2585-81）11.桥梁用结构钢[YB(T)10-81] 3.轻轨（GB11264-89）12.桥梁建筑用热轧碳素钢（GB714-65） 4.热轧钢筋（GB1499-84）13.电焊锚链用钢（YB897-85） 5.预应力混凝土用热处理钢筋（GB4463-84）14.矿用钢（GB3414-82） 6.冷镦钢（YB534-65）15.农用复合钢（GB1199-75） 7.冷、热顶锻铆螺钢(GB715-89)(GB715-65)16.农机用钢 8.凿岩钎杆用中空钢（GB1301-87）17.机引犁犁铧用型钢（GB1465-78） 9.冷拉优质结构钢（GB3078-82）18.覆带板用热轧型钢（GB3085-82） 二、板材 1.优质碳素厚钢板（GB711-88）21.搪瓷用热轧薄钢板 （YB474-64）
2.造船用结构钢（GB712-88）22.空压机阀片用热轧薄钢板（YB539-65） 3.压力容器和多层压力容器用厚钢板（GB6654-86）23.200升油桶用热轧碳素结构钢薄钢板（GB3276-89） 4.低温压力容器用低合金厚钢板（GB3531-83）24.热镀锌薄钢板和钢带 5.耐候结构钢25.镀锡薄钢板和钢带 6.汽车用优质碳素结构钢热轧厚钢板（GB3275-82）26.塑料符合薄钢板 7.汽车大梁用热轧钢板（GB3273-89）27.钢带的分类及代号 8.锅炉用碳素钢及低合金钢钢板（GB713-88）28.优质碳素结构钢冷轧钢带（GB3522-83） 9.桥梁用碳素钢及普通低合金钢钢板（YB168-70）29.低碳钢冷轧钢带（GB3526-83） 10.航空用合金结构钢板（YB540-65）30.自行车用热轧碳素钢和低合金钢宽钢带及钢板（GB3645-89） 11.不锈热轧厚钢板（GB4237-84）31.自行车用冷轧碳素钢宽钢带和钢板（GB3644-89） 12.不锈冷轧薄钢板（GB3280-84）32.自行车链条用冷轧钢带（GB3643-83） 13.不锈钢板重量计算方法（GB4229-84）33.自行车用冷轧钢带（GB3646-89）
钢材国家标准大全 一、型材 1.起重机钢轨（GB3426-82） 2.铁路钢轨（GB2585-81） 3.轻轨（GB11264-89） 4.热轧钢筋（GB1499-84） 5.预应力混凝土用热处理钢筋（GB4463-84） 6.冷镦钢（YB534-65） 7.冷、热顶锻铆螺钢(GB715-89)(GB715-65) 8.凿岩钎杆用中空钢（GB1301-87） 9.冷拉优质结构钢（GB3078-82） 10.碳素焊条钢盘条（GB3429-82） 11.桥梁用结构钢[YB(T)10-81] 12.桥梁建筑用热轧碳素钢（GB714-65） 13.电焊锚链用钢（YB897-85） 14.矿用钢（GB3414-82） 15.农用复合钢（GB1199-75） 16.农机用钢 17.机引犁犁铧用型钢（GB1465-78） 18.覆带板用热轧型钢（GB3085-82） 二、板材 1.优质碳素厚钢板（GB711-88） 2.造船用结构钢（GB712-88） 3.压力容器和多层压力容器用厚钢板（GB6654-86） 4.低温压力容器用低合金厚钢板（GB3531-83） 5.耐候结构钢 6.汽车用优质碳素结构钢热轧厚钢板（GB3275-82） 7.汽车大梁用热轧钢板（GB3273-89） 8.锅炉用碳素钢及低合金钢钢板（GB713-88） 9.桥梁用碳素钢及普通低合金钢钢板（YB168-70） 10.航空用合金结构钢板（YB540-65） 11.不锈热轧厚钢板（GB4237-84） 12.不锈冷轧薄钢板（GB3280-84） 13.不锈钢板重量计算方法（GB4229-84） 14.耐热钢热轧钢板和冷轧钢板（GB4238-84） 15.合金结构钢薄钢板（GB5067-85）