天津XX大学博士英语考试试卷Array 2010 —2011 学年第二学期期末考试试卷（A 卷）
科目：博士生英语学院：专业：
I. Listening Comprehension: (25%)
Section A
Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.
1. A) She is a little tired.
B) She is going to study.
C) She wants to listen to music.
D) She is going to make a reservation.
2. A) At an art exhibit.
B) In a supermarket.
C) In a shoe store.
D) In a clothing store.
3. A) They had no time.
B) They couldn’t afford it after buying their motor-bike.
C) The old one was still working.
D) They both want to buy a motor-bike.
4. A) She doesn’t understand the man’s question.
B) She’ll have th e test ready in a few days.
C) She has a few questions about the man’s schedule.
D) The man may not take the test early.
5. A) In a hotel.
B) In a furniture store.
C) In a campground.
D) In a private home.
6. A) A prince lives a better life than a princess.
B) He wishes he could be a prince.
C) He is not sure if he wants to be a prince.
D) He hates the idea of being a prince.
7. A) She can’t understand why the man is thirsty.
B) The man ought to go to the laundromat.
C) The laundromat is too far away.
D) She will not wash the man’s clothes for him.
8. A) Work on the assignment a little bit at a time.
B) Finish the assignment on time.
C) Take the assignment to someone else this time.
D) Stop working on the assignment.
Questions 9 to 12 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
9.A) He prefers the smaller evening classes.
B) He has signed up for a day course.
C) He has to work during the day.
D) He finds the evening course cheaper.
10. A) Learn a computer language.
B) Learn data processing.
C) Buy some computer software.
D) Buy a few course books.
11. A) Thursday evening, from 7:00 to 9:45.
B) From September 1 to New Year’s eve.
C) Every Monday, lasting for 12 weeks.
D) Three hours a week, 45 hours in total.
12. A) What to bring for registration.
B) Where to attend the class.
C) How he can get to Frost Hall.
D) Whether he can use a check.
Questions 13 to15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
13. A) A training coach.
B) A trading adviser.
C) A professional manager.
D) A financial trader.
14. A) He can save on living expenses.
B) He considers cooking creative.
C) He can enjoy healthier food.
D) He thinks take-away is tasteless.
15. A) It is something inevitable.
B) It is frustrating sometimes.
C) It takes patience to manage.
D) It can be a good thing.
Section B
Directions:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.
Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.
16. A) Stopped migrating.
B) Continued migrating.
C) Began migrating again.
D) Migrated south and stay there.
17. A) There was not enough food there in the winter.
B) There were too many birds.
C) There were too many glaciers.
D) There was too much daylight.
18. A) To test the relationship between daylight and a disease of the glands common
to birds.
B) To test the relationship between daylight and migration.
C) To test the relationship between migration and temperature.
D) To test the relationship between daylight and changes in the season.
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.
19. A) A scientist.
B) A graduate.
C) A colleague.
D) An undergraduate
20. A) To present their results.
B) To show off their results.
C) To make themselves brave.
D) To become active people.
21. A) To get information.
B) To know the related areas.
C) To know the latest news.
D) To make friends.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.
22. A) It’s an urgent announcement.
B) It’s an important announcement.
C) The managers wish to divert their workers from their work.
D) It’s about an important promotion.
23. A) 7 a.m. B) 11 p.m. C) 8 p.m. D) 3 a.m.
24. A) To show the importance of their decision.
B) To play a joke on the American manager.
C) To start cooperation as soon as possible.
D) To show that they were very efficient.
25. A) He was irritated.
B) He was well pleased.
C) He was very much troubled.
D) He prepared himself for a fight.
II. Vocabulary: (35%):
A. Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each
sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D.
Choose the one interview that best completes the sentence.
Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet
with a single line through the center.
26. The ______ of consultation is to listen to, and take account of, the views of
those consulted.
A. essence
B. thesis
C. synthesis
D. instinct
27. At the far end of the lake some buffaloes were bathing, ______ so deeply that
only their heads were visible.
A. overwhelmed
B. immersed
C. degenerated
D. engulfed
28. With their far superior technology, the Western forces completely ______
Saddam’s army.
A. suppressed
B. overwhelmed
C. bled
D. segregated
29. The two ingredients should be placed together in a bottle and shaken
vigorously until they are ______.
A. filtered
B. discriminated
C. blended
D. engaged
30. The little girl started to cry in order to ______ sympathy and pity in her
parents.
A. confine
B. evoke
C. await
D. induce
31. They ______ to safety as a massive wall of water smashed their caravans and
swept away dozens of cars.
A. paralyzed
B. spun
C. roamed
D. dashed
32. In 20 years only one company with an investment-grade rating from Moody’
has ______ long-term debt – one that went bankrupt voluntarily to protect itself from lawsuits.
A. defaulted on
B. relied on
C. accounted for
D. cried for
33. He said he did not ______ the difficulties the party faced in regaining a
measure of popular trust.
A. demonstrate
B. underestimate
C. speculate
D. outweigh
34. The king was forced to leave the country over which he had ______ for more
than 30 years.
A. prevail
B. reigned
C. stumbled
D. lingered
35. His health had been affected, and might ______ altogether if the strain
continued.
A. break down
B. cool off
C. lit up
D. sprout up
36. We shall be grateful if you will ______ space for any of the enclosed
advertisements in your publications.
A. donate
B. forge
C. impart
D. specify
37. From his office on the 22nd floor of the famous four-towered BMW HQ, he
______ formidable power and commands enormous respect.
A. swings
B. wields
C. yields
D. contemplated
38. The little woman looked a ______ sight, standing before him with red, swollen
eyes and tear-streaked cheeks.
A. desirable
B. rotten
C. shabby
D. pathetic
39. Since my father’s death there had been, as it were, a ______ in my home
which nobody could fill.
A. liability
B. vacancy
C. agony
D. bureaucracy
40. The report praises the efforts being made in our city to extract energy from
waste and to ______ paper, glass, plastics and steel cans.
A. differentiate
B. resist
C. recycle
D. mobilize
41. Some articles are clearly written as a by-product of teaching, perhaps ______
from lectures or intended to form part of a book.
A. adapted
B. reformed
C. revived
D. sprayed
42. At one point last fall, when Swedish rates rose to 17%, such deals ______ a
net annualized return of 8%, with little exchange-rate risk.
A. fulfilled
B. yielded
C. exemplified
D. documented
43. T ales of squadrons bombing their own units are here in ______.
A. exposure
B. abundance
C. incidence
D. arrangement
44. The church is full of ______ works of craftsmanship which have been donated
by individuals.
A. exquisite
B. commercial
C. metallic
D. remote
45. It is a question Michael Joseph is likely to ______ long and hard over the
weeks to come.
A. pose
B. supervise
C. harbor
D. ponder
B. Directions: Study the meaning of the phrasal verbs listed below and
then complete each of the following sentences with an appropriate phrasal verb in its proper form.
46. We already have our hands full. Let the matter ________ till next week.
47. The emergency ________ reserves of energy which she did not know she
possessed.
48. It wasn’t long before we ________ a plan acceptable to all.
49. Though very tired, the students ________ the discussion late into the night.
50. ________ facts, I can’t see anything to support what he says.
51. It is usually easier to ________ the meaning of a sentence in a given context.
52. I’m not sure if I want to take this course; may I ______ for the first week to
see if I like it?
53. Don’t be afraid. No matter what happens, I’ll ________ you.
54. Thieves ________ last night while the family was away on vacation.
55. There is no point in waiting for something to ________; you have to take
action.
56. We can come through any crisis if we ________. I’m certain of that.
57. The village was ________ by floods for nearly a week.
58. Miss Green returned to work after she ________ her illness.
59. The custom is said to have been ________ from the 18th century.
60. John must ________ for a few days until his leg mends.
III. Reading Comprehension (20%)
Questions 61 to 65 are based on the following passage:
The current vogue, in the West, of Yoga and Zen（禅宗）may prove to have been no more than a transitory Western fashion. It may be doubted whether the average modern Westerner genuinely understands and practices either Zen or Yoga. However, it is also possible that these are sincere attempts to re-activate, among Westerners, the normal human faculty of spiritual contemplation. In the Middle Ages, Westerners, like other people, did practice contemplation. This is a necessary condition for spiritual health, and modern Westerners are suffering spiritually for having abandoned the practice of contemplation deliberately. Moreover, the East has other lessons for the West which the West certainly ought to learn and to take to heart.
For instance, the West could perhaps learn from the East how to re-capture Man's original harmony with the rest of Nature. Man is an integral part of Nature. When he alienates himself from her and tries to dominate her as if he were outside Nature and were not rooted in Nature, Man runs into trouble. The degree of modern Western Man's alienation from Nature can be measured by the potency of modern technology, for technology is an instrument for dominating Nature. The technologically advanced countries are already paying the price of their
super-technology. Two items in this price are pollution and inflation.
Shinto stands for a harmonious cooperation between Man and the rest of Nature. It recognizes that Nature is holy; that she has sacred rights; that Man has a religious obligation to respect these rights; and that, if he violates them, he will bring retribution on himself. The Japanese people have already begun to bring retribution on themselves by polluting Nature.
Taoism (道教) sets its face against imposing Man's will on Nature by means of technology. This Chinese philosophy took shape at some dale between the sixth and the fourth century B. C., when technology was still rudimentary, if judged by present-day standards. Yet already the Taoist philosophers were taking alarm; they were calling for a return to a simpler way of life. It is now evident that they were far-sighted. The Taoist philosophy is what the world now needs. It is needed today by West and East alike, now that the potent modern technology, which was invented in the West two hundred years ago, is being adopted all round the globe.
61. Yoga or Zen ___________.
A.is only a transitory Western fashion
B.is not genuinely understood by the average modern westerners
C.is in fashion now in the West
D.is a popular sport .
62. This passage implies that ____________.
A.it is wrong to abandon spiritual contemplation
B.the Westerners practice contemplation in the Middle East
C.the Westerners abandon the practice of contemplation deliberately
D.the East has other lessons for the West
63. What is the main topic of this passage?
A.Why are Yoga and Zan popular in the West?
B.What does the West have to learn from the East?
C.How to recapture Man’s original harmony with the rest of Nature?
D.How to practice spiritual contemplation?
64. The author of this passage _________________.
A.disagrees with Taoist’s philosophy
B.prefers Shinto to Taoism
C.seems to be against modern technology
D.prefers super-technology to spiritual contemplation
65. According to the passage ______________.
A.it is very expensive to buy super-technology
B.it costs a lot to deal with the problems of pollution and inflation
C.the technologically advanced countries are richer than other countries
D.both pollution and inflation are caused by modern technology
Questions 66-70 are based on the following passage.
There is one kind of pain for which nobody has yet found a cure--the pain that comes from the ending of a relationship. The relationship could be a marriage or a deep friendship. Such a relationship may come to a sudden end; or it may simply fade away slowly as people and circumstances change. You may be the one to "break it off ", with a short note or a brief phone call. Or you may be on the receiving end. However it ended and whoever decided to end it, the pain is equally hard to hear and it requires the same time for grief. Although there is no cure for grief, we can not help looking for one, to ease the pain and to make us forget our tears. We keep ourselves busy with work, or we try to plunge ourselves in our hobbies. Perhaps we start to drink more than we should to drown our sorrows, or we follow the conventional advice and join a club or society. But these things cannot cure it. Moreover, we are always in a hurry to get rid of our grief. We feel that we should try to convince ourselves, as we bite on the pillow, that we are much too old to be crying. Some people bury their grief deep inside themselves. Others seek relief by pouring their hearts out to their friends, or to anyone else who can offer a sympathetic shoulder to cry on. It is not easy to explain why we adopt this attitude to emotional pain, when we would never expect anyone to overcome physical pain simply by an effort of will power. Part of the answer must lie in the nature of grief itself. The important thing to admit about grief, then, is that it will take its time. By trying to convince ourselves that it ought to be over sooner, we create an additional tension which can only make things worse. How much time is needed will vary from person to person, but
psychiatrists have a rule of thumb: grief will last as long as the original relationship lasted. The sad thing is that, when the breakdown occurs, we can only stumble forward over the stones beneath our feet. It is dark ahead, and we will fall painfully many times before we begin to see the light at the end of the tunnel.
66. It is the author’s belief that _______________.
A.there is no way to kill the pain from the ending of a relationship
B.those who break up the relationship do not suffer from the pain from the ending
of a relationship
C.people suffer from the pain only when the relationship comes to a sudden end
D.Both A and B.
67. Which is closest in meaning to the underlined term drown our sorrow?
A.To get rid of grief by drinking too much alcohol.
B.To feel sorry for drinking too much
C.To end our life by drinking an excessive amount of alcohol
D.To be overwhelmed by grief
68. Psychiatrists believe that _____________.
A.grief lasts longer if your friends break off the relationship
B.grief lasts in proportion to the duration of your friendship
C.grief lasts longer if you value your friendship a lot
D.grief ends as soon as you set up a new friendship with someone else
69. The passage tells us that __________.
A.we cannot relieve our emotional pain no matter how hard we try
B.it takes time and efforts to relieve our emotional pain
C.we do not have to suffer from any emotional pain if we try our best to reduce it
D.there is little point in making our efforts to relieve our emotional pain
70. What is the best title for this passage?
A.Emotional pain
B.How to relieve your emotional pain?
C.Emotional pain and physical pain
D.Who suffers most?
Part IV Cloze (10%)
Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D] on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the center.
An important factor of leadership is attraction. This does not mean attractiveness in the ordinary sense, for that is a quality 71 our control. The leader has, nevertheless, to be a magnet; a 72 figure towards whom people are 73 .
Magnetism in that sense depends, first of all, on being 74 . There is a type of Authority which can be 75 from behind closed doors, but that is not a leadership. 76 there is movement and action, the true leader is in the forefront and may seem, indeed, to be everywhere at once. He has to become a legend; the 77 for anecdotes, whether true or false; a character. One of the simplest devices is to be 78 on the occasion when the leader might be 79 to be there, enough in itself to start a rumor about the vital 80 which has detained him. To make up for this, he can 81 when least expected, giving rise to another story about the interest he can display 82 things which other folks might 83 as trivial. With this gift for 84 curiosity the leader always combines a reluctance to 85 about himself. His interest is plainly in other people; he questions them and encourages them to talk and then 86 all that is relevant. He never leaves a party 87 he has mentally filed a minimum dossier (档案) on 88 present, ensuring that he knows 89 to say when he meets them again. He is not artificially extrovert (性格外向的) but he would usually rather listen than talk. Others 90 gradually that his importance needs proof.
71. A. beyond B. of C. under D. by
72. A. vital B. central C. strange D. conspicuous
73. A. united B. dragged C. drawn D. hauled
74. A. observed B. heard C. watched D. seen
75. A. exercised B. respected C. recognized D. imposed
76. A. Whether B. Where C. As D. Since
77. A. object B. topic C. subject D. excuse
78. A. present B. absolute C. abstract D. absent
79. A. appointed B. instructed C. arranged D. expected
80. A. matter B. thing C. business D. affair
81. A. leave B. appear C. show D. hide
82. A. in B. at C. on D. about
83. A. think B. regard C. look D. deal
84. A. creating B. originating C. inspiring D. spreading
85. A. communicate B. say C. reveal D. talk
86. A. commits B. cites C. remembers D. notes
87. A. when B. until C. as D. while
88. A. everyone B. anyone C. someone D. one
89. A. how B. what C. that D. whether
90. A. know B. appreciate C. realize D. acknowledge
VI. Writing (10%)
Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to a composition on the topic Success.
You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below in English:
Success
1.成功的含义
2.我的见解
3.怎样才能成功？
Answer Sheet
I. Listening Comprehension:
1. __________
2. __________
3. __________
4. __________
5. __________
6. __________
7. __________
8. __________
9. __________ 10. _________ 11. _________ 12. _________ 13. _________ 14. _________ 15 _________ 16. _________ 17. _________ 18. _________ 19. _________ 20. _________ 21. _________ 22. _________ 23. _________ 24. _________ 25. _________ II. Vocabulary
A: 26. ________ 27. ________ 28. ________ 29. ________ 30. _________ 31. _______ 32. _______ 33. _______ 34. ______ 35. ________ 36. _______ 37. _______ 38. _______ 39. ______ 40. ________ 41. _______ 42. _______43. ________ 44. ______ 45. ________ B: 46. ________ 47. ________ 48. ________ 49. ________ 50. _________ 51. _______ 52. _______ 53. _______ 54. ______ 55. ________ 56. _______ 57. _______ 58. _______ 59. ______ 60. ________ III. Reading Comprehension:
61. __________ 62. __________ 63. __________ 64. __________ 65. __________ 66. _________ 67. ________ 68. _________ 69. ________ 70. ________ IV Cloze
71. __________ 72. __________ 73. __________ 74. __________ 75. __________ 76. ________ 77. ________ 78. _________ 79. ________ 80. ________ 81. ________ 82. _______ 83. ________ 84. _______ 85. ________ 86. ________ 87. _______ 88. ________ 89. _______ 90. ________
V. Composition:
_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________
Keys
I. Listening Comprehension: （25%）(每题1分)
1 D
2 D
3 B
4 D
5 C
6.B 7 B 8 A 9 C 10 B
11 C 12 A 13 D 14 B 15D
16 B 17 B 18 B 19 B 20 A
21 D 22 B 23 C 24 A 25 C
II. Vocabulary (35%): (每题1分)
A. 26．A 27．B 28．B 29．C 30．B 31．D 32．A 33．B 34．B 35．A
36. A 37. B 38. D 39. B 40.C 41. A 42. B 43. B 44. A 45. D
B. 46. lie over 47. called forth 48. worked out 49. carried on
50. Getting down to 51. pick out 52. sit in 53. stand by 54. broke in
55. turn up 56. hang together 57. cut off 58. got over 59. carried down 60. lie up
III. Reading Comprehension: （20%）（每题2分）
61 C 62 A 63 B 64 C 65 D
66 A 67 A 68 B 69 D 70 A
Part IV Cloze （10%）（每题0.5分）
71. A 72. B 73. C 74. D 75. A 76. B 77. C 78.D 79. D 80.C
81. B 82. A 83. B 84. C 85. D 86. C 78. B 88.A 89. B 90.C
VI. Composition: （10%）(共10分)
全国2011年7月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %) 1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence. ( ) A. small B. large C. fixed D. free 2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. ( ) A. agree with B. disagree with C. be the same as D. be different from 3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. ( ) A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot 4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. ( ) A. fast food B. TV dinner C. Mao jackets D. Watergate 5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, “loan”, which was prevalent in the thirteenth century, was replaced by “ __________ ” in American English. ( ) A. own B. let C. rent D. lend 6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. ( ) A. full B. short C. long D. paralleled 00832# 英语词汇学试卷第1页共6页
Unit 1 1.to have early memory（记忆）of 2.the entire previous history of humankind （人类） 3.due principally (chiefly) to 4.to rescue (save) civilization from 5.the dread (fearful) shadow of diseases 6.the conscience(良心) and concern of scientists 7.driving forces (动力) 8.to advance/stimulate (promote) health 9.the amplification (增大) of the virus 10.tissue culture (培养) 11.killed and live attenuated (减弱) vaccines 12.national immunization (免疫) days 13.monitoring (监测) methods 14.the worldwide eradication(elimination) of polio 15.little reason for complacency (自满) 16.microbial (微生物) enemies 17.temporary (暂时) victories 18.be adept (good, skillful) at developing new defenses 19.to facilitate (使便利) the spread of epidemics 20.political and economic mismanagement (管理不善) 21.the deprivation (poverty) of populations 22.to address (reduce) the largest disease burden 23.major scourges (灾祸) such as malaria and AIDS 24.in an interdisciplinary (跨学科的) way 25.talented (有才能的) young scientists 26.to underwrite (support) their mission 27.the stunning pace (speed, rate) of change 28.the potential, passion, and perception (洞察力) of scientists 29.need to be tapped (explored) 30.to address (meet, satisfy) global health needs 31.to make deliberate (存心的) use of it 32.to bear (keep) in mind that 33.in this context (case) 34.strategically (战略上) placed on 35.the scientific underpinning (支柱) of policy 36.evidence-based (循证) policy 37.policy setting (establishment) 38.to bear on (影响) the well-being of people 39.a terminally ill patient (临终病人) 40.metastatic (转移) renal cancer 41.our beloved (热爱的) profession 42.our zeal (enthusiasm) for medical science 43.bedside (clinical) care 44.to conduct groundbreaking (突破的) research 45.a noble (崇高的) calling 46.an oral formulation (口服制剂) of morphine 47.bone metastasis (转移) 48.radicular (根的) pain 49.spinal (脊柱) root 50.to counsel (忠告/会诊) the terminally ill patient 51.to reflect upon (反省) my profession 52.caring and compassionate (有同情心的) 53.chemotherapeutic (化疗) agents 54.to shower their patients with genuine (true) love and compassion 55.the emotional and physical (身体的) support
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
1.These figures boil down to no significance as they are statistically imperfect. A amount to B conform to C contribute to D attach to 2.The researchers are working hard to find the optimal concentration of this drug. A most poisonous B most likely C most famous D most desirable 3.This young lawyer dares to take on the powerful on behalf of the poor and weak. A with the favor of B find good jobs for C assume the responsibility for D accept the challenge of 4.The last traces of respectability had vanished by the time he was convicted and imprisoned. A collapsed B disappeared C perished D scattered 5.Fearful of losing her job for good, this lady decided to talk to the manager directly. A for benefits B by luck C for ever D at hand. 6.An important innovation in this college was the introduction of the seminary method for advanced students. A idea B change C matter D policy 7.This archaeologist made a study of the vast area through which the Roman civilization has been propagated. A extended B terminated C speculated D restricted 8.The investor would suffer a lot from a television series that was heavily invested in but never came off. A was released B proved satisfactory C failed completely D won awards 9.Given the gravity of the situation, the best thing we can do is to declare the company bankrupt. A gravitation B fascination C seriousness D incurability 10.When the symptom occurs, she finds it difficult to manipulate a pencil despite her young age. A utilize B handle C master D dominate Section B : Directions: There are ten questions in this section. Each question is a sentence with something missing. Below each sentence are four words or phrases marked A, B , C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet. 11.The country once threatened to ___ diplomatic relations with its neighbor if the latter was too friendly to the rebels. A show off B keep off C break off D call off 12.In English leaning, a ___ circle occurs when a student makes more errors after being scolded. A vicious B vigorous C vertical D voluntary 13.Some ancient people were able to tell the time by the shadow ___by the sun on the slate. A thrown B flung C cast D tossed(upward) https://www.doczj.com/doc/0115421880.html,petition compels districts to devote their limited resources to achieving results that compare ___ with other local districts. A significantly B favorably C dramatically D superficially 15.If you don’t know how to ___ your achievements, your parting from this world is going to be a nightmar e. A take hold of B get rid of C let go of D make fun of 16.This country could have as many as 10 million cases of AIDS in 2010 if the ____ is not taken seriously. A episode B epidemic C equivalent D eruption 17.With a wide variety of fresh fruit ___available, canner fruit is no longer so popular as before. A willingly B appropriately C confidently D readily =easily 18.The crisis over parliamentary election illustrated the unpredictable ____that events could take once the coalition troops are withdrawn. A process B line C way D course 19.Decades of ___ might have been partially responsible for our ignorance of development abroad. A insulation B irrigation C integration D isolation 20.There have been some insensible people who attempt to end their pains ____ through suicide. A by and large B once for all =forever C heart and soul D on the whole Part II. Cloze Directions: There are 10 questions in this part of the test. Read the passage through. Then, go back and choose one suitable word or phrases marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the word or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet. There is now a new keychain device that lets people turn off most TVs anywhere---- from airports to restaurants. And it is selling faster than 21 . “I thought there would just be a few sales, but we can’t 22 demand,” said inventor Mitch
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
福州大学博士研究生入学考试 英语考试大纲 一、考查目标 本考试重点考查考生的英语语言知识和语言技能（本考试属水平考试，不 指定任何参考书）。具体要求如下： 1.词汇 要求考生掌握约 5000 个英语词汇和约 500 个常用词组。此外，还应掌握词汇间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等；掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等；掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。 2.语法 要求考生熟练掌握英语的基本语法知识、常用句型和结构，能正确理解包含这些知识、句型和结构的句子和语篇，并能在实践中准确、自如地运用这些知识。 3.阅读 要求考生能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能熟练地阅读和理解一般性题材的文章、科技文章及应用性形式的阅读材料。要求能理解主旨大意，读懂细节，能理解上下文的逻辑关系，并领会作者或话语参与各方的主要意图和态度及其异同等。 4.语篇完形处理 在理解阅读材料的基础上能综合运用词汇、语法、搭配、语段、篇章逻辑 等方面的知识和上下文等对语篇各层次的信息进行正确判断和完形处理。 5．翻译 （1）英译汉 要求考生能在 30 分钟内把一篇 150 词左右的一般性题材的英语短文或科学常识性文章中的段落译成汉语，能准确表达原文的意思，语句通顺，用词正确，无较大的语言错误。 （2）汉译英 要求考生能在 30 分钟内把一篇 150 字左右的一般性题材的汉语短文或科学常识性文章中的段落译成英语。要求译文忠实于原文，译文达意，符合英语表达习惯，无较大的语言错误。 6．写作 要求考生能根据命题或图表等在 30 分钟内写出一篇 200 字以上的短文，或根据所给文章（中文或英文）要求写出 200 字以上的英文摘要。写作部分的考查目标是测试考生用英语书面表达思想和见解的能力。所写文章应切合主题，能正确表达思想，意义连贯，无较大的语言错误。
T 基础词汇 n. 标签；附属物；标记符；鞋带；垂饰 vt. 加标签于；附加 vi. 紧随 【例句】She peered at the tag to read the price. 她细看标签以看清价格。 【词组】tag sth. on (to sth.) 附加某事物；系某物于 play tag 玩捉人游戏 n. 接管，接收 【例句】The takeover cause 250 redundancy. 接管移交造成了250人的裁员。 n. 天资，才干，才能；人才 【例句】This little boy is a rare talent as a pianist. 这个男孩是个罕见的钢琴弹奏天才。【词组】talent for 天才；有……的天赋 【派生】talented adj. 有才能的；多才的 tap [n. 塞子，旋塞，水龙头；轻拍，轻叩；窃听 v. 轻打，轻敲，轻拍；利用，开发；窃听 【例句】The teacher tapped her fingers on the desk impatiently. 老师不耐烦地用手指敲着桌子。 【词组】turn on (off) the tap 开（关）龙头 tap into 挖掘，接进 tap (at/on sth.) 轻敲；轻拍；轻击；轻踏
【派生】tapping n. 轻敲声 n. 目标，对象；靶子 vt. 瞄准 【例句】Remarks that were right on target were released at the end of her speech. 在她讲话结束时，才击中了要害。 【词组】to make a target of 把……作为目标 target sth. (at/on sth. /sb.) 瞄准某物 n.合作；协办；配合 【例句】In football teamwork is even more important than individual skill.在橄榄球比赛中，全队的配合比个人技术甚至更加重要。 n. 茶匙；茶匙的量 【例句】I need a teaspoon to stir my tea. 我需要一把茶匙搅拌一下我的茶。 tender [] adj. 嫩的，温柔的；脆弱的；疼痛的；易受伤害的，善良的vt. （正式）提出；提供；投标 vi. （常与for连用）投标（做某事） n. 照管者，照料者 【例句】My finger is tender because I cut it yesterday. 我的手指一碰就疼，因为我昨天把它割破了。 【词组】tender (for sth.) 投标 【派生】tenderness n. 亲切；柔软；柔和；敏感 n. 终点站；终端；接线端 adj. 期末的；致命的；终点的
2012词汇学复习资料 The development of the English Vocabulary 1.Indo-European Language Family The Indo-European Language Family is considered as one of the most important language families. It includes most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India. Those languages, which are believed to have originated from this language family and developed alone different lines, show various degrees of similarity to one another. They fall into eight principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern Set东部诸语族: Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语, Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语族, Armenian 亚美尼亚语族and Albanian阿尔巴尼亚语族; a Western Set: 西部诸语族Celtic凯尔特语族, Italic 意大利语族, Hellenic希腊语族, Germanic日尔曼语族. All the languages in both sets shed some influence on English to a greater or lesser extent because each has lent words into the English vocabulary. Prussian普鲁士语 Lithuanian立陶宛语 Polish波兰语 Balto-Slavic波罗的-斯拉夫语Czech捷克斯洛伐克语 Bulgarian保加利亚语 Slovenian斯洛文尼亚语 Russian Albanian阿尔巴尼亚 Persian波斯语 Hindi北印度语 Indo-Iranian印度伊朗语系Bengali孟加拉语 Romany，吉卜赛语 Armenian亚美尼亚语 Portuguese Spanish Italic意大利语族Italian Roumanian罗马尼亚语 French Indo-European Language Family Irish Celtic凯尔特语Breton Scottish Norwegian挪威语 Icelandic，冰岛语 Danish丹麦语 Germanic Swedish瑞典语 日尔曼语言English Dutch Flemish German Hellenic，古希腊语- Greek
英语词汇学怎么考英语词汇学必背知识 点 英语词汇学考试难吗？那么该课程怎么考？要知道英语考试并不是一蹴而就的，所以考前应该日记月累的学习，在最后考试的时候才能更好的通过考试，我们来看看英语词汇学必背知识点吧。 英语词汇学怎么考 英语词汇学是一门理论知识课，每个知识点应该说都重要，所以重点和一般本来就难以界定。从掌握知识来说，不要去分重点和一般，对每章每节都要以搞懂弄通为原则。 1、考前重点词汇复习方法 要知道语法填空重点考查的词：动词、形容词、副词和派生词。其中重点是动词，要把考点的设置与拼写的可能形式结合起来(如从谓语动词的角度来看，就要 考虑动词的时态、语态和主谓一致所带来的动词变化。其中过去式是考查重点，所以对动词的过去式，尤其是不规则动词的过去式和过去分词的拼写，自然就成为后期复习的重点。至于另外三大词类也完全可以如此类推。
2、词汇积累学习
加强短文背诵，增强“词不离句”意识。背诵是非常原始的英语学习方法，但也是非常积极、有效的学习方法。优选一些名家名篇，做为背诵的素材;或从课文中精选一些精悍之作，作为研习的精典，不但能够迅速提高语感，而且容易激发兴趣，形成活生生的词库，为单词的准确使用打下良好的基础。 3、英语主观题拿分技巧 首先是单词拼写，这是所有题目中考生得分最低的一个部分，通常平均分不超过3分，所以大家不要太在意，20个单词，对4个，能有2分就很不错了，如果想要提高这部分，大家还要有准备的背单词，因为这里面的单词，并不全是课本课后单词表的单词，其中很多都是以前在中学学过的，所以要准备这一部分，需要的是买一本自考英语的词汇大纲，按里面的词汇背记才有意义。 如果大家对英语词汇学课程学习有难度，那么可以通过在线视频学习的，以上三点就是学赛小编对英语词汇学必背知识点学习方法，希望大家能更好的学习。 点击进入>>>
1、选择题（2 ×15=30） 2、填空题（2×5=10 ） 3、搭配题(1×10=10) 4、名词解释题(4×5=20) 5、问题回答(5×3=15) 6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分) 选择题： 1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN 2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful . 3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family. 4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes. 5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning. 6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy. 7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes. 8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs. https://www.doczj.com/doc/0115421880.html,ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西
2010.10 ward off 避开寒冷（邪恶）feverish (情绪)极度紧张兴奋的，极度焦虑狂躁的（Feverish emotion）紧张忙乱的;狂乱的（Feverish activity）courteous 彬彬有礼的puppy小狗set out 动身，制定set in （季节）到来，（雪冰）开始降落set apart 拨出（时间，金钱）set back 使受挫折startle 受惊的elevate 升高disperse 驱散传播proclaim vt. 宣告，公布；表明；赞扬， （在公共场合）大声抗议admonish 责备address 称颂declaim慷慨陈词;高声朗诵vi. 抨击； 向…作正是讲话，对…发表演说confide 吐露，承认leave his options open 保留余地disseminate 散步，传播repository 存储库pertinent to 有关系的subject to 视..而定，由..决定的a full rang of 全面的erroneously adv. 错误，不正确genuinely真正的；非伪造的；名副其实的metropolitan 大都市，大城市firmly adv. 坚固地；稳固地；坚定地；坚决地firm 商行，商号rhetoric n. 修辞学；辩论法，雄辩术；华丽的文词；花言巧语incentives n. 激励某人做某事的事物penalties n. 惩罚( penalty的名词复数)；刑罚；害处；足球点球reap 获得；收获；得到；取得campaign n. 运动；竞选运动；战役；季节性竞赛vi. 参加[发起]运动，参加竞选；参战，参加战役；作战smuggle vt. 偷运；私运；lieutenant colonel陆军中尉amputate （cut off）vt. （用外科手术）截（肢等）；切断；砍掉；删除hook vt. 钩，钩住；引上钩；牢牢抓住commitment n. 承诺，许诺；委任，委托；致力，献身；承担义务；收监;送入医院prey 捕食（习性）；受害者；受骗者nibbling 动词啃;一点一点地咬(或吃) staple (食物、产品或活动)主要的，基本的；主要部分;重要内容；订书钉embark vt. 使…上船或飞机；使从事，使着手；投资tributary n. 支流；进贡国；附庸国；进贡者 adj. （需向…）进贡的；附庸的；辅助的；支流的trophy n. 纪念品，战利品；奖品，奖杯（牌）；胜利纪念柱；战利品雕饰adj. 显示身份或地位的；提高身价的；有威望的persecution （尤指因宗教、政治信仰或种族而受到的）迫害hypothetical adj. 假设的，假定的；有前提的；爱猜想的；假想tantalized 使(某人)想要却得不到(某物);逗引;挑逗;撩拨tormented adj. 饱受折磨的v. 使备受折磨，使痛苦，烦扰( torment的过去式和过去分词)；折磨，戏弄，烦扰shimmering v. 闪闪发光，发微光( shimmer的现在分词) The lights shimmered on the water...水面上波光粼粼coveted adj. 令人垂涎的；垂涎的，梦寐以求的，人人向往的v. 贪求，觊觎(covet的过去分词)；垂涎；贪图commodity n. 商品；日用品；有价值的物品；有利，有益immortality n. 不朽，不朽的声名，流芳百世immorality n不道德girding empires and currencies 束缚帝王和货币malleability n. 有延展性，柔韧性，柔顺pharaohs 暴君fine 罚款attachment n 爱慕，忠诚；（邮件、文件）附件ruffle （为表示喜爱）抚弄(他人头发)；使泛起涟漪;使起伏不平；使惊慌;使失去信心;激怒;使沮丧；(鸟类)竖起(羽毛)；衣服领口、袖口等处的）褶边，褶饰，花边 2010.03 Wither 枯萎凋谢withhold 抑制，阻挡withstand 反抗，抵挡，禁得起knock out（拳击比赛中）击倒bail out 帮助摆脱困境rule out 排除，用直线划掉；宣布…不可能，排除…的可能性envisage 想象，设想visualize 想象，设想improvise 即兴发挥trophy 战利品，奖品treat 请客trifle小事tribute贡品prompt敏捷的，及时的，迅速的dove和平鸽dose药物剂量dole施舍物，赈济品doze小睡contend 全力对付，竞争，奋斗enhance提高，增加（价值、品质、吸引力entertainer表演者outdo胜过overtake追上，赶上linger over磨蹭，拖延，慢慢的进行predecessor前任（被取代的原有事物）premium保险费sensation激动upheaval动乱，剧变outbreak爆发（疾病战争）hold out 坚持到底hold forth 给予提供hold off 推迟hold down保有工作，抑制热情convert兑换转变propaganda（政治）宣传活动further evolution and refinement 进一步的发展和改善shed light on提供信息说明be prone to 有…倾向的，易于…的poise n.泰然自若；自信；体态；姿态vt.使平衡；保持（某种姿势）；