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新编简明英语语言学教程第二版 课后习题答案 chapter

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1. How is language related to society

答： There are many indications of the inter-relationship between language and

society. One of them is that while language is principally used to communicate

meaning, it is also used to establish and maintain social relationships. This social

function of language is embodied in the use of such utterances as “Good morning!”,

“Hi!”, “How's your family”, “Nice day today, isn't it”.

Another indication is that users of the same language in a sense all speak

differently. The kind of language each of them chooses to use is in part determined

by his social background. And language, in its turn, reveals information about its

speaker. When we speak, we cannot avoid giving clues to our listeners about

ourselves.

Then to some extent, language, especially the structure of its lexicon,

reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society. For example

while there is only one word in English for “snow”, there are several in Eskimo.

This is a reflection of the need for the Eskimos to make distinctions between various

kinds of snow in their snowy living environment.

As a social phenomenon language is closely related to the structure of the

society in which it is used, and the evaluation of a linguistic form is entirely

social. To a linguist, all language forms and accents are equally good as far as

they can fulfill the communicative functions they are expected to fulfill. Therefore,

judgments concerning the correctness and purity of linguistic varieties are social

rather than linguistic. A case in point is the use of the postvocalic [r]. While

in English accents without postvocalic [r] are considered to be more correct than

accents with it, in New York city, accents with postvocalic [r] enjoys more prestige

and are considered more correct than without it.

2. Explain with an example that the evaluation of language is social rather than

linguistic.

答： The evaluation of language is social rather than linguistic. This is because

every language or language variety can express all ideas that its native speakers

want to express. That is to say, language and language variety are equal in expressing

meaning. For example, the much-prejudiced Black English can be used by the black

people to communicate with each other without feeling any hindrance. But many other

people think Black English is not pure English because it does not conform to their

grammar and not adopted by educated people. As a result, many people feel shameful

to use Black English. From this example we can know that the evaluation of language

is social, not linguistic.

3. What are the main social dialects discussed in this chapter How do they jointly

determine idiolect

答： The main social dialects discussed in this chapter are regional dialect,

sociolect, gender and age. Idiolect is a personal dialect, of an individual speaker

that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations. These

factors jointly determine the way he/she talks. While the language system provides all its users with the same set of potentials, the realization of these potentials

is individualized by a number of social factors, resulting in idiolects.

4. In what sense is the standard dialect a special variety of language

答： First of all, the standard dialect is based on a selected variety of the language,

usually it is the local speech of an area which is considered the nation's political

and commercial center. For example, standard English developed out of the English

dialects used in and around London as they were modified over the centuries by

speakers in the court, by scholars from universities and writers. Gradually the

English used by the upper classes in the capital city diverged markedly from the

English used by other social groups and came to be regarded as the model for all

those who wished to speak and write well.

Second, the standard dialect is not dialect a child acquires naturally like

his regional dialect. It is a superimposed variety; it is a variety imposed from

above over the range of regional dialects. Some government agency writes grammar

books and dictionaries to ‘fix’ this variety and everyone agrees on what is correct

usage of the language. So it has a widely accepted codified grammar and vocabulary.

Once codification takes place, it is necessary for an ambitious citizen to learn

to use the correct language and to avoid ‘incorrect’ language. Therefore, the

standard dialect is the variety which is taught and learnt in schools.

Then the standard dialect has some special functions. Also designated as the

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新编简明英语语言学教程第二版整理

新编简明英语语言学教程第二版整理

实用标准文案

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.Linguistics: 语言学It is generally defined as the scientific study

of language.

( Linguistics studies not any particular language ,but it studies

language in general)

2.General linguistics:普通语言学 The study of language as a whole is

called general linguistics.

(language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets )

nguage: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for

human communication.

4.descriptive (描述性):A linguistic study aims to describe and

analyze the language people actually use.

5.prescriptive(规定性): It aims to lay down rules for “correct and

standard” behaviors.

i.e. what they should say and what they should not to say.

6.synchronic(共时语言学): the description of language at some point

of time in hiatory

7.diachronic (历时语言学):the description of language as it changes

《新编简明英语语言学教程》1_6章期末复习题

《新编简明英语语言学教程》1_6章期末复习题

《新编简明英语语⾔学教程》1_6章期末复习题

Chapter one Introduction

1.1什么是语⾔学

1.1.1定义

语⾔学LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

1.1.2The scope of linguistics语⾔学分⽀必考P2

普通语⾔学General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.

The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（语⾳学）

The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （⾳位学）

The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形态学）

The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax（句法学）

The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （语义学）

The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （语⽤学）

1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 成对的概念辨析差异必考P3 （1）Prescriptive and descriptive 规定与描写

戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》章节题库(第二语言习得) 【圣才出品】

戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》章节题库(第二语言习得) 【圣才出品】

1 / 18 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 第11章 第二语言习得 I. Multiple choices: 1. ______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings. A. Acquisition B. Learning C. Studying D. Acquirement 【答案】B 【解析】儿童在自然环境中无意识的习得第一语言的过程被语言学家称为语言习得（acquisition），而在非自然环境下（如学校教育）经过有意识的努力学习第二语言的过程则被称为语言学习（learning）。因此，本题的正确答案为B。 2. The distinction between acquisition and learning is put forward by ______. A. Chomsky B. Krashen C. Saussure D. Bloomfield 【答案】B 【解析】语言习得（acquisition）和语言学习（learning）这两个概念是由美国学者 2 / 18 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 Stephen Krashen提出来的，以区分这两个过程之间的差异。因此，本题的正确答案为B。 3. L2 learners will subconsciously use their L1 knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as______. A. language interference B. language fossilization C. contrastive analysis D. language transfer 【答案】D 【解析】在学习第二语言时, 学习者会无意识地运用他们的一语知识，这是一种非常自然的现象，这种现象被语言学家称为语言的转移（language transfer）。其中语言转移分为正转移（positive transfer）和负转移（negative transfer）。因此，本题的正确答案为D。 4. ______ is more commonly known as L1 interference. A. Positive transfer B. Fossilization C. Negative transfer D. Interlanguage 【答案】C 【解析】一语知识向二语学习的转移包括正转移（positive transfer）和负转移（negative 3 / 18 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 transfer）两种，负转移通常被称为干扰（interference）。因此，本题的正确答案为C。 5. L2 learners’ interim knowledge of the target language is known as ______, that is, the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SL A. interlanguage B. interim language C. pidgin D. lingua franca 【答案】A 【解析】语际语（Interlanguage）是二语学习者在第二语言的学习过程中某个特定的阶段所建构的二语框架。作为一种独立的语言系统，语际语是第二语言训练、母语干扰、目的语规则的过度概括及学习者学习和交际策略的使用等因素所造成的结果。因此，本题的正确答案为A。 6. ______ is believed to be a major source of incorrect forms resistant to further instruction. A. The second language learners’ unwillingness to learn B. The poor classroom teaching C. The fossilization of the learners’ inter language D. The learner’s lack of instrumental motivation 【答案】C 【解析】在二语习得的过程中，当学习者内化了的规则系统含有和目的语系统不同的规则 4 / 18 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 时，学习者的语际语就在未达到目的语水平时的某个时候僵化了。研究者认为，学习者的语际语僵化是许多错误形式的主要来源，这些错误形式妨碍了进一步的学习。因此，本题的正确答案为C。 7. The formal instruction in second language acquisition ______. A. has no effect at all B. has a powerful delayed effect C. has very little effect D. has unsatisfactory effect 【答案】B 【解析】与一语习得不同，在二语学习中，正规的教学有助于二语能力的发展，而且对学习者来说，有着深远的影响。因此，本题的正确答案为B。 8. The process in which a L2 learner adapts himself/herself to the culture and value system of the L2 community is called ______. A. fossilization B. acculturation C. culture transmission D. displacement 【答案】B 【解析】二语学习者适应二语文化、接受二语文化价值体系的过程被称为文化移入（acculturation）。因此，本题的正确答案为B。 5 / 18 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 9. The optimum age for second language acquisition is ______. A. early teenage B. after puberty C. at puberty D. after the brain lateralization 【答案】A 【解析】尽管一语习得从婴儿期就开始了，学龄前的几年是一语习得的最佳年龄，但二语习得的最佳年龄并不符合“越小越好”的说法。研究表明，青少年远比年少的儿童学得更为迅速、更为有效，二语习得的最佳年龄是10至15岁左右。因此，本题的正确答案为A。 10. In general, a good second language learner is an adolescent ______. A. who has a strong and well-defined motivation to learn B. who seeks out all chances to interact with the input C. who is willing to identify himself with the culture of the target language community D. all the above 【答案】D 【解析】二语习得的速度和最终的成功不仅受学习者所接受的最佳输入和教学经历的影响，也受到学习者个人因素的影响，一个好的二语学习者是一个动机明确的青少年, 他能够对不同的学习环境做出反应并能积极地适应，能够把握所有的机会并能最大程度地 6 / 18 十万种考研考证电子书、题库视频学习平台 圣才电子书 利用它们和语言输入进行交流，能够使用合理的学习策略，并能够自愿地和目的语言社区的文化自觉地保持一致。前三个选项的内容均符合题意。因此，本题的正确答案为D。 II. Fill in the following blanks: 1. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as _____.（中山大学2008研） 【答案】interlanguage 【解析】正处于学习过程中的二语或外语学习者构建的语言通常被称为中介语。中介语通常被理解为介于目的语和学习者母语之间的语言。 2. ______ is formed when the leaner attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first language and the second language but is neither.（中山大学2006研） 【答案】Interlanguage 【解析】当学习者学习一种新语言时，就产生了中介语。中介语具有第一语言和第二语言的特征，但中介语是一个动态的语言系统，我们不能把中介语看成是母语和二语的过渡阶段或者是二者的简单混合。 3. Hymes’ theory leads to nation/function-based syllables, and a step further, ______ syllabuses.（中山大学2005研） 【答案】communicative

新编简明英语语言学教程 何兆熊 第五章笔记和习题

新编简明英语语言学教程 何兆熊 第五章笔记和习题

1 Chapter 5 Semantics

Semantics----the study of language meaning.

 Semantics is defined as the study of meaning. However, it is not the only linguistic discipline that studies

meaning.

 Semantics answers the question “what does this sentence mean”. In other words, it is the analysis of

conventional meanings in words and sentences out of context.

Meaning is central to the study of communication.

 Classification of lexical meanings. Here are G. Leech’s seven types of meaning. ( British linguist)

 1. Conceptual meaning (also called denotative or cognitive meaning) is the essential and inextricable part of

what language is, and is widely regarded as the central factor in verbal communication. It means that the

meaning of words may be discussed in terms of what they denote or refer to.

 2. Connotative meaning – the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, embraces

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