考研英语指导：翻译题实例讲解
翻译活动本身是一个复杂的心理思维活动过程，任何做翻译的人都会感到翻译的艰巨性。“一名之立，踌躇旬月”就是说要找到一个贴切的词来翻译，常常需要花上数月的功夫。考研英语翻译在考试中的时间限制和紧张状态是由不得我们去“慢条斯理地字斟句酌”的。在翻译的“理解——表达——校对”三个环节中，大多数初学翻译的人，感觉最明显的问题是：理解英语不容易，表达成汉语不轻松。如何理解和如何表达，就成了大多数感觉自己英语基础知识比较匮乏的考生的严重问题了。这里，笔者提出了一个更加轻松、更加容易掌握、更加实用的应对考研翻译的策略——拆分与组合。它可以让广大考生在有限的英语基础知识下，突破考研翻译，获得理想的分数。
一、理解英语原文 拆分语法结构
如前面所述，在翻译的基本过程中，理解英语原文是我们进行翻译的前提。一位法国译者曾经说过：“翻译就是理解和使人理
解”（Traduire，c''est comprendre e tfaire comprendre）。说得通俗一点，就是你在动手翻译之前，必须要把英语原文看懂。理解原文是整个翻译过程的第一步。这是最关键、也是最容易出问题的一步。许多考生在复习的时候发现自己的译文含糊不清、语蔫不详的地方，正是自己没有透彻理解原文的地方。在试卷中，大部分的翻译错误都起因于考生的理解错误。没有正确的理解，考生传达的就不是原文的意思，这样就可能扭曲原文的意思，造成严重的扣分现象，甚至会不得分。
由于英语语言具有“形合”的特点，就是说，英语的句子无论多么复杂，都是通过一些语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的“象葡萄藤一样”的结构。所以，在理解英语句子的时候，理解并拆分句子的语法结构和逻辑结构也就自然而然地成了我们解题的突破口。考研翻译中的所有句子基本上都是结构复杂的长难句，理清句子结构层次就显得至关重要。在翻译句子之前，先通读全句，注意一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构。
怎么拆分呢？有的同学认为自己英语基础知识比较差，对英语句子的语法结构不太理解。没有关系！正因为英语语法结构和逻辑结构比较明显，在理解英语的时候，我们可以把主句和从句拆分出来，或者把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。
说得更具体一点，可以寻找下面一些“信号词”来对英语句子进行拆分，进而更加有效地理解英语原文：
1.基本原则：把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。
2.连词：如and，or，but，yet，for等并列连词连接着并列句；还有连接状语从句的连接词，如：when，as，since，until，before，
after，where，because，since，thought，although，sothat，……等等；它们就成了理解英语句子的拆分点。
3.关系词：如连接名词性从句的who，whom，whose，what，which，whatever，whichever等关系代词和when，where，how，why等关系副词；还有连接定语从句的关系代词，如who，which，that，whom，whose等等；它们也是理解英语句子的拆分点。
4.介词：如on，in，with，at，of，to等介词常常引导介词短语作修饰语，所以它们也是理解英语句子的拆分点。
5.不定式符号to：不定式常常构成不定式短语作定语或者状语修饰语，所以也可以是拆分点。
6.分词：过去分词和现在分词可以构成分词短语作修饰语，所以可以是拆分点。
7.标点符号：标点符号常常断开句子的主干和修饰部分，也是一个明显的拆分点。
以上列举的这些“信号词”只是我们在拆分英语原文时可能断开句子的地方，但并不是绝对的。它们有助于我们看清句子结构，进而更好地理解英语原文。但是，在拆分长难句的过程中，最好不要把单独的一个英语单词拆分出来，因为如果一个一个单词都拆分出来的话，整个英语句子就可能会无限制地拆分下去了。
例如：
例1 Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.（35词,2003年62题）
拆分句子：
1）句子的主干是：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry.
2）定语从句：which后面是一个定语从句，其先行词是social science.
3）方式状语：in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner是方式状语，其中的reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned是并列定语，修饰manner.
4）定语从句：that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena是定语从句，其先行词是manner.
5）拆分后句子的总结构是：
Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and
1 主句
2 定语从句
their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner
3 方式状语
that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
4 定语从句
如果我们这样断句的话，在面对考研英语考试的时候,我们不但可以迅速断开句子结构；而且还能重合考研翻译的考点。因为每一年在评阅试卷的时候，评分点刚好是我们以上的拆分结果。
例2 Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed-and
1 2
perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the
3
recent events in Europe. （36 words 2005年61题）
4
拆分：
1 整个句子是由破折号断开的两个并列句,第一个并列句的主干是Television is one of the means.
2 which引导一个定语从句。
3 and连接第二个并列句。
4 as连接第二个并列句中的状语。
二、改变原文顺序 组合汉语译文
句子拆分后必然有一个如何排列各分句或句子的问题。为了不歪曲或者削弱原句各个成分之间的逻辑联系，同时又照顾到汉语的思维与表达习惯，拆分后的分句或者句子常常必须打乱原来英语句子的顺序，然后进行重新组合。究竟如何改变原文顺序，完全要根据汉语习惯来安排，但是也是有一定的规律可以遵循的。比如说：
提示：
1. 在英语中定语从句总是在所修饰的名词后面，而汉语中定语一般在所修饰的名词之前；
2. 如果英语的定语从句过于复杂，翻译时把定语放在所修饰的名词前，句子会很不通顺，这时就可以把定语从句放在所修饰的名词后面来翻译，独立成为一句话；
3. 简短的状语可以放在所修饰的动词前面；
4. 复杂的状语从句可以安排在整个句子主干的前面或者后面；
5. 在英语中被动句使用很多，而汉语中主动句使用很多，所以翻译的时候可以少用“被”字句，用别的词来代替“被”字或者转化成主
动句。
这样，可以把上面的两个句子重新组合成：
例1
1）Social science is that branch of intellectual
enquiry，“社会科学是知识探索的一个分支”；
2）which seeks to study humans and their endeavors定语从句比较复杂，可以放在所修饰的先行词后面，“它试图研究人类及其行为”；
3）in the same reasoned，orderly，systematic，and dispassioned manner方式状语，如果照原来顺序放在动词后面不是太通顺，可以放到动词“试图”后面翻译成“它试图以一种……的方式来研究人类及其行为”；
4）that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.定语从句直接放到所修饰的词“方式”前面，“自然科学家用来研究自然现象那样的方式”；
5）这样，整个句子就可以组合成一个准确而通顺的译文：
社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它试图象自然科学家用来研究自然现象那样，以理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式来研究人类及其行为。
例2
（提示：先思考该怎么顺利地组合，并翻译好这个句子。）
参考译文：
电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在联系不同的民族和国家方面，电视或许以前从来没有象在最近的欧洲事务中起这么大的作用。
或者还可以翻译为：电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一——在欧洲近来发生的事件中，它把不同的民族和国家联系到一起，其作用之大，前所未有。
从上面的分析，我们可以非常清晰地看到整个应对考研翻译的思路与过程——拆分与组合。但是需要注意，我们应该把握的前提是：拆分句子是为了能更好的理解英语，在理解英语句子的基础上，再把拆分出来的各个部分按照汉语习惯有条理地组合起来，成为“准确、通顺而完整”的译文。
翻译 代词的翻译： 1．直接对应成汉语代词，但前提是译文要通顺。（第一人称、第二人称、第三人称） 2．如果不通顺，则需要指代明确；这时，尽可能用指代到的名词来翻译。可以往前查找，遵循“就近和一致”原则来确定。（第三人称） 3．万不得已可以用“这”“这种情况”“这种说法”“这种观点”等来翻译。（it，this，that） 强调句型： 还原强调部分后直接翻译。 定语从句： 1．前置：把定语从句翻译到它所修饰的先行词前面，并习惯用“的”来连接。 （如果定词从句结构简单，信息负载量不大，翻译的时候前置） 2．后置：（结构复杂，信息负载量比较大，翻译的时候后置，这时可以独立成句，但常常需要重复先行词，或者用代词）后置最常用。 常考动词： add补充说道 maintain坚持认为 contend坚持说 accuse指责validate证明，证实 assert 断言 argue that争论说 人名地名翻译的处理方式： 1．遵照习惯 2．按照音译 3．万不得已抄英语 there be句型： 1．把英语中的状语翻译成汉语后作主语。简称状语变主语。 2．增加“人们”“大家”“我们”等汉语的范指主语。 3．直接用动词“有”“出现”“存在”等开始翻译。 翻译最佳策略：拆分 拆分原则： 1．拆出主句，分清从句 2．拆出主干，分清修饰 拆分点： 连词，引导词，介词，分词，to，标点符号。 ing现在分词短语作定语 短语作定语： 1．分词短语作定语 ing现在分词，ed过去分词 2．介词短语作定语 3．其它短语作定语（形容词短语坐定语和不定式短语作定语）
短语作定语常常翻译到中心词前 标点符号： 1．直接套用；2．一逗到底（多点逗号） 第三人称反身代词，一般指离自己最近的那个名词。 一个名词前面有一个定语在修饰，后面还有一个定语在修饰，这叫多重并列定语。多重并列定语从后往前翻译。 并列结构： 一般指并列的词组、并列宾语、并列谓语等等。 一般可以直接翻译，但常常需要重复并列部分。 比较结构： 1．more…than+num：多余、比……多；more…than+n/v：不仅仅、不止；more…than+adj/adv：非常、很；more…than+can/could：不能；no more…than…=not any more than不……，像……不。 2．as…as像……一样；not so as不像……一样；not so much…as与其……不如。 插入结构： 常常可以直接翻译，但有时候还需要放到整句话最前面去翻译。 倒装结构： 恢复正常顺序后直接翻译。 复习策略： 单词；结构和顺序。 结构和顺序：断句点在哪？断句点的上下文是何种关系？（什么修饰关系、修饰语的起止点、修饰语修饰什么）翻译中汉语的先后顺序如何？指着英语单词说汉语。默写这句英语句子。 被动结构： 可翻译为“使得”“得以”“加以”“受到”“获得”。 翻译的原则是：少用“被”字；首先可以主宾颠倒，其次还能省略“被”字，用“受到”“得到”“加以”“得以”“为……所”“由……来”“是……的”等直接翻译。 状语和状语从句： 状语从句一般可以直接翻译，但常常要把时间、条件、让步和原因状语从句翻译到主句之前，状语的最佳位置是在主语后动词前，时间在前，地点在后。 形式主语的翻译： 常常当固定词组一样，翻译到整句话最前面。 如何做练习：每天20分钟，一句话。
94年-14年历年考研英语翻译必背词汇（英汉对照） 46) articulate 清晰的表达， 47) by all accounts根据、根据报道；by one’s own account根据某人自己所说，let alone更别提， 48) intensity紧张，abruptly突然地，sudden突然，soft柔和的，passage段落，rarely很少、几乎不，composer作曲家，compose作曲、编写, 49) associate联系， 50) suffer遭受, inevitable不可避免, render转换、使变成； 13年 46) strike打、震撼，for all尽管，style风格，urge需求、督促、鼓励，decoration装饰， 47)sacred神圣的，crude原始、粗糙，as opposed to与相反，shelter避难所， 48) in effect实际上，urban城市，discernible容易看出的，discern看出、识别， 49)blame批评， 50)implicit隐含的，explicit明确的，reference谈到、提及、参考，synthetic人造的； 12年 46) impulse冲动，unification统一、一致， generative生产的、生成的，generate产生， 47) constrain力劝、强迫、限制，constraint限制， 48) filter过滤, cognitive认知的， 49) empirical实证的、根据经验得到的, bias偏见， 50) track跟踪； 11年 46) erroneous错误的，error错误， 47) sustain支持、维持，illusion幻觉，conscious有意识的， 48) justification合理，借口，justify证明是公正的，rationalization合理，exploitation剥削、开发, bottom底， 49) circumstance环境， 50) upside积极的、正面的，contain包含，be up to取决于，array展示、陈列、一系列； 10年 46) rescue拯救，to the effect that大意是说，failed to不能，
1990 年英译汉试题 People have wondered for a long time how their personalities，and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not，or why one is cooperative and another is competitive. Social scientists are，of course，extremely interested in these types of questions. (61)They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet，but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect，the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as‖nature vs. nurture‖. (62)Those who support the ―nature‖side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors. (63)That our environment has little， if anything，to do with our abilities，characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme，this theory maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts. Those who support the ―nurture‖ theory，that is，they advocate education，are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist，B.F. Skinner，sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. The behaviorists maintain that，like machines，humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior. Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic，intelligence， offered by the two theories. Supporters of the ―nature‖theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say，they don‘t believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined characteristic. On the other hand，behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences. (64)Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States， blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some ―nature‖ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (65)Behaviorists，in contrast， say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy. Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. 1991 年英译汉试题 The fact is that the energy crisis，which has suddenly been officially announced，has been with us for a long time now，and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not，it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (71)The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time，and in any case，the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. (72)New sources of energy must be found，and this will take time，but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times past. For an indefinite period from here on，mankind is going to advance cautiously，and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse，there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world‘s population is in sight. Although the birthrate has dropped in some nations，including the United States，the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens. (73)The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this，which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food. Taking all this into account，what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year2001? To begin with，the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States.By2001，the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million，and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74)This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields. It seems almost certain that by2001the United States will no longer be a great food exporting nation and that，if necessity forces exports，it will be at the price of belt tightening at home. In fact，as food items will end to decline in quality and decrease in variety，there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75)Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population
考研英语翻译模拟试题及答案(一) Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) 一、经济学史 Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on the way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select. (46) Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objectives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts. Standard economics can be divided into two major fields. (47) The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As economists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their operations.
历年考研英语翻译常考词汇汇总 A Abstract n.摘要，概要，抽象adj.抽象的，深奥的，理论的 Accelerate vt.&vi.（使）加快，（使）增速，n.接受速成教育的学生 Achievement n.成就；成绩；功绩，达到；完成 Acquire vt.得到，养成，vt获得；招致，学得（知识等），求得，养成（习惯等），捕获，Action n.作用，动[操]作，行动，机械装置[作用]，（小说等中的）情节 Activity n.活动，活动的事物，活动性，机能，功能 Actually adv.现实的，实际的；目前的；明确的，有效的 Additional adj.增加的，额外的，另外的 Advance vt.&vi.（使）前进，（使）发展；促进，vt.提出 Advantage n.利益，便利，有利方面，有利条件；优点；优势， （网球等）打成平手（deuce）而延长比赛后一方先得的一分（攻方所得称advantage in，守方所得则称advantage out） Agree vi.一致；相合同意，赞成约定，允诺，答应，相宜，调和，符合，和睦相处 Almost adv.几乎，差不多，差一点；将近 Amount n.量，数量，数额，总额，总数vi.合计，共计 Approach vt.&vi.接近，走近，靠近；vt.接洽，交涉；着手处理；n.靠近，接近，临近 Appropriate adj.适当的，恰当的；vt.挪用；占用；盗用 Argue vt.&vi.争吵，辩论；vt.坚决主张，提出理由证明，说服，劝说 Arise vi.&link v.呈现；出现；发生；vi.起身，起来，起立 Aspect n.方面，方位，朝向 Assert vt.声称，断言，维护，坚持 Assume vt.假设，臆断，猜想，假装，担，担任，就职
历年考研英语翻译真题及答案解析38 英译汉：考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力。要求译文准确、完整、通顺。 2014年考研英语二翻译真题及答案解析 Directions: Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) Most people would define optimism as endlessly happ y, with a glass that’s perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind of false deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend. “Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realistic optimists are these who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best. Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feels down-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, for the future about what works and wh at doesn’t. Final ly, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground scheme of life, one lecture really doesn’t matter. 翻译 大多数人愿意把乐观定义为无尽的欢乐，就像一只总是装着半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所推荐的虚假快乐。哈佛大学的Tal Ben-Shahar教授说，“健康的乐观主义，意味着要处于现实之中。”在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者，会尽最大努力做好一件事，而不是相信每件事都会有最好的结果。 Ben-Shahar 会进行三种乐观方面的练习。比如说，当他进行了一次糟糕的演讲，感到心情郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是人之常情。他会提醒自己：并不是每一
1990年 1. be determined by 由…所决定 2. have something to do with 与…有关 3. be central to sth. 是…的核心 4. in contrast/by contrast与此相反 5. be due to 由于（常做表语） 6. be deprived of 被剥夺 7. respond to 对…作出反应 8. as the basis of 依据/根据 9. be born with 天生具有 10. In contrast 相比之下 1991年 11. shut off 关上，停止，切断 12. in any case=at any rate 不管怎样，无论如何； in no case 决不 13. or so 大概，大约 14. at the rate of 以…的速率 15. take time 花费时间 16. be likely to 可能；倾向于
17. result in 导致 18. not nearly 远不能；远非 19. head into走向；陷入（危机） 20. in the matter of 关于；就…而言 21. make…possible 使…成为可能 22. combine…with 把……和…结合起来；加上 23. in the fashion of 以…方式 24. such…as 像…一样 1992年 25. refer to…提到；谈到 26. agreement on 一致意见 27. be comparable to 和…相当；犹如 28. in terms of 根据；按照；在…方面 29. on the whole 总体来说；大体上看 30. draw a conclusion 得出结论 31. have the attitude towards 对…的态度 32. only if 只要 33. the same…as 与…一样 34. by lack of=for lack of 因为缺乏
2017考研英语一翻译真题解析 跨考教育英语教研室—王坤2017年考研英语一的翻译题型部分，整体来说难度不大，与2016年难度基本持平，考察的是英语语言发展情况，文章选自英国文化教育协会的一本书，叫《英语下一步》。英语一的考题是此书的序言部分。下面就是跨考英语教研室的英语老师对2017年考研英语一翻译真题的最新解析和参考译文。 (46)But even as the number of English speakers expands further there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable future. 参考译文：但是，尽管使用英语者的人数在不断增加/说英语的人越来越多，却仍然有迹象表明，英语语言的全球主导地位在不久的将来/可预见的未来也许会慢慢衰退。 句子解析：本句很简单，主句是there be 结构，主句前是让步状语，signs 后面是that引导的同位语从句，对signs进行进一步的补充说明。同位语从句中是主谓结构，the global predominance of the language 是主语，may fade 是谓语，within结构是时间状语。expands的词义不应该选择常用的“扩展”意思，而应该结合前面和它搭配的number，而选择“增加”的意思。 (47)His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generation of the United Kingdom do not need additional language capabilities.
常用翻译技巧总结 翻译题里考察三方面内容： 1、专有名词(如operational research expert)、习惯用法(如depend on)及多义词的翻译(如school、set的多义) 2、一般性翻译技巧:包括词义选择，词序调整，词性转换和增词法等等 3、具体句型(定从、状从、主从、宾从、表从、同位从、强调结构、并列、比较、倒装、插入、被动、否定等) 其中2、3是大考点，具体内容可在论坛下XDF的翻译笔记来看，在此不赘述。 可看出，应对翻译题的主要武器是翻译技巧，下面正式进入正题(常用方法、被动语态译法、形容词译法、举例详解) 一、常用方法 二、 英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。这些技巧不但可以运用于笔译之中，也可以运用于口译过程中，而且应该用得更加熟练。 1增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在翻译时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。如： (1) What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？(增译主语和谓语) (2) If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！(增译主句) (3) Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词) (4)就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。 Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词) (5)只许州官放火，不许百姓点灯。 While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light
2019年考研英语一翻译 Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points) It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals,and began to read scientific papers from beginning to end,that I realised just how bad much of the medical literature frequently was.I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper:the kind of paper that purports to show that people who eat more than one kilo of broccoli a week were1.17times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia.(46)There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which,when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press,generates both health scares and short-lived dietary enthusiasms. 我是在开始撰写有关医学期刊的每周专栏评论文章，并因此而从头到尾阅读相关科学论文之后，才意识到医学文献常常是多么糟糕。我逐渐摸索出了识别拙劣论文的种种方法：这类文章宣称，一周吃一公斤花椰菜的人晚年患恶性贫血的概率要增加1.17倍。（46）这种无稽之谈充斥各类医学期刊，某些广播公司和非专业出版物一宣传，便制造出健康恐慌，掀起短暂的所谓健康饮食狂澜。 Why is so much bad science published?A recent paper,titled“The Natural Selection of Bad Science”,published on the Royal Society’s open science website,attempts to answer this intriguing and important question.It says that the problem is not merely that people do bad science,but that our current system of career advancement positively encourages it.What is important is not truth,but publication,which has become almost an end in itself.There has been a kind of inflationary process at work: (47)nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers that would have been required for the same post only10years ago.Never mind the quality,then,count the number. 为何如此多的劣质文章能得以发表呢？英国皇家学会的官方网站最近刊载了一篇题为《劣质科研论文的自然选择》的文章，试图回答这一让人百思不得其解的重要问题。文章称，问题不在于人们要写这种质量低下的文章，而是我们现今的职称晋升评价体系鼓励人们这样做。重要的不是文章是否探讨真理，而是文章能否发表，发表文章本身成了写文章的目的。一股文章高产之风业已形成：（47）现如今，要想申请一个研究岗位，就必须发表两倍于十年前申请同一岗位的文章。文章质量就不用操心了，数量才是重要的。 (48)Attempts have been made to curb this tendency,for example,by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers.This is the famed citation index,that is to say,the number of
2012年考研英语翻译真题及答案 Part C Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work. (1)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see. It is beco mi ng less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal. This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (2)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering
1、1994年 Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (72) "In short" , a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. " (73)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology algues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments. The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes , genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo' s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (74)Galileo' s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses . Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75)Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa (反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. 精美译文 新学派的科学家认为，技术是扩大科学知识的范围中被忽视的力量。（71）他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。（72）新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:“简言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。 （73）工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。为技术而欢呼的现代学派争辩说，像伽利略、牛顿、麦克斯威尔、爱因斯坦这样的科学大师和像爱迪生这样的发明家十分重视科学实验中能使用的各种不同的工艺信息和技术装置并从中受益匪浅。 鼓吹技术第一、天才第二的论据的核心是分析了科学革命初期伽利略的作用。那时的聪明才智取自第二世纪的天文学家托勒密;了精心创立的太空体系把地球置于所有天体运动的中心。（74）伽利略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，