英文论文写作常用词汇和短语
这几年看文献和写论文的时候整理了一些写作常用词汇和短语，希望大家也能用得上：
差别gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies，no intergroup difference
No statistically significant differences in survival were found for MMC or MPMA.
Although MMC and MPMA decreased with increasing nuclear grade and TNM stage, this difference failed to achieve statistical significance.
存在，出现occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present
多数，少数the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ，a marked majority, handful 方法approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools
发生率Incidence, frequency, prevalence
In contrast with regions of high incidence, the mutation spectrum did not show a high prevalence of mutations at A:T base pairs.
发现，阐明，报道，证实verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate，demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest，suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose，report, describe，facilitate the identification of ，screening ，isolation
改变change, alteration,
高，增加high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced
各种，多种in multiple types of neoplasia, in various types of apoptosis, in a variety of tumors 关系，相关，参与closely involved in, associated,
广泛的in an extensive survey
进行conducte，perform, carry out,
降，少，缺decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed, presented discontinuous and weaker expression, completely negative, was not detectable or dramatically reduced, very faint, was undetectable or barely detectable, no expression was found,
角色，起作用role, part （limited, potential, early, possible role），serve antiapoptotic functions 可能性feasibility
密切地intimately
难理解的，似谜的enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)
潜在假定的potential, candidate, putative,
缩写abbreviations
识别，辨别discernment
事件
Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology.
a putative tumor initiating event
a (more, extremely, highly, rather, fairly) common initial,
a common event in the signal transduction mechanisms of, in the signal transduction processes a common event associated with the mechanisms of
a common early event in responses of, after high-dose chemotherapy
a common event following gestational exposure to immunotoxicants
a common event （that occurs）during apoptosis is……
a common event during oncogenic transformation, in neoplastic transformation that directly or indirectly involves activation of specific tyrosine kinase signaling pathways
a common event through which
a common event in vivo
a rather common event of unknown biological significance
a common event resulting from heterogeneous aberrations
a common event regardless of histological subtyping, but does not bear any pejorative significance
a common event contributing to
a rare, common, prerequisite, central, major, transient, initiation, stressful, critical, crucial, secondary, independent, regulatory, early, earlier, late, later, subsequent, circumstantial, untoward, upstream, irreversible, very frequent event
提供，帮助provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in
调节（失调，上调，下调）dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation,
推测presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce，deduction (推论)
无所不在地(表达，如MEN1)ubiquitously
显着,优先的prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably，significant, preferential, prevalence, prevalent,
相关性
related, more relevant with ，the relevance of
no intergroup difference，irrespective of
There was no significant correlation to gender, age, clinical symptoms, histology, T or N status, TNM stage, or tumor location.
Neither eNOS nor nNOS expression was associated with vascular density, tumor grade or the TNM status of the tumors.
