动词的时态和语态
I、时态 Tense
●时态：作谓语的动词表示动作发生时间的各种形式，称为时态。英语时态是一种动词
形式，不同时态表示不同的时间与方面。
●汉语中不论动作何时发生，动词形式基本上没有变化，例如：
●他昨天来的。
●他明天来。
●（句中都是用同一个“来”字）
●英语则不同，不同时间发生的动作，要用不同形式的动词来表示，如：
●他昨天来的。He came yesterday.
●他明天来。 He will come tomorrow.
时态概念
时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生的时间的各种形式。英语有16种动词时态形式，但常见的有9种，见下表：
I. 一般现在时
1)现在习惯性或经常性的动作、存在的状态
Class begins at eight every morning.
He looks tired.
常用的时间状语有：often, sometimes, usually, always, seldom, every day, in the morning, on Sunday, etc.
2)客观事实或普遍真理
Three plus seven is ten.
3)在含时间和条件状语从句的复合句中
主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时表将来。
I will stay at home if it rains tomorrow.
幻灯片7
4)表已安排或计划好将来必定会发生的动作或存在的状态
一般用be, come, go, arrive, leave, start etc.
My plane takes off at 9:00 a.m.（列车，飞机时刻表）
5) 有几个由here, there开头的句子
用一般现在时表现在正在进行的动作。
There goes the bell. Let’s hurry!
Here comes the teacher.
II. 一般过去时
1）过去时间里发生的的动作或存在的状态
常与表过去的时间状语连用，如a few minutes ago, yesterday, last Sunday, etc 以及由when引导的时间状语从句。如
He traveled in Europe last year.
He was in Beijing some years ago.
When I was at college, I wrote home once a week.
He went to town, bought some books and visited his daughter.
2）表过去经常或反复发生的动作
可与时间状语often连用；used to + do “”或would + do( “总是，常常”）也可表示过去经常、反复发生的动作。如：
When I was a boy, I often went to play in that park.
He used to smoke, but now he doesn’t.
3)现在或将来非真实的动作或状态，属虚拟的语气范畴.
If I were 5 years younger, I would be happy to die.
III.一般将来时
表将来要发生的动作或状态，常与表将来到时间状语tomorrow, next year, in a few
years, etc连用；更多地用于带有条件从句的主句中.
●一般将来时的几种形式
●is/ am/ are going to do
● Mr. Green is going to buy a new car.
●2) is/ am/ are doing (现在进行时）,表按计划即将发生的动作，多与表移动的动词
come, go, arrive, leave, fly, start等连用。
● He is leaving for London.
●3) be to do指安排好的事。
● Are you to meet at the entrance to the park?
● 4）be about to do指即将发生的事。
●I was about to leave when the telephone rang.
●5) will / shall do
●When shall we meet tomorrow?
●I’ll ask her as soon as she comes.
IV.一般过去将来时
1.构成：would/should + do。第一人称I, we用should或would,其余人称都用would.
2.用法
表过去某一段时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态，常用在宾语从句中。如：Johnson said that there would be a concert that evening.
They wondered when we would/ should finish our composition.
V.现在进行时 (记住现在分词的变化规则)
1.构成:is/am/are +doing。am用于第一人称单数，is用于第三人称单数, are用于其他各种人称。
2.用法
1) 表此时此刻正在进行的动作
He is writing a letter now.
2) 表目前这段时间内正在进行的动作
She is visiting Beijing this week.
3) 现在进行时常与副词always,constantly等连用,表反复出现或习惯动作,含有说话者的赞扬、不满、遗憾等感情色彩。
Rose is always coming early every morning.
VI.过去进行时
1.构成:was/ were + doing。was用于第一、三人称单数，were用于其他各人称。
2.用法
过去某一时刻或某段时间内正在进行的动作。
I was doing my homework this time last night.
They were listening to the teacher attentively when the bell rang.
While I was reading, my sister was playing.
VII.过去将来时
1.过去间接引用某人过去的话和想法
He warned us that the journey would be dangerous.
