Unit 4 单词详解
Part One
fulfill v.
例句：This way of life no longer adequately fulfills the individuals concerned.
这种生活方式已不再能使有关的人们满意。
fulfill a contract 履行合同
fulfill a promise 履行承诺
fulfill one’s responsibility 尽责
fulfill doctor’s instruction 遵照医嘱
fulfill one’s needs 满足需要
fulfill a program 完成计划
Shine a light on=Shed light on给带来…启示
shed light on为…提供线索；对…透露情况；使…清楚地显出；阐明
例句：Such missions could shed light on the origins of life in general.
它们也能告诉人们生命起源的大致情况.
Text 2
innate a. 天生的；特有的，固有的
the innate ability to learn 天生的学习能力
例句：You obviously have an innate talent for music. 你显然有
天生的音乐才能。
premier n.总理；首相adj.第一的，首位的；首要的
His work on the causes of diseases is of premier importance to the whole world. 他对病因的研究对整个世界来说非常重要. notion n.概念，观念
例句：He had no notion of running the risk. 他不想冒险。
近义词辨析
idea：最普通常用词，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。concept：指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的概念或看法。
thought：指以推理、思考等智力活动为基础的心理思维活动及其结果。
notion：指的是一种模糊的，变化的莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，未经深思熟虑的观点。
Viewing / listening
insight n.洞察力
例句：
Good teachers have insight into the problems of students. 好的教师能洞察学生的问题。
Gain an insight into one’s mind 洞悉某人的想法
probe v.调查；打探；探究；探听
例句：The more they probed into his background, the more
inflamed their suspicions would become.
他们越调查他的背景，疑团就越多。
n. 太空探测器A space probe
Part Three
1. alter v. 改变，改动，变更
例句：
There is something wrong with my layout, I have to alter it.
单词辨析：alter,change,shift,convert的区别
alter
常用来表示轻微的、细节的改变，是自身细节上或外表的变化，而没有变成（change into）另一事物。
change
这个词比较通用，可以指任何变化，也用于彻底改变，与原来完全不同。它还可以作名词表示变化，以及零花钱。shift
表示变动的时候，多指位置、方向以及方式的改变。它作名词时还可表示轮班、计谋、手段、变化等。
convert
指进行全部或局部改变以适应新的功能或用途。指信仰或态度时，强调较激烈、大的改变。它作名词时就表示皈依者，或者改变信仰的人。
2.aptitude n .（学习方面的）才能，资质
That student has an aptitude for mathematics. 那个学生有数学方面的天赋。
apt=fit/ability,表示"适应,能力"
aptitude适应能力;才能(apt适应,能力+itude性质,状态→有能力的状态)
adapt使适应,适应[环境] (ad一再+apt适应,能力→一再适应[环境])
近义词gift, talent, competence,
3. bombard v. 炮轰，轰击bomb n.
I've been bombarded by the press and television since I came back from Norway.
从挪威回来后我就一直被报纸和电视台的记者纠缠不休。
4. buckle vt.& vi.用搭扣扣紧；使…全力以赴n.搭扣，扣环Buckle oneself into the seat of the car.
Everyone has got to buckle down to get ready for the press conference.
buckle down全力以赴
buckle up系安全带：系上安全带，尤指在汽车内
5. cling to v. 紧紧抓住，依恋；坚持，墨守
英语中表示坚持的词还有很多，如insist，persist, adhere等，它们的区别如下：
cling 与to连用，指对信仰、意见、习惯等的坚持。
adhere 也与to连用，指坚持意见、计划或承诺等，含有坚持不懈的意思。
insist 通常用于对意见、主张等的坚持。
persist 用于褒义时指坚持继续做某事，但更常用于贬义，指不听劝告，顽固坚持。
persevere 含褒义，强调坚持不懈的努力。
cling的过去式和过去分词是clung
cling to sth.=become attached to sth.
例句：Don't cling to your old ideas, it's 21st century now!
别老是守着你的陈旧思想，现在都21世纪了。
6. confine vt.限制；局限于；禁闭；管制n.界限，范围；国界
They succeeded in confining the fire to a small area.
His mother confined him to his room for the weekend for failing to do his chores. 他妈妈周末不让他出门，因为他没做家务。She has never experienced life beyond the confines of her own
close-knit family.
她从未经历过她那紧密团结的家庭以外的生活。
confined a. 狭窄的，有限的
7. discipline vt.训练；使有纪律；n.训练；纪律, 学科military discipline 军事训练
The discipline of studying music can help children develop good work habits.
音乐学习中的训练可以帮助孩子们培养好的工作习惯。
We're looking for people from a wide range of disciplines.
我们需要各个学科的人才。
The workman was disciplined by his company but not dismissed...
那个工人受到了公司的处罚，但并没有被解雇。
8. distinguish v. 区分，辨别--from
These are some features that distinguish spoken English from written English.
这是区别英语口语和书面语的一些特征。
She distinguished herself by her performance in the exam. 她以考试成绩优异而出众。
9. dwell v.居住；存在于；细想某事
Sometimes his mind would dwell on the horrors he had been through. 有时他会老是想着他所经历过的种种恐怖。
A great number of water fowls dwell on the island. 许多水鸟在岛上栖息。
The principal dwelt on traffic safety in his talk. 校长在讲话中强调了交通安全。
dweller n. 居民dwelling n. 住处
10. effect
1. N-VAR 影响;效果;结果 The effect of one thing on another is the change that the first thing causes in the second thing. Parents worry about the effect of music on their adolescent's behavior...
父母担心音乐对青春期孩子的行为所产生的影响。
Even minor head injuries can cause long-lasting psychological effects.
即使是轻微的头部创伤也会对心理产生长期影响。
2. N-COUNT （刻意制造的）效果，印象 An effect is an impression that someone creates deliberately, for example in a place or in a piece of writing.
The whole effect is cool, light and airy.
整体效果很酷，轻松而随意。
3. VERB 使发生;实现 If you effect something that you are trying to achieve, you succeed in causing it to happen. Prospects for effecting real political change seemed to have taken a major step backwards.
实现真正政治变革的机会似乎变得更加渺茫了。
11. electrified
1. ADJ 通电的;带电的 An electrified fence or other barrier has been connected to a supply of electricity, so that a person or animal that touches it will get an electric shock.
The house was set amid dense trees and surrounded by an electrified fence.
那座房子坐落于茂密的树林中，四周布有带电围栏。
The railway line was electrified in the 1950s.
这条铁路线在20世纪50年代就实现了电气化。
12. endorse
1. VERB （公开地）赞同，支持 If you endorse someone or something, you say publicly that you support or approve of them.
I can endorse their opinion whole-heartedly.
我可以全力支持他们的意见。
...policies agreed by the Labour Party and endorsed by the electorate.
得到工党赞同并受选民支持的政策
2. V-PASSIVE 在（驾驶执照）上注明违章 If someone's driving licence is endorsed, an official record is made on it that they have been found guilty of a driving offence.
For failing to report the accident, his licence was endorsed...
由于发生事故未能报告，他的驾驶执照被注明违章。
He also had his licence endorsed with eight penalty points.
他的驾驶执照也被扣了8分。
13. energize
1. VERB 使充满活力;使精力充沛 To energize someone means to give them the enthusiasm and determination to do something.
He helped energize and mobilize millions of people around the nation...
他帮助激励和动员了全国数百万人。
I am completely energized and feeling terrific.
我充满了活力，感觉非常好。
14. engulf
1. VERB （常指突然）吞没，吞噬 If one thing engulfs another, it completely covers or hides it, often in a sudden and unexpected way.
A seven-year-old boy was found dead after a landslide engulfed a block of flats...
山体滑坡掩埋了一栋公寓楼，造成一名7岁男孩丧生。The flat is engulfed in flames.
那套公寓被火焰吞噬。
2. VERB 使陷入（某种感觉或情绪） If a feeling or emotion engulfs you, you are strongly affected by it.
...the pain that engulfed him...
将他吞噬的苦痛
He looked around his dark, cluttered office and was engulfed by a feeling of emptiness.
他环顾自己昏暗杂乱的办公室，陷入一阵空虚之中。
15. exponential, exponentially
1. ADJ 迅速增长的;成指数倍增的 Exponential means growing or increasing very rapidly.
The policy tried to check the exponential growth of public expenditure.
该政策试图控制公共开支的迅猛增长。
16. familiarize
1. VERB 使熟悉;使了解 If you familiarize yourself with something, or if someone familiarizesyou with it, you learn about it and start to understand it.
I was expected to familiarise myself with the keyboard...
对我的要求是熟悉键盘。
The goal of the experiment was to familiarize the people with the new laws.
试行的目的就是要让人们熟悉新法规。
17. glamorous
1. ADJ-GRADED 富有魅力的；迷人的；令人向往的 If you describe someone or something asglamorous, you mean that they are more attractive, exciting, or interesting than ordinary people or things.
...some of the world's most beautiful and glamorous women... 全世界最漂亮迷人的一些女性
The south coast is less glamorous but full of clean and attractive hotels.
南海岸魅力稍逊，但却有很多干净漂亮的宾馆。
18. grin
1. VERB 露齿而笑；咧嘴大笑 When you grin, you smile broadly.
He grins, delighted at the memory...
想到往事，他开心地咧嘴笑了起来。
Sarah tried several times to catch Philip's eye, but he just grinned at her.
萨拉几次想引起菲利普的注意，但是他只是冲她咧嘴笑了笑。
...a statue of a grinning old man cutting the throat of a deer.
一边割鹿喉、一边咧着嘴笑的老人雕像
2. PHRASE 苦笑着忍受；默默承受 If you grin and bear it, you accept a difficult or unpleasant situation without complaining because you know there is nothing you can do to make things better.
They cannot stand the sight of each other, but they will just have to grin and bear it.
他们连看对方一眼都不愿意，但是也只得默默忍受。
19. guarantee
1. VERB 确保；使必然发生 If one thing guarantees another, the first is certain to cause the second thing to happen.
Surplus resources alone do not guarantee growth.
仅有富余的资源并不能确保发展。
2. VERB 保证…必定发生；承诺做；答应提供 If you guarantee something, you promise that it will definitely happen, or that you will do or provide it for someone.
Most states guarantee the right to free and adequate education...
大多数州都保障人们免费享受充分教育的权利。
All students are guaranteed campus accommodation for their first year...
保证安排所有的学生第一年在校内住宿。
3. N-COUNT 保修单 A guarantee is a written promise by a company to replace or repair a product free of charge if it has any faults within a particular time.
Whatever a guarantee says, when something goes wrong, you can still claim your rights from the shop...
不论保修单如何规定，若商品出了问题，消费者仍然可以去商店维护自身权益。
It was still under guarantee.
它还在保修期内。
20. illustrate
1. VERB 表明;说明;证明 If you say that something illustrates a situation that you are drawing attention to, you mean that it shows that the situation exists.
The example of the United States illustrates this point...
美国的例子证明了这一点。
This change is neatly illustrated by what has happened to the Arab League...
这种变化鲜明地体现在阿拉伯联盟所发生的事件上。
2. VERB (用例子、故事或图表)说明,阐明 If you use an example, story, or diagram to illustrate a point, you use it show that what you are saying is true or to make your meaning clearer.
Let me give another example to illustrate this difficult point...
我再举个例子来说明这个难点。
Throughout, she illustrates her analysis with excerpts from discussions.
自始至终,她摘引讨论内容来阐明她的分析。
illustration
Here, by way of illustration, are some extracts from our new catalogue.
这里引为例证的是我们新目录的部分摘录。
3. VERB 给(书)加插图(或图表) If you illustrate a book, you put pictures, photographs or diagrams into it.
She went on to art school and is now illustrating a book...
她后来读了艺术学校,现在正在为一本书画插图。
He has illustrated the book with black-and-white photographs. 他为那本书配了一些黑白照片插图。
21. mirror
1. N-COUNT 镜子 A mirror is a flat piece of glass which reflects light, so that when you look at it you can see yourself reflected in it.
He absent-mindedly looked at himself in the mirror...
他心不在焉地看着镜中的自己。
He checked his mirror and saw that a dark coloured van was immediately behind him.
他看了一下后视镜，发现一辆深色货车紧随其后。mirrored
...a mirrored ceiling.
装了镜子的天花板
2. VERB 反映;再现;与…相似 If something mirrors something else, it has similar features to it, and therefore seems like a copy or representation of it.
The book inevitably mirrors my own interests and experiences... 这本书不可避免地反映出我个人的喜好与经历。
His own shock was mirrored on her face.
他和她面面相觑。
3. VERB (水)照出，映出 If you see something reflected in water, you can say that the water mirrors it.
...the sudden glitter where a newly-flooded field mirrors the sky...
刚刚被洪水淹没的田野映照出了天空，那里突然泛起亮光The ship would lie there mirrored in a perfectly unmoving glossy sea.
船会停靠在那里，映衬在一片波澜不兴的湛蓝海水之中。
22. motivate
1. VERB (尤指情绪)激发，激励，驱使 If you are motivated by something, especially an emotion, it causes you to behave in a particular way.
They are motivated by a need to achieve...
对成功的渴望激励着他们。
The crime was not politically motivated...
该犯罪行为没有政治动机。
I don't want to be missing out. And that motivates me to get up
and do something every day.
我不想被落下。这促使我行动起来每天做点事。motivated
...highly motivated employees.
积极性很高的雇员
motivation
His poor performance may be attributed to lack of motivation rather than to reading difficulties.
他糟糕的表现也许要归因于缺乏积极性，而不是阅读障碍。
2. VERB 使决心做;使决意做 If someone motivates you to do something, they make you feel determined to do it.
How do you motivate people to work hard and efficiently?...
你是怎样激励大家奋发高效地工作的？
Never let it be said that the manager doesn't know how to motivate his players.
绝对不要让人说这位主教练不知道如何激励他的队员。motivation
Gross's skill in motivation looked in doubt when his side began the second half badly.
球队下半场开局不利，看来格洛斯给队员鼓劲的技巧值得怀疑。
23. occupy
1. VERB 居住，使用（建筑物或某地） The people who occupy a building or a place are the people who live or work there. There were over 40 tenants, all occupying one wing of the hospital...
共有40多位房客，他们全部住在这家医院的一个病区。Land is, in most instances, purchased by those who occupy it.
在大多数情况下，土地都是由其使用者购得。
2. V-PASSIVE 占用，使用（房间、座位等） If a room or something such as a seat is occupied, someone is using it, so that it is not available for anyone else.
The hospital bed is no longer occupied by his wife...
他的妻子不在这张病床上了。
I saw three camp beds, two of which were occupied.
我看见了3张折叠床，其中两张已有人占了。
3. VERB 占领；占据；侵占 If a group of people or an army occupies a place or country, they move into it, using force in order to gain control of it.
U.S. forces now occupy a part of the country...
美国军队现在占领了该国的一部分。
Alexandretta had been occupied by the French in 1918 after the defeat of Turkey.
土耳其溃败之后，亚历山大勒塔在1918年被法国人占领。...the occupied territories.
被侵占的领土
4. VERB 担任（…职务）；居于（…地位） If someone or something occupies a particular place in a system, process, or plan, they have that place.
We occupy a quality position in the market place...
我们在市场上居于高端地位。
Men still occupy more positions of power than women.
担任要职的男性仍然比女性多。
5. VERB 使忙碌；使全神贯注 If something occupies you, or if you occupy yourself, your time, or your mind with it, you are busy doing that thing or thinking about it.
Her parliamentary career has occupied all of her time...
她整日忙于议会的工作。
He hurried to take the suitcases and occupy himself with packing the car...
他急匆匆地去拎手提箱，忙着往车里装。
I would deserve to be pitied if I couldn't occupy myself.
如果我都不能让自己忙碌起来，那真是太可怜了。occupied
Keep the brain occupied...
保持大脑全神贯注。
I had forgotten all about it because I had been so occupied with other things.
因为忙于其他事情，我把这件事忘得精光。
6. VERB 使从事；使关注；使花费时间 If something occupies you, it requires your efforts, attention, or time.
I had other matters to occupy me, during the day at least...
至少白天我还有别的事情要做。
This challenge will occupy Europe for a generation or more.
这将是欧洲在未来二三十年或者更长的时间里所要面临的挑战。
7. VERB 占（空间或面积） If something occupies a particular area or place, it fills or covers it, or exists there.
Even quite small aircraft occupy a lot of space...
哪怕很小的飞机也要占很大的空间。
Bookshelves occupied most of the living room walls.
这些书架占了起居室的大部分墙面。
8. VERB 占，耗费（时间） If something such as a journey occupies a particular period of time, it takes that amount of time to complete.
She reached Karachi on Monday evening, the journey having