高考英语经典长难句解析及翻译
2018年全国Ⅰ卷，阅读理解C篇
In recent centuries, trade, industrialization, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalization and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English，Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
生词：
industrialization n. 工业化
nation-state 单一名族国家
compulsory education 义务教育
globalization n. 全球化
第一步：有并列结构
第二部：分析主干和定状
In recent centuries（小状）, trade（主1）, industrialization（主2）, the development（主3）of the nation-state（定）and the spread （主4）of universal compulsory education（定）, especially globalization（主5）
and better communications（主6）in the past few decades（小状）, all （主）have caused（谓）many languages（宾）to disappear（宾补）and（并列连词）dominant languages（主）such as English，Spanish and Chinese（定）are increasingly（小状）taking over.（谓）
第三步：
根据状语倒序前置，定语倒序前置的翻译方法，我们可也把这句话翻译为：“在最近几个世纪里，贸易，工业化，单一名族国家的发展和义务教育的普及，尤其在过去几十年里，全球化和更好的沟通，都导致了许多语言的消失”
“而且，像英语，西班牙语和中文这样的dominant的语言逐渐地占据了主要地位。”
第四步：合并并列结构并翻译：
“在最近几个世纪里，贸易，工业化，单一名族国家的发展和义务教育的普及，尤其在过去几十年里，全球化和更好的沟通，都导致了许多语言的消失。而且，像英语，西班牙语和中文这样的dominant的语言逐渐地占据了主要地位。”解题：
29. Which of the following best explains "dominant" underlined in paragraph 2？
A. Complex B .Advanced C. Powerful. D. Modern
选C
前文说到许多语言的消失原因，后文又提到English，Spanish and Chinese 这三门语言的“爆发”就可以得出答案C
不要误选B “先进的，高级的”和D“现代的”，不符合文义
2018年全国Ⅰ卷，阅读理解D篇
To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life - from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device.
生词：
mineral n. 矿物质
第一步：没有并列结构
第二部：分析主干和定状
To figure out how much power these devices are using（小状：动词加从句，这样的状语翻译时不用倒着翻译）, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues（主语）at the Rochester Institute of Technology（定1）in New York（定2）tracked（谓语）the environmental costs（宾语）for each product（定）throughout its life（状）- from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. （同位语部分，可以当作状语，对前面的解释和说明）
第三步：
根据状语倒序前置，定语倒序前置的翻译方法，我们可也把这句话翻译为：“为了弄清粗这些设备正在消耗多少能量，在纽约罗切斯特理工学院的Callie Babbitt 和他的同事追踪了每个产品在它生命周期里的环境成本-从组成它的物质被开采一直到我们停止使用这个设备”
Get busy living or get busy dying
2018年全国Ⅰ卷，阅读理解D篇
According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions (排放) more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.
生词：
analysis n. 分析
cathode ray tubes 阴极射线管
consumption n. 消耗
第一步：没有并列结构
第二部：分析主干和定状
