吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》(重排版)笔记和考研真题详解-盎格鲁-诺曼底时期【圣才出品】

第33章伊丽莎白·巴雷特·勃朗宁33.1复习笔记Elizabeth Barrett Browning(1806-1861)(伊丽莎白·巴雷特•勃朗宁)1.Life(生平)Elizabeth Barrett was born in1806at Durham,cated at home,Elizabeth had written her first“epic”poem by the age of12.But when she was fifteen,a fall from her horse injured her spine.Despite her ailments,he devoted herself to study Hebrew and Greek.With her enthusiasm for her Christian faith,she became active in the Bible and Missionary Societies for her church.Later she lived in her father’s London house under his tyrannical rule.After her brother’s death,she became an invalid and a recluse in her bedroom for5years.In1844,her Poems attracted Robert Browning’s attention and they exchanged574letters over the next20months. Regardless of her father’s opposition,they eloped in1846and settled in Italy,where her health improved and she bore a son.Her father never spoke to her again.Elizabeth’s Sonnets from the Portuguese,dedicated to her husband and written in secret before her marriage,was published in1850.She died in Florence in1861.伊丽莎白·巴雷特1806年出生在英国达勒姆。

第10章丹尼尔•笛福10.1复习笔记I.Background Knowledge(背景知识)(1)After the“Glorious Revolution”,England became a constitutional monarchy and power passedfrom the King to the Parliament and the cabinet ministers.The power struggle between the liberal Whigs and the conservative Tories at times dominated the literature of the age.(2)The Industrial Revolution started and transformed the socioeconomic texture of Britain,intensifying the contradictions between the rich and the poor.(3)The rapid development of social life including the popularity of public coffee-houses andprivate clubs was typical of all English cities.(4)The Enlightenment started in the18th century,which fought against feudalism,emphasizedreason,and believed in human beings’innate kindness.（1）1688年光荣革命后，英国从此成为君主立宪制国家，权力由国王转向议会和内阁大臣。

两党之间的争权夺势不时主导着18世纪文学。

（2）工业革命兴起，彻底改变了英国的社会经济结构，加剧了贫富矛盾。

吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解-弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙【圣才出品】第39章弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙39.1复习笔记Virginia Woolf(1882-1941)(弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫)1.Life(生平)Virginia Woolf was the daughter of Sir Leslie Stephen,the biographer,critic and editor of the Dictionary of National Biography.She was educated at home and in frequent contact with her father’s literary and political friends.After his father’s death in1904,she settled with her families in Bloomsbury,where she was a member of the Bloomsbury Group.In1912Virginia married Leonard Woolf,a journalist,essayist and political thinker.Together they founded the Hogarth Press in1917.From childhood she suffered from fits of nervous breakdown.Her husband encouraged her to write novels.Her house in London was bombed by Nazi planes during the Second World War.She fell into a spiritual depression and became ill again.In1941,after completing her last novel,Between the Acts,she drowned herself in a river for fear that she would lose her mind and became a burden to her husband.弗吉尼亚·伍尔芙是莱斯利·斯蒂芬爵士之女。

吴伟仁《英国⽂学史及选读》笔记和考研真题详解-第7章浪漫主义时期【圣才出品】第7章浪漫主义时期7.1 复习笔记I. Background Knowledge（背景知识）At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, romanticism appeared in England as a new trend in literature. It rose and grew under the impetus of the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution.Romanticism prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. The co-authored book Lyrical Ballads published in 1798 by the poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge marked the beginning of romanticism, while the death of Walter Scott in 1832 declared the ending of it.18世纪末19世纪初，在英国⼯业⾰命和法国⼤⾰命的影响下，浪漫主义成为⼀种新的⽂学思潮应运⽽⽣。

1798年华兹华斯和柯勒律治共同编写的《抒情歌谣集》标志浪漫主义时期的开始，1832年沃尔特·司各特的去世则宣告浪漫主义时期的结束。

II. Literary Features of the Eighteenth Century（⼗⼋世纪⽂学特征）1. The Romantic Period is one of poetical revival. It is a period of poetry. Emotion, imagination and intuition of humankind are what the romanticists emphasize in their works. The general feature of the works of the romanticists is the dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society. They pay more attention to thespiritual and emotional life of man. Nature plays an important role in their works.2. Romantic poets are generally divided into two groups: the elder generation, or the escapist romanticists (Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who also known as Lake Poets), and the younger generation, or the active romanticists (Byran, Shelley and Keats). The elder generation reflected the merry of old England. Frightened by the coming of industrialism and the nightmare towns, they were turning to nature for protection. The younger generation expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal of a future society free from oppression and exploitation.3. Romantic prose of the time was represented by Lamb, Hazlitt, De Quincey andHunt.4. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott, whose historical novelscombined a romance atmosphere with a realistic depiction of historical background and common people’s life. Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism.1. 浪漫主义时期是诗歌复兴时期。

第二部分章节题库第一章中古时期一、填空题1. ______ is the oldest poem in the English language, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language.【答案】Beowulf【解析】《贝奥武夫》讲述了斯堪的纳维亚的英雄贝奥武夫的英勇事迹。

是迄今为止发现的英国盎格鲁-撒克逊时期最古老、最长的一部较完整的文学作品，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。

2. Today Chaucer is acclaimed not only as “the father of English poetry”but also as “the father of English fiction”. His masterpiece is ______.【答案】The Canterbury Tales【解析】乔叟的代表作是《坎特伯雷故事集》。

3. ______ is the “father of English poetry”and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, whose masterpiece The Canterbury Tales is one of the most famous works in all literature.【答案】Geoffrey Chaucer【解析】杰弗里·乔叟于1340年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌的创始者。

他逝于1400年，葬于威斯敏斯特教堂，也被称作“诗人角”。

4. In “The Canterbury Tales”, Chaucer employed the writing _____ with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.【答案】heroic couplet【解析】杰弗里·乔叟（1340—1400）英国小说家、诗人，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”，代表作品《坎特伯雷故事集》，大部分采用的是英雄双韵体。

第15章哥尔德史密斯15.1复习笔记Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)(奥里弗·哥尔德斯密斯)1.Life(生平)Oliver Goldsmith was born in Ireland,the son of a poor Anglican curate.He was early disfigured by smallpox and grew up with ugly face and ungraceful figure.In his early years,he was apparently stupid and idle.However,in1749,Goldsmith graduated from Trinity College in Dublin with a BA ter he was trained for medicine,but eventually drifted to be a hack writer for Monthly Review.Goldsmith was one of the most versatile authors,who became an accomplished essayist,poet,novelist,and playwright.奥利弗·哥尔德史密斯出生于爱尔兰，是一个贫困的英国国教乡村牧师之子。

他早年因得天花而残疾，面部丑陋，身形笨拙。

小时候他显然十分愚笨无用。

然而，1749年他从都柏林三一学院毕业，获得文学学士学位。

后来他又接受医学教育，但最终转行做了《每月评论》的雇佣写手。

哥尔德史密斯多才多艺，是颇有建树的散文家，诗人，小说家和剧作家。

2.Major Works(主要作品)The Citizen of the World(1762)《世界公民》The Traveller(1764)《旅游人》The Vicar of Wakefield(1766)《威克菲尔德牧师传》The Good-Natured Man(1768)《好心人》The Deserted Village(1770)《荒村》She Stoops to Conquer(1773)《屈身求爱》3.Selected Work(选读作品)◆The Vicar of Wakefield《威克菲尔德牧师传》thick and fast.The vicar loses his fortune and they have to move to a new place under the patronage of a certain squire Thornhill.Thornhill,being an immoral ruffian,seduces Olivia and then deserts her.The vicar himself is thrown into prison for debt to Thornhill.Sophia,the vicar’s second daughter,is forcibly carried off in a carriage by an unknown villain.By this time,Mr. Burchell,one of the vicar’s acquaintances,who appears to be a broken-down gentleman,saves Sophia.He makes it known to the Primrose family that he is squire Thornhill’s uncle.The squire’s villainy is exposed in front of his uncle.All now ends happily.Sir William marries Sophia.Olivia is found out and the squire is made to marry her.The vicar’s fortune is restored to him.故事由好心的乡村牧师普里姆罗斯本人讲述。

吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解-约翰·弥尔顿【圣才出品】第8章约翰·弥尔顿8.1复习笔记John Milton(1608-1674)(约翰·弥尔顿)1.Life(生平)John Milton was born into a pious wealthy Puritan family.He was greatly influenced by his father who loved books and had a private teacher for him.About12years old,Milton was sent to a famous boy’s school in London called St Paul’s;at15,he went to Cambridge University where he was said to be the finest scholar.Abandoning the thought of being a clergyman of the English Church,he retired to his father’s country house at Horton,writing poetry and studying hard. Later he traveled France,Switzerland and Italy where he heard that people’s struggle against the king might lead to war.After he returned to London,he wrote pamphlets opposing the monarchy and advocating people’s liberty.The commonwealth government gave Milton the important office of Secretary for Foreign Tongues.He worked hard and finally became blind.During the Restoration,he was thrown in prison and released by CharlesⅡ.He died on November8,1674surrounded by a few devoted friends.弥尔顿出生在富裕、虔诚的清教徒家庭。

吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解-理查德第16章理查德?布林斯利?谢里丹16.1复习笔记I.18th Century Drama(18世纪戏剧)The English drama of the18th century does not reach the same high level as its novel.One of the main reasons is that the Licensing Act of1737,which drove Fielding out of the theatre, restricted the freedom of expression by dramatists.But playwrights in this period showed great interest in Shakespeare,so did the criticism and editions.Only Goldsmith and Sheridan produced works that are of high literary value and still retain their interest upon the stage.18世纪英国戏剧没有取得与小说一样的成就。

主要原因之一便是1737年通过的戏剧审查法案，这一法案将菲尔丁赶出戏剧领域，同时也限制了剧作家的言论自由。

但是这一时期的演员、评论和选集对莎士比亚的作品表现出极大的兴趣。

只有哥尔德史密斯和谢里丹的剧作有较高的文学价值，至今仍被搬上舞台。

II.Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)(理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹)1.Life(生平)Richard Brinsley Sheridan,the son of Thomas Sheridan(an Irish actor and author),was a dramatist and politician.He was educated at Harrow.After his elopement in1773with Elizabeth, the daughter of a composer,Sheridan began writing for the theater and in1776became a part owner and director of the Drury Lane Theatre.In1780Sheridan went in for politics and became a Whig M.P.In1787,he made a great speech of impeachment of Warren Hastings,the first governor general of India.His newtheatre was opened in1794,but destroyed by fire in1809.He was arrested for debt in1813and in his last years suffered from brain disease.He died in1816 and was buried with a great pomp in Westminster Abbey.His plays are generally considered as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.理查德·布林斯利·谢里丹是爱尔兰演员和作者托马斯·谢里丹之子，是一名戏剧家和政治家。

第35章约翰·高尔斯华绥35.1复习笔记John Galsworthy(1867-1933)(约翰·高尔斯华绥)1.Life(生平)John Galsworthy was a prolific novelist,playwright and renowned social activist.He was born in a well-to-do bourgeois family.He was educated at Harrow and studied law at the University of Oxford and was called to the bar in1890,but practiced only for a short time.He traveled widely and at the age of twenty-eight began to write,at first for his own amusement.In 1905Galsworthy married the divorced wife of his cousin.His first stories were published under the pseudonym John Sinjohn and later were withdrawn.As a novelist Galsworthy is chiefly known for his The Forsyte Saga.Galsworthy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in1932“for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga.”约翰·高尔斯华绥是一位多产的小说家、剧作家和著名社会活动家。

第21章珀西•比希•雪莱20.1复习笔记Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)(珀西·比希·雪莱)1.Life(生平)Percy Bysshe Shelley was born on4August1792near Horsham in Sussex.His father was a member of parliament.Shelley was educated at Eton and at Oxford University,where he began to read radical writers such as Tomas Paine and William Godwin.In1811,he was expelled for publishing a pamphlet supporting atheism.Shelley then eloped to Scotland with16-year-old Harriet Westbrook.The resulting scandal caused a serious rift with his family.Harriet and Shelley had two children,but soon separated.In1814,Shelley fell in love with Mary,the16-year-old daughter of writers William Godwin and Mary Wollstonecraft.The couple travelled together in Europe and spent the summer of1816at Lake Geneva with Lord Byron.In December1816, Shelley and Mary were married,just a few weeks after Harriet had drowned herself.In1818, Shelley took his family to Italy.Two of the Shelley’s children died and Mary herself suffered a nervous breakdown.On8July,Shelley was returning from visiting his friends Lord Byron and James Leigh Hunt when his boat overturned and he was drowned.He was cremated and his ashes placed in the Protestant Cemetery in Rome,where Keats was also buried.珀西·比希·雪莱于1792年8月4日在苏塞克斯郡的霍舍姆出生。

吴伟仁《英国⽂学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解-约瑟夫第12章约瑟夫?艾迪12.1复习笔记I.Joseph Addison(1672-1719)(约瑟夫·艾迪⽣)1.Life(⽣平)Joseph Addison,the son of a scholarly clergyman,was educated at Charterhouse School and then at Oxford University,both with Steele,his fast friend.Addison was the stronger character, the better student,the more quiet and resourceful.At Oxford,Addison soon became known as a writer of verses.His great interest in and talent for political writing won him patronage from several statesmen to travel on the Continent while studying French and politics of European states.Four years later,he returned and rose to fame by writing a poem celebrating the English Duke of Marlborough.Soon he became a member of Parliament and later was sent to Ireland as Secretary of State.When he died,all England mourned for him and a great funeral was held by night in Westminster Abbey.约瑟夫·艾迪⽣出⾝于⼀个牧师家庭，⽗亲博学多识。

第14章托马斯•格雷14.1复习笔记Thomas Gray(1716-1771)(托马斯·格雷)1.Life(生平)Thomas Gray was in his youth a weakling,and his unhappy childhood caused his melancholy which is noticeable in all his poems.He graduated from Cambridge and lived a life of serenity as a professor of history and modern languages at Cambridge.He died in his own room at Pembroke College and was buried in the little churchyard of Stoke Poges.Gray turned out to be a poet of transition from the neoclassic to the Romantic period.托马斯·格雷从小体弱多病，他不幸的童年造成了他的忧郁，这种忧郁在他的诗中随处可见。

他毕业于剑桥，后作为历史和现代语言教师任教于剑桥，过着平静的生活。

格雷死于彭布罗克学院自己的房间里，被葬于斯托克波吉斯的小墓园中。

他是新古典主义过渡到浪漫主义时期的诗人。

2.Major Works(主要作品)Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College《伊顿远眺》Hymns to Adversity《逆境颂》3.Selected Work(选读作品)◆Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard《墓园挽歌》Written with a classical precision and polish,“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”begins with the selected natural phenomena that cast gloom upon the scene.It shows a sincere respect for common people’s useful toil and sympathy for their obscure life.The poem also reminds us of the mortality of all human beings no matter how much fame and fortune we acquired.诗歌开篇选取的自然景象绝妙地渲染了一种阴沉忧郁的氛围，同时又不失古典主义的精确与优雅。

第11章乔纳森•斯威夫特11.1复习笔记Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)(乔纳森·斯威夫特)1.Life(生平)Jonathan Swift was a satirist,essayist,political pamphleteer,poet and cleric.He was born of poor English parents in Dublin.At Dublin University,he detested the curriculum,reading only what appealed to his own nature.After graduation,he worked for a distant relative,Sir William Temple,a statesman and diplomat.He spent ten best years of his life in Moor Park,where he read and studied widely.Well aware of his literary superiority and unbearable of his being looked down upon,Swift left his patron,entered the Church of England,and later settled in a little church in Ireland.Then he gradually developed his satiric talent,gave up his church to enter the strife of party politics.He became a dictator in the literature ter he became the Dean of St.Patrick’s Cathedral in Dublin,where he stayed with the Irish in their fight for improving their lot.Swift had been afflicted from his earliest youth with a brain disease which caused him intense pain.Finally his disease ended in madness,and after suffering great pain,he died in utter misery in1745.In his will,he bequeathed all his property to the building of a madhouse in Dublin.It is now still there,called“Dr.Swift’s Madhouse”.乔纳森·斯威夫特是一位讽刺作家、散文家、政治宣传者，诗人和圣职人员。

吴伟仁《英国文学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解-简·奥斯汀【圣才出品】第24章简·奥斯汀24.1复习笔记Jane Austen(1775-1817)(简·奥斯丁)1.Life(生平)Jane Austen was the seventh child of Reverend George Austen,rector of Stevenson,and was born in the parsonage of the village in1775.She passed her life very quietly and cheerfully in doing small domestic duties in the countryside.She was educated at home and began to write at an early age.With the publisher she had little success.It was n ot until Walter Scott’s anonymous article full of admiration to Emma when Austen began to be known.Austen was a bright and attractive little woman,but she was averse to publicity and popularity.She died,quietly as she had lived,at Winchester in1817,and was buried in the cathedral.简·奥斯丁是乔治·奥斯丁，史蒂文森教区牧师的第七个孩子。

她在乡村琐碎的家庭事务中平静愉快地度过了一生。

她在家接受教育，很小就开始写作。

但是她的作品并没有受到出版方的重视。

第32章罗伯特•勃朗宁32.1复习笔记Robert Browning(1812-1889)(罗伯特·勃朗宁)1.Life(生平)Robert Browning was born in1812in Camberwell,south London.Much of Browning’s education came from his well-read father.He read voraciously as a youth,began to write poetry while still quite young,and was influenced by Shelley.In1833,Browning anonymously published his first major work,Pauline,and in1840he published Sordello,which was widely regarded as a failure.Between1840and1845,he tried his hand at plays,which were for the most part unsuccessful.In1846,Browning eloped with Elizabeth Barrett,whose poetic reputation was then far greater than his.They settled in Italy,where Browning continued to write.After Elizabeth’s death in1861,Browning and his son returned to London.His The Ring and the Book finally won him a little fame.The Browning Society was founded in1881,and he was awarded honorary degrees by Oxford University in1882and the University of Edinburgh in1884.Robert Browning died in1889.罗伯特·勃朗宁1812年出生在伦敦南部的坎伯威尔。

第27章威廉•梅克比斯•萨克雷27.1复习笔记William Makepeace Thackeray(1811-1863)(威廉·梅克比斯·萨克雷)1.Life(生平)Thackeray was born in1811,in Calcutta,India,the son of an Englishman in the Indian Civil Service.In1817,after his father’s death,he was sent to England to several preparatory schools he hated,and to a public school at the Charterhouse,where he was bullied and flogged.Six years later,he entered Trinity College,Cambridge,where he wrote for The Snob and formed friendship with Tennyson,Edward Fitzgerald and William Brookfield.But he remained for a little more than a year and left without a degree.Extravagance and unwise investment dissipated his inheritance, so by1834he had to earn his living.In1836,he married an Irish girl,who after the deliverance of their third child became deranged.Thackeray was left to rear her daughters and spent a lonely life.He found comfort in the Brookfields,but later lost the companionship due to his deep and innocent love with Mrs.Brookfield.The Book of Snobs made his reputation as a social satirist. Then he gave literary lectures which were well-received.By1859,his popularity rivaled that of ter he became the first editor of The Cornhill Magazine in1860.He had suffered his ill health for more than ten years,and suddenly died at Kensington,London in1863.威廉·梅克比斯·萨克雷于1811年生于印度加尔各答，父亲是印度政府的英国公务员。

吴伟仁《英国⽂学史及选读》（重排版）笔记和考研真题详解-杰弗⾥第3章杰弗⾥?乔叟3.1复习笔记Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)(杰弗⾥·乔叟)1.Life(⽣平)Geoffrey Chaucer,born in or about1343in London,is the“father of English poetry”and one of the greatest narrative poets of England.He was the son of a prosperous merchant,and later became a courtier and comptroller.Chaucer’s learning was wide in scope.He obtained a good knowledge of Latin,French and Italian.He had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life,and knew well the whole life of his time,which left great impressions upon his works and particularly upon his variegated depiction of the English society of his time.He died in1400and was buried in Westminster Abbey,thus founding the“Poets’Corner”.杰弗⾥·乔叟于1343年（或1343年左右）出⽣于伦敦，他被誉为“英国诗歌之⽗”，也是英国最伟⼤的叙事诗⼈之⼀。

他是富商之⼦，之后⼜当了朝⾂和审计官。

第二章盎格鲁-诺尔曼时期填空题1. ________ conquered England on October 14, 1066. From then on began the medieval period. （南开大学2008研）【答案】Duke of Normandy【解析】公元1066年，诺曼底公爵，或者叫William, the Conqueror（征服者威廉），占领英格兰，从此开始了中世纪时期。

2. In the year 1066, the Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the battle of ________.【答案】Hastings【解析】1066年黑斯廷之战，盎格鲁-撒克逊人溃败，诺曼征服开始。

3. After the _______ Conquest, feudal system was established in English society. 【答案】Norman【解析】诺曼征服后英国封建主义制度建立。

4. In the year 1066, the Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the battle of _______. 【答案】Hastings【解析】1066年黑斯廷之战盎格鲁-撒克逊人溃败，诺曼征服开始。

5. By the time when England entered into feudal society, the society was divided into two classes: _______ and _______.【答案】landlords; peasants【解析】英国进入封建社会后社会分为地主和农民两大阶级。

选择题1. In 1066, _______, with his Norman army, succeeded in invading and defeating England.A. William the ConquerorB. Julius CaesarC. Alfred the GreatD. Claudius【答案】A【解析】1066年征服者威廉率领他的诺曼底军队打败英军成为英伦三岛的统治者。

第28章乔治•艾略特28.1复习笔记George Eliot(1819-1880)(乔治·艾略特)1.Life(生平)George Eliot was the pseudonym of Mary Ann Evans.She was the daughter of a prosperous land agent,and spent her childhood amid the rural scenery of Warwickshire in the Midlands. From5to16years old,she was educated at boarding schools.Since she was a shy girl,she found social intercourse difficult and thus devoted herself to hard study.She moved away from the conventional Anglicanism of her childhood,through a fervent and emotional evangelicalism,to the rationalism of her adult life.After his father’s death,she became assistant editor of The Westminster ter she fell in love with a married man George Henry Lewes and they lived together as true husband and wife.From1856,she began to write novels.By1876,she had achieved a reputation never approached by any other woman writer.The increasing fame of Eliot and Lewes put them well above mean gossip.They spent their last years surrounded by many famous contemporaries.After Lewes’s death in1878,she married John Cross in1880,who was more than20years her junior.Soon she caught a chill at a concert and died after four days of illness.乔治·艾略特是玛丽·安·埃文斯的笔名。