外文文献一
General Requirements to Construction of Substation
Substations are a vital element in a power supply system of industrial enterprises．They serve to receive ，convert and distribute electric energy .Depending on power and purpose ,the substations are divided into central distribution substations for a voltage of 110-500kV;main step-down substations for110-220/6-10-35kV;deep entrance substations for 110-330/6-10Kv;distribution substations for 6-10Kv;shop transformer substations for 6-10/0.38-0.66kV.At the main step-down substations, the energy received from the power source is transformed from 110-220kV usually to 6-10kV(sometimes 35kV) which is distributed among substations of the enterprise and is fed to high-voltage services.
Central distribution substations receive energy from power systems and distribute it (without or with partial transformation) via aerial and cable lines of deep entrances at a voltage of 110-220kV over the enterprise territory .Central distribution substation differs from the main distribution substation in a higher power and in that bulk of its power is at a voltage of 110-220kV;it features simplified switching circuits at primary voltage; it is fed from the power to an individual object or region .Low-and medium-power shop substations transform energy from 6-10kV to a secondary voltage of 380/220 or 660/380.
Step-up transformer substations are used at power plants for transformation of energy produced by the generators to a higher voltage which decreases losses at a long-distance transmission .Converter substations are intended to convert AC to DC (sometimes vice versa) and to convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are convert energy of one frequency to another .Converter substations with semiconductor rectifiers are most economic. Distribution substations for 6-10kV are fed primarily from main distribution substations (sometimes from central distribution substations).With a system of
dividing substations for 110-220kV, the functions of a switch-gear are accomplished by switch-gears for 6-10kV at deep entrance substations.
Depending on location of substations their switch-gear may be outdoor or indoor. The feed and output lines at 6-10kV substations are mainly of the cable type .at 35-220kV substations of the aerial type .When erecting and wiring the substations ,major attention is given to reliable and economic power supply of a given production.
Substations are erected by industrial methods with the use of large blocks and assemblies prepared at the site shops of electric engineering organizations and factories of electrical engineering industry .Substations are usually designed for operation without continuous attendance of the duty personnel but with the use of elementary automatic and signaling devices.
When constructing the structural part of a substation .it is advisable to use light-weight industrial structures and elements (panels ,floors ,etc.) made of bent sections .These elements are pre-made outside the erection zone and are only assembled at site .This considerably cuts the terms and cost of construction.
Basic circuitry concepts of substations are chosen when designing a powersupply system of the enterprise .Substations feature primary voltage entrances .transformers and output cable lines or current conductors of secondary voltage .Substations are mounted from equipment and elements described below .The number of possible combinations of equipment and elements is very great .Whenelaborating a substation circuitry ,it is necessary to strive for maximum simplification and minimizing the number of switching devices .Such substations are more reliable and economic .Circuitry is simplified by using automatic reclosure or automatic change over to reserve facility which allows rapid and faultless redundancy of individual elements and using equipment.
When designing transformer substations of industrial enterprises for all voltages , the following basic considerations are taken into account:
1. Preferable employment of a single-bus system with using two-bus systems only to ensure a reliable and economic power supply;
2. Wide use of unitized constructions and busless substations;
3.Substantiated employment of automatics and telemetry ;if the substation design does not envisage the use of automatics or telemetry ,the circuitry is so arranged as to allow for adding such equipment in future without excessive investments and re-work.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/0310653243.html,e of simple and cheap devices-isolating switches ,short-circuiting switches ,load-breaking isolators ,fuses ,with due regard for their switching capacity may drastically cut the need for expensive and critical oil ,vacuum ,solenoid and air switches .Substation and switch-gear circuitries are so made that using the equipment of each production line is fed from individual transformers ,assemblies ,the lines to allow their disconnection simultaneously with mechanisms without disrupting operation of adjacent production flows.
When elaborating circuitry of a substation, the most vital task is to properly choose and arrange switching devices(switches ,isolators ,current limiters ,arresters ,high-voltage fuses).The decision depends on the purpose ,power and significance of the substation.
Many years ago, scientists had very vague ideas about electricity. Many of them thought of it as a sort of fluid that flowed through wires as water flows through pipes, but they could not understand what made it flow. Many of them felt that electricity was made up of tiny particles of some kind ,but trying to separate electricity into individual particles baffled them.
Then, the great American scientist Millikan, in 1909,astounded the scientific world by actually weighing a single particle of electricity and calculating its electric charge. This was probably one of the most delicate weighing jobs ever done by man,for a single electric particle weighs only about half of a millionth of a pound. To make up a pound it would take more of those particles than there are drops of water in the Atlantic Ocean.
They are no strangers to us, these electric particles, for we know them as electrons. When large numbers of electrons break away from their atoms and move through a wire,we describe this action by saying that electricity is flowing through the wire.Yes,the electrical fluid that early scientists talked about is nothing more than
electrical flowing along a wire.
But how can individual electrons be made to break away from atoms? And how can these free electrons be made to along a wire? The answer to the first question lies in the structure of the atoms themselves. Some atoms are so constructed that they lose electrons easily. An atom of copper, for example ,is continually losing an electron, regaining it(or another electron),and losing it again. A copper atom normally has 29 electrons, arranged in four different orbits about its nucleus. The inside orbit has 2 electrons. The next larger orbit has 8.The third orbit is packed with 18 electrons . And the outside orbit has only one electron.It is this outside electron that the copper atom is continually losing, for it is not very closely tied to the atom. It wanders off, is replaced by another free-roving electron, and then this second electron also wanders away.
Consequently,in a copper wire free electrons are floating around in all directions among the copper atoms.Thus, even through the copper wire looks quite motionless to your ordinary eye, there is a great deal of activity going on inside it. If the wire were carrying electricity to an electric light or to some other electrical device, the electrons would not be moving around at random. Instead, many of them would be rushing in the same direction-from one end of the wire to the other.
This brings us to the second question .How can free electrons be made to move along a wire? Well ,men have found several ways to do that .One way is chemical. V olta,s voltaic pile,or battery, is a chemical device that makes electricity(or electrons)flow in wires. Another way is magnetic. Faraday and Henry discovered how magnets could be used to make electricity flow in a wire.
Magnets
Almost everyone has seen horseshoe magnets-so called because they are shaped like horseshoes. Probably you have experimented with a magnet, and noticed how it will pick up tacks and nails, or other small iron objects. Men have known about magnets for thousands of years.
Several thousand years ago, according to legend, a shepherd named Magnes lived on the island of Crete, in the Mediterranean Sea .He had a shepherds crook tipped
with iron. One day he found an oddly shaped black stone that stuck to this iron https://www.doczj.com/doc/0310653243.html,ter, when many other such stones were found, they were called magnets(after Magnets).These were natural magnets.
In recent times men have learned how to make magnets out of iron. More important still, they have discovered how to use magnets to push electrons through wires-that is, how to make electricity flow. Before we discuss this, there arecertain characteristics of magnets that we should know about.If a piece of glass is laid on top of a horse- shoes magnet, and if iron filings are then sprink ledon the glass, the filings will arrange themselves into lines. If this same thing is trid with a bar magnet(a horseshoe magnet straightened out),the lines can be seen more easily. These experiments demonstrate what scientists call magnetic lines of force. Magnets, they explain, work through lines of force that ext- end between the two ends of the magnet. But electrons seem to have magnetic lines of force around them, too.This can be proved by sticking a wire through a piece ofcard board, sprinkling iron filings on the cardboard, and connecting a battery to the wire. The filings will tend to form rings around the wire,as a result of the magnetism of the moving electrons(or electricity).So we can see that there is arelationship between moving electrons and magnetism, Magnetism results from the movement of electrons.
Of course, electrons are not really flowing in the bar magnet, but they are in motion, circling the nuclei of the iron atoms. However, in the magnet, circling thelined up in such a way that their electrons are circling in the same direction. Perhaps a good comparison might be a great number of boys whirling balls onstrings in a clockwise direction around their heads.
翻译：
变电站建设的一般要求
变电站(所)在电源系统的工业企业是一个至关重要的因素。他们接收,转换和发送电能。根据能源和需求,变电站分为中央配电变电站电压为110-500kV；主要降压变电所电压为110-220/6-10-35kV；深入口变电站为110-330/6-10kV；
二次变电站的电压为6-10Kv；车间变电所电压为6-10/0.38-0.66kV。在主要的降压变电所,电源能量转化电压为110-220kV，通常使用6-10Kv(有时为35kV变电所)的电压分配给企业和被用来满足高压服务。
中央配电变电站从电力系统接收能量并分发它(不包括或者包括部分变换) 给企业不同区域，通过空中电缆和地下电缆线路电压为110-220kV。中央分配变电站站不同于主配电变电它是一个更强大的电力设施,它的电压大部分在110-220kV的电压。它可以简化初级电压、中级电压或地区的开关电路。中低级别变电站改造能量来自6-10kv的电压,它的二次侧电压为380/220或660/380。
升压变压器变电站用于将电厂产生的能量转化使发电机产生的电压升高,从而有效地减少在远距离输电能量的损失转换器变电站的目的是为了将直流转换成交流(有时相反)和转换成能量时改变频率。转换器变电站的能量转换是用半导体整流器来变频的。带半导体整流器的转化器变电站是最经济的。6-10kV的配电变电站主要依据主配电变电站(有时依据中央配电变电站)。110-220kV变电站系统区域的划分时，根据变电站设备功能划分时是有学问的，6-10kV的变电站设备划分在变电站的入口。
根据变电站变的位置，电站设备在可以露天或室内。6-10kV变电站的在电缆的类型主要是供给输出线。在35-220kV变电站空中线路样式,在变电站架线和接线,主要注重供电生产的可靠和经济。
用工业的方式建设变电站，是使用大量的数块和在电气工程组织和工厂电气工程等行业的车间的位置进行组装。变电站通常是专为不连续操作的责任人员所设计,但用的是基本的自动设备和信号装置。
当建立变电站结构的一部分,应当采用薄型建造结构以及由弯段组成的组件(板材、地板等)。这些元件是预先安装区外面建造区域并且只是在这个位置组装。这样可以有效的削减变电所建造成本。
变电站基本电路概念设计的选择,是根据企业的供电系统特点得到的。变电站电压特性主要入口，变压器和输出电缆线路导线或当前导体的二次电压.变电站安装的设备和元件，设备和元件的若干种可能的组合是非常好的。当阐述了变电站的电路时争取切换装置最大的简化和数目的最小化。这样的变电站更可靠、经济。电路简化是采用自动接入或自动转入储备的方法,允许快速和无错误的自
动接入每一个元件和使用设备。
当设计工业企业全电压变电站时,下面的基本因素都要考虑在内。
1.优先使用采用两编组的单总线系统可以确保可靠的和经济的供应电力。
2.配套建设和变电站广泛使用。
3.变电站使用自动化并且支持遥测技术;如果变电站的设计并不支持使用自动化或遥测、线路安而且不允许添加设备，确保以后没有过度投资和返工。
4.使用简单、便宜的装置，有绝缘装置的断路器、短路开关、过载保护隔离器、保险丝,预期到他们的交换容量可考虑大幅度削减昂贵的器件需要和临界油、真空、螺线管和空气开关电路使用。变电站和开关电路,采用这样的设备的每个生产线服从个体变压器、装配、允许他们同时的断开而不破坏断开连接的生产流程的机制的线条。
变电站的线路的意义,最重要的一点是要妥善安排与选择转换器件(开关、隔离者、电流限制器等、避雷器、高低压熔断器),这决定了变电站的目的、功能和意义。
很多年以前，科学家们对电仍只有很模糊的概念。他们之中不少人认为电是一种“流体”，这种流体就像水流经管道一样流过导线。但他们并不了解是什么东西使电流动。他们之中的许多人觉得电是有某种极小的微粒构成的，但试图把电分离成单个的小颗粒他们却束手无策。
此后，以为伟大的美国科学家密利坎于1909年，真正地称出了单个的电粒子的重量并算出它的电荷而使科学界震惊不已。这可能是人类做过的最细致的计量工作之一，因为一个单个的电粒子的重量仅为一磅的百万分之一，百万分之一的一半左右的重量。要合成一磅重需要的电粒子数将要比大西洋的全部水的水滴数还要多。
这些电粒子，他们对我们并不陌生，因为我们知道他们就是电子。当大量电子摆脱原子跑出来并通过导线运动时，我们把这种现象说成是电通过导线“流动”。是的，早先的科学家所说的电的“流体”只不过是沿着导线流动的电子。
那么，如何能使一些单个的电子摆脱原子的束缚而跑出来呢？
而且，又怎样能使这些自由电子沿导线运动呢？
第一个问题的答案就在于原子本身的结构上。某些原子的结构使他们很容易
失去电子。例如，一个铜原子在正常情况下有29个电子，它们排列在核子周围的4个不同的轨道上。最里层的轨道上有2个电子。第二层较大的轨道上有8个电子。第三层轨道上挤满18个电子。而外层轨道上只有一个电子。正是这个外层电子，铜原子不断丢掉它，因为这个电子受原子的约束不那么紧。它忽而游离而去，并被另一游离的电子所替代，然后，这后一个电子也游离而去。
结果，在铜导线中自由电子在铜原子之间向四面八方漂浮。所以，尽管对你们的普通的肉眼来说，铜导线看来是完全不动的，但在它内部却不断地进行着大量的活动。
如果导线把电输送到一盏电灯或者另外某个电气设备那里，这些电子就不会杂乱无章地到处跑来跑去，而是它们中的许多电子将会向一个方向奔去-从导线的一端奔向另一端。
这就把我们引向第二个问题，如何才能使自由电子沿导线运动呢？好啦，人们已经找到几种方法来做到这一点。一种就是化学方法。伏特电堆，或者叫电池，就是能使电流在导线中流动的一种化学装置。另一种方法就是电磁法。法拉第和亨利发现了怎样能把磁铁用来使电在导线中流动的办法。
磁铁
几乎每个人都见过马蹄形磁铁-之所以这样叫他是因为他们的形状做成马蹄形的。可能你们都用磁铁做过试验，并且看到它是怎样吸起按钉，小钉子或者其他一些小铁件的。人们了解磁铁已经几千年了。
据传说，几千年前有个名叫麦格尼斯的牧羊人住在地中海的克里特岛上。他有一根牧羊人用的带铁头的棍杖。一天，他发现一块奇形怪状的黑石头黏在铁头上。后来，当又发现许多这种石头时，人们就叫它们为磁铁。这些就是天然磁铁。
近年来，人们已经掌握怎样使用铁来制成磁铁。尤其重要的是，人们发现了如何使用磁铁推动电子通过导线-也就是怎样使电流动。
在我们讨论这点之前，磁铁有某些特性我们应当了解。如果把一块玻璃放在马蹄形磁铁的端部，然后把一些铁粉末撒在玻璃上，那么铁粉自己就会排成许多线。如果用一根棒做的话，就更容易看出这些铁粉排成的线条了。这些实验演示了科学家们所谓的磁力线。他们解释说。磁铁通过磁铁两端之间延伸出来的磁力线起作用。
但是，在电子周围似乎也有磁力线。把一根导线穿过一块硬纸板，在纸板上撒上铁粉，并把电池与导线连通在一起，这点就可以得到证明。由于运动的电子的磁性的结果，铁粉就会绕导线周围形成一些圆环。因此，我们可以看到，在运动者的电子和磁性之间有一种关系。磁性就是由电子的运动引起的。
当然，电子并不是在磁棒里真的“流动”，但它们却是在运动，在绕铁原子核做旋转运动。然而，在磁铁中，原子都排列的使它们的电子都向同一方向旋转。也许可打一个恰当的比喻，就像许多小孩在他们头顶上以顺时针方向甩动系在线上的小球一样。
外文文献二
With the development of science and technology, people in their daily lives is becoming more and more demand on the electrical and lighting, etc. In addition to the general demand for electricity with the addition there are many closely related, so we have the stable operation of power systems have become increasingly demanding, variable by electric power system and as an important component of stability as it plays an equally important role. The vast majority of electricity consumers by power companies to supply the electric power system, a complete power system from the distribution around the different types of power plants, boost and step-down substations, transmission lines and users. As everyone knows, the power of modern industrial production is the major source of energy and power. Power not only easy from other forms of energy conversion from, but also easy to convert to other forms of energy used to supply; electricity transmission and distribution is simple and economic, and easy to control, regulation and measurement, and conducive to the realization of the production process automation.
The protection of the main current of the protection of the grid, the grid distance protection, differential protection of power networks, power grids of high-frequency protection, automatic reclosing, power transformer relay protection, power capacitor protection. With the development of relay protection of power systems and
automation technology in the development of more than a decade, as China's power system to the high-voltage, large units, the development of modern large power system, protective relaying and application level access to a large improvement in the 50's in the 20th century, almost all mechanical components using electromagnetic pose. With the development of semiconductor devices, be extended to the use of rectifier components and separation of components from semiconductor devices, in the 20th century, 70's, the use of integrated circuit devices consisting of relay protection in power system has been widely used. 80s in the 20th century, Microcomputer automatic device in a safe and gradual application of relay protection devices, with the new technologies, the adoption of new technology, relay protection hardware reliability, ease of operation and maintenance do not point to raise, following the the level of power protection technology will reach a higher level.
翻译
随着科技的发展，人们在日常生活中对电是越来越需求了，除了照明等一般的需求之外还有很多跟电息息相关，所以我们对电力系统的稳定运行要求越来越高，变电所又作为电力系统的重要组成部分，它的稳定也一样起着同样重要的作用。绝大多数电力用户由电力公司的电力系统供电，一个完整的电力系统由分布各地的不同类型的发电厂、升压和降压变电所、输电线路和用户组成。众所周知，电能也是现代工业生产的主要能源和动力。电能既易于由其它形式的能量转换而来，又易于转换为其它形式的能量以供应用；电能的输送和分配既简单经济，又便于控制、调节和测量，有利于实现生产过程自动化。
保护主要有电网的电流保护、电网的距离保护、电网的差动保护、电网的高频保护、自动重合闸、电力变压器的继电保护、电力电容器的保护。继电保护的发展是随着电力系统和自动化技术的发展而发展的，十几年来，随着我国电力系统向高电压、大机组、现代化大电网发展，继电保护及其应用水平获得很大的提高，在20世纪50年代，差不多都是用电磁型机械元件构成。随着半导体器件的
发展，陆续推广到利用整流型元件和由半导体分离元件组成的装置，在20 世纪70年代以后，利用集成电路构成的装置在电力系统继电保护中得到广泛的应用。在20世纪80年代，微型机在安全自动装置和继电保护装置中逐渐应用，随着新技术，新工艺的采用，继电保护硬件设备的可靠性，运行维护方便性也不断提高。继电保护技术水平将达到更高的水平。
外文出处： 《Exploiting Software How to Break Code》By Greg Hoglund, Gary McGraw Publisher : Addison Wesley Pub Date : February 17, 2004 ISBN : 0-201-78695-8 译文标题： JDBC接口技术 译文： JDBC是一种可用于执行SQL语句的JavaAPI（ApplicationProgrammingInterface应用程序设计接口）。它由一些Java语言编写的类和界面组成。JDBC为数据库应用开发人员、数据库前台工具开发人员提供了一种标准的应用程序设计接口，使开发人员可以用纯Java语言编写完整的数据库应用程序。 一、ODBC到JDBC的发展历程 说到JDBC，很容易让人联想到另一个十分熟悉的字眼“ODBC”。它们之间有没有联系呢？如果有，那么它们之间又是怎样的关系呢？ ODBC是OpenDatabaseConnectivity的英文简写。它是一种用来在相关或不相关的数据库管理系统（DBMS）中存取数据的，用C语言实现的，标准应用程序数据接口。通过ODBCAPI，应用程序可以存取保存在多种不同数据库管理系统（DBMS）中的数据，而不论每个DBMS使用了何种数据存储格式和编程接口。 1．ODBC的结构模型 ODBC的结构包括四个主要部分：应用程序接口、驱动器管理器、数据库驱动器和数据源。应用程序接口：屏蔽不同的ODBC数据库驱动器之间函数调用的差别，为用户提供统一的SQL编程接口。 驱动器管理器：为应用程序装载数据库驱动器。 数据库驱动器：实现ODBC的函数调用，提供对特定数据源的SQL请求。如果需要，数据库驱动器将修改应用程序的请求，使得请求符合相关的DBMS所支持的文法。 数据源：由用户想要存取的数据以及与它相关的操作系统、DBMS和用于访问DBMS的网络平台组成。 虽然ODBC驱动器管理器的主要目的是加载数据库驱动器，以便ODBC函数调用，但是数据库驱动器本身也执行ODBC函数调用，并与数据库相互配合。因此当应用系统发出调用与数据源进行连接时，数据库驱动器能管理通信协议。当建立起与数据源的连接时，数据库驱动器便能处理应用系统向DBMS发出的请求，对分析或发自数据源的设计进行必要的翻译，并将结果返回给应用系统。 2．JDBC的诞生 自从Java语言于1995年5月正式公布以来，Java风靡全球。出现大量的用java语言编写的程序，其中也包括数据库应用程序。由于没有一个Java语言的API，编程人员不得不在Java程序中加入C语言的ODBC函数调用。这就使很多Java的优秀特性无法充分发挥，比如平台无关性、面向对象特性等。随着越来越多的编程人员对Java语言的日益喜爱，越来越多的公司在Java程序开发上投入的精力日益增加，对java语言接口的访问数据库的API 的要求越来越强烈。也由于ODBC的有其不足之处，比如它并不容易使用，没有面向对象的特性等等，SUN公司决定开发一Java语言为接口的数据库应用程序开发接口。在JDK1．x 版本中，JDBC只是一个可选部件，到了JDK1．1公布时，SQL类包（也就是JDBCAPI）
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 文献、资料中文题目：软件开发概念和设计方法文献、资料英文题目： 文献、资料来源： 文献、资料发表（出版）日期： 院（部）： 专业： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 指导教师： 翻译日期： 2017.02.14
外文资料原文 Software Development Concepts and Design Methodologies During the 1960s, ma inframes and higher level programming languages were applied to man y problems including human resource s yste ms,reservation s yste ms, and manufacturing s yste ms. Computers and software were seen as the cure all for man y bu siness issues were some times applied blindly. S yste ms sometimes failed to solve the problem for which the y were designed for man y reasons including: ?Inability to sufficiently understand complex problems ?Not sufficiently taking into account end-u ser needs, the organizational environ ment, and performance tradeoffs ?Inability to accurately estimate development time and operational costs ?Lack of framework for consistent and regular customer communications At this time, the concept of structured programming, top-down design, stepwise refinement，and modularity e merged. Structured programming is still the most dominant approach to software engineering and is still evo lving. These failures led to the concept of "software engineering" based upon the idea that an engineering-like discipl ine could be applied to software design and develop ment. Software design is a process where the software designer applies techniques and principles to produce a conceptual model that de scribes and defines a solution to a problem. In the beginning, this des ign process has not been well structured and the model does not alwa ys accurately represent the problem of software development. However,design methodologies have been evolving to accommo date changes in technolog y coupled with our increased understanding of development processes. Whereas early desig n methods addressed specific aspects of the
附录一英文科技文献翻译 英文原文： Experimental investigation of laser surface textured parallel thrust bearings Performance enhancements by laser surface texturing (LST) of parallel-thrust bearings is experimentally investigated. Test results are compared with a theoretical model and good correlation is found over the relevant operating conditions. A compari- son of the performance of unidirectional and bi-directional partial-LST bearings with that of a baseline, untextured bearing is presented showing the bene?ts of LST in terms of increased clearance and reduced friction. KEY WORDS: ?uid ?lm bearings, slider bearings, surface texturing 1. Introduction The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication yields linear (Couette) velocity distribution with zero pressure gradients between smooth parallel surfaces under steady-state sliding. This results in an unstable hydrodynamic ?lm that would collapse under any external force acting normal to the surfaces. However, experience shows that stable lubricating ?lms can develop between parallel sliding surfaces, generally because of some mechanism that relaxes one or more of the assumptions of the classical theory. A stable ?uid ?lm with su?cient load-carrying capacity in parallel sliding surfaces can be obtained, for example, with macro or micro surface structure of di?erent types. These include waviness [1] and protruding microasperities [2–4]. A good literature review on the subject can be found in Ref. [5]. More recently, laser surface texturing (LST) [6–8], as well as inlet roughening by longitudinal or transverse grooves [9] were suggested to provide load capacity in parallel sliding. The inlet roughness concept of Tonder [9] is based on ??e?ective clearance‘‘ reduction in the sliding direction and in this respect it is identical to the par- tial-LST concept described in ref. [10] for generating hydrostatic e?ect in high-pressure mechanical seals. Very recently Wang et al. [11] demonstrated experimentally a doubling of the load-carrying capacity for the surface- texture design by reactive ion etching of SiC
附录1：外文资料翻译 A1.1外文资料题目 26.22 接地故障电路开关 我们目前为止报道的接地方法通常是充分的, 但更加进一步的安全措施在某些情况下是必要的。假设例如, 有人将他的手指伸进灯口（如Fig.26.45示）。虽然金属封入物安全地接地, 但那人仍将受到痛苦的震动。或假设1个120V 的电炉掉入游泳池。发热设备和联络装置将导致电流流入在水池中的危害，即使电路的外壳被安全地接地，现在已经发展为当这样的事件发生时，设备的电源将被切断。如果接地电流超过5mA ，接地开关将在5 ms 内跳掉，这些装置怎么运行的？ 如Fig.26.46所示，一台小变流器缠绕上导线 ，第二步是要连接到可能触发开合120 V 线的一台敏感电子探测器。 在正常情况下流过导体的电流W I 与中性点上的电流N I 准切的相等，因此流经核心的净潮流(N W I I -)是零。 结果，在核心没有产生电流，导致的电压F E 为零，并且开关CB 没有动作。 假设如果某人接触了一个终端(图Fig.26.45示)，故障电流F I 将直接地从载电线漏到地面，这是可能发生的。如果绝缘材料在马达和它的地面封入物之间断开，故障电流也会被产生。在以下任何情况下，流经CT 的孔的净潮流等于F I 或L I ，不再是零。电流被产生，并且产生了可以控制CB 开关的电压F E 。 由于5 mA 不平衡状态只必须被检测出，变压器的核心一定是非常有渗透性的在低通量密度。 Supermalloy 是最为常用的，因为它有相对渗透性典型地70000在通量密度仅4mT 。 26.23 t I 2是导体迅速发热的因素 它有时发生于导体短期内电流远大于正常值的情况下，R I 2损失非常大并且导体的温度可以在数秒内上升几百度。例如，当发生严重短路时，在保险丝或开关作用之前，会有很大的电流流过导体和电缆。 此外，热量没有时间被消散到周围，因此导体的温度非常迅速地增加。 在这些情况下什么是温度上升？ 假设导体有大量m ，电阻R 和热量热容量c 。 而且，假设电流是I ，并且那它流动在t 少于15秒期间。 在导体上引起的热 Rt I Q 2= 从Eq.3.17，在功率一定的情况下我们可以计算导体上升的温度差：
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 学院：机电工程学院 专业：机械工程及自动化 姓名：高峰 指导教师：李延胜 2011年05 月10日 教育部办公厅 Failure Analysis，Dimensional Determination And
Analysis，Applications Of Cams INTRODUCTION It is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed．Sometimes a failure can be serious，such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speed．On the other hand，a failure may be no more than a nuisance．An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in an automobile cooling system．The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant，a condition that is readily detected and corrected．The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude．Generally speaking，dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulty than static loads，and therefore，fatigue strength must be considered．Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle．For example，brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved． Many people mistakingly interpret the word failure to mean the actual breakage of a part．However，a design engineer must consider a broader understanding of what appreciable deformation occurs．A ductile material，however will deform a large amount prior to rupture．Excessive deformation，without fracture，may cause a machine to fail because the deformed part interferes with a moving second part．Therefore，a part fails(even if it has not physically broken)whenever it no longer fulfills its required function．Sometimes failure may be due to abnormal friction or vibration between two mating parts．Failure also may be due to a phenomenon called creep，which is the plastic flow of a material under load at elevated temperatures．In addition，the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure．For example，stress concentrations due to sudden changes in contour must be taken into account．Evaluation of stress considerations is especially important when there are dynamic loads with direction reversals and the material is not very ductile． In general，the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure，which include the following． ——Stress ——Deformation ——Wear ——Corrosion ——Vibration ——Environmental damage ——Loosening of fastening devices
中文翻译 STC89C52处理芯片 电气工程的研究和解决方案中心（ceers） 艾哈迈德为吉.波特 首要性能： 与MCS-51单片机产物兼容、8K字节在系统可编程视频存储器、1000次擦拭周期，全静态操作：0Hz~33Hz、三级加密程序存储器，32个可编程I/O接口线、三个16位定时器（计数器），八个中断源、低功能耗空闲和掉电模式、掉电后间断可唤醒，看门狗定时器、双数值指针，掉电标示符。 关键词：单片机，UART串行通道，掉电标示符等 前言 可以说，二十世纪跨越了三个“点”的时代，即电气时代，电子时代和现已进入的电脑时代。不过，这种电脑，通常指的是个人计算机，简称PC机。还有就是把智能赋予各种机械的单片机（亦称微控制器）。顾名思义，这种计算机的最小系统只用了一片集成电路，即可进行简单的运算可控制。因为它体积小，通常都是藏在被控机械的内部里面。它在整个装置中，起着有如人类头脑的作用，他出了毛病，整个装置就会瘫痪。现在，单片机的种类和适用领域已经十分广泛，如智能仪表、实施工控、通讯设备、导航系统、家用电器等。各种产品一旦用上了单片机，就你能起到产品升级换代的功效，常在产品名称前冠以形容词——“智能型”，如智能洗衣机等。接下来就是关于国产STC89C52单片机的一些基本参数。 功能特性描述: STC89C52单片机是一种低功耗、高性能CMOS8位微控制器，具有8K在系统可编程视频播放存贮器使用高密度非易失性存储器技术制造，与工业80C51 产物指令和引脚完全兼容。片上反射速度允许程序存储器在系统可编程，也适用于常规的程序编写器。在其单芯片上，拥有灵敏小巧的八位中央处理器和在线系统可编程反射，这些使用上STC89C52微控制器为众多嵌入式的控制应用系统提供高度矫捷的、更加有用的解决方案。STC89C52微控制器具有以下的标准功效：8K字节的反射速度，256字节的随机存取储存器，32位I/O串口线，看门狗定时器，2个数值指针，三个16 为定时器、计数器，一个6向量2级间断结构，片内晶振及钟表电路。另外，STC89C52可降至0HZ静态逻辑操作，支持两种软件可选择节电模式、间断继续工作。空闲模式下，CPU停止工作，允许RAM、定时器/计数器、串口、间断继续工作。掉电保护体式格局下，RAM内容被生成，振动器被冻结，单片机一切的工作停止，直到下一个间断或者硬件复位为止。8位微型控制器8K字节在系统中可编程FlashSTC89C52.。
I / 11 本科毕业设计外文翻译 <2018届） 论文题目基于WEB 的J2EE 的信息系统的方法研究 作者姓名[单击此处输入姓名] 指导教师[单击此处输入姓名] 学科(专业 > 所在学院计算机科学与技术学院 提交日期[时间 ]
基于WEB的J2EE的信息系统的方法研究 摘要：本文介绍基于工程的Java开发框架背后的概念，并介绍它如何用于IT 工程开发。因为有许多相同设计和开发工作在不同的方式下重复，而且并不总是符合最佳实践，所以许多开发框架建立了。我们已经定义了共同关注的问题和应用模式，代表有效解决办法的工具。开发框架提供：<1）从用户界面到数据集成的应用程序开发堆栈；<2）一个架构，基本环境及他们的相关技术，这些技术用来使用其他一些框架。架构定义了一个开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发工程。 关键词：J2EE 框架WEB开发 一、引言 软件工具包用来进行复杂的空间动态系统的非线性分析越来越多地使用基于Web的网络平台，以实现他们的用户界面，科学分析，分布仿真结果和科学家之间的信息交流。对于许多应用系统基于Web访问的非线性分析模拟软件成为一个重要组成部分。网络硬件和软件方面的密集技术变革[1]提供了比过去更多的自由选择机会[2]。因此，WEB平台的合理选择和发展对整个地区的非线性分析及其众多的应用程序具有越来越重要的意义。现阶段的WEB发展的特点是出现了大量的开源框架。框架将Web开发提到一个更高的水平，使基本功能的重复使用成为可能和从而提高了开发的生产力。 在某些情况下，开源框架没有提供常见问题的一个解决方案。出于这个原因，开发在开源框架的基础上建立自己的工程发展框架。本文旨在描述是一个基于Java的框架，该框架利用了开源框架并有助于开发基于Web的应用。通过分析现有的开源框架，本文提出了新的架构，基本环境及他们用来提高和利用其他一些框架的相关技术。架构定义了自己开发方法，其目的是协助客户开发和事例工程。 应用程序设计应该关注在工程中的重复利用。即使有独特的功能要求，也
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
沈阳工业大学工程学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目：工具盒盖注塑模具设计 外文题目：Friction , Lubrication of Bearing 译文题目：轴承的摩擦与润滑 系（部）：机械系 专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化0801 学生姓名：王宝帅 指导教师：魏晓波 2010年10 月15 日
外文文献原文： Friction , Lubrication of Bearing In many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement. Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary. The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt. There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. To produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement . Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. As shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction . Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the added energy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction. The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome
毕业设计（论文） 外文翻译 题目西安市水源工程中的 水电站设计 专业水利水电工程 班级 学生 指导教师 2016年
研究钢弧形闸门的动态稳定性 牛志国 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 nzg_197901@https://www.doczj.com/doc/0310653243.html,，niuzhiguo@https://www.doczj.com/doc/0310653243.html, 李同春 河海大学水利水电工程学院，中国南京，邮编210098 ltchhu@https://www.doczj.com/doc/0310653243.html, 摘要 由于钢弧形闸门的结构特征和弹力，调查对参数共振的弧形闸门的臂一直是研究领域的热点话题弧形弧形闸门的动力稳定性。在这个论文中，简化空间框架作为分析模型，根据弹性体薄壁结构的扰动方程和梁单元模型和薄壁结构的梁单元模型，动态不稳定区域的弧形闸门可以通过有限元的方法，应用有限元的方法计算动态不稳定性的主要区域的弧形弧形闸门工作。此外，结合物理和数值模型，对识别新方法的参数共振钢弧形闸门提出了调查，本文不仅是重要的改进弧形闸门的参数振动的计算方法，但也为进一步研究弧形弧形闸门结构的动态稳定性打下了坚实的基础。 简介 低举升力，没有门槽，好流型，和操作方便等优点，使钢弧形闸门已经广泛应用于水工建筑物。弧形闸门的结构特点是液压完全作用于弧形闸门，通过门叶和主大梁，所以弧形闸门臂是主要的组件确保弧形闸门安全操作。如果周期性轴向载荷作用于手臂，手臂的不稳定是在一定条件下可能发生。调查指出:在弧形闸门的20次事故中，除了极特殊的破坏情况下，弧形闸门的破坏的原因是弧形闸门臂的不稳定;此外，明显的动态作用下发生破坏。例如:张山闸，位于中国的江苏省，包括36个弧形闸门。当一个弧形闸门打开放水时，门被破坏了，而其他弧形闸门则关闭，受到静态静水压力仍然是一样的，很明显，一个动态的加载是造成的弧形闸门破坏一个主要因素。因此弧形闸门臂的动态不稳定是造成弧形闸门(特别是低水头的弧形闸门)破坏的主要原是毫无疑问。
外文文献： The Intelligent Building One of the benefits of the rapid evolution of information technology has been the development of systems that can measure, evaluate, and respond to change。An enhanced ability to control change has sparked developments in the way we design our physical environment, in particular, the buildings in which we work。As a result, we are witnessing significant growth in the area of "Intelligent Buildings"--buildings that incorporate information technology and communication systems, making them more comfortable, secure, productive, and cost-effective What is an Intelligent Building? An Intelligent Building is one equipped with the telecommunications infrastructure that enables it to continuously respond and adapt to changing conditions, allowing for a more efficient use of resources and increasing the comfort and security of its occupants。An Intelligent Building provides these benefits through automated control systems such as: heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC)；fire safety；security；and energy/lighting management。For example, in the case of a fire, the fire alarm communicates with the security system to unlock the doors。The security system communicates with the HVAC system to regulate the flow of air to prevent the fire from spreading。 What benefits do Intelligent Buildings offer their owners and occupants? The introduction in the workplace of computers printers photocopiers, and fax machines has increased indoor pollution。Electrical and telecommunications facilities in office buildings are under pressure to satisfy the demands created by the rapid growth of computer and networking technologies。These factors have a definite impact on productivity. New technology can be used to create Intelligent Buildings that address these problems by providing a healthier, more productive, and less energy-intensive work environment。As these are critical factors for business