2015考研英语阅读真题：考研英语（一）第2篇Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data?
The Supreme Court will now consider
whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling,
particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest.
It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California’s advice.
Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious,
so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California’s lame argument
that exploring the contents of a smart phone —a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect’s pur se.
The court has ruled that police don’t violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocket book, of an arrestee without a warrant.
But exploring one’s smart phone is more like entering his or her home.
A smart phone may contain an arrestee’s reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence.
The development of “cloud computing.” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
Americans should take steps to protect their digital privacy.
But keeping sensitive information on these devices is increasingly a requirement of normal life.
Citizens still have a right to expect private documents to remain private and protected by the Constitution’s prohibition on unreaso nable searches.
As so often is the case, stating that principle doesn’t ease the challenge of line-drawing.
In many cases, it would not be overly onerous for authorities to obtain a warrant to search through phone contents.
They could still invalidate Fourth Amendment protections when facing severe, urgent circumstances,
and they could take reasonable measures to ensure that phone data are not erased or altered while a warrant is pending.
The court, though, may want to allow room for police to cite situations where they are entitled to more freedom.
But the justices should not swallow California’s argument whole.
New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution’s protections.
Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century
with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th:
The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then;
they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
宪法对你的数字资料的保护到底有多大?
最高法院现在将会考虑
如果手机在嫌疑人的身上或身边，警察是否能在未经许可的前提下搜索其手机的内容。
加州要求法官们制止笼统的裁决，
尤其是这个推翻以往臆断的裁决——当局在实施逮捕时可以搜查嫌疑犯的所有物。
加州争辩说，要让法官去评估日新月异的技术可能引发的后果是很难的。
如果法院听从了加州的建议，那它就谦逊过头了。
可能引发的后果都在意料之中，甚至是显而易见的，
因此法官们可以也应该给警察、律师和被告提供最新的指导方针。
法官们首先就应该予以摒弃，
智能手机是个巨大的数据信息仓库，而加州关于“搜查智能手机的内容，就像在搜查嫌疑犯的钱包”的说辞是站不住脚的。
法院已作出判定，警察在没有授权的前提下搜查被捕人的钱包或皮夹时，并没有违反第四修订案规定。
但是搜查某人的智能手机更像是闯进他的家。
因为智能手机很可能含有被捕人的阅读历史、财政状况、医疗信息和详细的最近通信记录。
而此时“云计算”的发展使得搜查变得更加容易。
美国人应该采取措施保护他们的数据隐私。
而在智能手机上保存敏感信息越来越成为日常生活的需求。
公民依然有权期望私密文件不被人知道，遇到不正当的搜查时受到宪法保护。
即便如此规定，但也很难帮助我们做到泾渭分明，这种事情也是时有发生。
在很多情况下，当局很容易获得搜查手机内容的搜查令。
但在遭遇严重、紧急的情况时，他们依然会使第四修订案失效，
而在等待搜查令的时候，他们可以采取恰当的手段来确保手机中的数据不删除或修改。
法院会让警方证明在许多情况下，他们都有权进行搜查。
但是法官们不应该一股脑地同意加州说辞。
新的突破性技术有时要求宪法保护的创新运用。
法学教授奥林·科尔将21世纪的数字信息爆炸和易获取性
与20世纪作为生活必需品的移动应用的建立进行了对比。
法官那时为车厢的个人空间制定了明确的新条例;
他们现在也就必须弄清第四修订案该如何运用到数据信息的保护上。invalidate[in’v?lideit]vt. 使无效，使作废
disruptive[dis’r?ptiv]adj. 破坏的;分裂性的;制造混乱的
cite[sait]vt. 引用，引证，举(例)
establishment[is’t?bli?m?nt]n. 确立，制定，设施，机构，权威amendment[?’mendm?nt]n. 改善(正), 修正案，某物质能改善土壤有助生长privacy[‘praiv?si]n. 隐私，隐居，秘密
challenge[‘t??lind?]n. 挑战v. 向... 挑战
reasonable[‘ri:zn?bl]adj. 合理的，适度的，通情达理的
sensitive[‘sensitiv]adj. 敏感的，灵敏的，易受伤害的，感光的，善解人意的obtain[?b’tein]vt. 获得，得到
1. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. (2005. 阅读. Text 2) 【译文】最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批 来自国家科学院的专家团，他们告诉我 们，地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖，而这个问题主要是人为造成的。【析句】句子的主干是The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences to tell us that...and that...。主系表容易辨认，to tell us作目的状语，两个并列的that引导tell的宾语从句。令整个 句子略显复杂的是插入语enlisted by the White House，割裂了这句话的整体性。 2. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions. (2005. 阅读. Text 2) 【译文】但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导，关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时，应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。【析句】首先，句子的主干science does provide us...future and it is critical...。and连接两个并列的句子，前句是个简单句，容易理解；后句中，it是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句，因为从句很长，若放在句首，句子则显得头重脚轻。that主语从句中，our nation and the world 是主语，base是谓语，important policies是宾语，on the best judgments 是宾语补足语，而judgments后有that引导的定语从句。注意，concerning the futrue...actions中的concerning此处是介词，意
2020年考研英语一阅读解析 2020年考研英语一阅读解析 1)理解主旨要义； 2)理解文中的具体信息； 3)理解文中的概念性含义； 4)实行相关的判断、推理和引申； 5)根据上下文推测生词的词义； 6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系； 7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度； 8)区分论点和论据。 万变不离其宗，在此再次提醒考生如何有重点地实行下一步复习：真题再现，反复精练，摸清思路，再次提升 真题是最应该重视的，近十年的考研英语阅读真题对于备考来说 是非常有价值的，出题形式稳定，掌握出题规律，也是最真的模拟。 各位考生在私下备考时，应侧重从宏观上掌握此题命题走向，微观了 解此题细分题型及应对技巧。其中，考研英语的阅读在整张试卷中所 占的比重，除40分值的传统阅读理解题型，还有10分的新题型，即 七选五、补全段落之类题目，使得考生又对其不得不更加重视。同时，翻译和完形填空题型的解答与阅读水平的高低也有着直接的联系，读 懂是首要，才能更好地实行下一步，翻译或完成句子。所以，提升阅 读水平，在考研英语中绝对不容忽视。 同时，在专项练习中，根据自己实际情况，强项稳住，弱项增强 练习，对于真题中涉及到的每一篇文章，每一道题目，每一个选项， 都要从精读的角度，真正理解和掌握文章的词、句，将答案中的关键
点与文章中、题干中的关键词结合起来，仔细分析，找出其中的联系，学会定位原文，这就是熟悉作者的出题思路和掌握自己的做题思路。 错不怕，重分析，做总结，心态调整好 做题的过程中，难免有些同学偶尔发现自己的错题过多，不要焦 躁与灰心，错题分析的过程中就是总结提升的过程。只要发现问题实 行总结，相信到最后好的结果一定等着我们。考题的难度就是历年真 题的难度，但是只要反复练习，整理思路，持续提升，在自己的水平 范围内拿到更高的分数，就是成功。
UNIT SIX TEXT ONE Maintaining internal E-mail systems has long been the bane of the university information-technology director. Servers are unwieldy and unreliable, and in the past several years, the number of student complaints has grown exponentially as forward-moving providers like YahooMail, Hotmail, and Gmail have increased expectations of what E-mail should offer. The solution for a number of colleges has been to wave the white flag and outsource E-mail hosting to the experts. Microsoft, which owns Hotmail, and Google (Gmail) are the biggest players in the educational E-mail hosting market. Along with the neat-o peripheral gizmos like messaging, calendars, and collaboration tools, the outsourced systems are more stable, have better spam filters, and provide much more storage space than the typical university's in-house system. At the University of Pennsylvania, its old E-mail service gave students 60 megabytes of storage, just 3 percent of the 2 gigabytes Windows Live now provides. In return, Google and Microsoft get almost nothing, at least monetarily and in the short term. Microsoft's Windows Live @ edu and the Google Apps Education Edition are free of charge for schools. Eliminating another source of revenue, the two tech giants stripped their respective services of advertising in an effort to accommodate educators' concerns. Microsoft breaks even on the venture (it does run ads on non-E-mail services like instant messaging), while Google, which makes almost all its money through advertising, runs at a loss. But what money they don't make at the moment will—the companies hope—pay great dividends in the form of lifelong users in the future, says Google's Jeff Kelter. As quickly as they shuffle out of commencement, graduates see their E-mail transition to the traditional ad-based formats of Gmail and Hotmail. And unlike before, when universities couldn't afford to host thousands of alumni, Google and Microsoft can maintain every account indefinitely, retaining customers as long as customers still want them. Not all schools are ready to outsource their tech dirty work, with privacy and security topping the list of concerns. Critics worry that by handing over the responsibility of E-mail hosting, colleges also relinquish the freedom to keep the information safe in the best way they see fit. Even in the corporate world, there is great skepticism of consumer technologies like Google Apps. Yet most university IT managers agree that outsiders would do a better job protecting individual E-mail from viruses and spam than their own small operations, and strong word-of-mouth praise has done wonders to supplement the almost nonexistent marketing budgets for these Microsoft and Google
考研英语阅读真题及答案 英语阅读关于考研的在历年的真题中，有不少的精华等着大家去发掘。下面是给大家整理的考研英语阅读真题及答案，供大家参阅! 1991年考研英语阅读真题及答案解析Section II Reading Comprehension Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points) Text 1 A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people. Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has gone terribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. A key ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability. Accountability isn t hard to define. It means that every
2018考研英语阅读解题思路：细节题 理解文章的具体信息和概念含义是大纲对阅读的明确要求。细节题目的考查在每年的考研英语真题当中都会占到一半以上，考生必须给予足够重视，牢牢掌握细节题的解题方法和思路。我们以2009年的真题为例： The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. 31. The author holds that the importance of education in poor countries______. [A] is subject to groundless doubts [B] has fallen victim of bias [C] is conventional downgraded [D] has been overestimated 解析：首先依据题干关键词the importance of education in poor countries定位到第一句The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood，但是仔细研读后发现贫穷国家中正规教育与经济发展之间的关系为经济学家及政治家们普遍误解。，该句只是在说正式教育和经济发展之间的关系，并不是题干所要找的教育的重要性。继续定位到第三句however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.那种认为教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的重要因素之一的传统观点是错误的。句中涉及了和教育的重要性相关的信息，锁定为答案出处。作者说这种传统的观点时错误的，可以理解为作者认为贫困国家不应该把教育看的如此重要，即，现在的贫困国家太过于注重教育了，所以答案选[D] has been overestimated教育被高估了。[C] is conventional downgraded被降级轻视，和原文事实相反。A和B选项所说的怀疑和偏见态度在原文中找不到依据，可排除。
超精读——全面提升英语阅读能力 作者：丁晓钟来源：点点英语 经常有同学问我：有没有什么捷径能够顺利地通过四六级、考研或者其它英语考试? 我的回答总是：没有。但是，帮助同学们找到一套科学的学习方法，不仅可以提高英语能力，而且对考试也有切实的帮助，是我一直所追求的。在国内这样的非母语学习环境里，如何在英语学习上少走弯路，最为行之有效和直接的提高英语水平的办法就是大量阅读，并作精细阅读，这样才能带动“听说写译”等其它能力的突破。结合我个人的学习体会，并经过长时间的思考和教学中的摸索，我总结出了一套以阅读为突破口，提高英语综合能力和突破四六级和考研等等英语考试的“超精读”方法，希望能对同学们有所帮助。 对大部分中国学生来说，欠缺的不是泛读，而是精读。总的来说，同学们在超精读文章的时候要对文章和考点、干扰项等进行详细的分析、总结。这时要仔细体会文章中精彩的语言，注意词语的内涵、使用、扩展和搭配，代词和名词的指代，对精彩句型的模仿，以及对重要语法现象、长句、难句、文章结构的分析。另外，还要注意分析句子和句子之间的关系，是因果、递近、转折还是什么？尤其要注意文章的第一句和最后一句，以及每段的第一句和最后一句与其它句子的关系，体会每句话在文章中的作用。在阅读过程中，要培养自己对文章主要讨论对象、关键词，作者和专家的观点，以及语气的把握。特别注意作者和专家的观点，专家和专家之间的观点是否相同或相反或互补，以及作者和专家的语气是赞成还是反对，是关注还是乐观等等。如果是真题，还要仔细分析考点和正确、干扰选项的规律、特征。在此过程中，可把文章尽可能的多读几遍，甚至翻译一下，提高对文章中单词、短语、句型等的反应速度，阅读速度自然也就提高了。 如果能做到上面几点，那么你才能说真正地理解了文章，阅读理解能力以及综合英语能力都会得到很大的提高，其结果是对考试中的每个题型的把握都会更上一层楼。先从听力说起，据研究，一个人的阅读理解能力和听力水平是成正比关系的。试想，有的同学连听力原文都看不懂，怎么可能听懂呢。另外，在超精读的过程中，所积累的词汇能力，对词汇题也有很大帮助，我曾做过统计，如果对10套左右的四六级、考研阅读真题中的词汇进行过深入学习，大纲中的重点词汇就已经囊括大半。最好的词汇记忆方法是通过阅读来学习，可以记得又牢又准确。对翻译、完形、改错、简短回答问题等小题型，你就会觉得得心应手，因为你对这些题型的解题能力和你的阅读、词汇能力最相关。关于作文，许多同学喜欢背模版，其实模版作文千篇一律，很难拿到高分。如果在读英语报刊和真题的过程中，我们有意识地摘抄积累一些精彩地道的词汇和句型，考试时信手拈来，无疑会使评卷老师眼睛为之一亮。实际上，我们所阅读的英语文章就是一篇篇精彩的作文范文。如果我们能在早晨、傍晚朗读或背诵英语报刊文章或真题阅读文章，经常进行翻译练习，耳濡目染接触到的都是地道的英语，坚持下去，我们的听说读写译能力很自然地就会得到提高。 第一步：准备好阅读材料，训练阅读速度，捕捉文章大意。不要查字典、看译文。 在阅读英语报刊（推荐阅读Time, Newsweek, the Economist等）或者真题的时候，第一遍都必须首先注意提高阅读速度。对报刊上的文章，第一遍读的时候不要查字典，记下起止时间，计算单位时间的阅读量。对真题，更加要控制在规定的时间内完成，阅读时就要随时对可能的考点作出标记，最后结合解题技巧来解题。这时的重点放在训练速度，掌握文章大意、结构，以及作者和专家等的观点。 第二步：总结文章中词汇使用的准确性、形象性、多样性和感情色彩及语气，复合词的使用，总结各类重要搭配，对各类重要词汇进行扩展，正确识别代词与抽象名词的指代，并记忆和运用可以在作文中使用的词汇。 1.从文章中词汇使用的准确性、形象性、多样性和感情色彩及语气角度，复合词的使用进行总结。
考研英语阅读理解精读100篇之经济类 unit1 unit1 Some of the concerns surrounding Turkey’s application to join the European Union, to be voted on by the EU’s Council of Ministers on December 17th, are economic-in particular, the country’s relative poverty. Its GDP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004 (Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007. Furthermore, the country’s recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, "stunning". GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a rate of growth that no EU country comes close to matching. Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the country reached agreement with the IMF on a new three-year, $10 billion economic programme that will, according to the IMF’s managing director, Rodrigo Rato, "help Turkey... reduce inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economy’s resilience". Resilience has not historical ly been the country’s economic strong point. As recently as 2001, GDP fell by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994, and by just under 5% in 1999. Indeed, throughout the 1990s growth oscillated like an electrocardiogram recording a violent heart attack. This irregularity has been one of the main reasons (along with red tape and corruption) why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign direct investment. Its stock of such investment (as a percentage of GDP) is lower now than it was in the 1980s, and annual inflows have scarcely ever reached $1 billion (whereas Ireland attracted over $25 billion in 2003, as did Brazil in every year from 1998 to 2000). One deterrent to foreign investors is due to disappear on January 1st 2005. On that day, Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens to call themselves a millionaire. Six noughts will be removed from the face value of the lira; one unit of the local currency will henceforth be worth what 1m are now-ie, about €0.53 ($0.70). Goods will have to be priced in both the new and old lira for the whole of the year, but foreign bankers and investors can begin to look forward to a time in Turkey when they will no longer have to juggle mentally with indeterminate strings of zeros. 注（1）：本文选自Economist；12/18/2004, p115-115, 2/5p； 注（2）：本文习题命题模仿2004年真题text 1第1题和第3题（1，3），2001年真题text 1第2题（2），1999年真题text 2第2题（4）和2002年真题text 3第4题（5）； 1.What is Turkey’s economic situation now? [A] Its GDP per head is far lagging behind that of the EU members. [B] Its inflation rate is still rising. [C] Its economy grows faster than any EU member. [D] Its economic resilience is very strong. 2.We can infer from the second paragraph that__________. [A] Turkey will soon catch the average GDP level of the 15 pre-2004 EU members
2019考研英语阅读理解常见题型总结 来源：智阅网 考研英语阅读理解虽然难度不小，但是还是有规律可循。掌握好了规律，可以有效提高我们的复习效率和复习成绩。所以，就来说说阅读理解的常见题型有哪些。 1.主旨大意题。 这类题实质考察考生对中心思想的理解，难度不高，具体应对技巧如下： A.关注各段落首句，尤其是第一段首句，这与西方人思维相关，他们习惯开门见山表达出自己的观点，然后广泛引用材料去论述。因此，一般而言首段的首句构成文章的中心句，而各段的首句构成各段的中心。 B.关注首段末句。有些作者习惯先列出一些传统的观点或先对一些具体现象进行说明，然后提出与之不同的观点或在结尾对现象进行总结，在接下来的段落中继续论述。对于这类文章，如果作者没有提出不同的观点，则最后总结性语句为文章中心，一旦提出不同或完全对立的观点，又在后文中加以论述，则作者提出的新观点为文章中心;如果新老观点均是对同一个结果的论述，那么该论述的结论为文章中心。 C.当不能直接找出主题句时，通常文章中作者给予叙述较多或强调较多的某一事物或某一观点即文章的中心。在题目作答时，可采用中心词定位法，排除不含中心词的选项，对比有中心词的选项，选择最接近中心的选项。 D.如果对选项仍有异议，可把有异议的选项逐个带入文章中，看哪个能更好的囊括文章中心。这是一个检验的过程。 2.事实细节题。 此类题占阅读总分40分中的50%左右，因此十分重要。注意，这类问题与推理性问题截然相反，都可以从原文中找到答案，只不过
为了迷惑考生，常常将原文进行改写，换一种说法。所以，照抄原文，一字不改的不一定就是答案，而与原文意思相同的，才是正确的。其基本应对技巧如下： A.基本原则是以中心为导向，忠实原文为基础，千万不可主观臆断，最好的方法是回到原文的出题点进行揣摩。 B.必须看清题目，尤其是当题目就某一个具体细节并且脱离文章中心的提问。一般来说，细节问题绝大部分是围绕文章中心进行出题，但不排除文中就一些具体的，因果互动现象的内容提问。 3.词汇短语题。 其分值不高，考察范围可分为两类。第一，纲内词汇词义的引申。考察考生对所熟悉的词汇在特定语境下正确含义的理解。一般来说，该词的本意不是解，但是其引申义上仍可以找到本意的影子。第二，纲外词汇词义的推断。 4.推断性问题。 此类题大概占20%左右的分值，总体难度不大，是考生的必得分点。中心导向依然是解题的宏观主线，其关键是忠实原文的推断。其应对策略和事实细节题类似，考生在该题型上的主要失误在于脱离文章主观臆断造成的。 5.语气态度题。 对作者态度的判断是构成阅读理解的两条宏观主线之一。因此，正确辨明作者对所叙述事物的态度，不仅关系到本类题型的解答，也潜在影响到其他问题的正确解答。这类题目主要从作者文中描述事物所用到的形容词，副词，动词等表达感情色彩的词汇入手。当选项不能确定时，再回到原文中找关键词。对这类题型，分清褒贬一般不难，是考生的必得分点。 我们还可以做做何老师的2019《考研英语阅读思路解析》，有助于我们更好地理解阅读理解这个题型，并且还能培养好应试心理。
2015考研英语阅读理解精读P8—哲学 Passage 8 We threaten punishments in order to deter crime.We impose them not only to make the threats credible but also as retribution (justice)for the crimes that were not deterred.Threats and punishments are necessary to deter and deterrence is a sufficient practical justification for them.Although penalties can be unwise，repulsive，or inappropriate，and those punished can be pitiable，in a sense the infliction of legal punishment on a guilty person cannot be unjust.By committing the crime，the criminal volunteered to assume the risk of receiving a legal punishment that he could have avoided by not committing the crime. There remain，however，two moral objections.The penalty may be regarded as always excessive as retribution and always morally degrading.To regard the death penalty as always excessive，one must believe that no crime—no matter how heinous—could possibly justify capital punishment.Such a belief can be neither confirmed nor refuted;it is an article of faith.Alternatively，one may believe that everybody，the murderer no less than the victim，has a natural right to life.The law therefore should not deprive anyone of life. Justice Brennan has insisted that the death penalty is “uncivilized，”“inhuman，”inconsistent with “human dignity”and with “the sanctity of life，”that it “treats members of the human race as nonhumans，as objects to be toyed with and discarded，”that it is “uniquely degrading to human dignity”and “by its very nature，involves a denial of the executed person’s humanity.”Justice Brennan does not say why he thinks execution“uncivilized.”Hitherto most civilizations have had the death penalty，although it has been discarded in Western Europe. By“degrading，”Justice Brennan seems to mean that execution degrades the executed convicts.Yet philosophers have insisted that，when deserved，execution，far from degrading the executed convict，affirms his humanity by affirming his rationality and his responsibility for his actions.They thought that execution，when deserved，is required for the sake of the convict’s https://www.doczj.com/doc/024262204.html,mon sense indicates that it cannot be death—our common fate—that is inhuman.Therefore，Justice Brennan must mean that death degrades when it comes not as a natural or accidental event，but as a deliberate social imposition.The murderer learns through his punishment that his fellow men have found him unworthy of living;that because he has murdered，he is being expelled from the community of the living.This degradation is self-inflicted.By murdering，the murderer has so dehumanized himself that he cannot remain among the living. Execution of those who have committed heinous murders may deter only one murder per year.If it does，it seems quite warranted.It is also the only fitting retribution for murder I can think of. 1.The author’s attitude towards death penalty is____. [A] negative [B] positive [C] impartial [D] ambiguous 2.It is implied that infliction of legal punishment is justified because the offender____. [A] spares no effort in holding himself back from the criminal action
1994 Passage 5 Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal — and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities. "Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there's no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done," wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?" The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer. 67. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph? [A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation. [B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity. [C] A person who has had no education. [D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident. 68. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators? [A] The variety of ideas they have. [B] The intelligence they possess. [C] The way they deal with problems. [D] The way they present their findings. 69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because ________. [A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity [B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things [C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch's point of view [D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented