高一英语暑假专题——分词冀教版
【本讲教育信息】
一. 教学内容：
暑假专题——分词
分词既有动词的特征，又有形容词和副词的特征。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词没有这种区别。及物动词的现在分词还有主动形式和被
1. 分词作定语
不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成；及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动，过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时，也是如此。分词作定语，单个的分词作定语一般前置；分词词组，个别分词如given, left等，修饰不定代词等的分词，作定语需后置。例如：
We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日。
He is a retired worker.他是位退休的工人。
There was a girl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里。
This is the question given.这是所给的问题。
There is nothing interesting.没有有趣的东西。
分词作定语相当于定语从句，如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists. = Most of the people who were invited to the party were famous scientists.
典型例题
1）The first textbook ___ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. have written
B. to be written
C. being written
D. written
答案D。书与写作是被动关系，应用过去分词作定语表被动，相当于定语从句which was written
2）What's the language ____ in Germany?
A. speaking
B. spoken
C. be spoken
D. to speak
答案B。主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken，在句中作定语，修饰主语language, spoken 与language有被动关系。该句可以理解为：What's the language （which is）spoken in German?
2. 分词作状语
分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如：
Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信，我给他打了个电话。
As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.
Given more attention，the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾，那些树会长得更好。
If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.
典型例题
1）_____ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed
B. Followed by
C. Being followed
D. Having been followed
答案B。Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外，还有动作正在进行之意。followed by（被……跟随）。本题可改为：With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.
2）There was a terrible noise ___ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed
B. following
C. to be followed
D. being followed
答案B。由于声音在闪电后，因此为声跟随着光，声音为跟随的发出者，为主动。用现在分词。
3）_______, liquids can be changed into gases.
A. Heating
B. To be heated
C. Heated
D. Heat
答案C。本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动，正在进行的；过去分词表被动，已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者，是被动的，因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句When it is heated，…
注意：选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出的，分词就选用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。例如：
Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。
Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。
3. 连词+分词（短语）
有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。连词有：when，while，if though，after, before, as。但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如：While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.
在那儿等时，他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。（waiting 和saw 的主语相同）
4. 分词作补语
通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如：
I found my car missing.我发现我的车不见了。
I’ll have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。
5. 分词作表语
表示主语的状态等。例如：
She looked tired with cooking.她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。
He remained standing beside the table.他依然站在桌旁。
6. 分词作插入语
分词作插入语的结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如：
generally speaking一般说来
talking of （speaking of）说道
strictly speaking 严格的说
judging from 从……判断
all things considered 从整体来看
taking all things into consideration全面看来
例如：Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。
（speaking 不是dogs 的动作）
7. 分词的时态
1）一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如：
Hearing the news, he jumped with joy.听到这一消息，他高兴得手舞足蹈。
Arriving there, they found the boy dead.一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。
典型例题
The secretary worked late into the night, ___a long speech for the president.
A. to prepare
B. preparing
C. prepared
D. was preparing
答案B。此处没有连词，不能选D，否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。只能在B，C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生，且与主语为主动关系，应用现在分词。
2）完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如：
While walking in the garden，he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。
分词作时间状语，如果先于主语动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done。
Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后，他出去了。
=As he had finished his homework, he went out.
典型例题
___ a reply, he decided to write again.
A. Not receiving
B. Receiving not
C. Not having received
D. Having not received
答案C。本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断，分词的动作（接信）发生在谓语动词的动作（决心再写信）之前，因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词，故选C。该句可理解为：Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again.
8. 分词的语态
1）通常，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。例如：
He is the man giving you the money.（= who gave you…）他就是给你钱的那个人。
He is the man stopped by the car.（= who was stopped by…）他就是那个被车拦住的人。
2）不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生，如gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等。
例如：a well-read person一个读过许多书的人
a much-traveled man一个去过许多地方的人
a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴
【模拟试题】
A层次选题：（一）
1. Some students like staying up late into the night, _____their lessons for the coming examination.
A. to prepare
B. preparing
C. prepare
D. was preparing
2. These are the facts ______ by the school.
A. to gather
B. gathering
C. gathered
D. to be gathered
3. He got his shoes ______ yesterday.
A. to repair
B. repairing
C. being repaired
D. repaired
4. When I got home, there was _______, so I got angry.
A. a little food to leave
B. little food left
C. a little food leaving
D. little food to leave
5. I lived in a house ______ by a lot of pine trees.
A. surrounding
B. to surround
C. surrounded
D. to be surrounded
6. The name of Nebraska comes from an Indian word, _________ flat water.
A. to mean
B. meaning
C. it means
D. by meaning
7. Weather _________, we are going swimming.
A. permitting
B. to permit
C. permitted
D. having permitted
8. It's a music group ______ itself Wolves.
A. calls
B. called
C. is called
D. calling
9. The old lady has two sons, ______ in a big city.
A. live
B. to live
C. lives
D. living
10. Among those ______ were some classmates of mine.
A. invited
B. inviting
C. to invite
D. having been invited
11. Is there a student ______ Jack in your class?
A. called
B. calling
C. to call
D. calls
12. So many people went to watch the football match, ________ some young girls.
A. including
B. included
C. include
D. to include
13. I can't understand the letter ______ in English.
A. written
B. write
C. writing
D. have been written
14. The people ______ another country needs passport.
A. enters
B. enter
C. entered
D. entering
15. ______ deep down in the earth for thousands of years, the dead forest has rotted away and become coal. A. Buried B. Burying C. Having buried D. Having been buried
16. ______ from the moon, the earth looks like a colorful ball.
A. Seeing
B. Seen
C. Having seen
D. Having been seen
17. The boy sat on the sofa, ______ TV program attentively.
A. watch
B. watched
C. watching
D. to watch
18. ______ among high trees, the house can't easily be seen.
A. Hidden
B. Hid
C. Hide
D. Hiding
19. ______, Tom is loved by all the people in the village.
A. Being an honest man
B. Being that he is an honest man
C. He is an honest man
D. An honest man being
20. Class ______ over, all the students rushed out of the classroom.
A. ×
B. is
C. was
D. having been over
A层次选题：（二）
1. Time ______, I can have done it better.
A. permit
B. permitted
C. permitting
D. to permit
2. When ______ that it was getting late, I put off the light and went to bed.
A. find
B. finding
C. found
D. founded
3. If ___ green, the door might look more beautiful.
A. paint
B. painted
C. painting
D. to paint
4. Please leave the door ______, as it's hot here.
A. open
B. opened
C. being opened
D. to be opened
5. Some countries in the Southeast Asia are ______ countries.
A. newly-develop
B. newly-developed
C. newly-developing
D. newly-development
6. Everything was out of order in the ______ shop.
A. robbed
B. rob
C. robbing
D. have robbed
7. This is a ______ movie and everyone was ______.
A. moved, moving
B. moved, moved
C. moving, moved
D. moving, moving
8. They are very ______ to see her ______ face.
A. pleasing, smiled
B. pleasing, smiling
C. pleased, smiled
D. pleased, smiling
9. The listeners got _______ at the ______ speech by the famous scientist.
A. exciting, excited
B. exciting, exciting
C. excited, excited
D. excited, exciting
10. I'm very glad to see the problem ______ .
A. settle
B. settled
C. being settled
D. settling
11. I'm sorry to have kept you ______ so long a time.
A. wait
B. to wait
C. waited
D. waiting
12. ______ the rain had stopped, he left his raincoat at home.
A. Seeing
B. To see
C. Seen
D. See
13. —Can I help you? —I want the letter ______ at once.
A. typed
B. being typed
C. type
D. typing
14. When he got home, he found his pocket ______ open and his wallet ______.
A. cut, stealing
B. cut, stolen
C. cutting, stealing
D. cutting, stolen
15. My father encouraged me in my painting, but never liked to see any of my works ______ in public.
A. exhibiting
B. exhibited
C. having exhibited
D. being exhibited
16. Thousands of peasants are up into the city ______ vegetables, fruit and some other things every day.
A. sell
B. selling
C. sold
D. to be selling
17. The teacher entered classroom, ______ by a group of children.
A. having followed
B. following
C. having been followed
D. followed
18. The old farmer had his leg ______ but he had his tractors _______ day and night.
A. hurting, working
B. hurting, worked
C. hurt, working
D. hurt, worked
19. Linda can't attend the party ______ at Tom's house at present because she is preparing a speech for the party ______ at Marie's house tomorrow.
A. being held, to be held
B. to be held, held
C. held, being held
D. to be held, to be held
20. “We must keep a secret the things ______ here .” the general said, at the men charge of the information office.
A. discussed, stared
B. discuss, staring
C. being discussed, stared
D. being discussed, staring
B层次选题：（一）
1. Please speak more slowly because you don't make yourself ______.
A. understood
B. understand
C. to understand
D. understanding
2. The dog ,______, will be made a good match dog.
A. to train properly
B. training properly
C. properly to train
D. trained properly
3. Before ______ white, the door should be cleaned thoroughly.
A. painting
B. painted
C. being painted
D. having been painted
4. The famous actor came out of the theatre, with a great many of his lovers ______.
A. follow
B. to follow
C. followed
D. following
5. ______ all things into consideration, I dare to say it is not the best.
A. Taking
B. Taken
C. Being taken
D. To take
6. ______ from him for a long time, I had to write him a second letter.
A. Hearing not
B. Not to hear
C. Not being heard
D. Not having heard
7. He was so tired that he left the difficult work half ______, and went back home.
A. do
B. done
C. doing
D. to do
8. I don't like the lonely house ______ to Smith.
A. belonged
B. belongs
C. belong
D. belonging
9. We're going to talk about the problem ______ at the last meeting.
A. was discussed
B. discussing
C. discussed
D. having been discussed
10. Does anyone ______ Jim lives here?
A. call
B. called
C. calling
D. to call
11. Among those ships are none ______ to us.
A. belonged
B. to be belonged
C. belonging
D. belongs
12. The girl ______ in a colorful skirt looks beautiful.
A. dressed
B. dressing
C. dresses
D. dress
13. If ______ in pen instead of in pencil, the letter would be easily to read.
A. writing
B. having written
C. having been written
D. written
14. ______ a girl had fallen into the river, he got off his coat and jumped into the water.
A. Having found
B. Having been found
C. Finding
D. Found
15. Having a written examination, ______.
A. it is necessary that I have to study hard
B. I must be hard to study
C. it is necessary for me to study hard
D. I am forced to study hard
16. Asked about his life in the past, ______.
A. nobody said nothing
B. they did not get an answer from him
C. nothing was said by him
D. John nodded his head and left the room
17. ______ from what he said, he must be the thief who has stolen the car.
A. Judging
B. Judged
C. Judges
D. Judge
18. They had finished their work, so they went home. This sentence means ______, they went home.
A. work done
B. they finished their work
C. work to be done
D. work having done
19. ______ their bad news, he couldn't help from bursting into tears.
A. Heard
B. Having heard
C. Having been heard
D. Hearing
20. —What do you think of the man you saw last night?
—Generally ______ , he is not so good as expected.
A. speaking
B. spoken
C. speak
D. spoke
B层次选题：（二）
1. Being a small boy, ______.
A. my father took me with him to France
B. I went with my father to France
C. my father went with me to France
D. my father took me to France
2. Having got home, ______.
A. my wallet was lost
B. I found my wallet missing
C. my wallet was missing
D. I found the losing book
3. ______ a longer time, I could have done it better than planned.
A. Give
B. Having given
C. Giving
D. Having been given
4. My letter, ______ to a wrong number, reached me late.
A. to have addressed
B. being addressed
C. having been addressed
D. to have been addressed
5. He bought the car because of its ______ price.
A. reduce
B. reduced
C. reducing
D. reduces
6. ______ by the dog twice, he was afraid to go to my house again.
A. Having bitten
B. Having been bitten
C. Biting
D. Being bitten
7. They came out to sweep off the ______ leaves, in spite of the cold ______ rain.
A. falling, falling
B. falling, fallen
C. fallen, falling
D. fallen, fallen
8. The man got home very late that night, ______ his house had been broken into.
A. found
B. to find
C. find
D. finding
9. He could see everything in the room clearly, with a ______ lamp in his hand.
A. lighted
B. light
C. being lighted
D. lit
10. ______ the diamond, he had to look for a place to hide it.
A. Having stolen
B. Having been stolen
C. Stolen
D. Stealing
11. ______ to the school building, the visitor were led to see the library.
A. Having shown
B. Having been shown
C. Being shown
D. Shown
12. He reached the railway station, ______ and out of breath, ______ the train had left.
A. tiring, finding
B. tired, finding
C. tiring, to find
D. tired, found
13. Fall ______ , the swallows have gone to the south.
A. coming
B. having come
C. come
D. comes
14. The thief followed her, with his eyes ______ on the wallet in her pocket.
A. fix
B. fixed
C. fixing
D. to fixed
15. He listened attentively to me ______ while ______ at me.
A. spoke, stared
B. speaking, staring
C. spoke, staring
D. speaking, stared
16. ______ the frond door ______ he had to enter the room through the back door.
A. Seen, painted
B. Seeing, painted
C. Being seen, being painted
D. Seeing, being painted
17. ______ in the dark cave, he was not afraid of being found by ______ enemy soldiers.
A. Hidden, armed
B. Hide, armed
C. Hiding, arm
D. Hiding, armed
18. ______ of danger in the street at night, she had to go home, with a friend of ______ her.
A. Warned, followed
B. Warning, following
C. Having warned, following
D. Having been warned, following
19. The Olympic Games, ______ in 776 B. C., did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playing
B. to be first played
C. first played
D. to be first playing
20. The first textbooks ______ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.
A. having been written
B. to be written
C. being written
D. written
试题答案
A层次选题：（一）
1. 从句意上分析，填空部分充当补充状语为妥，故选B。不定式不能充当补充状语，而更常用做目的状语。C、D是谓语，不合语法规则。
2. 答案为C。不定式做定语带有将来之意，故A、D项在此不妥。分词做定语与被修饰词关系必定是主谓，可排除表主动的B项。C项做定语有“已经被”之意，故选之。
3. 答案是D。get可以做have（使）解，根据同宾语shoes的关系应为被动，可考虑C、D两项，因C项在充当宾补时有“正在被”之意，故不妥。
4. left为过去分词意为“剩下的”，因此选B。
5. 答案为C。此句为一个过去分词做定语，因为它与被修饰词house为被动的关系，故选之。而D项虽为被动语态，但有将来之意，不妥。
6. 答案为B。此句为一个现在分词做定语，因为它与被修饰词word的关系应是主动，故选之。而C项为主谓语，形成一完整句子，而同前面的句子之间无连词，不合规范。
7. 答案为A。这是一个含有分词的独立主格结构，表示条件之意。表条件时一般不用不定式，也不会用到分词的完成式。过去分词与weather之间为被动不妥，故也不能用permitted。
8. 答案为D。如选A、C的谓语形式，有语法错误。called与group为被动，也不对，所以应选D，用做定语。
9. 答案是D。这也是一个现在分词做非限定性定语的句子，与被修饰名词为主动的关系。
10. 答案是A。此为一倒装句，主语中心词是classmates, among为介词短语做表语。those 后用过去分词做定语，因两者关系是被动。C项不定式做定语有将来之意，在句中不通。完成式分词极少用作定语，故D项排除。
11. A。过去分词做定语，因为与student关系是被动。
12. A。实际上including已演化成为了一个介词。还可以说成some young girls included，这时其结构为独立主格结构。
13. A。此空不能填谓语，故排除B。C项现在分词与被修饰词letter为主动，不通。完成式分词极少做定语，D项也错。
14. D。现在分词做定语时相当一个主动语态的定语从句，因此entering相当于：“the people who enter another country”。
15. D。这是一个现在分词做原因状语的句子。从语态上分析，句子主语中心词是forest，它与分词的关系应为被动。再从时间上分析，bury这一动作应在rot away之前发生，故应用完成形式。那么这个分词应是完成被动式，即D项。
16. B项。此句为分词充当一个含有条件意味的状语。条件一般不会用到完成时，这是由于其意义决定的，故排除C、D两项。又考虑到句子主语与分词关系应是被动，因此应使用过去分词的B项。
17. 答案为C。从句子的意义上看，这是一个分词充当伴随状语，watch与句子主语的关系应是主动关系，故选C。
18. A。根据动词hide的用法，它与句子house的关系必须是被动的主谓关系，故选A。
19. A。现在分词一般式做原因状语，应选A。其余各项都有语法错误。
20. A。分词做状语同含有分词的独立主格结构的区别就在于分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，分词的逻辑主语如果不是句子的主语，便要另外写出来，这便是独立主格。此句是一个独立主格。由于分词being这一形式无论做状语时或在独立主格中都可省略，因此A是正确答案。
A层次选题：（二）
1. 答案为C。此句为含有分词的独立主格做条件状语。C项与time为主动关系，故是正确答案。
2. B。分词做状语时，前面可加一所需的从属连词，选B项是因为它与句子主语为主动。
3. B。分词前加一连词if。B项与句子主语关系为被动。
4. 选A。leave为“使”之意。从语法角度看B、C、D都有被动之意，但leave的习惯用法是与形容词连用，故选A。
5. 答案为B。a developed country意为：发达国家。在英语中有些不及物动词的过去分词做定语时无法表示被动意义，实际上在这时候它有完成之意，如：fallen leaves, the risen sun。而a developing country意为：发展中国家。
6. 根据动词rob somewhere of sth的用法（somewhere为对象，而of后sth为内容），shop 与rob为被动的主谓关系，故选A过去分词。
7. 选C。moving意为：令人感动的，moved意为受感动的。
8. 选D。pleased意为：感到高兴的，应选之。face与smile为主动关系应使用现在分词smiling face。
9. 选D。got在此为系动词。excited，感到兴奋，exciting，令人兴奋。
10. 选B。由于problem与settle为被动，故可以排除A、D两项。又因为，being settled 做宾语补足语时有“正在被”之意，在此不妥，C也应排除，故选B。
11. 选D。keep意为：使。you与wait为主动关系，应排除C。又因keep的宾语同补足语如是主动关系时，在此习惯上使用现在分词而不使用不定式。
12. 选A。此句为分词做时间状语的简单句。因分词同句子主语的关系为主动，故用现在分词主动式。
13. A。因为letter与type之关系是被动，故可排除C、D两项。being+过去分词（现在分词一般被动式）做宾补语时意为：“正在被”，这在句中意义不妥，也应排除。
14. 选B。pocket与cut为被动应用过去分词cut，而wallet与steal也是被动，也应用过去分词stolen。
15. 答案为B。see后的宾语any of my works同其补足语exhibit的关系为被动，故用过去分词的B项。D项为“正在被”，在句中意义不妥。
16. 选B。从句中的意思上分析，这是一个含有分词做伴随状语的简单句。因为分词同句子主语中心词peasant的关系是主动，故选B。
17. 答案为D。从句意分析，这里的分词只能是做伴随状语，既然是伴随状语，只能是一般式分词，不可能用完成式分词，故可排除A、C两项。follow同句子主语应是被动，这样意思才通顺。
18. 选C。have后的宾语leg和补足语hurt应是被动的，故用过去分词，“have +宾+过去分词”有两个含义，其一是：请别人做某事，其二是：表示一种遭遇。在此句中应理解为第二种。在第二个have后的复合宾语中，二者的关系是主动，这时，既可用现在分词，也可用省略“to”的不定式。前者有持续之意，根据句中意思为选前者，即现在分词。
19. A。在句中由于有at present，故应用being held（现在被举行），在从句中因为有了tomorrow的缘故，故应用to be held（将要举行）。
20. 选D。being discussed表示“正在被讨论”。staring做said的伴随状语，因为它与said 的主语general 为主动关系。全句的意思为：“我们必须对正在被讨论的事情保密”，将军盯着那几位负责信息机关的官员们说到。
B层次选题：（一）
1. 答案为A。make oneself understood，意为：使自己的话叫别人明白。这是因为复合宾
语之间的关系为被动。
2. D。此句中含有一个过去分词短语做条件状语，但它并不在句首或句尾，而是被置于句子主语和谓语动词之间。其逻辑主语同句子的主语为被动关系，故用过去分词，答案为D。
3. 选B。在分词做状语时前可加一所需的从属连词。由于句子主语door同分词为被动关系故用B。
4. D。分词做状语时，其逻辑主语须同句子主语相一致，如两者都有各自的主语，那么分词的逻辑主语必须单独写出来，这时称之为“独立主格结构”，在这一结构前还可加with，这时又称其为“with结构”。在本句中，因lovers一词和follow是主动关系故用现在分词。
5. 选A。take…into consideration这一短语意为：把……考虑进来。这同句子的主语I的关系是主动，故用现在分词主动式，这一分词短语做条件状语。
6. D为正确答案。本句是一个分词做原因状语的简单句。由于其状态先于主句的动作，应用完成式，又因I同这个完成式的分词为主动，故用现在分词主动式的完成式。
7. B为正确答案。句中left作“使”解，其后复合宾语在此处应是被动，故用过去分词done。
8. D。分词做定语修饰house，因二者关系是主动，故选D。
9. C。根据语法结构，此处不能用谓语动词，不能选A。B项表主动，句意不通。考虑到时间状语at the last meeting，似乎应选D，但是完成式的分词不能做定语。及物动词的过去分词做定语时，必定是被动，在时间上既可完成，也可以没有一定的时间性。
10. B。此句为过去分词做定语，因call和anyone是被动关系。
11. 选C。此句是一个倒装句，其主语是none被belonging所修饰，表语是句首的介词短语。
12. 选A。根据动词dress sb的用法，girl和dress的关系应为被动，故用过去分词dressed，它在句中做定语。
13. D。从句子的主语letter同空白处的分词write的语态关系看，应选用被动式，故排除
A、B两项。从分词与句子谓语动词的时间关系分析，似乎应选C项，即完成被动式。但实际上，write不应看作是一种动作，而应视为一种状态，即“写好了”的这种状态，因与谓语动词的动作同时发生。这样written相当于If the letter was written，因此，应选D。
14. C。句子的主语是he，从句意上看不能是被动，应排除B，D。从真正发生时间的先后顺序看，的确分词的动作find，先于got off发生。但有时候，当这两个动作紧接着发生，或是连贯的动作时，应用一般式的分词，故应选C。
15. 选D。分词做状语时，其逻辑主语必须是句子的主语，这样就应排除A、C。B项的用法是错误的。
16. 选D。从句意中看，只有D项的主语同asked的主语一致时，其意思和语法才会通顺。
17. 选A。在某些固定的用法中，分词的逻辑主语可以和句子的主语不同，它们是：judging from, talking of, not counting和generally speaking。
18. A。过去分词做状语时或用于独立结构时（尤其是非延续性动词），有时相当于一个现在分词完成式的被动式，即done相当于having been done。B项的错误在于，这两句话之间只用逗号，而无任何相应的连词，这是一种很不规范的用法。C中的不定式在此不能用。D 项的语态不对。
19. 选D。分词的动作与谓语动词的动作紧密相连，故用一般式，而不应用完成式。
20. 选A。见上述第17题的分析。
B层次选题：（二）
1. 只能选B。因为其它选项的句子主语同分词的逻辑主语不能构成合理的逻辑关系。
2. A、C两项的句子主语同分词的逻辑主语不能构成合理的逻辑关系，应排除。而D项
中的losing book有误，应为lost book，故也应排除。lose和miss为同义词，但二者的用法截然不同，前者是及物，后者是不及物。a lost book, a missing book, find the book lost, find the book missing。故应选B
3. B、C项语态不对。A项语法不对，be given这一动作必须发生在主句谓语之前，因此选D。
4. 从句中能看出其中的因果关系，因此不能使用不定式。选项中的address意为“在……上标上地址”。这样这个动作必然应先于reached发生，所以应选C。
5. 选B。此句为分词做定语。由于分词与price有被动关系。
6. 应选B。B、D两项能构成正确的语态关系。但“被咬”的动作应先发生，后来才有“不敢去我家”这一结果。
7. 选C。fallen leaves 落叶（已经落下的树叶）。falling rain 正下着的雨。
8. 从句意上看，逗号前是原因，逗号后是结果，分词可以充当结果，故选D。有时only 加不定式也可做结果状语。
9. light的过去分词有两种形式，lighted和lit，但做定语时常用前者，故选A。
10. 从语态的关系上看，表被动的B、C两项不对。从时间上看，应是先偷钻石，后找地方藏匿，故选A。
11. 从语态关系上看，不能选用表主动的A项。从时间关系上看，应是先被领着参观了校舍，后被领着去图书馆，故选B。
12. 形容词也可做状语，这时可以把它看作为前面省略了being。根据词意第一空应用tired “感到疲乏”。第二空用现在分词表结果，故此题答案为B。
13. 从语法角度看，不能选用谓语形式的C、D两项，从句中的have gone中分析，应是“秋天已经来临”，故用B项。
14. “with +宾语+分词／形／副／介短”这一结构，在语法功能上相当于分词做状语，或独立主格结构。其中，分词的选用及理解同分词做状语的选用和理解是一样的。根据fix…on 的用法，应选用表被动的过去分词，所以答案是B。
15. listen to是一感官动词，故宾补语可用现在分词或省略to的不定式，根据全句意思应使用前者。连词while后可加一分词，从句子主语的逻辑关系上看应该用现在分词，故答案是B。
16. see这一动作与句子谓语动词是连贯的动作，用一般式即可，故用seeing。过去分词做宾补时有完成之意，现在分词被动式这时有“正在被”之意，从全句的意思上看，应是后者，所以D项是正确答案。
17. 从第一空分析C、D的语态不对。B项是谓语形式也有错。A项中的hidden有被动之意，这是因为hide oneself这一用法所决定的。arm在此处词意为：武装，是及物，应用armed，全副武装的士兵，因此正确答案是A。
18. 她是在受到警告之后，才不敢一个人回家的，故应选用完成被动式的分词，句中with 结构中的分词要用表主动的现在分词，故答案是D。
19. 此句的语法结构是非谓语形式做定语，修饰The Olympic Games。不定式做定语时有将来之意，在此处是错误的，而应选用表被动的过去分词，故应选C项。
20. 完成式分词不宜做定语，不定式又有将来含义，being written做定语时只能是“正在被”之意，因此，只能选D。
【励志故事】
难题
请先回答一道题：A和B可以相互转化，B在沸水中生成C，C在空气中氧化成D，D 有臭鸡蛋的气味。请问A、B、C、D分别是什么？
大部分具有高学历的人士，都是从“D有臭鸡蛋的气味”这个已知条件开始推断。这很简单，在上中学的时候大家都学过，臭鸡蛋气味意味着这是硫化氢，它是一种有毒有害的气体，浓度高时可以致人死亡。那么什么东西可能被氧化成硫化氢呢？这个问题恐怕就要难倒一批硕士博士了，可能有几个备选答案，但这些答案又不见得是“在空气中氧化”而成的。至于A和B可能是什么，别说教授，恐怕连上帝都回答不出来了。
其实答案很简单，A、B、C、D分别是鸡、鸡蛋、熟鸡蛋和臭鸡蛋。
答案揭开了，大家都觉得好笑：我怎么就忘了这个简单的道理呢？臭鸡蛋自然有臭鸡蛋味啊，这我们大家从小就知道。是的，这是个简单的答案，简单得都让人想不到。为什么越简单越不容易想到呢？这是因为有时我们知道得越多，就绕离事物的本源越远；有时我们的知识越丰富，就越容易把简单的事情复杂化；有时我们的眼光越高远，就越容易被眼前的石头绊倒；有时我们在人生的路上走得越远，就越容易忘记人生本来的目的和意义。
闲下来的时候我们不妨一起温习一些显而易见的陈述句：臭鸡蛋有臭鸡蛋味。鸡蛋是鸡下的。做人首先就是做一个人，人生就是人的一生。快乐就是自己从内心中感到高兴，幸福首先源于自己的内心……
［小编插话］不要把任何事情都想得太复杂，踏踏实实走好每一步，才有可能触摸到成功。