清华大学2003年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

考博英语（语法）历年真题试卷汇编2(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. GrammarGrammar1．That grand-sized pine tree______the horizon.(北京大学2005年试题)A．stands up well againstB．stands out good toC．stands out well againstD．stands up good to正确答案：C解析：stand out against sth．的意思是“突出，显眼”，符合题意。

stand up against 的意思是“抵抗，反对，同……对抗”；stand out to sth．无此搭配；stand up to sth．的意思是“经得起磨损”。

本题是说巨大的松树突出地显现在地平线上。

因此C项为正确答案。

2．“The effect of this medicine______by midnight,”the doctor told Emma, “You had better not try to read tonight. “(北京大学2005年试题)A．will wear offB．wears offC．will have worn offD．will be worn off正确答案：B解析：当表示普遍规律时应用一般现在时，因此B项为正确答案。

3．______, the guest speaker was ushered into the auditorium hall to give the lecture.(北京大学2005年试题)A．Being shown around the campusB．Having shown to the campusC．After been shown around the campusD．Having been shown around the campus正确答案：D解析：因为在was ushered into the auditorium hall之前就发生了be shown aroundthe campus这一动作，所以应用完成时的被动语态。

博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷2018博士研究生英语考试题型及试卷博士研究生入学考试英语初试内容一般包括听力、词汇、语法、完形填空、阅读理解、语言运用(配伍题)、翻译(英译汉/汉译英/英汉互译)、写作等几个部分，各部分出题方式及题量分值由各招生院校自行确定，以下yjbys店铺列举部分院校试题结构供各位考生参考。

首都师范大学2008年博士研究生入学考试英语试卷Section I Vocabulary Test(20%)Directions：In this part, there are 20 incomplete sentences.Below each sentence, there are 4 choices respectively marked by letters A, B, C and D. Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentence. There is only ONE right answer. Mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.1. After the snow storm, the government plans to ______the run-down houses in the rural area as soon as possible.A. reviveB. replaceC. renovateD. remove2. The doctor assured her that the pain would _________in a few days.A. die offB. wear offC. get offD. go off3. The speeding woman’s _______________for some mercy could not change the policeman’s decision to giv e her a fine.A. pleaB. flatteryC. distressD. demonstration4. Owing to lack of money, these experiments must now be _______before the objective has been achieved.A. transferredB. transformedC. terminatedD. testified5. Quite unexpectedly, the young man __________ with success, the problem which had baffled his forerunner.A. tickledB. trickedC. trickledD. tackled6. The Space Age _____ in October l957when the first artificial satellite—was launched by the Soviet Union.A. embarkedB. initialedC. commencedD. originated7. Indoor or roof space antennae do not ___________give satisfactory performance even in strong signal areas.A. faithfulB. invariablyC. voluntarilyD. habitually8. These old houses are in good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. preservationB. observationC. compensationD.conservation9. She works bard at her task before she felt sure that the result would ______her long effort.A. verifyB. rectifyC. testifyD. justify10. The country is now undergoing an economic _________in which business activity is greatly reduced and the unemployment rate is high.A. sanctionB. accessionC. flourishD. recession11. The river is already ____its banks because of excessive rainfall and the town is threatened with a likely flood.A. level inB. flat onC. parallel toD. flush with12. Because of his outstanding achievements, the university _____ an honorary degree upon Mr. Adams.A. conferredB. dedicatedC. awardedD. presented13. It is one of the paradox of social intercourse that a ___________is much harder to respond to than an insult.A. complimentB. condemnationC. complementD. complaint14. The shop assistant was straight with his customers. If an article was of _______quality he’d tell them so.A. minerB. inferiorC. awkwardD. humble15. A terrible traffic accident happened;people were saddened when they watched the ______sight on TV.A. periodicB. panicC. patheticD. patriotic16. Even you were not in the mood, you should have known better than to refuse a lady this way. You could have _______her instead.A. deniedB. declinedC. denotedD. denounced17. As the nation attaches excessive importance to football, the triumph or frustration of the national team is most likely to drive many of her nationals ______________.A. overexcitedB. turbulentC. overwhelmedD. hysterical18. On Labor Day the workers will march in __________though the town.A. processB. procedureC. processionD. progress19. Although we had lord them not to keep US waiting, they made no _____to speed up deliveries.A. trialB. actionC. attemptD. progress20. Mr.Moore is one of the most prosperous persons in the town, yet he does take _____at questioning the way he makes money.A. offenceB. rageC. hostilityD. revengeSection II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions：There are 5 passages ill this section. Each passage is followed by 4 questions. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Please choose the best one for each question and mark the corresponding letter on ANSWER SHEET l with a single line through the centre.Passage 1An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers Oil the subject have explored this distinction—indeed, contradiction—which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.An education that aims at getting student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone’s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we havea certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess now his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case. Before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age. It was widely accepted that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for bringing computers into schools, computer-education advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, pre-sumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many business-men, and so many accountants. . Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, all entirely different story. Basic computer skills take—at the very longest—a couple ofmonths to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.21. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________________.A. far-reaching B self-contradictoryC. dubiously orientedD. radically reformatory22. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ______________________.A. originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countriesB. is deeply rooted in the minds of computer education advocatesC. came into being along with the arrival of computersD. is indicative of a pessimism in disguise23. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author, s country the European model of professional training is __________________________.A. dependent upon the starting age of candidatesB. worth trying in various social sectionsC. attractive to every kind of professionalD. of little practical value24. According to the author, basic computer skill should be ______________________.A. highlighted I acquisition of professional qualification5B. included as an auxiliary course in schoolC. mastered through a lifelong courseD. equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwisePassage 2The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition was a small step from movements like hydreopathy (which advocated the ‘‘natural" healing powers of water), to the idea that flesh air, healthy food, and exercise could be beneficial. The physical fitness movement in America followed the influx of a large number of German immigrants who fled their country due to the 1848 revolution. The movement began there with Fredrich Ludwig Jahn who unified exercise and sport with German history and tradition and saw a connection between mental and physical health. Charle Pollen, Jahn’s student, led the movement in America, organizing the Round Hill School at Harvard, which stressed rigorous mental and physical exercise. In the mid-west the Germans established their first gymnastic institution called the Turnverein in Cincinnati in l848. Later called the Turners, these groups developed nationally and organized outings of picnics, games, gymnastics, and celebrations of German culture.Catherine Beecher promoted physical fitness for women, and felt that corsets (束腹) not only made such exercise impossible, but actually deformed wo men’s bodies, and could even be passed on to future generations and degrade the race. She was also in advocate of improving nutrition and an early opponent of gluttony (暴食), believing condiments on food stimulated the appetite towards excess. Others championed vegetarianism, or saw lack of sunshine as a cause of stomach discomfort. Regardless of their particular inclination, all of the food reformers had a common philosophy: bad eating habits led to social disorder. Like physical fitness proponents, they saw a connection between reshaping the body and reshaping American society to improve the individual and the country.The physical fitness movement declined in the years preceding the Civil War, then revived, as Americans became city dwellers and took sedentary jobs. Advocates promoted "Muscular Christianity," a movement begun in England, which stressed that the best and most moral Christians were those with sound bodies. Indian clubs became a favorite exercise tool with entire books written for club exercises. Team sports became popular after l 865, reflecting America’s growing urbanization. The most popular was baseball, and in l 869 the Cincinnati Red Stockings became the country’s first professional team. By the l 900s, Luther Gulick transformed the Young Men’s Christian Association (VMCA) into the epitome of typical "Muscular Christianity.’’ It became the largest organization of urban gymnasiums and fitness centers in America.25. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that as to the physical fitness movement in the 19th century _____________________.A. hydropathy was popularB. not all groups had a German focus、C. Germans were fitter than AmericansD. Harvard became a leader in America26. It can be inferred from the passage that the Tumverein was ________________.A. successful in the mid-westB. 1imited to GermansC. 1ater named Turners because it was too difficult to pronounceD not popular with many non=Germans because they celebrated German culture27. Why did the physical fitness movement revive after theCivil War?A. Because people returned to their usual occupationsB. Because ‘‘Muscular Christianity" became popular.C. Because of urbanization.D. Because of physical injuries caused by the war.28. What does the passage mainly discuss?A. The prevention of illness through exercise and nutrition.B. The German and Christian influences on nutrition and physical fitness.C. Development of the physical fitness movement.D. The nutrition and physical fitness movements.Passage 3An industrial society, especially one as centralized and concentrated as that of Britain, is heavily dependent on certain essential services, for instance, electricity supply, water, rail and road transport, the harbours. The area of dependency has widened to include removing rubbish, hospital and ambulance services, and, as the economy develops, central computer and information services as well. If any of these services ceases to operate, the whole economic system is in danger.It is this economic interdependency of the economic system that makes the power of trade unions such an important issue. Single trade unions have the ability to cut off many countries’ economic blood supply. This can happen more easily in Britain than in some other countries, in part because the labour force is highly organized. About 55 percent of British workers belong to unions, compared to under a quarter in the United States. For historical reasons, Britain’s unions have tended to develop along trade and occupational lines, rather than on an industry-by-industry basis, which makes a wages policy, democracy inindustry and the improvement of procedures for fixing wage levels difficult to achieve.There are considerable strains and tensions in the trade union movement, some of them arising from their outdated and inefficient structure. Some unions have lost many members because of their industrial changes. Others are involved in arguments about who should represent workers in new trades. Unions for skilled trades are separate from general unions, which means that different levels of wages for certain jobs are often a source of bad feeling between unions. In traditional trades which are being pushed out of existence by advancing technologies, unions can fight for their members’ disappointing jobs to the point where the jobs of other union members are threatened or destroyed. The printing of newspapers both in the United States and in Britain has frequently been halted by the efforts of printers to hold on to their traditional highly-paid jobs.Trade unions Nave problems of internal communication just as managers in companies do, problems which multiply in very large unions or in those which bring workers in very different industries together into a single general union Some trade union officials have to be reelected regularly; others are elected, or even appointed for life: Trade union officials have to work with a system of "shop stewards" in many unions, "shop stewards" being workers’ elected by other workers as their representatives at factory or works level.下载文档。

清华之研究生入学考试试题之六2001年——语言学及应用语言学——语言学概论一、填空。

34分1、语言是（）。

1分2、运用语言进行交际的过程，如果借用信息论的术语来说，大体上可以分为（）——( )——（）——( )——（）五个阶段。

2.5分3、如果一个病人大脑（）半球发生损伤，他尽管说不出他家的住址，却认得自己的家门。

相反，大脑（）半球发生损伤，他尽管能说出他家的住址，却找不到自己的家门。

1分4、符号包括（）和（）两个方面。

语言符号最大的特点是（）性和（）性。

2分5、非音质音位有（）位、（）位和（）位。

6、用国际音标表示以下元音和辅音：前高不圆唇元音[ ]，前半高不圆唇元音[ ]，前高圆唇元音[ ]，后高圆唇元音[ ]，双唇送气清塞音［］，舌尖后浊擦音［］，舌面后不送气清塞音[ ]，舌尖前送气清塞音[ ]。

4分7、每一个音位都可以分解为几个不同的（），音位也可以定义为（）。

１分8、常见的语流音变有（）、（）、（）、（）几种。

２分9、基频决定音高，（）决定音质。

10、基本词汇的词的主要特点是（），（），（）。

1.5分11、根据语素在词中的不同作用,英语“workers”的“work”是词( ),“-er”是词( ),“－s”是词（）。

1.5分12、常见的语法范畴有（）、（）、（）、时、态、人称等。

2分13、在有些语言中,词与词组合时形式要发生变化,这种词形变化叫做().1分14、按语法结构特点，一般把世界上的语言分成（）语，如汉语、（）语；（）语，如俄语、德语；粘着语，如日语、（）语；复综语，如（）语。

2.5分15、从记事图画发展成为独立的文字体系，必须具备如下三个条件：1.5分第一（）；第二，（）；第三，（）。

16、“谱系分类法”根据语言的亲属关系对语言进行分类，世界的语言可以分为汉藏语系，包括汉语，藏缅语族，苗瑶语族和（）语族；印欧语系，包括拉丁语族，｛如（）语、（）语｝，日耳曼语族，｛如英语、（）语｝，斯拉夫语族（如俄语），和（）语族；此外还有南亚语系，（）语系和（）语系等。

清华大学研究生新生入学英语分级考试考表（硕士）
考试时间：2006年9月4日(周一) 晚上：：：
注意事项：
1、请监考教师提前分钟进入考场，主考教师于：前到外语系（文南楼室）领取试
卷和答题卡，并于考试结束后交回原处；
2、请安排考生隔列就座；
3、请监考教师将本考场考生学号范围写在黑板上，并提醒考生注意：答题卡上的
学号一定要填涂正确，否则考试成绩作废；
4、考试的听力部分由广播台统一放音，晚：考试正式开始；
5、一外日语、一外俄语、一外德语、一外法语等小语种的新生不参加分级考试。

注：考场巡视：罗立胜（总巡视）
周茂林、魏珂庆（一教、二教）
张勇、陈世敏（四教）
王瑞芝、张文霞（五教）
吕中舌、勾焕秋（六教）
广播台放音：何福胜
财务：李舒曼
后备监考：邓湘君、韩峰、杨叶、陈宜瑾考务：杨勇、陶刚强、
考试组织：赵培真
考场现场问题处理电话：、
广播台电话：
人文学院业务办电话：，。

寻觅 寻觅 2004年北京清华大学考博英语真题及答案 (总分100, 考试时间90分钟) Part Ⅰ Vocabulary Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one that completes the sentence and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center. 1. Her sadness was obvious, but she believed that her feeling of depression was ______.

A torrent B transient C tensile D textured 该问题分值: 1 答案:B 2. Nobody knew how he came up with this ______ idea about the trip.

A weary B twilight C unanimous D weird 该问题分值: 1 答案:D 3. The flower under the sun would ______ quickly without any protection.

A wink B withhold C wither D widower 该问题分值: 1 答案:C 4. The ______ of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance.

南京大学——英语2003年博士研究生入学考试试题31. When the eye of the hurricane paused over there was a lull in the storm.[ A ] fresh out, burst [ B ] calm interval [ C ]rise in the wind [ D ] freshening,32, The officer indicted the suspect for sabotage.[ A ] allowed [ B ] ordered [ C ] beseeched [ D ] charged33. It was the very position that they scrambled for.[ A ] aspired [ B ] fought [ C ] searched [ D ] longed34. He promised that he would write legibly.[ A ] in accordance with law [ B ] easily to be read[ C ] not in accordance with law [ D ] difficult to be read35. The rock was poised on the edge of the cliff.[ A ] balanced [ B ] dangling [ C ] enhanced [ D ] perpendicular36. He reciprocated by wishing her a pleasant journey.[ A ] cut off [ B ] got back [ C ]] gave in return [ D ] put back37. No remnants of the settlement of Roanoke were found by the next group of colonists.[ A] traces [ B ] survivors [ C ] buildings [ D ] implements38. When the bell rang, the chemistry student jerked her hand.[A] abruptly pulled [ B ] clapped [ C ] gently moved [ D] rubbed39. He is dubious about the success of the plan.[A] ambiguous [ B ] articulate [ C ] indifferent [ D ] doubtful40. In the 197O's, many governments' efforts to curb inflation were unsuccessful.[ A ]resist [ B ] induce [ C ] sustain [ D ] control41. The movie critic said that Airplane, the parody of disaster movies, was hilarious.[ A ] suspensible [ B ] noisily merry [ C ] realistic [ D ] very tragic 42. In spite of medical advances, that disease is usually fatal.[ A ] curable [ B ] painful [ C ] deadly [ D ] disabling43. The sculptor, Lorenzo Ghiberti, blended medieval grace with Renaissance realism.[A] produced [ B ] combined [ C ] invented [ D] discovered44. Pilfering by company employees costs many businesses thousands of dollars each year.[ A ] absent-mindedness [ B ] stealing [ C ] tardiness [ D ] ignorance 45. His special character impeded his ability to speak in front of large groups of people.[ A ] hindered [ B ] halted [ C ] accelerated [ D ] fosteredSection BDirections: Questions 46 -- 60 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked A, B, C and D.Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.46. The school could no__ building apartments for the staff members. [ A ] run out [ B ] run out of [C] run to ID] run into47. We had to wait some time before the menu was brought to us and our orders___[ A ] taken [ B ] given [ C ] done [ D ] made48. Anthropology can be an subject.[ A ] abstemious [ B ] abstruse [ C ] ambidextrous [ D ] ambience 49. The Chairman of our dramatic society was in the middle of phoning me when we wereIAI cut in {B] cut off ICI cut down ID] cut out50, Accidents and exhaustion may force more than half the cyclists to drop out ~fore reaching theIAI dead line [ B ] end line [C] finish line ID] finishing line51, The well-meaning lady always her opinions into matters of no concern to her.[ A ] obtruded [ B ] intruded [ C J extruded [ D ] protruded52. If you keep getting wrong numbers, your phone could beIAI deceptive [ B ] defective ICI deficient ID] ineffective53. Researchers claim it's all the high-rises in this area that make the on television sets so poor.[ A] station [ B ] reception [ C ] programmed [ D] quality54. The light of day can be seen at about four o'clock.[ A ] incipient [ B ] incisive [ C ] incestuous [ D] incite55. After spending so many days lost in the desert, he was suffering from severe[A] hyper hydration [ B ] hypo hydration [ C ] sub hydration [ D ] dehydration56. Henry Adams Joseph Williams as the Ambassador to Russia.[ A ] supervised [ B ] superseded [ C ] superconductor [ D ] supercharged 57. The highest mountain in New Zealand, Mount Cook, is now 10 feet shorter because some of the__ at its top slid down in 1991.[ A ] land [ B ] soil [C] earth [ D ] dirt58. When Ken studied at Stanford University, he lived the University. [ A ] out of [ B ] apart from IC] distant from [ D ] a long way from 59. On that bitterly cold winter night ,few people walked along the now narrow street.[ A ] deserted [ B ] lonely [ C ] isolated [ D ] neglected60. The Sears Company recently made because of financial troubles. [ A ] cuts [B] demands ICI omissions ID] ordersPart IH STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION (10%)Directions: In questions 61 -- 70, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts of the sentence are markedA, B, C and D. Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be correct. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.61. People lived at the mid-level and mountain slopes experienced the greatest catastrophe when the incessant rain caused a sudden land-slide over the area.62. The course leader requests that all theses are handed in before 5 0 p. m. next Friday.63. The group of spectators was dispersed by the police who was at the scene of the accident within minutes.64. Why don't you try your hand at printing, now that you have retired job.65. Only by this means you can do what is expected of you.66. The committee have decided at its annual meeting that new regulation regarding this phenomenon be imposed as soon as possible.67. No bank keeps enough cash paying all its depositors in full at one time.'68. In his responses to the advertisement, Ed replied that he was looking for a full-time position not part-time one.69. While still a young boy Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he grew elder, he wrote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen. 70. The house has been vacant for a year when the new tenant arrived bringing with him several pets.Part IV CLOZE TEST (10 % )Directions: For each blank for questions 71 -- 80 in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given following the passage. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet.Several regions in the world are subject 71 storms which are so severethat they 72 damage on a tremendous scale. The regions where this 73 are all located on the edges of great oceans. The general term for such severe storms is "cyclone." The term "hurricane" is 74 for storms that occurin the North Atlantic Ocean.Cyclones and hurricanes differ in one curious way- in a cyclone, the wind circulates 75 a clock-wise direction; in a hurricane, the wind direction is counter-clockwise. 76 cyclones mid hurricanes have one ominous similarity. From the point of view of the damage they cause on land and at sea, they areidentical.Australia 77 a number of cyclones every year along its northern coast, which faces Indonesia. The cyclones occur mainly in December and January, the summer months in the southern hemisphere. Usually the Australian cyclones don't cause great damage because Australia's northern territory has vast, empty regions that are virtually unpopulated. There are few coastal cities. When a cyclone does move 78 from the sea, it usually blows itself out without striking any inhabited area or causing extensive damage. However, in 1971 the small city of Townville was 79 devastated by a cyclone. There was public outcry about it. People demanded an adequate warning system. Ever since then, the Meteorological Bureau has regularly issued alarms 80 every serious cyclone.71. IA] to [ B] for [C] of ID] on72. IAI suffer [BI devastate ICI cause ID] make73. [ A] is happened [ B ] happens [ C ] is happening [ D ] will happen74. IAI called [BI named [C] reserved ID] defined75. [A] at [B] under [C] for ID] in76. [ A] But [ B] Therefore [ C] Besides [ D] And77. [ A ] culminates [ B ] undergoes [ C ] undertakes [ D ] experiences78. [ A ] into the land [ B ] inlands [ C ] inland [ D ] through land79. [ A ] slightly [ B ] hardly [ C ] scarcely [ D ] completely80.[A] in spit of [ B] regardless of [C] in front of [DJ in advance of Part V READING COMPREHENSION (20%)Directions: In this section you will read five passages. Each one is followed by several questions about it. For questions 81 -- 100,you are to choose the one best answer A,B,C or D to each question. Then blacken your answer in the corresponding space on your answer sheet. Passage OneIf you are buying a property in France, whether for a permanent or a holiday home, it is important to open a French bank account. Although it is possible to exist on traveler’s cheques, Eurocheques and cred it cards issued by British banks, the fees for these services can be expensive.The simplest way to pay regular bills, such as electricity, gas or telephone, particularly when you are not in residence, is by direct debit (a sum withdrawn from an account) from your French account.To open a current account, you will need to show your passport and birth certificate and to provide your address in the United Kingdom. You will be issued with a cheque book within weeks of opening the account. In France it is illegal to be overdrawn. All accounts must be operated in credit. However, there are no bank charges.Note that cheques take longer to clear in France than in Britain, and can only be stopped if stolen or lost.The easiest way to transfer money from a British bank account to a French one is by bank transfer: simply provide your British bank with the name, address and number of your French bank account. The procedure takes about a week and costs between 7 and 40 for each transaction, depending on your British bank.Alternatively, you can transfer money via a French bank in London. You can also send a sterling cheque (allow at least 12 days for the cheque to be cleared) ,Eurocheques or traveler’s cheques.Finally, it is a good idea to make a friend of your French bank manager. His help can prove invaluable.81. If you buy a property in France, you can save money by[ A] having a French bank account[ B ] transferring money from Britain[ C ] cashing traveler’s cheques or Eurocheques[ D ] using credit cards issued by British banks82. One advantage French banks have over British banks is that[ A ] you may take out more money than is in the account.[ B ] the interest rates on bank accounts are higher[ C ] cheques are dealt with more rapidly[ D ] you do not have to pay for services83. The swiftest way to send money from England to France is[ A ] to forward an English cheque to your French bank[ B ] to go to a French bank in London[C ] to use a cashier's cheque.[ D ] to arrange a bank transfer.84. The best title for this passage is[ A ] How to Open a French Bank Account[ B ] The Difference between Banking in Britain and France[ C ] The Way to Transfer Money from Britain to France[ D] A Guide to Banking in FrancePassage TwoDoes a drink a day keep heart attacks away? Over the past 20 years, numerous studies have found that moderate alcohol consumption say,one or two beers, glasses of wine or cocktails daily helps to prevent coronary heart disease. Last week a report in the New England Journal of Medicine added strong new evidence in support of that theory. More important, the work provided the first solid indication of how alcohol works to protect the heart.In the study, researchers from Boston's Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School compared the drinking habits of 340 men and women who had suffered recent heart attacks with those of healthy people of the same age and sex. The scientists found that people who sip one to three drinks a day are about haft as likely to suffer heart attacks as nondrinkers are. The apparent source of the protection: those who drank 'alcohol had higher blood levels of high-density lipoproteins, the so-called good cholesterol ,which is known to repel heart disease.As evidence has mounted, some doctors have begun recommending a daily drink for patients of heart diseases. But most physicians are not ready to recommend a regular happy hour for everyone. The risks of teetotal ling are nothing compared with the dangers of too much alcohol, including high blood pressure, strokes and liver troubles not to mention violent behavior and traffic accidents. Moreover, some studies suggest that even moderate drinking may increase the incidence of breast and colon cancer, Until there is evidence that the benefits of a daily dose of alcohol outweigh the risks, most people won't be able to take a doctor's prescription to the neighborhood bar or liquor store.85. The medical article quoted in the passage demonstrates[ A ] the way in which alcohol can help the heart[ B ] how a couple of cocktails daily can stop heart problems[ C ] why alcoholic drinks are dangerous to one's health[ D] that reports on the advantages of alcohol were misfounded86. Experiments showed that nondrinkers had[ A ] larger amounts of good cholesterol[ B ] smaller amounts of good cholesterol[ C ] higher blood pressure[ D ] lower blood pressure87. According to the passage, moderate drinking[ A ] is recommended by most doctors for heart patients[ B ] should be allowed on prescription[ C ] is still not medically advisable[ D] is not related to liver problems88. The main theme of this passage is[ A ] the change in recent drinking habits[ B ] the connection between cancer and alcohol[ C ] whether moderate drinkers outlive nondrinkers[ D] whether alcohol may be good for your healthPassage ThreeIn its 16 years, the London Marathon has acquired a pedigree of excellence. That excellence is not just the awesome energy of the best runners and the smoothness of the organization, but also the quality of determination shown by all the competitors, male and female, able-bodied and disabled. When more than 26,000 gather at Greenwich tomorrow morning, only a few will be in the running to win the big prize money. The success of this event is that most of the athletes would be prepared to pay serious money just for the privilege of running the 26 miles 385 yards to The Mall past the most famous urban scenery in the world.The London Marathon has become one of Britain's leading sports events. Since 1981 ,something like 45 million has been raised in individual sponsorship for charities. Tomorrow hundreds and thousands of people will line the route to cheer and to gasp in sympathetic participation. Millions will watch on television. Although they will be excited by the struggle for first place, they will also identify with the ordinary person trying to fulfils his or her physical potential. Many spectators will wonder whether next year they could complete the historic distance. That is how athletic dreams are born.If the London Marathon and the growth in interest in physical fitness have transformed the lives of many adults, it is also important that children should have the opportunity to fulfils their ability in individual competitive sports.Team games should be an essential ingredient of physical education in the national curriculum. However, coexisting with the playing of team games there should be an equal emphasis on the importance of individual competitive sports at all levels in schools.The Government must be careful that in insisting on the value of team games in schools, it does not ignore the value of individual activities, which are practiced throughout the world and form the basis of the Olympic Games. Many of the runners in the London Marathon tomorrow have found courage, fulfillment and fitness through training for the event. These are qualities that schoolchildren can, and should, acquire througha variety of demanding individual activities in physical education.89. In order to enter the Marathon, participants must[ A ] pay an entrance fee[ B ] assemble in one specific area[ C ] be able to run 26 miles,385 yards[ D ] compete for the right to take part90, The main attraction of the Marathon for non-participants is[ A ] the amount of money raised for charity[ B ] the chance to take part the following year[ C ] witnessing the contestants' determination[ D ] a concern with the race's history91. According to the passage, which of the following is true[ A] Individual sports are as important as team games.[ B ] Individual sports are more important than team games.[ C ] Individual sports are less important than team games.[ D ] It is hard to say which is less or more important.92. According to the writer, the Government's policy on physical education[ A ] should not promote team games at all[ B ] upholds the principles of the Olympic Games[ C ] is active in producing successful Marathon participants[ D ] should encourage those qualities pursued by Marathon participants Passage FourOn the track, the form embodies power, each curve and line is molded for speed,For the man at the wheel is the fastest athlete in the world today: Linford Christie, European, Commonwealth and World champion, who has just taken delivery of his new car, the latest version of the Toyota Supra.It is a conspicuously fast car. The result perfectly matches Christie's own character, and shares his inability to compromise when it comes to delivering performance.The Supra, priced a few pence short of 39, 000, is rumored to be capable of 180 mph, but the speed is artificially limited to 155 mph. From a standing start, it can reach 60 mph in under five seconds.The Supra might raise Christie's profile with the police, but if he is pulled over nowadays it is usually by an officer seeking a chat and an autograph rather than anything more official. After an incident in 1988 when he was stopped, he prosecuted the police and won ~ 30, 000 compensation for wrongful arrest.Safety is high on the list of Supra extras, with driver and passenger airbags: antilock braking; electronic traction control to avoid wheel spin; side-impact door beams; and a steering column that collapses to protect the driver in an accident. Then there is the six speed gearbox; cruise control; air-conditioning alarm and immobilizer.Christie ,the British athletics team captain since i990, will enjoy the comfort of the Supra during a hectic few weeks this June and July when he visits Sheffield, Wales, Gateshead, Wrexham, Edinburgh, Crystal Palace, and then Gateshead again, as his season builds towards the Commonwealth Games in August and the World Cup in September. 93. The Supra is a suitable car for Linford Christie because[ A ] it is an expensive model [ B ] it has high standardsICI it helps promote sports ID] it is very safe94. On the subject of speed, the car can travel[ A ] at a maximum of 180 mph [ B ] at the same speed as the previousmodel[ C ] at a maximum of 155 mph [ D ] faster than the previous model 95. Nowadays if Christie is stopped by the police it is[ A ] because he drives very fast [ B ] because he is not a thoughtful driverICI often for informal reasons ID] due to what happened in 198896. According to the writer the Supra's most outstanding feature is its [ A ] six-speed gearbox [ B ] alarm system[ C ] air conditioning [ D] safety featuresPassage FiveCart Van Ands, managing editor of the New York Times, believed in "hard" news, thoroughly and accurately presented. A tireless worker, he often stayed at the office all night. He was there at 1:20 a. m. on April 15,19i2 ,when a distress signal came in from Newfoundland that the pride of Britain's passenger fleet, the Titanic ,was in trouble. The new ship, believed unsinkable, had hit an iceberg and was in somekind, of danger. But was it really serious or just a narrow escape? Had the passengers needed to abandon ship? Van Ands could not tell from the short and confusing message. Although he was generally considered a conservative and cautious man, Van Ands gambled on the unthinkable that the Titanic was sinking.He threw his staff into action; the story was approached from all angles. Some reporters put together lists of famous persons on board; others turned out features about the ship and other important passenger liners; still others did stories on similar sea disasters. In other words, Van Ands and the Times went all the way with the story; they played it big. At other newspapers, editors were more cautious, inserting such words as "rumored" here and there. Van Anda's three-column headline reflected the sureness that has marked the Times throughout its history:NEW LINER HITS ICEBERG;SINKING BY THE BOW AT MIDNIGHT;WOMEN PUT OFF IN LIFEBOATS;LAST WIRELESS 12:27 A. M.Officials of the White Star Line, which owned the Titanic, had been releasing optimistic statements all during the day of April 15 ,and did not confirm Van Anda's story until the evening of April 16. Van Anda's final edition, which went to press about three hours after the Times had received the first brief wireless report, stated flatly that the Titanic had sunk. This was perhaps a great risk on Van Anda's part and his "deductive journalism" may have shocked many, but it remains as one of the great against-a-deadline news coverage feats in all journalism.97. "He was there at 1:20 A. M. on April 15,1912,when a distress signal came in from Newfoundland that the pride of Britain's passenger fleet,the Titanic, was in trouble. "Which of the following statements is true? [ A ] Newfoundland was the pride of Britain's passenger fleet.[ B ] The Titanic was part of Britain's passenger fleet.[ C ] Britain's passenger fleet was in trouble.[D] Newfoundland was in distress.98. "Although he was generally considered a conservative and cautious man, Van Ands gambled on the unthinkable that the Titanic was sinking. "This means that[ A ] Van Anda was thought to be careless[ B ] Van Anda didn't think the Titanic was sinking[ C ] Van Anda took a chance[ D ] Van Anda gambled on the Titanic(更多资料欢迎登录医博园论坛)99. "Van Anda's three-column headline reflected the sureness that has marked the Times throughout its history. "This means that[ A ] the Times has been serf-assured[ B J the Times is thorough[ C ] the history of the Times is reflected in its headlines[ D ] the Times has a distinguished record100. "Officials of the White Star Line, which owned the Titanic ,had been releasing optimistic statements all during the day of April 15 ,and did not confirm Van Anda's story until the evening of April 16." This means that [ A ] the owners of the Titanic did not at first send out accurate reports [ B ] the owners of the Titanic quickly admitted it was sinking[ C ] the owners of the Titanic did not confirm Van Anda's story[ D ] the owners of the Titanic did not think the Titanic would sinkPart VI TRANSLATION (30 %)Section ADirections: Put the following passage into Chinese.Modern science has opened up the path for the progress of production techniques and determined the direction of their development. Many new instruments of production and technological processes first see the light of day in the scientific laboratories. A series of newborn industries have been founded on the basis of newly-emerged disciplines of science and technology. Of course there are, and there will be, manytheoretical research topics with no practical application in plain sight for the time being. However a host of historical facts have proved that once a major breakthrough is scored in theoretical research, it means tremendous progress for production and technology sooner or later. Contemporary natural sciences are being applied to production on an unprecedented scale and at a higher speed than ever before. This has given all fields of material production an entirely new look. In particular, the development of electronic computers and automation technology is raising the degree of automation in production. With the same amount ofmanpower and in the same number of work-hours, people can turn out scores or hundreds of times more products than before. How is it that the social productive forces have made such tremendous advances and how is it that labor productivity has increased by such a big margin7 Mainly through the power of science ,the power of technology.Therefore ,we maintain that the development of modern science and technology has linked science and production even closer together. As part of the productive forces, science and technology are coming to p1ay an even greater role than ever before.。

2003年春季华中科技⼤学考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】考试科⽬：英语适⽤专业：Part I. Listening comprehension (10%)Directions:In this part you will hear three long talks or passages. Each will be read only once. At the end of each talk or passage, there will be somequestions. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answerfrom the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through thecenter.Question 1 to 4 are based on the talk you’ve just heard.1. A. She wants him to listen to the noise.B. She wants him to examine the machine.C. She wants him to wash the clothes.D. She wants him to repair the machine.2. A. He asks the woman to ignore the noise.B. He asks the woman to let him finish his reading.C. He asks the woman to ring the shop and ask them to repair it.D. He asks the woman to stop washing.3. A. The man from the shop overcharged then for his work.B. The man from the shop charged them two pounds.D. The man from the shop fixed the machine carelessly.Questions 4 to 6 are based on the passage you’re just heard.4. A. Different businesses produce different products.B. Each worker plays a certain role in finishing a certain product.C. The workers are very specialized experts in their field.D. Each worker is only concerned with his own work.5. A. It is easy for the workers to become experts.B. It will reduce the labor.C. It will raise the productivity.D. It will make the workers satisfied with their work.6.A. The division of labor brings about mass production.B. Most workers have no idea how the production is operated on the whole.C. Workers seem to be unable to get a sense of satisfaction from working.D. Working on one small duty day after day is dull.Questions 7 to 10 are based on the passage you’ve just heard.7. A. We will not have enough food to eat.B. All the oil that drives our car will be used up.C. The earth will become ice crowded.D. There will be little water left on Earth.8. A. Venus is too hot.B. There is no water there.D. It is lacking in carbon dioxide.9. A. A large amount of carbon.B. Heavy rain.C. The proper temperature.D. Enough water.10. A. The way to ensure the survival of the human race on Venus.B. The way to breed organisms on Venus.C The way to reduce the population of the Earth.D. The way to conquer the universe.Part II. Cloze (15%)Directions:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes thesentence.With the passage of time, the wave of change also spread to cities. The expression “one’s 11 on marriage” began to appear, as did the concept of “marriage as one of life’s many 12 ,”The 13 of men still unmarried in their thirties reached about twenty percent in the national 14 taken in 1985, and the advent (到来) of a “hard-to-get-married era” began to be 15 talked about. The figure apparently 16 30percent in 1995. 17 , the highest rate of male singles in their thirtieswas 18 in Tokyo, including that the 19 number of unmarried men was no longer a 20 rural problem.What about women? The proportion of unmarried women in the 25-59 age bracket（年龄段）has been increasing 21 about 5 percent every five years until it is now nearly 50 percent.What are the real reasons women 22 not to marry? Early on, two were cited: women are now better educated and more women are interested in working outside the home. A ministry of Education survey 23 in 1989 found that 35.8 percent of male high school graduates went on to college or university (including junior college) -less than the 36.8 percent for female graduates. This was the first time since the ministry started such surveys that women had outnumbered men in going 24 higher education. 25 , the proportion of women with jobs outside the home reached 49.5 percent in 1989.11. A. outlook B. lookout C. conception D. belief12. A. options B. alterations C. substitutes D. preferences13. A. ration B. ration C. proportion D. rates14. A. investigation B. census C. search D. approach15. A. very much B. fairly C. rather D. much16. A. transcended B. proceeded C. preceded D. exceeded17. A. Nonetheless B. Nevertheless C. Moreover D. Likewise18. A. recorded B. provided C. granted D. supplied19. A. growing B. grown C. advancing D. promoting20. A. primary B. prime C. primarily D. chief21. A. for B. at C. by D. with22. A. offer B. long C. choose D. expect23. A. sponsored B. conducted C. imposed D. enforced24. A. with B. in for C. about D. after25. A. Incidentally B. Virtually C. Meanwhile D. FurthermorePart III. Reading comprehension (40)Directions: In this part, there are 4 reading passages. Read the following passages carefully and answer the questions at the end of each passage. Choosethe best answer to each question and write your answer on the ANSWERSHEET.Passage 1The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keeper escapers is defined by attention—that aspect ofmind carrying consciousness forward from on moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subde signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animals, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and nor epinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is possibly aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead, perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly。

申请清华工科博士英语要求
清华大学对工科博士申请者的英语要求如下：
1. 雅思（IELTS）成绩需达到6.5分以上，各项分数不低于6分；或者托福（TOEFL）成绩需达到80分以上，口语27分以上，阅读和写作分数不低于20分。

2. 若申请者母语非英语，或者本科及硕士学习课程非英语授课，还需提供英语授课学科的课程安排及成绩单。

3. 部分学科还要求申请者提供GRE（美国研究生入学考试）成绩。

此外，清华大学对申请者的综合实力也非常重视，英语成绩只是其中一项要求。

申请者还需具备优秀的学术成绩、研究背景以及独立创新能力等。

综合练习（历次水平II试题精选）Part One Listening ComprehensionSection IDirections: In this section you will hear two students, Frank and Theresa, discussinga survey they have to write as an assignment. Listen to the conversation and complete the notes below which what you hear.Notes about Frank’s survey:Topic: ________________________________Typical examples of violent programs: _______________________________________ _______People’s suggestions: _____________________________________________________ _______Pe ople’s reactions to violence on news broadcast: _____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________A possible problem with this survey: ________________________________________________The advantage of the survey: ______________________________________________ _________Section TwoDirections: In this section you will listen to some news program. Below are the sum maries of the news items. Listen to the recording and fill in the missing words to c omplete the new summaries.1.An orangutan stopped the traffic outside _________ . It took a keep from the zoo________ minutes to get downtown because of the traffic. The animal showed no i nterest in ________ but responded when the keeper ________ to it. It held the ke eper’s _______ as they got into the car.2. A new method for teaching singing has been developed. Most singers are unawareof how they ______________________. By wearing a ______________ over your h ead while you sing, you can hear your voice the way _____________ hear you. Thi s can help you _________ your singing.3.This year there are _______ contestants in the Sunset Beaches and castle ________--aged from 8 to ____ . The two favorites are Greg Wallace (who has won three times before), with his _______ castle, and newcomer David Bradley, with his Star Wars __________.Section ThreeIn this section, you hear four telephone messages. What is each message about? W hen you hear each message, you should write in English the main information. Some callers’names are: Alberto, Janine Ellis, and Jim Saunders. You will hear the recording only once.Telephone message 1: ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________.Telephone message 2: ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________.Telephone message 3: ____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Telephone message 4:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.Part Two TranslationDirections: Read the following passage carefully and translate it into Chinese. Write your translation clearly in the spaces provided below.What’s in a name?For thousands of years, humanity has classified the living thins of this world in muc h the same fashion; by their appearance. If it looks like a duck, walks and quacks like a duck, then it is a duck. But tackling millions of species in this way has prove n to be a recipe for confusion. As scientists have found to their cost, what looks lik e a duck may in fact be a goose.More recently, genetic techniques have been applied, particularly for distinguishing t he more difficult-to-identity species such as viruses and bacteria by comparing piece s of DNA. Might this approach be more generally applicable? Paul Hebert and his c olleagues in Canad a think it might be. Just as barcodes and the “universal product code” numbering scheme uniquely identify different items at a supermarket checkout, they suggest that some stretches of DNA could perform a similar function in living things. In a paper just published in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, they discu ss how long such a genetic barcode needs to be, and where it might be found.A universal product code found on the high street consists of a string of 11 digits, each of which is one of ten numerals, providing 100 billion unique combinations. Ge netic material, however, uses a quaternary, rather than a denary, coding system. In theory, it would only be necessary to sample 15 of those letters to create one billi on unique codes.In practice, however, the characteristics of DNA mean that 15 letters are not enoug h. Unlike the arbitrary numbers of a universal product code, the letters of DNA are not random, because they code for something that a biological meaning.Part Three WritingDirections: Boshi Electronic (China) Co., Ltd. is planning to recruit an assistant to t he general manager. Read the job description and qualification and write to this co mpany to recommend yourself as a candidate. Your letter of application should not be less than 300 words.Some topics for Speaking TestOpening Questions1. Do you like music? What kind of music do you listen to these days? Why do you like this particular music?2. Do you like sports? What kind of games do you often play? Why do you like tha t game?3. Suppose you have won $100,000 ina lottery. What would you do with this mone y?4. Why do you choose Tsinghua to do your graduate program? What are the most important factors in choosing a school?5. What kind of job do you plan to take upon graduation? Why?6. How much time do you spend learning about the news everyday? How do you le arn about the news, by watching TV or reading newspaper？Talk about one piece of the latest new that impressed you a great deal.7. In the development of human society, many kinds of inventions have greatly ben efited our lives. Could you give us some examples? What do you think are the top important inventions in the past 50 years?8. In everyone’s life, he may experience many good and bad events. Please tell me some past events which made you feel good or bad.9. Do you use e-mail or the Internet? What do you use them for?II. Role plays or debate1. As the job-hunting season is approaching, many graduates have to decide wheth er to remain in Beijing and seek a job here (though it is not very easy to hunt a good job) or go to small cities to have an easy life.Student A:It’s not advisable choice for us to work in Beijing, for the life in Beijing won’t be easy.Student B: I will try every effort to remain here to have a further develop and enj oy the exciting life here.2. As the industry develops more rapidly in these years, people in China become m uch more concerning about the environmental protection.Student A：I appeal to the government to postpone or stop some of the current p rojects, and punish the ones who are polluting our city. Industrialization brings us n othing but the stink of money and a dirty sky. We should not develop our industry intensely. The industrialization should be slowed down at once, or we’ll get punish edStudent B:We shouldn’t reduce our production under any circumstance. I don’t me an to be unconventional. But I do prefer industrial development to environmental pr otection. More exactly, industrialization can be the motivation and also the supporter of environment protection, which may be the contrary to normal consideration.3. Deputies from the National People's Congress, as well as members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, proposed changes to the holidays at thi s year's congress. They called for shortened Labor Day and National Day holidays, and the addition of the Mid-Autumn Festival and the Tomb Sweeping Day.Student A：I’m strongly agree to the change of the holidays, the golden week has lots of disadvantages.Student B：I don’t think the golden week holiday should be abrogated, because pe ople have been used to it. People need it.4. Our country has stepped into the aging society (people who are 65 or older have taken up 14%).Who will take care of the very old and disable old? Where could t hey spend the last few years in their life?Student A：The nursing home is the only way to solve the problem.Student B：I can’t agree. Those who live in the nursing home are not as happy as those who live with their family.5. Have you ever experienced a natural disaster? Work with your partner and discus s the disaster(s) that you experienced or heard of.6. Student A：All the Chinese should join in the "Rejecting the Japanese Goods" si de, because the Japanese have done too many things hurting our feelings. Student B："Rejecting the Japanese Goods" is not necessary. The Japanese goods, such as the Japanese notebook PCs, the Japanese cars and so on, are better and c heaper than ours.7. Student A：English language is tool—we learn it for we’re going to use it. So the four skills of English are very important. We attend the English Class for improving our English Skills.Student B：We attend the English class because the charm of a foreign culture oft en attracts us strongly. That is the very foundation stone of the interest of learning a foreign language. Furthermore, only by mastering the foreign language can one a ttain the charm of a culture.8. Class discussion has become a common activity in our classroom nowadays. Many teachers use this activity to involve students in the class learning.Student A: It's a waste of time to listen to other students who are as ignorant as us to talk nonsense; we prefer to listen to teachers.Student B：Class discussion can get students more involved in class learning and c an give us a chance to share what we know about the subjects.9. Nowadays internet has penetrated into every aspect of out daily life. A lot of peo ple have ever tried to buy something from the internet.Student A: Shopping on internet is very convenient.Student B: I love the traditional shopping method.10. Student A: I worry about the future of human beings. We are facing so many problems in the development.Student B: I do believe that our children will have a better life.A: Computer games are the best way to kill time and can people can learn a lot fr om playing it.B: Computer games do more harm than good to young people.11. A and B are two classmates who have never met after they graduated from the university 5 years ago. Now they meet at the classmates’ reunion party? What w ould you say? Role play the two old classmates.12. Did you have to adhere to a dress code or wear a uniform when you went sch ool? How did you feel about it then? How do you feel about it now? Work in pairs to discuss the topic.13. Role Play: Where are you from? You and your partner may come from different regions inChina. Compare the lifestyles in each of your hometown by discussion w hat is hot (popular) and what is not in the city or town.14. Role Play: Tell each other a past event which made you feel good or bad (e.g.A embarrassed situation, un unforgettable school event, a happy reunion, or meeti ng a famous person).15. What qualities do heroes in movies and TV shows in your country have? Who a re some of your own personal heroes? Why do you admire and respect these peopl e? Tell each other you heroes you respect.16. Nowadays, more and more parents choose to educate primary school children a t home instead of sending them to school to get public education. How do you thin k about it?A: strongly agree to it. B: strongly against it.17. Should the University Campus be open to tourist?A: strongly agree to it. B: strongly against it.18.Talk about the marriage of the college students.A: strongly agree to it. B: strongly against it.19.How do you think the Clone technology?A: It’s a breakthrough of the biological engineer.B: Human cloning would cause a lot of problems.写作题型与篇章结构写作从命题语言形式上可以分为三类：1. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People are never satisfied with what they have. They always want something more or something different. Us e specific reasons and examples to explain your position.该题型的篇章结构：第一段：引言（表明观点：支持/反对）第二段：支持/反对理由一第三段：支持/反对理由二（第四段：支持/反对理由三）第五段：结论（归纳或重申观点）2. Some schools encourage their students to take part in team sports, such as footb all, baseball, and basketball. Other schools place greater emphasis on such individual sports as tennis, running, and swimming. Which type of sports program would you recommend for teenagers? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answe r.该题型的篇章结构：（1）第一段：引言（用自己的语言解释命题，肯定两种观点的合理性）第二段：第一种观点的合理性第三段：第二种观点的合理性第四段：结论（自己的观点及两至三条理由或倾向于折中的观点）（2）第一段：引言（略提及自己反对的观点的合理性，转折后，明确表明自己支持的观点）第二段：自己支持的观点论据一第三段：自己支持的观点论据二（第四段：自己支持的观点论据三）第五段：结论（重申自己的观点）3. Inventions such as eyeglasses and the sewing machine have had an important ef fect on your lives. Choose another invention that you think is important. Give specific reasons for your choice.该题型的篇章结构：第一段：引言（明确话题）第二段：讨论话题第一方面第三段：讨论话题第二方面（第四段：讨论话题第三方面）第五段：结论（总结前面提到的几个方面）范文1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television has helped impro ve standards of education. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.I disagree that television has helped improved standards of education for a number of reasons. The first and probably the most important reason is the programming. Around the world it is movies, sit-com, soap operas, pop music and talk shows whi ch dominate TV screens. There may be nothing wrong with these, and they are cer tainly popular with audiences, but the content of these programs has not helped to make people better educated.Typical television programs have also had a bad effect on viewers? Attention span, that is, on how long they can concentrate. Most TV programs do not require much concentration and young viewers, especially, get used to this. Education, on the oth er hand, does require concentration and young people find this increasingly difficult. Another characteristic of television is that it encourages a passive attitude in viewer s instead of an active one. Most popular TV programs encourage an uncritical respo nse, but education requires you to think about what is presented to you, to react t o it and in some way to make use of it. In addition, passive TV-watching has oftentaken the place of more active pursuits such as reading, music, playing board gam es and conversation, all of which are more educational than a typical evening of T V.Finally, it seems to be true that television makes it difficult for viewers, especially y oung ones, to distinguish properly between fact and fiction. This confusion, which is really another kind of uncritical response, again works against educational principle s.Television has done many good things. It entertains lonely, old and sick people; it certainly helps countries’ economies by selling products, and can be very informative by bringing news from around the locality, the country and the world into peoples’homes. However, by making people passive and uncritical, television has a negativ e effect on education.范文2：There have been many arguments in recent years whether nuclear energy should b e used to generate electricity. Do you think nuclear energy should or should not be used for this purpose in your country? Which side do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides. People who support using nuclear energy to produce electricity usually give s ome or all of the following reasons. The first argument is that it is potentially chea per than any other way. The second is that other ways of producing electricity requ ire nonrenewable resources, such as coal and oil, and one day these will be used u p. This, they say, is not the case if we use nuclear energy. The third reason is mo re of a political one: some countries do not have the raw materials, such as coal, oil or water, which are needed to generate electricity and so they have to depend t oo much on other countries.People who attack using nuclear energy for generating electricity generally say that it is too dangerous, both now and in the future. They point to severe nuclear accid ents, such as Chernobyl, and some others in the United States, and say that the ef fects are so bad that the risk of an accident, even if the risk is very small, is not worthwhile. They also often say that there will be problems in the future of how to store the dangerous waste from old nuclear power stations, which can be deadly f or thousands of years.As far as my own country is concerned, I believe there are two main reasons why it should not try to use nuclear energy at this time. Firstly, we have plenty of oil a nd hydroelectric energy from which to generate electricity. Secondly, if countries like the United States and Russia can suffer nuclear accidents, it would be very difficultto guarantee safety in my country. Furthermore, we have many better and more u rgent things to do with the money.常用词语与表达法1. Introductory: generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, comparatively spe aking, comparatively, in general, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some exten t, to a certain degree, in my opinion, in my view, to my mind, as for me, as far a s I am concerned, on a personal level, at an individual level, from a (personal and psychological) perspective, in some cases, in some respects, on a larger scale, at a local level, to take the idea further, to take the above point to an extreme, putting the discussion in a wider context, following the same line of…, traditionally, unfort unately, obviously, undoubtedly, practically speaking, simplistically speaking, economi cally speaking, financially speaking, in terms of, at the risk of sounding too cold, ina slightly cold calculation, at the risk of sounding too direct.2. Comparison: similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally important, like, both…a nd…, the same as, (have…) in common, in a not dissimilar way3. Contrast: on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, unlik e, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, by contrast4. Exemplification: for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, a s an illustration, such as, namely, that is, like, say5. Enumeraion: first, second, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, t o start with, first and foremost, in the second place, next, also, besides, furthermor e, moreover, in addition, what is more, beyond that, for one thing, for another, fin ally, supremely, eventually6. Cause:because…, because of, as, since, for,owing to, due to, on account of, asa result of7. Concession:although, nevertheless, however, but, yet, admittedly, it is true… bu t, in spite of, even though, granted that…, at the very worse8. Emphasis: chiefly, especially, indeed, in fact, certainly, particularly, to be sure, ac tually, above all, surely, most important of all, even worse, no doubt, needless to s ay, more often than not9. Result: thus, so, consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly, as a result, for this reason, as a consequence, on t hat account, it follows that…10. Summary: in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, on the whole, finally, t o sum up, to conclude, in a word常用句型Argumentation1、The idea of… is not without advantages.2、Nonetheless, pound for pound, I reckon th at… is more advantageous.3、My view is that……4、Likewise, common sense tells us that……5、Many people would claim that……6、I also see a more serous reason for preferring to ……7、A, by contrast, is blessed with advantages.8、Another reason why I would usually prefer to …… is that ……9、I can see that many of the advantages of …… seem obvious.10、What is also worth noticing is that……11、It might also be noted that……12、If we turn our attention to ……，we see that……13、There i s no evidence to suggest that……14、The chief strength of …… is ……15、 A further reason why I advocate an attitude of …… is that ……Exemplification1.I can think of no better illustration of the idea than the example of ……2.I can think of no bette r illustration of the view than the fact of ……3.Numerous other examples might be given easily, but these will suffice.4.we may cite a single example of ……5.history presents many examples of ……6.The situation is not rare, it is one of many examples I have encountered.7.one very amusing example of this is ……Conclusion1.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that ……2.Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclusion that ……3.Judging from all the evidence offered, we may safely come to the conclusion that……4.All the evidence supports an unmistakable conclusion that ……5.All the analysis justifies an unshakable view that ……6.All the evidence confirms a sound idea that ……7.Personal experience leads me to the conclusion that ……8.I agree with the above statement because it seems to me that ……9.Above all, I have supported the statement that it is better to …… because ……10.To be fair, I must own up the advantage that ……, but I firmly believe that ……听力模拟题一Question 1-4Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.Question 5-10Complete the table below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.Question 11-13Complete the sentences below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer. RIVERSIDE INDUSTRIAL VILLAGE11 Riverside Village was a good place to start an industry because it had water ra w materials and fuels such as and .12 The metal industry was established at Riverside Village by who lived in t he area.13 There were over water-powered mills in the area in the eighteenth ce ntury.Question 14-23Complete the notes below.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.听力模拟题一——答案和听力原文Answer Key1 shopping/ variety of shopping2 guided tours3 more than 12/ over 124 notice board5 13th February6 Tower of London7 Bristol8 American Museum9 student newspaper10 Yentob11 coalfirewood12 local craftsmen13 16014 cities/ environment15 windy16 humid17 shady/ shaded18 dangerous19 leaves20 ground21 considerably reduce/ decrease/ filter22 low23 space/ roomAudio ScriptsQuestion 1-4MAN:Good morning.WOMAN: Good morning. How can I help you?MAN: I understand that the school organizes…umm, trips to different…WOMAN: Yes, we run five every month(example): three during weekends and t wo Wednesday afternoon trips.MAN:What sort of places?WOMAN: Well, obviously it varies, but always places of historical interest and also which offer a variety of shopping(Q1), because our students always ask about th at…and then we go for ones th ere we know there are guided tours(Q2), because this gives a good focus for the visit.MAN:Do you travel far?WOMAN:Well, we’re lucky here, obviously, because we’re able to say that all our visits are less than three hours drive.MAN: How much do they cost?WOMAN: Again it varies-between five and fifteen pounds a head, depending on dist ance.MAN: Ah ha…WOMAN: Oh, and we do offer to arrange special trips if, you know, there are mor e than twelve(Q3) people.MAN: Oh right, I’ll keep that in mind. And what are the times normally?WOMAN: We try to keep it pretty fixed so that, that students get to know the pat tern. We leave at eight-thirty a.m. and return at six p.m. We figure it’s best to kee p the day fairly short.MAN: Oh yes. And how do we reserve a place?WOMAN: You sign your name on the notice board(Q4). Do you know where it i s?MAN:Ah ha. I saw it this morning.WOMAN: And we do ask that you sign up three days in advance so we know we’v e got enough people interested to run it, and we can cancel if necessary, with full refund of course.MAN: That’s fine, thanks.Question 5-10MAN:And what visits are planned for this term?WOMAN:Right, well I’m afraid the schedule hasn’t been printed out yet, but we h ave confirmed the dates and planed the optional extra visits which you can also bo ok in advance if you want to.MAN:Oh that’s all right. If you can just give some idea of the weekend ones so I can, you know, work out when to see friends, etcetera.WOMAN: Oh sure. Well, the f irst one is St Ives. That’s on the thirteenth of Febr uary(Q5)and we’ll have only sixteen places available ’cos we’re going by minibus. And that’s a day in town with the optional extra of visiting the Hepworth Museum.MAN:Oh right…yeah…that sounds good.WOMAN:Then there’s a London trip on the sixteenth of February and we’ll be taki ng a medium-sized coach so there’ll be forty-five places on that, and, let’s see, the optional extra is the Tower of London(Q6).MAN:Oh, I’ve already been there.WOMAN: A fter that there’s Bristol(Q7) on the third of March.MAN:Where?WOMAN:Bristol…B-R-I-S-T-O-L.MAN:OK….WOMAN:That’s in a different minibus with eighteen places available, oh, and the o ptional extra is a visit to the S.S. Greet Britain.MAN:OK…WOMAN:We’re going to Salisbury on the eighteenth of March and that’s always a popular one because the optional extra is Stonehenge, so we’re taking the large co ach with fifty seats…MAN:Oh good.WOMAN: And then the last one is to Bath on the twenty-third of March.MAN:Oh yes. Is Bath the Roman city?WOMAN: Yes, that’s right, and that’s in the sixteen-seater minibus.MAN: And where’s the optional visit?WOMAN:It’s to the American Museum(Q8)- well worth a visit.MAN:OK, well that’s great, thanks for all that…WOMAN: My pleasure. By the way, if you want more information about any of the trips, have a look in the student newspaper(Q9).MAN: OK.WOMAN: Or, have a word with my assistant; her name is Jane Yentob(Q10) - tha t’s Y-E-N-T-O-B.MAN: Right, I’ve got that. Thank you very much for all your help.WOMAN:You’re very welcome. I hope you enjoy the trips.Question 11-13Good afternoon everybody and welcome to Riverside Industrial Village. To start your visit I’m just going to give you a brief account of the history of the museum befor e letting you roam about on your own. I won’t keep you long. OK?Now, from where we’re standing you’ve got a good view of the river over there. And it was because of this fast-flowing water that this site was a natural place for manufacturing works. The water and the availability of raw materials in the area, lik e minerals and iron ore, and also the abundance of local fuels, like coal and firew ood(Q11), all made this site suitable for industry from a very early time.Water was the main source of power for the early industries and some of the wa ter wheels were first established in the twelfth century, would you believe? At that time, local craftsmen(Q12) first built an iron forge just behind the village here on the bend in the river. By the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the regions riv ers supported more than a hundred and sixty(Q13) water mills-and many of thes e continued operate well into the nineteenth century. But then the steam engine w as invented and then the railways came and the centers of industry were able to move away from the rivers and the countryside and into the towns. So, industrial vi llages like this one became very rare.So that’s the history for you. If you’d like any more informatio n, you can ask me some questions, or you can read further in our excellent guide book.Question 14-23Good day, ladies and gentlemen. I have been asked today to talk to you about the urban landscape. There are two major areas that I will focus on in my talk: how vegetation can have a significant effect on urban climate, and how we can better pl an our cities using trees to provide a more comfortable environment(Q14) f or us to live in.Trees can have a significant impact on our cities. They can make a city, as a wh ole, a bit less windy(Q15) or a bit more windy, if that’s what you want. They can make it a bit cooler if it’s a hot summer day in an Australian city, or they can ma ke it a bit more humid(Q16)if it’s a dry inland city. On the local scale- that is, in particular areas within the city- trees can make the local area more shady(Q17), cooler, more humid and much less windy. In fact trees and planting of various kind s can be used to make city streets actually less dangerous(Q18) in particular area s. How do trees do all that, you ask?。

清华大学计算机系博士生入学考试通常包括以下科目：
1. 思想政治理论：这是中国研究生入学统一考试的一部分，旨在考察学生的政治理论水平和思想道德素养。

2. 英语（一）：同样是全国统一的研究生入学考试科目之一，主要考查学生的英语语言能力，包括阅读理解、翻译、写作等。

3. 数学（一）：数学是计算机科学与技术专业的基础，该科目通常涵盖高等数学、线性代数、概率论与数理统计等内容。

4. 计算机专业基础综合：这是针对计算机科学与技术领域的专业基础知识测试，可能包括数据结构、算法、计算机组成原理、操作系统等相关内容。

此外，根据不同的研究方向，学生可能还需要参加智能化算法与系统等选考科目。

具体考试科目和要求会根据清华大学计算机系的最新招生简章而有所变化，建议有意向报考的学生关注清华大学研究生院官方网站或计算机系官方网站发布的最新招生信息。