下载文档原格式
医学英语试题及答案1. 请将下列医学术语翻译成英文：A. 心脏B. 肺C. 肝脏D. 肾脏答案：A. HeartB. LungsC. LiverD. Kidneys2. 以下哪个词组表示“高血压”？A. HypertensionB. HypotensionC. HyperglycemiaD. Hypoglycemia答案：A. Hypertension3. 翻译下列句子：“患者出现急性胸痛，伴有呼吸困难。
”答案："The patient presents with acute chest pain accompanied by difficulty breathing."4. 选择正确的医学术语填空：A. DiabetesB. HypertensionC. HypothyroidismD. Anemia他被诊断为一种慢性疾病，需要终身服用药物来控制血压。
答案：B. Hypertension5. 请解释“Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)”的含义。
答案：Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) 是一种紧急医疗程序，用于在心脏骤停时恢复某人的呼吸和血液循环。
6. 将下列医学缩写翻译成完整的医学术语：A. MRIB. CTC. ECGD. MRI答案：A. Magnetic Resonance ImagingB. Computed TomographyC. ElectrocardiogramD. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (重复项，应替换为其他缩写)7. 阅读下列段落并回答问题：The patient was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of acute appendicitis. An emergency appendectomy was performed, and the patient is now recovering in the postoperative ward.问：患者接受了哪种紧急手术？答案：患者接受了紧急阑尾切除术。
医学英语试题及答案详解一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is the correct term for a medical condition characterized by high blood pressure?A. HypertensionB. HypotensionC. HyperglycemiaD. Hypoglycemia答案：A解析：Hypertension 是高血压的医学术语，而 Hypotension 是低血压，Hyperglycemia 是高血糖，Hypoglycemia 是低血糖。
2. What is the medical term for the surgical removal of a tumor?A. BiopsyB. ExcisionC. IncisionD. Aspiration答案：B解析：Excision 是指外科手术切除肿瘤，Biopsy 是活检，Incision 是切口，Aspiration 是抽吸。
3. Which of the following is the correct abbreviation for the human heart?A. HB. LC. HtD. C答案：D解析：C 代表心脏（Cardiac），H 通常代表血液（Hemoglobin）或氢（Hydrogen），L 代表肺（Lung），Ht 代表身高（Height）。
4. What is the term for the study of the structure of the body?A. PhysiologyB. PathologyC. AnatomyD. Pharmacology答案：C解析：Anatomy 是指人体结构的研究，Physiology 是生理学，Pathology 是病理学，Pharmacology 是药理学。
医学英语阅读二分册翻译及答案-参考对人体的简要概述使我们对两个被认为是医学基础的不同学科有了初步认识，这两个学科就是解剖学与生理学。
然而不把病理学包括进去，这种概述是不完整的，因为病理学是研究疾病引起的结构和功能变化的学科。
实际上，现代对疾病的研究方法强调病理学与生理学的密切关系，并强调在治疗任何人体疾病时了解病理学与生理学基础的必要性。
The brief survey of the human body in Chapter One has g iven us a glimpse into two different studies that are consi dered the fundamentals of medical sciences, namely anatomy and physiology. However, the picture is not complete withou t considering pathology, the science that deals with the st ructural and functional changes produced by the disease. In fact, the modern approach to the study of disorder emphasi zes the close relationship of the pathological and physiolo gical aspects and the need to understand the fundamentals o f each in treating any body diseases.那么什么是疾病呢？它可以被定义为正常机能或者部分机能遭受损害时的一种状态。
每一种生物，无论植物还是动物，都会生病。
例如，人类常常被微小的细菌感染，但是细菌又转而可能被更加微小的病毒感染。
第一章To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to dividethe human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principalparts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
医学翻译资格真题解析医学翻译是一个专业性很强的领域，对于从业者来说，具备医学背景知识和出色的语言能力是必不可少的。
在医学翻译资格考试中，会出现一些比较典型的题型，下面我们就来解析一些真题，帮助大家更好地备考。
【题目一：医学文章翻译】原文：Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Pellentesque a rhoncus dolor. Nunc rhoncus, lacus sed euismod pulvinar, urna neque finibus quam, vitae ornare neque dolor ut massa. Proin dignissim dapibus velit vitae lobortis. Nulla scelerisque urna porttitor justo euismod consequat. In ut finibus mi. Ut semper euismod tincidunt.译文：患有失眠症的人常感到疲惫不堪，这一状况严重影响了他们的正常生活。
科学研究表明，失眠症与生活压力、环境因素和遗传因素有关。
为了缓解患者的症状，医生通常会推荐他们进行行为治疗和药物治疗。
然而，药物治疗应该谨慎使用，以免产生依赖或副作用。
解析：该题目是一个典型的医学文章翻译题，考察学生对医学术语的翻译能力以及对文章整体意思的理解能力。
在译文中，我们以简洁明了的语言表达了原文的主要内容，同时对一些不易理解的术语进行了适当的解释。
【题目二：医学文献翻译】原文：Sed ac felis ut tortor tincidunt ullamcorper sit amet at dui. Mauris orci ante, feugiat id dapibus a, volutpat vitae orci. Maecenas ac elit in leo finibus imperdiet at ac sem. Sed imperdiet ante at risus pellentesque, id suscipit nisi rutrum. Sed ac erat mi. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas.译文：研究显示，高血压是一种常见的慢性疾病，与心血管疾病的发展密切相关。
（完整版）医学专业英语1-4单元术语解释、短语和课后习题答案Chapter 1Human Body as a WholeMedical TerminologyLearn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixes and write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.1. a hormone secreted from the adrenal gland2. inflammation of the adrenal gland3. pertaining to medicine4. pertaining to biology5. pertaining to chemistry6. pertaining to the blood vessel7. pertaining to cells8. pertaining to molecules9. pertaining to the medicine of the living thing10. the study of the living thing11. pertaining to the physics of the living thing12. the study of the heart13. the disease of the heart14. the record of the heart waves15. the study of the human inner secretion from glands16. pertaining to the production of hormone17. the study of inner gland secretion18. the red blood cell19. the white blood cell20. the lymph cell21. the study of cell23. the study of biology of cell25. the tumor of the embryo26. the study of the disease of the embryo27. the study of the human inner secretion from glands28. pertaining to the inside of the heart29. pertaining to the inside of the cell30. above the skin31. above the skin32. inflammation of the skin33. red blood cells34. instrument of measuring red blood cells35. to breathe out the waste gas36. to drive somebody or something out37. to spread outside38. sth that produces diseases39. the study of blood40. blood cells41. the study of tissues42. the study of tissue pathology43. therapy treatment, hence tissue treatment44. pertaining to the base45. pertaining to the toxin46. pertaining to symptoms47. the study of body’s auto protection from diseases48. protected from49. deficiency in the immune system of the body50. substance from the adrenal gland51. water from it52. the study of societies55. lymph cells56. tumor of the lymphatic system57. the study of the lymphatic system58. the study of physical growth59. a doctor of internal medicine60. treatment by physiological methods61. the new growth ,tumor62. the study of mind63. abnormal condition of the mind64. the study of the relationship between psychology and biology65. a condition of over activity of the thyroid gland66. the condition of under activity of the thyroid gland67. the inflammation of the thyroid gland68.cutting apart the human body as a branch of medical sciences69. cut open the bone70.to cut the heart open71. pertaining to the blood vessel72. inflammation of the blood vessel73. pertaining to the lymphatic system and the blood vesselKey to the Exercises B.1.（embryo）embryology2.(process/condition) mechanism3.(heart) cardiovascular4.(color) chromatin5.(secretion) endocrinology6.(cell) cytology7.(sth. that produces or is produced) pathogen8.(lymph) lymphatic9.(the study of) psychology10.(pertaining to) regularLanguage Points:put together组成known as 叫做joints between bones关节to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body牵动骨骼肌引起各种运动hip joint髋关节flexible有韧性的cushioning缓冲replaced by bone 骨化one bone moves in relation to the other两骨彼此靠近产生运动contents物质nourishment营养物质function发挥功能waste products废物accumulate积聚poison the body危害生命distributes运送needed materials有用的物质unneeded ones废物is made up of包括protect…against foreign invaders防止外来侵袭（See! Power Point）identical对等的receives吸收traveled through流经forced out压送reenter流入directly直接地channels 管道filters过滤larynx喉管trachea气管two lungs左右肺very large number of 大量的air spaces肺泡release释放出extending 延伸到broken down分解absorbed into吸收进chewing咀嚼esophagus食管Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercises B.1. (The skeletal system consists of bones, joints and soft bones.)2. (Heart is generated when muscles are contracted, which helps keep the bodytemperature constant.)3. (The circulation of blood carries useful materials to all bodycells while removing wasteones.)4. (Oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled in the process of respiration.)5. (The digestion of food involves both mechanical and chemical procedures.)6. (The urinary system keeps normal levels of water and of certain chemicals in the body.)7. (The pituitary is a major gland located under the brain in the middle of the head.)8. (The brain collects and processes information and then sends instructions to all parts ofthe body to be carried out.)9. (The main function of the male reproductive system is to generate, transport and keepactive male sex cells.)10. (The largest of the bo dy’s organs, the skin protects the inner structure of the body with acomplete layer.)Key to the Section A Passage 1 Exercises E.1.cardiovascular diseases2. function of the pituitary3. the urinary tract4. molecules5. artery6. endocrinology7. dyspnea / difficulty in respiration 8. saliva9. histology 10. blood circulation11. hematology 12. physiology13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive15. nervous cells 16. immunology17. indigestion / poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle19. embryology 20. psychologySection B, Passage 2 Cells and TissuesLanguage PointsOrganized组（构）成arranged in to构成in turn are grouped into又进一步组成serves its specific有特定的bear in mind记住result from源于billions亿万determind确立fit on合在一起by contrast相比之下machinary机构while normally在正常情况下function with great efficiency高效地发挥作用are subject to易于发生result in导致millionth百万分之一equal等于average一般 a speck barely visible基本上看不见的一个小点The science that deals with cells on the smalleststructural and functional level is called molecular biology.从最小的结构及功能水平研究细胞的科学叫分子生物学。
第一单元Text A 整体医学整体医学是一种不同的医学系统。
它视人体为一个整体而不仅仅是各部器官总和。
整体医学通过促进身体、心理、感情、社会和精神等有关人体健康的各方面的和协关系实现完美和谐的最佳的健康状态。
整体医学强调视人体为一个整体，包括对身体、营养、环境、感情、社会、精神和生活方式等多方面的分析。
它涵盖所有已知的诊疗方法，在没有其他的安全的方法时也采用药物和手术疗法。
整体医学重视教育病人要靠自身努力获得身体各方面的平衡和健康，也强调个人要对自身的平衡和健康负责。
从身体的精神方面来说,整体健康指包括身体和精神两个方面的一种生活方式。
它不强调具体的疾病或发生疾病的身体部位，而是强调整个人以及这个人是与所处的环境的相互产生影响。
整体健康在更广的范围内理解心理、身体和精神，认为人体具有一种自我平衡的自然倾向，而保持这一平衡是人体健康的关键。
整体医疗的目的最大限度地发挥人体功能，使身体的各部分自身就能发挥最佳机能。
使人健康不再仅仅是医生的职责，病人也负有极大的责任使自身达到最佳的健康幸福。
概述现有的科学证据并不表明仅仅采用整体医学而不使用主流医学或传统医学疗法就可以有效地治疗癌症或其它任何疾病。
但是，许多健康专家提倡健康的生活方式，如锻炼、食用富有营养的食品、不吸烟及有效应对压力等，认为这些对于保持健康来说是非常重要的。
整体医学的方法在主流医学中越来越常用，并可能用作补充性治疗或预防治疗。
在主流医学领域，整体疗法一般指一种更为全面的治疗方法，不仅治疗疾病，还要考虑与病人有关的社会和文化因素。
医生们使用这个术语，表明一种全新的对人的健康的关注（包括疾病预防、康复和其他医疗方法）而非仅仅对疾病本身。
比如，护士可能会谈及病人的“生物社会心理学范畴问题”。
这意味着人的健康包括思想、身体、精神以及周围的文化和环境，可包括家庭情况、住房、就业、保险和更多，因为这些都影响病人及其健康。
如果在给治疗癌症时把所有的这些因素都考虑在内，就会更加容易，成功的可能性就大。
第一单元Text A 整体医学整体医学是一种不同的医学系统。
它视人体为一个整体而不仅仅是各部器官总和。
整体医学通过促进身体、心理、感情、社会和精神等有关人体健康的各方面的和协关系实现完美和谐的最佳的健康状态。
整体医学强调视人体为一个整体，包括对身体、营养、环境、感情、社会、精神和生活方式等多方面的分析。
它涵盖所有已知的诊疗方法，在没有其他的安全的方法时也采用药物和手术疗法。
整体医学重视教育病人要靠自身努力获得身体各方面的平衡和健康，也强调个人要对自身的平衡和健康负责。
从身体的精神方面来说,整体健康指包括身体和精神两个方面的一种生活方式。
它不强调具体的疾病或发生疾病的身体部位，而是强调整个人以及这个人是与所处的环境的相互产生影响。
整体健康在更广的范围内理解心理、身体和精神，认为人体具有一种自我平衡的自然倾向，而保持这一平衡是人体健康的关键。
整体医疗的目的最大限度地发挥人体功能，使身体的各部分自身就能发挥最佳机能。
使人健康不再仅仅是医生的职责，病人也负有极大的责任使自身达到最佳的健康幸福。
概述现有的科学证据并不表明仅仅采用整体医学而不使用主流医学或传统医学疗法就可以有效地治疗癌症或其它任何疾病。
但是，许多健康专家提倡健康的生活方式，如锻炼、食用富有营养的食品、不吸烟及有效应对压力等，认为这些对于保持健康来说是非常重要的。
整体医学的方法在主流医学中越来越常用，并可能用作补充性治疗或预防治疗。
在主流医学领域，整体疗法一般指一种更为全面的治疗方法，不仅治疗疾病，还要考虑与病人有关的社会和文化因素。
医生们使用这个术语，表明一种全新的对人的健康的关注（包括疾病预防、康复和其他医疗方法）而非仅仅对疾病本身。
比如，护士可能会谈及病人的“生物社会心理学范畴问题”。
这意味着人的健康包括思想、身体、精神以及周围的文化和环境，可包括家庭情况、住房、就业、保险和更多，因为这些都影响病人及其健康。
如果在给治疗癌症时把所有的这些因素都考虑在内，就会更加容易，成功的可能性就大。
Cｈapter 1Passage 1 Huｍan BｏdyIn tｈiｓｐaｓsage you ｗiｌl ｌearn：１、Clasｓifiｃatiｏn of organ ｓysｔｅms2、Stｒuｃture aｎｄfunｃtion of each orgaｎsyｓtｅm3、Ａsｓｏciaｔed medicａｌtermsＴo uｎdeｒｓｔaｎd tｈｅｈｕman ｂｏdy it ｉｓｎeｃesｓａry toｕnｄersta ｎd ｈow its partsａre pｕt toｇｅtｈer ａｎd hoｗｔhｅy function、The study ｏｆtｈe bｏｄｙ's ｓtructｕre is called anatomy; ｔhｅｓtｕｄy ｏfｔheｂoｄy’s functｉｏn iｓkｎowｎａs phyｓiology、Othｅｒsｔudiｅs of humａn body include bioｌoｇy, cytoloｇy，ｅｍbrｙology，ｈistology,eｎdｏcriｎologｙ，hematoloｇy，im ｍｕnology, pｓychｏlogyｅｔc、了解人体各部分得组成及其功能,对于认识人体就是必需得.研究人体结构得科学叫解剖学;研究人体功能得科学叫生理学。
其她研究人体得科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等.Anaｔomistsｆind ｉt usefuｌto divide tｈe huｍan body ｉｎto ten syｓteｍs，thａt iｓ,ｔhe skｅletal systeｍ, the muｓｃｕlａr system, the ciｒｃuｌａtory system, ｔh ｅｒesｐiｒａtory system,the diｇestive syｓｔem, ｔｈe uｒiｎａry systｅm, ｔhｅendocriｎe syｓｔｅｍ, tｈｅnervous syｓteｍ,theｒeproductivｅｓｙｓｔem and th ｅskin、The principａl paｒts ｏfｅａch oｆthese systｅms arｅｄescriｂed in tｈis ar ｔiｃlｅ、解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官得做法就是很有帮助得。
Chapter 1Human Body as a WholeMedical TerminologyLearn the following combining forms, prefixes and suffixesand write the meaning of the medical term in the space provided.1. a hormone secreted from the adrenal gland2. inflammation of the adrenal gland3. pertaining to medicine4. pertaining to biology5. pertaining to chemistry6. pertaining to the blood vessel7. pertaining to cells8. pertaining to molecules9. pertaining to the medicine of the living thing10. the study of the living thing11. pertaining to the physics of the living thing12. the study of the heart13. the disease of the heart14. the record of the heart waves15. the study of the human inner secretion from glands16. pertaining to the production of hormone17. the study of inner gland secretion18. the red blood cell19. the white blood cell20. the lymph cell21. the study of cell22. the study of chemistry of cell23. the study of biology of cell24. the study of embryo25. the tumor of the embryo26. the study of the disease of the embryo27. the study of the human inner secretion from glands28. pertaining to the inside of the heart29. pertaining to the inside of the cell30. above the skin31. above the skin32. inflammation of the skin33. red blood cells34. instrument of measuring red blood cells35. to breathe out the waste gas36. to drive somebody or something out37. to spread outside38. sth that produces diseases39. the study of blood40. blood cells41. the study of tissues42. the study of tissue pathology43. therapy treatment, hence tissue treatment44. pertaining to the base45. pertaining to the toxin46. pertaining to symptoms47. the study of body’s auto protection from diseases48. protected from49. deficiency in the immune system of the body50. substance from the adrenal gland51. water from it52. the study of societies53. the study of urinary system54. the study of cell55. lymph cells56. tumor of the lymphatic system57. the study of the lymphatic system58. the study of physical growth59. a doctor of internal medicine60. treatment by physiological methods61. the new growth ,tumor62. the study of mind63. abnormal condition of the mind64. the study of the relationship between psychology and biology65. a condition of over activity of the thyroid gland66. the condition of under activity of the thyroid gland67. the inflammation of the thyroid gland68.cutting apart the human body as a branch of medical sciences69. cut open the bone70.to cut the heart open71. pertaining to the blood vessel72. inflammation of the blood vessel73. pertaining to the lymphatic system and the blood vesselKey to the Exercises B.1.（embryo）embryology2.(process/condition) mechanism3.(heart) cardiovascular4.(color) chromatin5.(secretion) endocrinology6.(cell) cytology7.(sth. that produces or is produced) pathogen8.(lymph) lymphatic9.(the study of) psychology10.(pertaining to) regularLanguage Points:put together组成known as 叫做joints between bones关节to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body牵动骨骼肌引起各种运动hip joint髋关节flexible有韧性的cushioning缓冲replaced by bone 骨化one bone moves in relation to the other两骨彼此靠近产生运动contents物质nourishment营养物质function发挥功能waste products废物accumulate积聚poison the body危害生命distributes运送needed materials有用的物质unneeded ones废物is made up of包括protect…against foreign invaders防止外来侵袭（See! Power Point）identical对等的receives吸收traveled through流经forced out压送reenter流入directly直接地channels 管道filters过滤larynx喉管trachea气管two lungs左右肺very large number of 大量的air spaces肺泡release释放出extending 延伸到broken down分解absorbed into吸收进chewing咀嚼esophagus食管Key to the Section B Passage 1 Exercises B.1. (The skeletal system consists of bones, joints and soft bones.)2. (Heart is generated when muscles are contracted, which helps keep the bodytemperature constant.)3. (The circulation of blood carries useful materials to all body cells while removing wasteones.)4. (Oxygen is inhaled and carbon dioxide is exhaled in the process of respiration.)5. (The digestion of food involves both mechanical and chemical procedures.)6. (The urinary system keeps normal levels of water and of certain chemicals in the body.)7. (The pituitary is a major gland located under the brain in the middle of the head.)8. (The brain collects and processes information and then sends instructions to all parts ofthe body to be carried out.)9. (The main function of the male reproductive system is to generate, transport and keepactive male sex cells.)10. (The largest of the body’s organs, the skin protects the inner structure of the body with acomplete layer.)Key to the Section A Passage 1 Exercises E.1.cardiovascular diseases2. function of the pituitary3. the urinary tract4. molecules5. artery6. endocrinology7. dyspnea / difficulty in respiration 8. saliva9. histology 10. blood circulation11. hematology 12. physiology13. anatomy 14. the female reproductive15. nervous cells 16. immunology17. indigestion / poor in digestion 18. voluntary muscle19. embryology 20. psychologySection B, Passage 2 Cells and TissuesLanguage PointsOrganized组（构）成arranged in to构成in turn are grouped into又进一步组成serves its specific有特定的bear in mind记住result from源于billions亿万determind确立fit on合在一起by contrast相比之下machinary机构while normally在正常情况下function with great efficiency高效地发挥作用are subject to易于发生result in导致millionth百万分之一equal等于average一般 a speck barely visible基本上看不见的一个小点The science that deals with cells on the smalleststructural and functional level is called molecular biology.从最小的结构及功能水平研究细胞的科学叫分子生物学。
Chapter 1Passage 1 Human BodyIn this passage you will learn:1. Classification of organ systems2. Structure and function of each organ system3. Associated medical termsTo understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc.了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。
研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。
其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。
Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article.解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。
本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。
The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made.骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。
它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。
人体有206根骨头。
骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。
许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。
A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints.关节把骨与骨连接起来。
颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。
但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。
如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。
Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult.软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。
它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。
它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。
一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、骨化，使婴儿长大成人。
The muscular system allows the body to move, and its contractions produce heat, which helps maintain a constant body temperature. Striated muscles can be consciously controlled. The ends of these muscles are attached to different bones by connective tissue bands so that when the muscle contracts, one bone moves in relation to the other. This makes it possible to move the whole body, as when walking, or to move just one part of the body, as when bending a finger. Contractions of the heart and smooth muscles are not under conscious control. Smooth muscles are found in the walls of organs such as the stomach and the intestines and serve to move the contents of these organs through the body.肌肉系统使躯体运动，肌肉收缩产生的热有助于维持一个恒定的体温。
人体能够有意识地控制条纹肌。
结缔组织使肌肉末端附着于不同的骨面上，所以当肌肉收缩时，两骨彼此靠近而产生运动。
这也就使整个人体可以运动起来，如走路，运动躯体某个部位，如弯曲手指。
心脏收缩和平滑肌收缩就不是被意识所控制的。
器官壁内层的平滑肌，如胃肠壁的平滑肌把胃肠中的物质运送到全身。
The circulatory system. All parts of the body must have nourishment and oxygen in order to function and grow, and their waste products must be removed before they accumulate and poison the body. The circulatory system distributes needed materials and removes unneeded ones. It is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, which together make up the cardiovascular system. The blood is also part of the body's defense system. It has antibodies and white blood cells that protect the body against foreign invaders. 循环系统：机体的所有部分需要营养物质和氧气来使之发挥功能和生长，也需要在这些器官所产生的废物积聚而危害生命之前将其排除。
循环系统运送有用物质，排泄废物。
心血管系统是循环系统的组成之一；心血管系统包括心脏、血管及血液。
血液也是机体防御系统的一个部分，血液中有抗体及白细胞来防止机体受到外来的侵袭。
The heart is a muscle that is divided into two nearly identical halves: one half receives blood from the lungs and sends it to the rest of the body, the other half sends blood that has traveled through the body back to the lungs. When the heart muscle contracts, the blood is forced out into arteries and enters small capillaries. Blood returns to the heart through veins. 心脏是一块被分为几乎对等两半的肌肉。
