怎样区别英语中的定语从句和同位语从句？
2007-8-9 20:04 提问者：小丑鱼Shmily | 浏览次数：1537次
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2007-8-9 20:06 满意回答 怎样区别定语从句和同位语从句 - 六级语法-六级语法
在英语复合句中，有些定语从句和同位语从句从表面形式上看非常相似，使许多人难以分辨彼此。本文拟从先行词和引导词两个方面对二者进行区别。
一、先行词
1．定语从句的先行词是名词或代词；而同位语从句的先行词只能是名词，而且仅限于idea，plan， fact，theory，promise，hope，news，doubt，truth，information，suggestion，question， thought，belief，conclusion等少数名词。例如：
①The boy who is playing football is my classmate．
②Those who work hard will succeed．
③The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody．
④The fact that you are talking about is im portant．
在①句中，划线部分是定语从句，其先行词是名词 boy，它不能用作同位语从句的先行词。
在②句中，划线部分也是定语从句，其先行词是代词those，代词不能用作同位语从句的先行词。
在③句中，划线部分是同位语从句，其先行词是名词fact，它同样可以用作定语从句的先行词，④句便是一例。
由以上分析可见，同位语从句的先行词一定可以用作定语从句的先行词，但定语从句的先行词不一定能用作同位语从句的先行词。
2．when，where，why引导的定语从句的先行词一定分别是表示时间、地点和原因的名词，而三者引导的同位语从句的先行词则肯定不是表示时间、地点和原因的名词。例如：
①I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing．
②I have no idea when she will be back．
在①句中，划线部分是when引导的定语从句，其先行词day是表示时间的名词；在②句中，划线部分是when引导的同位语从句，其先行词idea则不是表示时间的名词。
二、引导词
定语从句和同位语从句共同的引导词有四个：that，when，where，why。下面把四个引导词
分成两类说明它们在两种从句中的不同用法。
1．引导词that
引导定语从句的that叫做关系代词，它除了起连接作用，还在定语从句中充当一定成分，并且在意义上代表先行词；引导同位语从句的that叫做从属连词，它只起连接作用。例如：
①The news that you told me yesterday was really exciting．
②We heard the news that our team had won．
在①句中，划线部分是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语，在意义上指代先行词news。在②句中，划线部分是同位语从句，that没有任何意义
，只起连接作用。
2．引导词when，where，why
引导定语从句时，它们叫做关系副词，在从句中充当状语，可以转换成"介词＋关系代词"的形式；引导同位语从句时，它们叫做连接副词，在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成"介词＋关系代词"的形式。例如：
①I will never forget the day when I joined the army．
②We have no idea when she was born．
在①句中，划线部分是定语从句，when在从句中作状语，它可以转换成on which的形式；在②句 中，划线部分是同位语从句， when在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成"介词＋关系代词"的形式。
③This is the house where I lived two years ago．
④He put forward to the question where the meeting would be held．
在③句中，划线部分是定语从句，where在从句中作状语，它可以转换成in which的形式；在④句中，划线部分是同位语从句， where在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成"介词＋关系代词"的形式。
⑤This is the reason why she will not attend the meeting．
⑥The teacher had no idea why Jack was absent．
在⑤句中，划线部分是定语从句，why在从句中作状语，它可以转换成for which的形式；在⑥句 中，划线部分是同位语从句，why在从句中充当状语，但不能转换成"介词＋关系代词"的形式。
在复合句主句中名词性成分之后与该名词性成分并列， 补充说明该名词性成分的有关情况的名词性从句， 被称为同位语从句。同位语从句的先行词通常为answer, hope, fact, truth, belief, news, idea, promise, information, conclusion, order, suggestion, problem, question, thought, report, belief, decision, doubt, opinion, theory等抽象名词。例如： The news that his heath is failing made us sad. 他健康状况不佳的消息使我们很难过。// I have no idea where they are spending their holidays. 我不知道他们在哪里度假。// The question who should do the work requires consideration.谁该干这项工作的问题需要考虑。// There is no doubt that he will come here again.他会再来这里， 这是毫无疑问的。// He was tortured by the doubt whether he would accept their presents.他被是否接受他们的礼物这个疑虑所折磨着。
掌握同位语从句的用法要注意以下两个问题：
1. 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面， 而是被别的词隔开， 以使得整个句子的结构显得平衡。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 他从玛丽那里获知了运动会被推迟的消息。// Word came that Hussein had been captured. 侯赛因已被捕的消息传来。
2. 同位语从句和定语从句结构相似， 通常位于某一名词或代词后面， 但两者存在明显区
别： 同位语从句对名词性成分加以补充说明， 是该名词性成分具体内容的体现(相当于名词的作用)。 that引导的同位语从句中引导词that不在该同位语从句中充当句子成分， 但不能被省略， 同位语从句还可以用whether、 how等连词引导(定语从句则不能)。定语从句对先行词加以限制或修饰、 说明先行词的性质或特征(相当于形容词的作用)， 定语从句的引导词均在该定语从句中充当特定的句子成分(that在其引导的限定性定语从句中充当主语、 宾语或者表语， 充当定语从句中宾语的that经常可被省略)。注意体会以下四组例句：
(1) 第一组例句：
① We can’t solve the problem how we can travel faster than light.我们解决不了如何才能超过光的速度这个问题。
(how引导的从句表示其前面的名词the problem的具体内容， 属于同位语从句)
② I can’t remember the problem that they have.我记不得他们的问题了。
(引导词that就是that引导的从句中have的宾语， the problem的具体内容也没有得到说明， 故本句中that引导的从句是修饰problem的定语从句)
(2) 第二组例句：
① I won’t believe the fact that he lied to his mother.我不愿相信他对母亲撒谎的事实。
(that引导同位语从句对fact的具体内容进行说明， that在其中不充当具体的句子成分)
② I won’t believe the fact (that) he told me.我不愿相信他告诉我的事实。
(that引导定语从句对fact进行限定， that在该从句中充当宾语)
(3) 第三组例句：
① The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。
(that引导同位语从句对news的具体内容进行说明， that在其中不充当具体的句子成分)
② The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year. 他告诉我的消息是汤姆来年将出国。
(句中的第一个that引导定语从句限定先行词news， 第二个that引导表语从句)
(4) 第四组例句：
① We have no idea at all where he has gone.我们根本不知道他去哪里了。
(where引导同位语从句说明idea的具体内容)
② That’s the place where he was born.那是他出生的地方。
(where引导定语从句限定先行词place)
［考题1］ There is much chance ____ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race. (2006天津)
A. that B. which C. until D. if
［答案］ A
［解析］ 下划线处引导chance的同位语从句， 说明可能性的具体内容， 应填入that。
［考题2］ Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ____ he had to meet his uncle at the air port. (2006重庆)
A. why B. that C. where D. because
［答案］ B
［解析］ “he had to meet his uncle at the air port”本身是完整的陈述句， 用以说明reason的具体内容， 应用that引导该同位语从句。
［考题3］ Doris’ success lies in the fact ____ she is cooperative and eager to learn from others. (2006上海春)
A. which B. that C. when D. why
［答案］ B
［解析］ fact后面通常由that引导同位语从句， that后接完整的陈述句说明fact的具体内容。题意为： 她的成功决定于她非常愿意与别人合作并且向别人学习。
［考题4］ A warm thought suddenly came to me ____ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday. (2006安徽)
A. if B. when C. that D. which
［答案］ C
［解析］ “I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday”本身是完整的陈述句， 用以说明thought的具体内容， 应用that引导该同位语从句。
［考题5］ Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas. (2004上海春)
A. which B. that C. what D. whether
［答案］ B
［解析］ 陈述客观情况的名词性从句的引导词之后是完整的陈述句， 引导词本身不充当该名词性从句中具体的句子成分， 有这样用法的引导词只能是that。本题中that引导的名词性从句“that he would visit me this coming Christmas”是说明promise具体内容的同位语从句。
［考题6］ ____ is no possibility ____ Bob can win the first prize in the match.(上海2001)
A. There; that B. It; that
C. There; whether D. It; whether
［答案］ A
［解析］ 第一个下划线处应填入表存在的句型的引导词there， 第二个下划线处应填入that引导说明possibility的具体内容。“There is no possibility that ...”意为“没有……的可能性”， 又如： There is no possibility that you will work abroad. 你没有去国外工作的可能。
［考题7］ There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private ears ____ road conditions need ____. (2003上海)
A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved
C. where; improving D. when; improving
［答案］ A
［解析］ 第一个下划线处应填入that引导说明problem的具体内容， 第二个下划线处应填入表被动动作的to be improved。注意： 本题中problem的同位语从句that road conditions need to be improved与problem之间由problem的后置定语involved in the popularity of private ears进行了分隔。
［考题8］ Do you have any idea ____ is actually going on in the classroom? (2005辽宁)
A. that B. what C. as D. which
［答案］ B
［解析］ 说明idea具体内容的同位语中缺少表示“什么是……？”的疑问
主语， 应选用what， 引导idea的同位语从句。
本章补充强化训练题
1. — Where is Jack?
— He is ____ you told him to go.
A. where B. which C. what D. 不填
2. The difficulty we now meet with is ____ we can persuade him to tell the truth.
A. whether B. that C. what D. how
3. America was ____ was first called “India” by Columbus.
A. what B. where C. the place D. there
4. After ten years, he changed a lot and looked different from ____ he used to be.
A. that B. whom C. what D. who
5. The main facts in human life are five: birth, food, sleep, love and death. One could increase the number — add breathing for instance — but these five are the most obvious. Let us ask ourselves ____ our lives.
A. they play in what part B. they play what part in
C. what part they play in D. in what part they play
6. My hometown is quite different from ____ before.
A. that it was B. it was C. what it was D. which it was
7. ____ is ____ the students to find out the meaning and the usage of new words.
A. What a dictionary does; help B. What dictionary does; to help
C. How a dictionary does; help D. All that a dictionary does; helps
8. ____ is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
A. Whatever B. Whoever C. However it D. Whatever it
9. You can choose ____ book you like among these.
A. no matter what B. whatever C. whose D. whichever
10. You can take ____ much you want and ____ you want to.
A. Whatever; when B. Whenever; however
C. however; whatever D. however; whoever
11. Was it at the very beginning ____ Mr. White made the decision ____ we should send more fire’fighters there?
A. when; which B. that; that
C. when; so D. where; what
12. ____ a plan to deal with it is important.
A. What we should work out B. We should work out
C. That we should work out D. That what we should work out
13. ____ the boss said at the meeting isn’t true astonished all of us.
A. That B. What C. What that D. That what
14. ____ comes back first is supposed to win the prize.
A. Anybody B. Who C. Whoever D. No matter who
15. The reason ____ I plan to go is ____ she will be disappointed if I don’t.
A. that; because B. why; that C. why; because D. that; for
16. — I fell off my horseback and broke my leg yesterday.
— Is that ____ you drank too much?
A. why B. how C. because D. when
本章补充强化训练题参考答案
1.A 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.C 6.C 7.A 8.A 9.D 10.C
11.B 12.C 13.D 14.C 15.B 16.C