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Slums & back to back houses
It was a town of red brick…
Victorian Laws
• • • • • • • • 1842 – 46 Mines Act 1847 Ten Hour Bill 1848 Public Health Act 1867 2nd Reform Act (almost all men could vote) 1870 Education Act 1871 Trade Unions became legal 1884 3rd Reform Act(suffrage for all men) 1901 Labour Party
Foreign Policy
• 1854 :The Crimean War • 1858 : India Act • 1875 – 1900 colonial development in Africa and the Far East • 1887 The First Imperial Conference in London • 1899- 1902 Anglo Boer War
Social conflicts
• Middle Class vs Aristocracy Repeal of Corn Laws 1846 • Working class vs Middle class: Low wages Urbanization Slums Back to back houses
The double standard
• Idealization of women: angelic figures (mother and young girl) not only physically but also morally • This difference justified different codes of behaviour and education for men and for women
The Angel in the House
Women's clothing symbolised their constricted lives. Tight lacing into corsets and cumbersome multiple layers of skirts which dragged on the ground impeded women's freedom of movement. Between 1856 and 1878, among the wealthy, the cage crinoline was popular as it replaced the many layers of petticoats, but it was cumbersome and humiliating. Sitting down, the cage rode up embarrassingly at the front. The skirts were so wide that many women died engulfed in flames after the material caught fire from an open grate or candle.
The Victorian Age 1837-1901
Main Features
• • • • • • • The Industrial Revolution and Free Trade Social Conflicts Social Reforms Victorian values: Family, Respectability, Morality Religion and C.Darwin’s Theories The Condition of Women : the DoubleStandard Colonial expansion
1857 Tha Matrimonial Causes Act
• A husband could divorce his wife if she committed adultery But • The woman who wanted a divorce had to prove her husband guilty not only of adultery but also of incest, bigamy, bestiality cruelty or desertion
Victorian Colonial Policy
• 1876 Queen Victoria was proclaimend Empress of India by Parliament
Colonial Expansion
To strive, to seek , to find and not to yield
Were unmarried women less unhappy?
• Rich women became spinsters , easily made fun of with reference to their own condition • Poor women could only find humiliating employment e.g. in factories • For many women the only chance to survive lay in prostitution
百度文库
Women
• Essentialism: the idea that differences between men & women were determined by nature and women were ‘naturally ‘unsuited for male roles (as men were ‘naturally‘superior)
