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Characteris刘敬勇-广东工业大学-tics of Heavy Metals in Urban Sewage Sludge and its Environmental Cap

Characteris刘敬勇-广东工业大学-tics of Heavy Metals in Urban Sewage Sludge and its Environmental Cap
Characteris刘敬勇-广东工业大学-tics of Heavy Metals in Urban Sewage Sludge and its Environmental Cap

Characteristics of Heavy Metals in Urban Sewage Sludge and its Environmental Capacity for Agricultural Land Use in Guangzhou, China

Liu Jing-yong, *Sun Shui-yu, Xie Wu-ming, Chen Min-ting, Chen Tao

(Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006 Guangdong, China)

*www053991@https://www.doczj.com/doc/09389518.html,

Abstract: Urban sewage sludge can be applied to the land to serve as a fertilizer and soil conditioner. But the environmental risks for agricultural usage of urban sludge depends on the contents of pollutants in sludge and the properties of soils. The contents of (Zn、Cu、Pb、Cr、Mn、Ni) in seven kinds of sludges were analyzed and the fractionation characteristics of heavy metals in the two sludges were studied. The maximum application and annual application rates of sewage sludge in soil were calculated according to the soil environmental capacity. The results have shown that the contents of Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni were higher and Pb, Cr were lower. Although the contents of heavy metals were higher than the background values of Guangzhou crop soil , they meet the controlled standards of pollutants in sludges for agricultural use (GB18918-2002), except Cu in one sludge. Different heavy metals, as well as the same heavy metal in different sludges, had different forms. The active proportion of Zn, Mn, Ni was large and Cu, Cr existed mainly in reduction forms, but Pb and Fe were in the state of reducible and residual fractions.The main poisonous heavy metals were Cu and Zn according to the calculation of static environment capacity and the dynamic environment capacity of soil. And the maximum application rate of sludge from different sources was discriminative variant .In order to guarantee the safety of urban sludge in agricultural land process, the maximum application and annual application rates of urban sludge in red soil of Guangzhou should be taken into account with the contents of Cu and Zn firstly.

Keywords: urban sewage sludge; heavy metals; fractionation; agricultural land use

1. Introduction

During the process of waste water treatment, various approaches, including bacterial absorption, surface absorption of bacteria and mineral particles, co-precipitation with a number of inorganic salts (such as phosphate, sulfate, etc.), 50%~80% or more of heavy metals were concentrated in the sludge[1].If the sludge disposed improperly, heavy metals pollution and other serious environmental problems will come out[2-3]. Because of abundant and available organic matters, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and other nutrients in the sludge, agricultural usage would be one of the effective ways in sludge disposal[4-5]. However, there are lots of environmental risks during the process of agricultural usage, such as transferring and releasing of heavy metals[6]. In recent years, with the increasing of sludge production, more and more studies focused on transformation of heavy metals during the agricultural process[7-8].

Standards of the relevant heavy metals pollution control had been enacted after decades of study on the total amount of heavy metals in sludge using in the agriculture[7,9-18], But the standards did not involve the maximum application rate and the the annual application rate of sewage sludge according to the soil environmental capacity . Practices shown that the potential bioavailability of heavy metals and related eco-toxicity to plants are not only related to their total amount, but also determined by their chemical fractions in the environmental media to a greater extent[5-8,19]. Therefore, the more detailed information of heavy metals about the bioavailability and eco-toxicity to plants can be obtained by studying the chemical forms of heavy metals using sequential extraction procedure[2-3].

It was expected that, by 2020, the volume of waste water in the center district of Guangzhou city will reach 430×104m3·d-1[20], and the sewage sludge produced will be 1.29~2.15×104t·d-1(98% moisture), calculating by the method that the amount of sludge production is 0.3%~0.5% of the volume of waste water. Hence, how to dispose and take use this large numbers of sewage sludge as agriculture usage safely and economically will be a common environmental problem to be concerned. The main objectives of this study were to: (1) investigate the composition, concentration, distribution, chemical fractions of several common heavy metals (Mn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn); (2) predicate the maximum application rate and the the annual application rate of sewage sludge according to the soil environmental capacity.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Samples and pre-treatment

The sludge was taken from four major waste water treatment plants (WWTP) in Guangzhou. The details information about WWTP were shown in Table1. Samples were collected on the terminal conveyor belts of four WWTP at the same day in quarterly of 2008. One kind of sludge was collected at four times, each of which lasted for 2 hours, and samples were collected one by one at intervals of 0.5h, and then were mixed. In order to obtain more information about the other kinds of sludge in Guangzhou more fully, three other types of sludge derived from one paper mill in Guangzhou (ZZ), Zhaoqing WWTP (ZQ) and streams of rivers in Guangzhou(HC), were also collected respectively. Samples were air-dried at room temperature, and ground and homogenized in an agate mortar, then passed through a 1-mm nylon sieve. After that, samples were placed into a 100±5℃drying oven till the weight remains constant, bottled and blended completely and kept in plastic bottles at room temperature until analysis.

2.2 Physico-chemical analysis

Moisture content(%), pH, organic matter(LOI), total nitrogen (TN) , total phosphorus (TP) and the major elements such as calcium (Ca), Sodium(Na), potassium(K), magnesium(Mg) and iron(Fe) were determined using the methods of municipal wastewater treatment plant sludge test[21] and the standard analytical methods[22]. Some physico-chemical properties and major elements of sludges from the selective wastewater plants are listed in Table 2.

2.3 The total contents and fractions analysis

Total concentrations of heavy metals (Cr,Cu, Pb ,Mn ,Ni and Zn) in sewage sludge were determined using the modified method presented by[24].

The chemical fractions of heavy metals were carried out by the three-step sequential extraction method proposed by Department of Reference Materials in European Communities (BCR) presented in [25] and [26]. During the extraction, metals were divided into: exchangeable state, reduced state, oxidation state and residue state respectively.

Statistics in 2006

3 Results

3.1 Potential value for agriculture

It was clear that the water content of the dewatered sludge in waste water treatment plants was relatively high from Table 2, being about 80%, with a pH of near neutral. The sludge contained a large number of mineral elements. And the total amounts of mineral elements and heavy metals in different sludge samples were distinct, not significantly. Comparatively, in the sludge from the treatment plant with high proportion of industrial waster water, Ca and Mg contents were higher, K and Na content lower, but Fe content almost kept consistent. It can also be seen from Table 2 that the total amounts of different elements in sludge samples were distinct. In general Na content was the highest, followed by Ca, K, Mg, while Fe was the lowest. Contents of organic matters in sludge were all higher than 25%, the average total value of N, P, K being 3.9%, 2.32%, 1.40% respectively. The organic matter content of soils in Chinese arable lands was highest in northeast black soils (4%~5%). Besides, in soils of arable lands, the total amount of N was generally between 1.0~2.0g/kg, P between 0.44~0.85g/kg, and K about 16.6g/kg respectively[27]. Compared with the organic matter content, TN, TP and TK in the background of China and Guangzhou crop soils, the sludge was valuable in agricultural usage with the characteristics of higher organic matters, N and P, and lower K[28]. It was declared in Report on the State of Environment in China in 2000 that inadequate investment in organic fertilizer and unbalanced fertilizer use result in soil degradation in arable lands, shallow topsoil, lower arability and decreas ed water security, what’s more, more than 50% of arable lands bear the lack of trace elements, 70%~80% of arable lands lack nutrients, and 20%~30% of arable lands suffer the excessive nitrogen nutrient. Thereby, sludge in agricultural utilization reasonably will be of importance economic and environmental value in China. There was small amount of farmland and shortage of reserve cultivated land resources in Guangzhou, so its agricultural development mainly depends on the yields enhancing. However, in the view of agriculture sustainable development, the most important measure was to improve the soil fertility. In Guangzhou, it was mountainous and hilly, slope, uneven, hot and rainy, the soil erodes significantly, organic decomposes quickly and accumulate hardly. All of these cause that its organic matter content was low, its pH was low, nutrient leaches significant and soil was infertile. Almost 2/3 of the farmland was medium-and low-yielding land, and half of the dry land was medium- and low- yielding dry land in Guangzhou. One of the main reasons of soil infertile was lack or imbalance of nutrients such as Nitrogen(N), potassium(P), calcium(Ca), magnesium(Mg), or trace elements, especially the lack soil organic matter. More seriously, nearly a decade in Guangdong province the soil deteriorated further because of the utilization declining of organic fertilizer and rising of chemical fertilizer. The only utilization of chemical fertilizer, especially nitrogen, accelerated the decomposition of soil organic matter, imbalanced the nutrient element and water-fertilizer-gas-heat, weakened the crop resistance, and pulled down the crop yield and quality.

3.2 Total heavy metals content

It can be seen from Table 3 that, the concentration of heavy metals in KFQ and DTS sludge was significantly higher than that in other sludge. It was mainly because the industrial waste water took up a large proportion in

entering water of the KFQ and DTS. Zn content in both sewage sludge and sludge in streams of rivers was comparatively high, which may be relevant to the fact that urban drainage pipes were mostly made by galvanized materials in China. Mn and Cu were the second, while the content of highly toxic Pb and Cr was relatively low, consistent with the statistical results from [29]. Compared with the average of urban sludge in China, the content of metals in sludge was below the Chinese average level, but in sludge sewage of some mixed (industrial wastewater and domestic wastewater) project was beyond the average levels . Apart from Ni and Cu in sewage sludge of some mixtures, all of other elements were meet t he control standards for pollutants in sludges from agriculture use [10] and parts of other countries(Table 3), but were higher than the average of crops soil in Guangzhou city (Cr in domestic sewage sludge excluded), therefore, from the perspective of the total amount of heavy metals, the agricultural usage of sludge probably had a certain risk.

c

Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludges for Agricultural Use [9]; d

not detected; f average in the sludge from United Kingdom in 1994 [16]

3.3 The fractions of heavy metals

The fractions of metals in KFQ and DTS sludge were analyzed

for their high proportion of industrial waste water. The content and ratio of various forms were shown in Fig.1. According to Figure 1, the difference between forms of the corresponding heavy metal in two types of sludge was not significant, it is possibly because that these two sewage treatment plants contained some industrial sewage, where the ratio of some exchangeable state, including Zn, Mn and Ni, was large (more than 23%); the ratio of some exchangeable state, including Pb, Cr and Fe, was small (less than 1%); the reduced state occupying a large proportion in Cu and Cr, more than 35%; the residue state was in a high proportion of Pb and Cr. The active state of Cu, Zn and Mn, whose transfer potential and biological toxicity deserved the most attention, was in a comparatively high level (the addition of first three states, F1+F2+F3), more than 48%, with the relatively strong capacity to transfer. The residue state and active state of Pb and Cr in sludge separately occupied a certain proportion, but were less harmful to the environment because of low total amount. Otherwise, Fe existed mainly in reduced state and residue state, and the distribution of forms of Ni was comparatively equipoise.

Figure 1 The distribution of various fractions of heavy metals determined by BCR sequential extraction in two sludge samples collected from KFQ (A)and DTS(B) wastewater treatment plants located in Guangzhou ,F1: exchangeable fraction; F2:reducible fraction; F3: oxidizable fraction; F4 : residual fraction.

A

B

4 Application amount of sewage sludge for

agriculture land use

Controlling the contents of heavy metals within the soil environmental capacity is the key of sludge utilization in farmland.The quantity of sludge should be confirmed safely according to heavy metal environmental capacity of soil in the utilized area. The heavy metal environmental capacity of soil included static capacity and dynamic capacity. Static capacity should be calculated according to Formula 1 [31].

Q i=2.25×(S i-C i) (1)Where Q i is static environment capacity of heavy metal i in the soil; S i is the critical value of heavy metal i in the soil; C i is the content of heavy metal i in the soil. When sewage sludge is used as soil organic amendment in the improvement of low productive soil and reclamation of wasteland, it is usually applying large quantity of sludge once to achieve its aim as soon as possible. In this case, according to soil static capacity sewage sludge utilization quantity, which is the maximum quantity, should be calculated by Formula 2.

S max=Q i/W si×109(2)Where S max is the maximum quantity, t/hm2; W si is the average content of heavy metal i in sewage sludge,

mg/kg.

Studies have shown that it was mainly acidic lateritic red earth with its pH from 4 to 8 in Guangzhou[32]. So in this paper, heavy metal, of which pH was less than 6.5 in the secondary standard of the National Soil Environment Quality Standard(GB15618-1995)[33], was selected as the critical value. Maximum utilization quantities of sewage sludge, shown in Tab.6, were calculated with existing metal content in most farmland in Guangzhou as background value[30]. From Tab.6, Maximum utilization quantities of sewage sludge calculated according the static environment capacity of Cu were lowest. The utilization scope of the four kinds of sludge were 139.6-306t/hm2. Therefore, to ensure the soil environment safety, Cu was selected as reference element and main control index of maximum utilization quantities of sewage sludge.

Table 4. Static environmental capacity of heavy metals and the maximum application rate of sewage sludge in

It should be considered in the view of soil environment quality protection and farm produce safety guarantee to select sewage sludge as fertilizer source and use it in the farmland in long term. The utilization quantity per year should be calculated according to the heavy metal dynamic capacity in the soil. The heavy metal dynamic capacity in the soil and the utilization quantity of sewage sludge per year should be calculated by Formula 3[34] and Formula 2 respectively.

Q n=2.25(S i-C i K n)(1-K)/[K(1-K n)] (3)Where Q n is the dynamic environmental capacity of heavy metal i in the soil; S i and C i is the same as in Formula 1; K is the heavy metal i residual in the soil, which is relevant to factors such as plant absorbing and loss and leaching loss in the soil , in general K was 0.90. Annual dynamic capacity and annual utilization quantity of lateritic red earth in Guangzhou, which were calculated at 15 year, 20 years and 50 years, were shown in Table.5. The dynamic capacity of Cu was lowest in Lateritic red earth. With time going, the dynamic capacity of heavy metal in the soil decreased. Because heavy metal content differed greatly in different sludge, Cu and Zn were selected as control element in sludge DTS and LD、LJ、HC sludge, respectively. 5 Discussion

In recent years, scholars both abroad and at home put forward the concept of buffer action of soil environment to pollutants from the point of environmental chemistry[35]. The concept is defined as “the nature of soil against the change of component concentration or activity with the external factors such as moisture, temperature, and time”.The main mechanisms of soil buffer action are absorption and desorption and precipitation and solution of soil; the main influence factors are soil quality, viscous grain mineral,iron and aluminum oxide, CaCO3, organic matter, CEC, pH and Eh in the soil, soil moisture and temperature, etc[36].Self-purification of soil is the theoretical basis of soil environmental capacity and theoretical basis to select environmental pollution control and prevention measures. According to the mechanism, it can be divided into physical purification, physical and chemical purification, chemical purification and biological purification. These purifications interlace and combine the basis of soil environmental capacity. The purification is influenced by soil environmental compositions, soil environmental conditions, water, heat, biological characteristics and human activities[37]. Although the purification can be improved by measures, the improvement is limited.

Table 5. Dynamic environmental capacity of heavy metals of the main soils and the annual application rate of

The soil environmental capacity is affected by many elements. To heavy metal, these factors include soil properties, indicators, pollution process, environmental factors, compound types and composite pollution. The capacity varies greatly with the change of conditions. So, precisely soil environmental capacity is not a certain value, but a range of values, with limit value of environmental capacity as its lower limit[38]. The research on soil environmental capacity is a systematic project. There are many researches on heavy metal, but only a little on organic poisonous chemicals and pesticides. It should be considered that soil environmental capacity research is still in development. It will promote the research of soil environmental capacity by strengthening the study of influence factors, understanding environmental capacity problems and drawing them to the model. In this paper, the sludge environmental capacity in farmland was attempted to be analyzed and calculated. Further studies and discussions are needed.

5 Conclusions

1) Compared with the background of crop soils, the sludge was characterized by higher organic matters, N and P, and lower K, valuable in agricultural usage.

2) The contents of Cu, Zn, Mn and Ni in different sludges were comparatively high, with a large variation, while that of Pb and Cr were low. Additionally, the contents of six heavy metals in sludge were all higher than the background of crop soils of Guangzhou, except Cu in one kind of sludge was beyond the standard, the others basically meet The Control Standards for Pollutants in Sludges from Agriculture Use (GB18918-2002).

3) The distribution of chemical fractions of different metals, as well as the same heavy metal in different sludges, are different, with the proportions of Zn, Mn and Ni in active fractions being relatively high, which deserves our concern. Moreover, Cu and Cr in the reduced state accounted for a large percentage, while Pb and Fe in sludge existed mainly in the reduces fractions and the residue fractions.

4) The main harm heavy metals were Cu and Zn according to the calculation of static environment capacity and the dynamic environment capacity. And the maximum application rate of sludge from different sources was discriminative variant .In order to guarantee the safety of agricultural land using sewage sludge process, the maximum application and annual application rates of sewage sludge in red soil should be taken into account with the contents of Cu and Zn firstly. References

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列名别名类型及长度是否可为空书号bno char(8)否 类别category varchar(10)否 书名title varchar(40)否 出版社press varchar(30)是 年份book_year Int否 作者author char(20)是 价格price decimal(7,2)否 总藏书量book_total Int否 2)借书证(card) 列名别名类型及长度是否可为空卡号cno char(7)否 姓名name char(8)否 单位department varchar(40)是 类别type char(1)否 3)借书记录(borrow) 列名别名类型及长度是否可为空卡号cno char(7)否 书号bno char(8)否 借书日期borrow_date smalldatetime否 还书日期return_date smalldatetime是 3.完整性约束条件: 主要内容为: 1)确定各基本表的主码; 2)确定各基本表的外码; 3)要求在定义各基本表的同时,确定如下完整性约束条件 1、定义各基本表主码,并且要求主属性不能为空; 2、如果有外码,定义各基本表外码; 3、要求检查借书证中属性Type的值是否为('T','G','U','F')); 4、借书记录borrow基本表中borrow_date默认日期为当前时间。4)确定各基本表哪些字段需要建立索引。

广工-车辆-某次大物作业

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13-16,一截面形状为矩形,面积为S 的直金属条中通有电流I ,金属条放在磁感应强度为B 的均匀磁场中,B 的方向垂直金属条的左右侧面,如图所示。则金属条的上侧面将积累电荷,载流子所受的洛伦兹力m F = nS IB 。(设单位体积的载流子数为n ) 解:此题中,pvB F m =,nqvS I =,所以,结合两式可得:nS IB F m =。 13-29,如图所示,一带电量为q 的粒子,以速度v 平行于一均匀带电长直导线运动。设导线单位长度带电量为λ,并载有传导电流I 。粒子应以多大速度运动,才能使其保持在一条与导线距离为a 的平行直线上? λ v I q 解:分析题意可知,导体周围有电场和磁场,且二者相等时符合题意。 qE F e =方向沿径向向外 q v B F B = 方向沿径向向内 且有: a E 02πελ= a I B πμ20= 所以由二者相等可得,I v 00μελ=

【评分细则】《广东工业大学轻工化工学院2018年度龙慧创新创业奖学金评选办法》

广东工业大学轻工化工学院“龙慧创新创业奖学金”评审办法为支持学校教育事业,鼓励学生的创新创业能力,龙慧贸易有限公司自2015年起,每年捐赠人民币3万元,共三年,设立“龙慧创新创业奖学金”,奖励轻工化工学院品学兼优,在创新创业方面有突出表现的研究生、本科生,双方根据协议制定本评审办法。 一、奖励对象 龙慧创新创业奖学金用于奖励品德兼优,在创新创业方面有突出表现的、学习满一年的在册优秀研究生、本科生。 二、奖学金奖项及金额设置 注:若本科(研究生)某个奖项评奖名额不足额(即报名候选人中符合条件者少于该项名额),则剩余的名额授予符合该奖项的研究生(本科)候补人员。

三、评审条件 1.热爱祖国,拥护中国共产党领导 2.遵守宪法和法律,遵守学校各项规章制度 3. 本科生要求学习成绩优秀,无不及格科目,上一学年度综合测评排名位于同级本专业的前50%以内;研究生要求在读期间无黄牌警告; 4.在社会实践、创新能力、综合素质等方面表现突出; 5.在创新创业相关比赛中有突出贡献的同学优先考虑。 四、评选细则 1.本奖学金的特等奖以项目为单位进行评选,不参与积分计算;其他奖项以个人为单位进行评选,以积分计算排序;若参评者参加了集体项目获奖,积分只能累计在所在项目的第一作者身上,且只奖励第一作者为轻工化工学院的作品; 2.若是集体项目,以项目为单位进行奖励,只奖励第一作者为轻工化工学院的作品; 3.同一个项目参加同一个比赛,只按最终获奖级别最高的成绩计算; 4.某一年度的龙慧创新创业奖学金,时间范围从该年度1月1日起至该年度12月31日; 5.本奖学金以积分计算,达到以下要求可以申请对应的奖项,如

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电气工程及其自动化考研总况 一、全国电气工程及其自动化专业学校排名 1.清华大学 2.西安交通大学 3.华中科技大学 4.浙江大学 5.重庆大学 6.天津大学 7.哈尔滨工业大学 8.上海交通大学 9.华北电力大学10.东南大学11.西南交通大学12.沈阳工业大学13.中国矿业大学14.华南理工大学15.南京航空航天大学16.北京交通大学17.武汉大学18.哈尔滨理工大学19.四川大学20.河海大学21.哈尔滨工程大学22.郑州大学23.广西大学24.陕西科技大学 二,电气工程与自动化专业 (1)业务培养目标: 业务培养目标:本专业培养在工业与电气工程有关的运动控制、工业过程控制、电气工程、电力电子技术、检测与自动化仪表、电子与计算机技术等领域从事工程设计、系统分析、系统运行、研制开发、经济管理等方面的高级工程技术人才。 业务培养要求:本专业学生主要学习电工技术、电子技术、自动控制理论、信息处理、计算机技术与应用等较宽广领域的工程技术基础和一定的专业知识。学生受到电工电子、信息控制及计算机技术方面的基本训练,具有工业过程控制与分析,解决强弱电并举的宽口径专业的技术问题的能力。

(2)主干课程: 主干学科:电气工程、控制科学与工程、计算机科学与技术 主要课程:电路原理、电子技术基础、计算机原理及应用、计算机软件基础、控制理论、电机与拖动、电力电子技术、信号分析与处理、电力拖动控制系统、工业过程控制与自动化仪表等。高年级可根据社会需要设置柔性的专业方向模块课及选修课。 主要实践性教学环节:包括电路与电子基础实验、电子工艺实习、金工实习、专业综合实验、计算机上机实践、课程设计、生产实习、毕业设计。 主要实验:运动控制实验、自动控制实验、计算机控制实验、检测仪表实验、电力电子实验等 (3)修业年限: 四年 (4)授予学位: 工学学士 (5)相近专业: 微电子学自动化电子信息工程通信工程计算机科学与技术电子科学与技术生物医学工程电气工程与自动化信息工程信息科学技术软件工程影视

广东工业大学传感与检测技术基础复习思考题带答案

第一章传感与检测技术基础 [例题分析] 例题1 一台精度为0.5级、量程范围600~1200℃的温度传感器,它最大允许绝对误差是多少?检验时某点最大绝对误差是4℃,问此表是否合格? 解: 根据精度定义表达式100.??=S F Y A A %,并由题意已知A=0.5%,YF.S=(1200-600)℃,得最多允许误差 △ A=A·YF.S=0.5%×(1200-600)=3℃ 此温度传感器最大允许误差位3℃。检验某点的最大绝对误差为4℃,大于3℃,故此传感器不合格。 [思考题与习题] 1-1 何为传感器静态特性?静态特性主要技术指标有哪些? 1-2 何为传感器动态特性?动态特性主要技术指标有哪些? 1-3 传感器的线性度的定义?怎样确定? 1-4 传感器的回程误差是怎么定义的?用数学式如何表示? 1-5 何为准确度、精密度、精确度?并阐述其与系统误差和随机误差的关系。 1-6 鉴定2.5级(即满量程误差为2.5%)的全量程为100V 的电压表,发现50V 刻度点的示值误差2V 为最大误差,问该表是否合格? 1-7 为什么在使用各种指针表时,总希望指针偏转在全量程的2/3以上范围使用? 1-8 已知某一位移传感器的测量范围为0~30mm ,静态测量时,输入值与输出值的关系如表1.1所示,试求传感器的线性度和灵敏度。 表1.1输入值与输出值的关系 第二章电阻式传感器 [例题分析] 例题2-1 如果将100Ω电阻应变片贴在弹性试件上,若试件受力横截面积S = 0.5

×10-4 m 2,弹性模量E =2×1011 N/m 2 ,若有F=5×104 N 的拉力引起应变电阻变化为1Ω。试求该应变片的灵敏度系数? 解:由题意得应变片电阻相对变化量100 1 =?R R 根据材料力学理论可知:应变E σ ε= (σ为试件所受应力,S F = σ),故应变 005.0102105.010511 44 =????=?=-E S F ε 应变片灵敏度系数 2005 .0100 /1/== ?= ε R R K 例题2-2 一台用等强度梁作为弹性元件的电子秤,在梁的上、下面各贴两片相同的电阻应变片(K=2)如图2-1(a)所示。已知l =100mm 、b=11mm 、t=3mm ,E=2×104N/mm 2。现将四个应变片接入图(b )直流电桥中,电桥电压U=6V 。当力F=0.5kg 时,求电桥输出电压U 0=? 解: 由图(a )所示四片相同电阻应变片贴于等强度梁上、下各两片。当重力F 作用梁端部后,梁上表面R 1和R 3产生正应变电阻变化而下表面R 2和R 4则产生负应变电阻变化,其应变绝对值相等,即 E bt Fl 242316= =-=-==εεεεε 电阻相对变化量为 ε?=?=?-=?-=?=?K R R R R R R R R R R 44223311 现将四个应变电阻按图(b )所示接入桥路组成等臂全桥电路,其输出桥路电压为 m V V E bt Fl K U K U R R U 8.170178.010 23111008.95.06264 220==????????=??=?=??= εε

广东工业大学工《工程化学》套题和重点

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