一模阅读汇总

2021年浙江省杭州市中考各区一模文言文阅读真题汇编部编人教版九年级总复习2021浙江杭州市各区一模文言文阅读汇编一、课外阅读（2021??浙江杭州市??九年级一模）有评论说，古人面对苦难时旷达、脱俗的态度也是一种自强。

比如苏轼一生，既有高居朝堂、志得意满的风光；也有九死一生、屡受打击的遭遇。

然而无论面对多少磨难，他始终拥有着乐观豁达的情怀，杭西都同学翻阅到了几篇古诗文，请你和他一起阅读，完成下面小题。

（甲）游兰溪黄州东南三十里为沙湖，亦曰螺师店。

予买田其间，因往相①田得疾。

闻麻桥人庞安常善医而聋，遂往求疗。

安常虽聋，而颖悟绝人，以纸画字，书不数字，辄深了人意。

（1）余戏之曰：“余以手为口，君以眼为耳，皆一时异人也。

”疾愈，与之同游清泉寺。

寺在蕲水郭门外二里许。

有王逸少②洗笔泉，水极甘，下临兰溪，溪水西流。

余作歌云：“山下兰芽短浸溪，松间沙路净无泥，萧萧暮雨子规啼。

谁道人生无再少？门前流水尚能西！休将白发唱黄鸡。

”是日剧饮③而归。

（注）①相：察看。

②王逸少：东晋著名书法家王羲之。

③剧饮：开怀畅饮。

（乙）田家乐某①启：（2）仆②居东坡，作陂③种稻，有田五十亩，身耕妻蚕，聊以卒岁。

昨日一牛病几死，牛医不识其状，而老妻识之。

曰：“此牛发豆斑疮也，法当以青蒿粥啖之。

”用其言而效。

勿谓仆谪居之后，一向便作村舍翁，老妻犹解接黑牡丹④也。

言此，发公千里一笑。

（注）①某：与后文的“公”都是指章惇，当时在京为官。

②仆：对自己的谦称。

③陂（bēi）：山坡，斜坡。

④黑牡丹：牛的戏称。

1．下面是杭西都同学对加点词含义的推断，不正确的一项是（） A．因往相田得疾——回忆“余因得遍观群书”，推知“因”意思为“于是，就”。

B．而颖悟绝人——联系上下文庞安常虽然耳朵聋，但是能根据几个字就懂得“我”的意思，因此推测其义为“超过”。

C．聊以卒岁——查词典，从“终于”“尽，终”“死”等义项中判断“卒”为“尽，终”。

D．用其言而效——联想到“无效”“成效”中的“效”，推断其义为“效果，功用”。

2020年各区一模试题分类汇编古诗阅读【2020 东城一模】（二）阅读下面两首唐诗，完成8-9题。

（共5分）【甲】望岳杜甫岱宗夫如何？齐鲁青未了。

造化钟神秀，阴阳割昏晓。

荡胸生曾云，决眦入归鸟。

会当凌绝顶，一览众山小。

【乙】望岳杜甫西岳①崚嶒②竦处尊，诸峰罗立似儿孙。

安得仙人九节杖，拄到玉女洗头盆。

车箱③入谷无归路，箭栝④通天有一门⑤。

稍待秋风凉冷后，高寻白帝问真源。

注：①［西岳］即华山，位于陕西省华阴市。

②［崚嶒（líng céng）］形容山势高峻。

③［车箱］华阴市西南二十五里有车箱谷，深不可测。

④［箭栝（guā）］指华山箭栝峰，“箭栝”原意为“箭的末端”。

⑤［一门］此处指南天门。

8.这两首《望岳》分别创作于杜甫的青年和中年时期，写出了岱宗和西岳的共同特点是①。

与甲诗表现出的诗人②的人生态度相比，乙诗则更多地表现出诗人的失意与彷徨，这一点从乙诗中③等词语可以感受到。

（3分）9.下列对这两首诗的赏析，完全正确的一项是（2分）A.甲诗“齐鲁青未了”一句，从近观的视角描绘了苍翠山色，表现了岱宗的地理特点和诗人的独特体验。

B.甲诗最后两句，运用对比的手法，写出了诗人登临绝顶之后的真实感受，表现了他的心胸和气魄。

C.乙诗首联紧扣诗题，把西岳主峰比喻为站列的儿孙，生动地描写了西岳的外观，也切合仰望西岳之意。

D.乙诗颈联以“车箱”“箭栝”等地名巧妙入诗，突出了西岳之“险”与攀登之“难”，也暗示了诗人人生的坎坷。

答案：8.答案示例：①高大巍峨②昂扬向上③无归路 (共3分。

共3空，每空1分)9.答案：D（2分）【2020 西城一模】（二）阅读下面古诗，完成9-10题。

（共5分）过零丁洋[宋] 文天祥辛苦遭逢起一经，干戈寥落四周星。

山河破碎风飘絮，身世浮沉雨打萍。

惶恐滩头说惶恐，零丁洋里叹零丁。

人生自古谁无死？留取丹心照汗青。

9.这是一首回忆往昔历程抒发爱国情怀的诗篇。

前四句诗人回顾了自己的身世浮沉，既有苦读经书后的仕途成功，又有国难当头时的①；后四句先巧用双关描述自己曾经的苦闷煎熬，再阐明心志，以②的崇高精神激励自己，表现出大义凛然的英雄气概。

2021年上海初三一模语文汇编（记叙文阅读）【长宁区】（二）阅读下文，完成第16—20题。

（20分）杰克太太的救赎①20年前，埃弗森向邻居杰克先生借了100万智利比索（约1613美元），说过一个星期就还。

埃弗森和杰克不仅是邻居，而且还是好朋友，杰克非常信任埃弗森，杰克没让埃弗森打借条。

他说：“兄弟，我还不相信你吗？我们可是多年的好朋友！”说罢，杰克又向埃弗森低声耳语道：“这是我多年积余的私房钱，我太太还不知道，等你这笔钱还了，我就去做水产生意，我要让我太太过上幸福的生活。

”②杰克和埃弗森生活在智利首都圣地亚哥西郊郊外的贫民窟里。

没想到，3天后，贫民窟里一伙毒贩内讧，发生了枪战，正路过这里的杰克被一颗流弹击中，当场殒命。

③杰克突然死亡，让埃弗森十分震惊。

在一阵悲痛之后，他忽然想起向杰克借的100万智利比索没有打借条，如果自己不说，杰克太太一定不知道，自己就可以悄无声息地吞下这笔钱。

④埃弗森一边帮助杰克太太料理杰克的后事，一边假惺惺地安慰杰克太太。

杰克太太一边抽泣，一边喃喃自语：“亲爱的杰克，你对我说过的那笔钱的事，我记得的，我知道该怎么做的。

”⑤埃弗森听了，惊出了一身冷汗。

⑥由于杰克突然去世，杰克太太的生活陷入更加贫困之中，她开始在建筑工地做苦工，人一下子苍老了许多。

⑦为了减轻心里的罪恶感，埃弗森搬到了圣地亚哥南郊郊外的贫民窟里，并用那100万智利比索做起了水产生意。

⑧没想到，埃弗森的水产生意做得顺风顺水，没几年，就赚了个盆满钵满，他终于搬到贫民窟对面的富人区了。

⑨一年一年过去了，埃弗森早就将当初借杰克100万智利比索的事，忘到九宵云外。

他每天过着灯红酒绿、豪华奢侈的生活，他常常一掷千金，眼睛眨都不眨。

他有的是钱，他认为自己就该好好地享受生活。

⑩一天，埃弗森从外面回来，看到别墅门口，几个保镖正在驱赶一位白发苍苍的老妇人。

那老妇人看到埃弗森，惊喜地喊道：“埃弗森先生！我是杰克太太，我终于找到您了！”⑪埃弗森看着那妇人，愣了好一会儿，惊讶地问道：“杰克太太？您找我有什么事吗？”⑫杰克太太眼含热泪，哽咽道：“埃弗森先生！为了找您，我找得好苦啊！20年啦，我终于完成了杰克的遗愿了！那个100万智利比索欠款的事，今天终于可以了结了。

21年闵行一模（二）阅读下面的诗文，完成第6-9题(12分)【甲】江城子·密州出猎老夫聊发少年狂，左牵黄，右擎苍，锦帽貂裘，千骑卷平冈。

为报倾城随太守，亲射虎，看孙郎。

酒酣胸胆尚开张，鬓微霜，又何妨？持节云中，何日遣冯唐？会挽雕弓如满月，西北望，射天狼。

【乙】曹刿论战十年春，齐师伐我，公将战。

曹刿请见。

其乡人曰：“肉食者谋之，又何间焉？”刿曰：“肉食者鄙，未能远谋。

”乃入见。

问：“何以战？”公曰：“衣食所安，弗敢专也，必以分人。

”对曰：“小惠未遍，民弗从也。

”公曰：“牺牲玉帛，弗敢加也，必以信。

”对曰：“小信未孚，神弗福也。

”公曰：“小大之狱，虽不能察，必以情。

”对曰：“忠之属也，可以一战。

战则请从。

”公与之乘，战于长勺。

公将鼓之。

刿曰：“未可。

”齐人三鼓，刿曰：“可矣。

”齐师败绩，公将驰之。

刿曰：“未可。

”下视其辙，登轼而望之，曰：“可矣。

”遂逐齐师。

既克，公问其故。

对曰：“夫战，勇气也。

①，再而衰，三而竭；彼竭我盈，故克之。

夫大国，难测也，惧有伏焉；吾视其辙乱，望其旗靡，故逐之。

”6.甲词写于________朝（朝代），乙文则选自春秋时期的史书《________》。

（2分）7.用现代汉语翻译下列句子。

(3分)忠之属也，可以一战。

___________________________________________________8.下列对甲乙诗文的理解不恰当．．．的一项是________（3分）A. 甲词的太守出猎答谢全城和乙文的“取信于民”思想都体现了对民心的重视。

B. 甲词中作者自比“孙郎”、“魏尚”，乙文中第一段以“我”指代曹刿。

C. 甲诗和乙文都表达了主人公关心国家，积极请战抗击侵略者的豪情壮志。

D. 甲诗和乙文都对主人公形象进行了生动传神的描写，人物特点跃然纸上。

9.乙文最后一段①处所缺的内容是，该“论”体现了曹刿在战争中善于，这也是这场战争胜利者胜利的一个原因。

（4分）21年松江一模（二）阅读下列诗文，完成第6—9题（12分）【甲】行路难（其一）金樽清酒斗十千，玉盘珍羞直万钱。

专题02 文言文对比阅读（含古诗文）（基础题+提升题+创新题三位一体）（2024上·上海闵行·九年级一模卷）阅读下面诗文，完成下面小题【甲】饮酒（其五）结庐在人境，而无车马喧。

问君何能尔？心远地自偏。

采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。

山气日夕佳，飞鸟相与还。

此中有真意，欲辨已忘言。

【乙】醉翁亭记（节选）①若夫日出而林霏开，云归而岩穴暝，晦明变化者，山间之朝暮也。

野芳发而幽香，佳木秀而繁阴，风霜高洁，水落而石出者，山间之四时也。

朝而往，暮而归，四时之景不同，而乐亦无穷也。

②至于负者歌于途，行者休于树，前者呼，后者应，伛偻提携，往来而不绝者，滁人游也。

临．溪而渔，溪深而鱼肥，酿泉为酒，泉香而酒洌，山肴野蔌，杂然而前陈者，太守宴也。

宴酣之乐，非丝非竹，射者中，弈者胜，觥筹交错，起坐而喧哗者，众宾欢也。

苍颜白发，颓然乎其间者，太守醉也。

【丙】伯父君谟，号“美髯须”。

仁宗一日属清闲之燕，偶顾．问曰：“卿髯甚美，长夜覆之于衾下乎，将置之于外乎？”君谟无以对。

归舍，暮就寝，思圣语，以髯置之内外，悉不安，递A．（君谟）把胡子放在被子的里面或外面，感觉都不安全，于是一夜不能睡着。

B．（君谟）把胡子放在被子的里面或外面，感觉都不安心，于是一夜不能睡觉。

C．（君谟）把胡子放在被子的里面或外面，都感觉不安全，于是一夜不能睡觉。

D．（君谟）把胡子放在被子的里面或外面，都感觉不安心，于是一夜不能睡着。

间”，表现了太守的思想。

5．【甲】诗“悠然见南山”一句有版本作“悠然望南山”，苏轼认为“望”不如“见”，用【丙】文的话说，“望”出于“”而“见”出于“”。

【丙】文给我们的启发是（2024上·上海浦东新·九年级一模卷）【甲】酬乐天扬州初逢席上见赠刘禹锡巴山楚水凄凉地，二十三年弃置身。

怀旧空吟闻笛赋，到乡翻似烂柯人。

沉舟侧畔千帆过，病树前头万木春。

今日听君歌一曲，暂凭杯酒长精神。

【乙】记承天寺夜游苏轼元丰六年十月十二日夜，解衣欲睡，月色入户，欣然起行。

2023年济南市各区九年级中考语文一模卷【课外文言文阅读题】汇集2023.05（2023·山东济南历下区·统考一模）阅读下面的文段，完成下面小题。

有一妪名黄道婆者，自崖州来，乃教以杆弹纺织之法。

久之，三百里内外，悉习其事矣。

按《小尔雅·释名》及《孔丛·广服篇》，皆云麻、纻、葛谓之布。

又《盐铁论》云：“古者庶人耋老而后衣①丝，其余则麻、枲②而已，故名曰布衣。

”可见麻与纻，葛三者之外，古者别无所谓布也。

夫以麻为衣则不能御寒；以麻著袍，则不能生暖。

今棉之为用，可以御寒，可以生暖，盖老少贵贱，无不赖之。

其衣被天下后世，为功殆③过于蚕桑矣。

而皆开自黄道婆一人！是不当尸而祝之，社而稷之，与先蚕同列祀典乎？（清·王应奎《柳南随笔》）【注释】①衣（yì）：穿。

②枲（xǐ）：麻类植物的纤维。

③殆：大概。

1．用“/”为下面的文字断句。

（画一处）夫以麻为衣则不能御寒2．用现代汉语翻译下面的句子。

久之，三百里内外，悉习其事矣。

3．结合选文，用自己的话说说为什么黄道婆死后，后世为她立祠祭奠。

（2023·山东济南历城区四校联考·校联考一模）阅读下面的文段，完成下面小题。

或上言秦府（秦王李世民官府）旧兵，宜尽除①武职，追入宿卫。

上谓之曰：“朕以天下为家，惟贤是与，岂旧兵之外皆无可信者乎！汝之此意，非所以广朕德于天下也。

”上谓公卿曰：“昔禹凿山治水而民无谤讟（dú怨言）者，与人同利故也。

秦始皇营宫室而民怨叛者病人以利己故也。

夫靡丽珍奇，固人之所欲，若纵之不已，则危亡立至。

朕欲营一殿，材用已具，鉴秦而止。

王公以下，宜体朕此意。

”由是二十年间，风俗素朴，衣无锦绣，公私富给。

（节选自《资治通鉴·唐纪八》）【注释】①除：任命。

4．用“/”给下面文字断句。

（只画一处）秦始皇营宫室而民怨叛者病人以利己故也5．用现代汉语翻译下面的句子。

朕以天下为家，惟贤是与，岂旧兵之外皆无可信者乎！6．从选文看，唐太宗有哪两个可贵之处？请结合具体内容进行分析。

2022北京高三一模英语汇编阅读理解C篇一、阅读理解（2022·北京通州·一模）Deep Sea: To Mine Or Not To MineA robot as large as a truck moves along the bottom of the deep sea. It eats metallic (含金属的) rock and soft mud. They travel up a long pipe to a ship, where workers and machinery separate out the rock and throw the mud back into the ocean. This is a mining operation. The rock contains a mixture of metals, including ones called rare earth metals. People use these materials to make batteries and electronics like computers and phones.Deep-sea mining hasn’t happened yet. But it probably will occur within the next decade. No country owns any part of the deep sea, so a UN organization called the International Seabed Authority (ISA) decides who is allowed to mine there. It has allowed 29 organizations to explore the deep sea and make plans for mining, one of which plans to begin mining in the year 2027.Scientists and environmentalists, though, warn that mining could destroy deep-sea ecosystem. In 1989, ecologist Hjalmar Thiel carried out a test. His team searched the seafloor of the Pacific Ocean, in a spot with lots of the metallic rocks that miners wanted. They didn’t actually collect any of the rocks. But they disturbed the mud, just as a mining operation would. The cloud of mud fell back down over the ocean floor burying creatures living there. Up to now, the area they disturbed has not recovered. Signs of the search are still there. Deep sea creatures like sponges and corals have not moved back in. That means mining could have harmful, long-lasting consequences for deep ocean life. Scientists want to understand the deep sea better before disturbing it.Leaving the deep sea alone sounds great, but people need those metals. “Mines on land are soon going to run out,” geologist Steven Scolt of the University of Toronto told Smithsonian Magazine. “Every electronic device in the world has rare earth metals in it... we need raw resources.” New energy technologies including solar and wind power and electric cars rely on these metals as well. We may need to mine them from the sea in order to switch to greener energy sources. 1．According to the passage, why do people want to carry out deep sea mining?A．To test the mining robot. B．To collect rare earth metals.C．To separate the rock from mud. D．To understand the deep sea better.2．What can we infer from the test of Hjalmar Thiel in 1989?A．They gathered some metallic rocks the miners wanted.B．They helped the recovery of the disturbed mining areas.C．They discovered the deep-sea mining affected the ocean ecology.D．They found the rare metallic rocks were harmful to sea creatures.3．What is Steven Scolt’s attitude towards deep-sea mining?A．Doubtful. B．Neutral. C．Supportive. D．Disapproving.（2022·北京·一模）Scientists have changed a spider’s web into audio (音频). The process involving imaging and analysing a three-dimensional spider web. Led to a curious piece of music played on a ‘harp-like instrument’ in several live performances. The investigator, Markus Buehler, has extended the research beyond the scientific world: Webs could be a new source for musical inspiration that is different from the usual human experience.To create the music, the researchers first produced a 3D digital model of the spider’s web by taking 2D cross-section images and using computer algorithms (算法). They then changed the non-audible data into something audible — a process known as sonification. This involved assigning distinct notes to each of the silk strands (纤维丝)of the spider’s web based on their length.The innovative approach allowed the researchers to come up with “novel interpretations” of the spider’s web, offering a new perspective of understanding the natural world. The researchers also set up a virtual reality environment, combining the visual and audio representations o f the web: “By hearing and seeing it at the same time, you can really start to understand the environment the spider lives in,” says Beuhler.And it isn’t all about music. The researchers are keen to show that an in-depth understanding of natural constructions such as spider webs, has great potential for aiding our own technological constructions. Just one example is the method named “spider-mimicking”, in which complex micro-structures are 3D printed, using the spider web as inspiration.Beuhler expressed his hopes the new research into sonification will lead to further work in cross-species communication: If we expose the spiders to certain patterns of rhythms or vibrations (振动), can we affect what they do, and can we begin to communicate with them? Those are really exciting ideas.Future research could potentially explore ways of communicating with spiders “in their own language”, or influence their behaviour with the help of machine algorithms. A previous study in 2018 by researchers including Buehler, found that most researches on spider webs to date have focused on the orb web (a specific form of web which is 2D and round in shape), while the majority of webs created by spiders are not orb webs. This analysis of a 3D web structure pushes the research a step further.Spider webs are actually very diverse and also have a number of desirable properties. As the paper’s abstract states, spider webs have a unique strength, toughness, elasticity and hardness, making them a particularly appealing natural formation to study.4．What does the underlined word “sonification” probably mean?A．the process of making something audible.B．the behavior of taking notes of the spider webs.C．the algorithms of analyzing three-dimensional spider webs.D．the procedure of changing 2D images into 3D digital models.5．The passage suggests that ________.A．A piece of music played on the instrument resulted in study on spider websB．Researchers have already worked out ways to communicate with spidersC．This spider web music hints at potential for cross-species communicationD．The spider webs’ unique formation attracts scientists to study music6．What is the main idea of Paragragh 5?A．Analysis of spiders’ behavior.B．Significance of 3D web structure.C．Previous researches on orb webs.D．Further researches on cross-species communication.（2022·北京东城·一模）Last year scientists reported using a neural implant (神经植入物) in a man’s brain to restore his ability to communicate. The man has been partially paralyzed and unable to produce comprehensible speech sincesuffering a severe stroke. It is the latest advance in the exploding field of brain-computer interfaces (接口), or BCIs, which allow computers to read information out of a living brain.Brain-computer interfaces are possible because of two facts. The first is that your brain contains hundreds of tiny maps. Each represents specific features of your physical feelings and intended actions. And crucially, the basic set of brain maps and their locations within the brain are very similar across individuals.Thanks to their specialized functions and universal locations, brain maps are ideal entry points for BCI technologies. Picking up signals from a brain map is only the first step in making a useful BCI. Although the location of a brain map is the same across individuals, the details — what patterns of activity within the map mean — differ from person to person. In a sense, the unique features of your specific brain maps serve as a kind of encryption (加密), safeguarding your specific thoughts and feelings from would-be spies.That brings us to the second fact that makes BCIs possible. Thanks to advances in machine learning, scientists have developed programs that can learn to recognize key patterns in a vast sea of numbers. They train these programs to decode (解码) brain signals by feeding them tons of examples. Researchers developing BCIs often create such examples by instructing an individual to think specific thoughts at specific times, creating a neural curriculum for the program to learn from.While the universal features and locations of brain maps make them obvious entrances for BCIs, the unique features of your brain maps tend to protect them from spying eyes. In cases where BCIs have successfully read specific thoughts or intentions from a brain, it has been with the permission of the individual whose brain was being read. But there are surreptitious ways to train decoders on your brain without your knowledge. This can happen if your neural data falls into the hands of companies with detailed information about your activities.Like all technologies, brain-computer interfaces are not necessarily good or bad. Yet while harvesting the benefits of BCIs, we need to ensure that we have the means to protect ourselves from corporations with every motive to take advantage of this technology for their financial gain.7．What can we learn about brain maps?A．They carry unique messages.B．They can process encrypted signals.C．Their functions vary from person to person.D．Their locations reveal human thinking patterns.8．What can we infer from the passage?A．BCIs can boost brain signals dramatically.B．BCIs could help recover from brain injuries.C．Machine learning enables BCIs to read mind.D．The decoding of brain may be affected by BCIs.9．Wha t does the underlined word “surreptitious” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?A．Secure. B．Stable.C．Standard. D．Secret.10．What does the passage mainly talk about?A．The future trend of BCIs. B．The potential risks of BCIs.C．The working principle of BCIs. D．The general applications of BCIs.（2022·北京西城·一模）One question every coach has beard in their coaching career is this.“Why isn’t my kid playing?”The stupidity of many “win-at-all-cost” coaches in youth sports is neatly matched by that of “play-my-kid-or-else”parents at the high-school level.When the games start to count, the main reason why your kid isn’t playing is simple:“They’re just not good enough.”“He/she just isn’t fast enough.”“He/she just isn’t strong enough.”Good coaches, however, are not usually that blunt. They are very skillful in not telling what you and I would consider the “truth”. The thing is that many kids know what they’re good at, and what they’re not good at. When it comes to football, for instance, most of the middle-schoolers or freshmen already know the one or two kids who are good enough to play on the varsity team or to catch the eye of a college admissions officer. Their parents do not.The rest play because they enjoy it, need the discipline, want to belong to a team, have dreamed of it since they were five or six, are trying to make their parents happy, need a varsity sport on their college application, or some combination of the factors above. Some of them don’t possess much athletic skill, but make up for it by practicing, by getting stronger and quicker, and with on-field effort.Far too many children today are living in a world where they never learn “no”. They don’t know how to handle disappointment and failure. Nor do they know how to re act and move on when they don’t get their own way.It’s awful when your kid isn't playing. Been there, done that. No reasonable parent wants to see their child hurt. But no one escapes this life unhurt, emotionally if not physically. When these kids move on in life, they are going to get rejected when they apply for college, fail to get the job they want, and taste failure and disappointment on multiple fronts.Coaches should try to make sure everyone gets some playing time. But that should never come at the expense of other kids who are more talented, try harder or spend more time practicing. No child should ever go out for any team thinking they’re going to be guaranteed a spot or playing time, no matter how loudly their parents complain.In that sense, sports are a true mirror of life. No one is guaranteed “playing” time in life. For the most part, hard work, effort, planning and desire is rewarded. The benefits can be wonderful. But it’s good to be prepared when it doesn't work out that way.11．What doe s the underlined word “blunt” probably mean?A．Impatient. B．Annoying. C．Direct. D．Serious.12．The author believes that ______.A．kids should learn how to face rejection in their lifeB．people can live a life without being emotionally hurtC．parents must help kids escape disappointment and failureD．coaches need to ensure every student gets enough playing time13．What probably motivated the author to write this passage?A．Coaches’ mistaken beliefs about varsity teams.B．Parents’ unrealistic views of kids’ pl aying time.C．Children’s ignorance of the meaning of sports and life,D．The public’s doubts about why kids need to play sports.（2022·北京门头沟·一模）Farmed fish should have the same legal protection as other farmed animals, according to an animal welfare group. The Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation, which has Carrie Johnson as a supporter, says fish deserve to be treated with the same care as cows, pigs, sheep and other livestock because they experience stress and pain.The foundation is focusing on improving fish welfare during slaughter (屠宰) because that is where the biggest differences in protection lie.Slaughterhouses for land animals are required to have a vet on site and must have closed-circuit television in all areas where animals are handled, stunned and killed, with footage stored for independent inspection. Such legal requirements do not apply to fish slaughter facilities, which are not subject to routine welfare inspections by public bodies.The UK industry, which rears up to 80 million fish a year, has instead adopted voluntary codes of practice. A report by the foundation cites evidence of abuses of fish revealed last year by The Times. A stunning machine at the firm’s plant at Arnish on the Isle of Lewis failed to make them unconscious and workers used their fingers to tear the gills (鳃) and struggled to keep up with the volume of fish wriggling on the unit. Fish were thrown and kicked as they struggled on the ground in 2020 at Test Valley Trout Farming in Hampshire, which supplied the Ritz and Harrods. Fish considered unprofitable were dropped on the floor and left to die. The company said the treatment of the fish was unacceptable and it operated under “the best industry standards available”.The foundation’s report refers to the findings of the government’s Farm Animal Welfare committee, which said in a 2014 opinion on fish welfare that “at least some species, including trout, have a sensory experience of pain” as well as “a degree of sense”.Studies have shown that fish feel pain and change their behaviour to avoid it. In one study, goldfish were given an electric shock in an area of a tank where they received food. They avoided that area for three days before hunger overcame their fear.The foundation report states that the UK government is failing aquatic animals dismally and calls for unannounced welfare inspections of fish slaughterhouses and says they should be required to install closed-circuit television, with footage reviewed by public bodies.14．What can we provide for the farmed fish?A．Comfortable place. B．Less pain.C．Enough food. D．Gentle love.15．As for the situation of the farmed fish, the foundation is ______.A．concerned B．puzzledC．surprised D．scared16．What’s the purpose of this article?A．To encourage people to treat fish kindly.B．To reveal the evidence of abuses of fish.C．To appeal for the improvement of fish welfare.D．To explain how fish experience pain during slaughter.（2022·北京朝阳·一模）Both misinformation, which includes honest mistakes, and disinformation, which involves an intention to mislead, have had a growing impact on teenage students over the past 20 years. One tool that schools can use to deal with this problem is called media literacy education. The idea is to teach teenage students how to evaluate and think critically about the messages they receive. Yet there is profound disagreement about what to teach.Some approaches teach students to distinguish the quality of the information in part by learning how responsible journalism works. Yet some scholars argue that these methods overstate journalism and do little to cultivate critical thinking skills. Other approaches teach students methods for evaluating the credibility of news and information sources, in part by determining the incentive of those sources. They teach students to ask: What encouraged them to create it and why? But even if these approaches teach students specific skills well, some experts argue that determining credibility of the news is just the first step. Once students figure out if it’s tru e or false, what is the other assessment and the other analysis they need to do?Worse still, some approaches to media literacy education not only don’t work but might actually backfire by increasing students’ skepticism about the way the media work. Stude nts may begin to read all kinds of immoral motives into everything. It is good to educate students to challenge their assumptions, but it’s very easy for students to go from healthy critical thinking to unhealthy skepticism and the idea that everyone is lying all the time.To avoid these potential problems, broad approaches that help students develop mindsets in which they become comfortable with uncertainty are in need. According to educational psychologist William Perry of Harvard University, students go through various stages of learning. First, children are black-and-white thinkers—they think there are right answers and wrong answers. Then they develop into relativists, realizing that knowledge can be contextual. This stage is the one where people can come to believe there is no truth. With media literacy education, the aim is to get students to the next level—that place where they can start to see and appreciate the fact that the world is messy, and that’s okay. They have these fundamental approaches to gathering knowledge that they can accept, but they still value uncertainty.Schools still have a long way to go before they get there, though. Many more studies will be needed for researchers to reach a comprehensive understanding of what works and what do esn’t over the long term. “Education scholars need to take an ambitious step forward,” says Howard Schneider, director of the Center for News Literacy at Stony Brook University. 17．As for media literacy education, what is the author’s major concern?A．How to achieve its goal. B．How to measure its progress.C．How to avoid its side effects. D．How to promote its importance.18．What does the underlined word “incentive” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?A．Importance. B．Variety. C．Motivation. D．Benefit.19．The author mentions stages of learning in Paragraph 4 mainly to________.A．compare different types of thinkingB．evaluate students’ mind developmentC．explain a theory of educational psychologyD．stress the need to raise students’ thinking levels20．Which would be the best title for this passage?A．Media Literacy Education: Much Still RemainsB．Media Literacy Education: Schools Are to BlameC．Media Literacy Education: A Way to Identify False InformationD．Media Literacy Education: A Tool for Testing Critical Thinking（2022·北京房山·一模）Many animals depend upon sound to find food, detect predators and communicate with one another. These species understandably suffer when loud motorways cut through their habitats. Some deal with this problem by singing more loudly, some change the timing of their calls to occur when fewer people are driving, others just move to quieter places.It has always been assumed that noise is a problem unique to animals. But a new study by Ali Akbar Ghotbi-Ravandi, a botanist at Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran, has revealed that plants suffer too.That plants can be affected indirectly by noise pollution has never been in doubt. Since most flowering species depend upon pollinators and most fruit-bearing species need animals to disperse their seeds, it is obvious that if these animal partners are harmed by noise then their botanical plants will do badly, too. What has remained unknown is whether or not plants themselves suffer directly from noise pollution.Sounds are pressure waves transmitted through gases, liquids and solids. Scientists have previously predicted that plants may be able to sense these waves as they are struck by them. A number of experiments have confirmed this in recent years — plants attacked with ultrasound in the lab have shown a range of hurtful responses, including the expression of stress-related genes, underdeveloped growth and reduced germination (发芽) of seeds.Working with a team of colleagues, Dr. Ghotbi-Ravandi grew two species in his lab that are commonly found in urban environments. The plants were grown from seeds and allowed to mature for two months in the same space before they were divided into two groups. One group was exposed to 73 decibels (分贝) of traffic noise recorded from a busy motorway in Tehran for 16 hours a day. The other group was left to grow in silence. After 15 days, samples were taken from the youngest fully expanded leaves on every plant in the experiment and studied.None of the plants exposed to the traffic noise did well. Analysis of their leaves revealed that all of them were suffering. Harmful chemicals in them are indicators of stress in plants and both were found at much higher levels in the plants exposed to the traffic noise. Most notably, levels of the harmful chemicals in the plants exposed to noise were two to three times what they were in those grown in silence. The findings make it clear that the noise of traffic bothers the plants.21．What’s the function of the first two paragraphs?A．To lead in the topic of the passage.B．To prove that only animals suffer from noise.C．To introduce how animals avoid the urban traffic noise.D．To compare the different effects of noise on animals and plants.22．Which of the following words is closest in meaning to the word “disperse” in Paragraph 3?A．Classify. B．Spread. C．Damage. D．Collect23．What can we learn from Dr Ghotbi-Ravandi’s experiment?A．Urban traffic noise mainly poses a threat to animals.B．Plants themselves suffer indirectly from noise pollution.C．Plants exposed to the traffic noise bear higher levels of stress.D．Plants that don't need animals for growth will not be influenced by noise.（2022·北京石景山·一模）Psychologists tell us our self-image defines what we believe we can and cannot do. Each of us over the years has built up belief about ourselves: Unconsciously, our pictures of who we are have been formed by past experiences. Our successes and failures, what others have told us and what we think people believe about us all help form impressions of what we think we are. Because self-image is so important in our growth, it is important to examine our concepts of self in order to reach our full potential.Changing our self-image is possible: Some psychologists suggest we begin to change our self-image by mentally picturing ourselves performing we ll at some task. Since we presently react to things based on our present images, it’s suggested that we replace those with better ones. In many experiments, people were asked to sit quietly for a few minutes each day and imagine themselves doing well. For instance, subjects would sit and imagine themselves throwing darts at abull’s-eye on a target. Over a period of weeks, their dart game improved. This has been done with people who wanted to play chess better, throw a ball more accurately increase their salesmanship or musical talents, and improve many other skills. In most cases, remarkable improvement is made.The point of changing self-image is not to develop an image of ourselves that is not real. To try to become something we really aren’t is just as wrong as living the unrealistic, inferior image we may have. The aim is to find the real self, to bring our mental images of ourselves in line with our true potential. However, it is generally accepted among psychologists that most of us fail to do justice to ourselves. We’re usually better than we think we are.Another important part of changing self-image is to not think about past mistakes.Don’t let failures do harm. Our errors or humiliation over mistakes are necessary steps in learning. It is all right to make mistakes. But when they have taught us what we did wrong, we should forget them and not dwell on them. Sometimes we keep remembering our failures or mistakes and feel guilty or embarrassed about them. We let them take over, and then we develop a fear.It is important to have realistic expectations of ourselves. Some of our dissatisfaction might come from expecting too much of ourselves. If we demand constant perfection in everything we do, we can be disappointed and our poor self- image will continue. If our goal is to reach perfection, we are doomed from the start.24．Which situation agrees with the idea of the passage?A．To outshine his colleagues, Joe sets an idealistic goal.B．To get along with her classmates, Doris always humbles herself.C．To become a star player, Alex repeatedly plays back his faults in his mind.D．To win a speech contest, Tina visualizes herself speaking more confidently.25．What is the purpose of Paragraph 3?A．To confirm the effect of changing self-image.B．To clarify the principle of changing self-image.C．To propose a new view on changing self-image.D．To stress the importance of changing self-image.26．According to the author, how should we regard our past mistakes?A．They are part of our growth.B．They are warnings for future.C．They are tools for overcoming fear.D．They are barriers to our development.27．Which of the following would be the best title of the passage?A．We Are What We DoB．Be the Best We Can BeC．We Are What We Think We AreD．What We Are Decides What We Think（2022·北京市第一三二中学一模）When a chunk of ice fell from a collapsing glacier(冰川)on the Swiss Alps’ Mount Eiger in 2017, part of the long deep sound it produced was too low for human ears to detect. But these vibrations held a key to calculating the ice av alanche’s(崩塌)critical characteristics.Low-frequency sound waves called infrasound that travel great distances through the atmosphere are already used to monitor active volcanoes from afar. Now some researchers in this field have switched focus from fire to ice: dangerousblocks snapping off glaciers. Previous work has analyzed infrasound from snow avalanches but never ice, says Boise State University geophysicist Jeffrey Johnson. “This was different,” Johnson says. “A signature of a new material has beend etected with infrasound.”Usually glaciers move far too slowly to generate an infrasound signal, which researchers pick up using detectors that track slight changes in air pressure. But a collapse—a sudden, rapid breaking of ice from the glacier’s main bod y—is a prolific infrasound producer. Glacial collapses drive ice avalanches, which pose an increasing threat to people in mountainous regions as rising temperatures weaken large fields of ice. A glacier “can become detached from the ground due to melting, causing bigger break—offs,” says University of Florence geologist Emanuele Marchetti, lead author of the new study. As the threat grows, scientists seek new ways to monitor and detect such collapses.Researchers often use radar to track ice avalanches, which is precise but expensive and can monitor only one specific location and neighboring avalanche paths. Infrasound, Marchetti says, is cheaper and can detect break—off events around a much broader area as well as multiple avalanches across a mountain. It is challenging, however, to separate a signal into its components (such as traffic noises, individual avalanches and nearby earthquakes) without additional measurements, says ETH Zurich glaciologist Ma lgorzata Chmiel. “The model used by Marchetti is a first approximation for this,” she says. Isolating the relevant signal helps the researchers monitor an ice avalanche’s speed, path and volume from afar using infrasound.Marchetti and his colleagues are now working to improve their detectors to pick up more signals across at-risk regions in Europe, and they have set up collaborations around the continent to better understand signals that collapsing glaciers produce. They are also refining their mathematica l analysis to figure out each ice cascade’s physical details.28．What can we learn from Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?A．Infrasound has a major role to play in discovering new materials.B．Ice avalanches are a bigger threat to people than volcanic eruptions.C．Researchers are trying to use infrasound in detecting ice avalanches.D．Scientists employ infrasound more in mountain areas than in other places.29．Which is an advantage of infrasound over radar?A．The combination with other relevant signals.B．The accuracy in locating a certain avalanche.C．The ability in picking up signals in wider areas.D．The sensitivity in tracking air pressure changes.30．The underlined word “this” in Paragraph 4 refers to________.A．distinguishing different components of a signalB．detecting multiple avalanches at the same timeC．calculating the speed and path of ice avalanchesD．monitoring the specific location of ice break—offs31．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A．From Fire to Ice B．Glacier WhispersC．Nature is Warning D．Secret of Ice Avalanches。

四川省成都市三年（2020-2022）中考语文一模分题型分层汇编-09课内外文言文阅读一、课内阅读（2020·四川成都·统考一模）阅读下面文段，完成各题湖心亭看雪崇祯五年十二月，余住西湖。

大雪三日，湖中人鸟声俱绝。

是日更定矣，余拏一小舟，拥毳衣炉火，独往湖心亭看雪。

雾凇沆砀，天与云与山与水，上下一白。

湖上影子，惟长堤一痕、湖心亭一点、与余舟一芥、舟中人两三粒而已。

到亭上，有两人铺毡对坐，一童子烧酒炉正沸。

见余大喜曰：“湖中焉得更有此人！”拉余同饮。

余强饮三大白而别。

问其姓氏，是金陵人，客此。

及下船，舟子喃喃曰：“莫说相公痴，更有痴似相公者。

”1．下列语句中加点词的解释有误的一项是（）A．拥毳衣炉火拥：裹，围B．湖中焉得更有此人更：更加C．问其姓氏，是金陵人，客此客：客居D．余强饮三大白而别白：古人罚酒用的酒杯2．下列语句中加点词语的意义和用法相同的一项是（）A．余强饮三大白而别日出而林霏开B．湖中焉得更有此人三人行，必有我师焉C．问其姓氏其真无马邪D．更有痴似相公者杂然而前陈者，太守宴也3．对下面句子翻译最恰当的一项是（）及下船，舟子喃喃曰：“莫说相公痴，更有痴似相公者！”A．等到了下船的时候，船夫喃喃地说：“没有人说相公您痴，还有比相公痴的人啊！”B．等到了下船的时候，船夫喃喃地说：“没有人说相公您痴，还有和相公一样痴的人啊！C．等到了下船的时候，船夫喃喃地说；“不要说相公您痴，还有和相公一样痴的人啊！”D．等到了下船的时候，船夫喃喃地说：“不要说相公您痴，还有比相公痴的人啊！4．下列对文章理解和分析有误的一项是（）A．文章情景交融，韵味无穷。

既描绘了大雪后西湖的朴素淡雅，也映射出作者对高洁人格的追求。

B．文章谴词用字精炼传神。

“独往湖心亭看雪”，一个“独”字，写出作者独与天地精神往来的傲岸自恃。

C．文章意境唯美又充满宇宙哲思。

“上下一白”与“舟中人两三粒”对比。

让人痴迷于天地之空阔，也慨叹人之渺小。

2020城区高三英语一模C篇阅读汇总2020西城一模CStore owners have been inventing new tricks to get consumers into their stores and purchasing their goods. Even as we find new strategies to resist, neuroscientists (神经科学家) are employed at marketing agencies across the country to best figure out what is going through a consumer’s brain at each point in the decision process.We consumers overspend due to the fact that we have a fear of missing the really good deal or having to pay more for the same thing and lose money. Normally, the prefrontal cortex ( 前额皮层) controls our emotional reactions to things, and keeps us from acting unreasonably by calming down our fears. But an advertiser can disturb our prefrontal cortex just by displaying flashy deal signs, encouraging it to do math on how much money we might save now by buying more of something we don’t actually need yet.Nostalgia, that regretful affection for past events, is another strong influencer during the holiday season, and it’s shaped by emotion. Emotion—whether good or bad—enhances the formation of memories, engaging more parts of the brain. So hearing a nephew singing a carol, for instance, might reawaken memories associated with that particular song in a much more powerful way than hearing that same nephew sing another song. These kinds of memories are brought back even more easily by sensory input. This might be why we are often greeted by a sensory reminder everywhere we go in a month.Wherever you purchase gifts, there are social influences on what you buy as well. The holidays are a time when we are especially conditioned to pay more for the label because we’re buying gifts. Receiving a brand-name gift sends the message that “this person has spent more on me, so he or she must value me more.” And it makes sense. If two things seem pretty much the same, how do I know which to choose? Humans have survived as a social species, and we have to rely on each other. So when our brains are trying to make decisions, one of the shortcuts is to assume that if a lot of other people prefer something (and higher cost is often a predictor of that), then there must be a reason.Much of our holiday spending is driven by unplanned purchases. Plan ahead, resist the urge to purchase in the moment, make notes for comparison shopping, and if the deal is actually good, then it will hold up to inspection and you’ll feel good about your purchaseslater. Before you blow your budget this season, remember that your brain might be fooling you into that next purchase.38.From Paragraph 2, we learn that .A.the prefrontal cortex is the calculation centerB.the common consumers always act unreasonablyC.the sight of flashy deal signs may fill consumers with fearD.the advertisers make consumers pay more for the same thing39.According to Paragraph 3, which of the following can work on consumers?A. Creating a festival atmosphere.B. Following the current fashion.C. Preparing more free samples.D. Offering a bigger discount.40. Why do we buy brand-name gifts during the holiday?A. They are more reliable.B. They are a sign of social status.C. They make people feel valued.D. They are favored by most people.41. To avoid overspending, the author suggests we .A. buy in the momentB. reduce our budgetC. return unnecessary productsD. make a plan in advance答案：38．C39．A40．C 41．D2020海淀一模CThere is certainly evidence that actors experience a blending of their real self with their assumed characters. For instance, Benedict Cumberbatch said, "My mum says I'm much more impatient with her when I'm filming Sherlock.Mark Seton, a researcher at the University of Sydney, has even coined the term "post-dramatic stress disorder,, to describe the lasting effects experienced by actors who lose themselves in a role. “Actors may often prolong habits of the characters they have embodied," he writes.A recent finding doesn't involve acting, and it indicates that merely spending some time thinking about another person seemed to rub off on the volunteers’ sense of self led by Meghan Meyer at Princeton University. Across several studies, these researchers asked volunteers to first rate their own personalities, memories or physical attributes, and then to perform the same task from the perspective of another person. For instance, they might score the emotionality of variouspersonal memories, and then rate how a friend or relative would have experienced those same events.After taking the perspective of another, the volunteers scored themselves once again: the consistent finding was that their self-knowledge was now changed—their self-scores had shifted to become more similar to those they'd given for someone else. For instance, if they had initially said the trait term "confident" was only moderately related to themselves and then rated the term as being strongly related to a friend's personality, when they came to rescore themselves, they now tended to see themselves as more confident. Remarkably, this morphing of the self with another was still apparent even if a 24-hour gap was left between taking someone else's perspective and re-rating oneself."By simply thinking about another person, we may adapt our self to take the shape of that person said Meyer and her colleagues. That our sense of self should have this quality might be a little discouraging, especially for anyone who has struggled to establish a firm sense of identity. Yet there is an optimistic message here, too. The challenge of improving ourselves---or at least seeing ourselves in a more positive light—might be a little easier than we thought. By role-playing or acting out the kind of person we would like to become, or merely by thinking about and spending time with people who embody the kind of attributes we would like to see in ourselves, we can find that our sense of self changes in desirable ways.“As each of us chooses who to befriend, who to model, and who to ignore’’ write Meyer and her colleagues, “we must make these decisions aware of how they shape not only the fabric of our social networks, but even our sense of who we are."38.The first two paragraphs mainly .A.state that acting requires skillsB.explain the stress that an actor facesC.show that a role leaves a mark on the actorD.stress the importance of devoting oneself to a role39.What does the underlined phrase "rub off on” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A.Influence.B. Strengthen.C. Confuse.D. Determine.40.According to the study, taking the perspective of another person .A.brings changes to one's self-knowledgeB.motivates one to better understand himselfC.helps people deal with their identity problemsD.produces temporary effects on one's character41.What is the significance of the study?A.It offers instructions on making friends.B.It proposes a means to improve ourselves.C.It gives advice on adjusting one's emotions.D.It presents a way to deal with stress disorder.答案：38. C 39. A 40. A 41. B2020朝阳一模CA butterfly’s wings can have many jobs besides keeping the insecthigh up in the air. They may be used to attract mates, or to warn potentialattackers to stay away. All of these roles, though, depend on theirunchanging colouration. This plays into the idea that butterfly wings aredead tissue, like a bird’s feathers. In fact, that’s not true. For example, insome species males’ wings have special cells releasing some chemicals which attract females.Nanfang Y u, a physicist at Columbia University, in New York, has been looking into the matter. Together with Naomi Pierce, a butterfly specialist at Harvard University, he has now shown, in a paper published in Nature Communications in February, 2020, that butterfly wings are, indeed, very much alive.In their experiments, the two researchers used a laser(激光) to heat up spots on the wings of dozens of butterfly species. When the temperature of the area under the laser reached 40°C or so, the insects responded within seconds by doing things that stopped their wings heating up further. These actions included a butterfly turning around to minimize its profile to the laser, moving its wings up and down or simply walking away.Butterflies engaged in all of these heat-minimising activities even when the researchers blindfolded them. That suggested the relevant sensors were on the wings themselves. Dr Y u and Dr Pierce therefore searched those wings for likely looking sensory cells. They found some, in the form of neurons(神经元) that were similar to heat detectors known from other insects. They also uncovered disc-shaped cells that appeared to be similar to pressure-sensitive neurons. They guess that these are there to detect deformation of the wing—information an insect could use to control its flight pattern.The third discovery they made to contradict the “dead wing” idea was that some butterfly wings have a heartbeat. A butterfly’s wings have veins(静脉). These carry a bloodlike liquid which, researchers have now found in males, shows a pulse(脉搏) of several dozen beats per minute. The source of this pulse appears to be the scent(气味) pad, a dark spot on the wings that produces the female-attracting chemicals. Apparently, this “wing heart” acts as a pump that helps bloodlike liquid through the scent pad.In all their experiments simulating different environmental conditions, Dr Y u and Dr Pierce consistently found that, different parts of the wing are covered by different sorts of scales(鳞屑). In particular, tubes pass through scales over the scent pads. This improves their ability to spread heat away and helps keep the living parts of a butterfly’s wings alive.38. A bird’s feathers are mentioned in Paragraph 1 to.A. introduce the latest research findings on a birdB. highlight the special feature of a bird’s feathersC. show common knowledge about butterfly wingsD. stress the difference between a butterfly and a bird39. What can we learn from Dr Y u and Dr Pierce’s experiments?A. Butterfly wings are complicated living organs.B. Butterfly wings have little reaction to external heat.C. The scent pads on some male butterfly wings are their hearts.D. Heat-minimising activities help detect deformation of the wings.40. What is the function of scales over the scent pads?A. Attracting mates.B. Increasing blood flow.C. Covering powerful tubes.D. Producing the cooling effect.41. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A. Seeing Is BelievingB. More Than Meets The EyeC. Nothing Seek, Nothing FindD. Fine Feathers Make Fine Birds答案：38．C39．A40．D 41．B2020丰台一模CIn industry and medicine, robots routinely build, break down and inspect things; they also assist in surgery and pharmacies. Neither they nor “social” robots—which are designed to engage with people and to establish an emotional connection—behave like The Jetsons’ maid, Rosie, or other beloved robots of fiction. Even so, expect social robots to become more complicated and popular in the next few years.Like most robots, social robots use artificial intelligence (AI) to decide how to act oninformation received through cameras and other sensors. The ability to respond in ways that seem lifelike has been informed by research into such issues as how perceptions (认知) form, what constitutes social and emotional intelligence, and how people understand others’ thoughts and feelings. Advances in AI have enabled designers to translate such psychological and neuroscientific (神经学的) insights into algorithms (演算) that allow robots to recognize voices, faces and emotions; interpret speech and gestures; respond appropriately to complex verbal and nonverbal cues; make eye contact; speak conversationally; and adapt to people’s needs by learning from feedback, rewards and criticisms.In consequence, social robots are filling an ever expanding variety of roles. A 47-inch humanoid called Pepper (from SoftBank Robotics), for instance, recognizes faces and basic human emotions and engages in conversations via a touch screen in its “chest.” About 15,000 Peppers worldwide perform such services as hotel check-ins, airport customer service, shopping assistance and fast-food checkout. Social robots have particular appeal for assisting the world’s growing elderly population. Japan’s PARO Therapeutic (治疗的) Robot, which looks like a lovely seal (海豹), is meant to stimulate and reduce stress for those with Alzheimer’s disease and other patients. Mabu (Catalia Health) engages patients, particularly the elderly, reminding them to take walks and medication. Social robots are also gaining popularity with consumers as toys. Early attempts to incorporate social behavior in toys, such as Hasbro’s Baby Alive and Sony’s AIBO robotic dog, had limited success. But both are resurging, and the most recent version of AIBO has complicated voice and gesture recognition, can be taught tricks and develops new behaviors based on previous interactions.Worldwide sales of consumer robots reached an estimated $5.6 billion in 2018, and the market is expected to grow to $19 billion by the end of 2025. This trend may seem surprising given that multiple well-funded consumer robot companies, such as Jibo and Anki, have failed. But a wave of robots is lining up to take the place of defunct robots, including BUDDY (Blue Frog Robotics), a big-eyed mobile device that plays games in addition to acting as a personal assistant and providing home automation and security.38. Paragraph 2 mainly tells us ________.A. what the features of social robots areB. what promotes social robots’ engagement with peopleC. how algorithms are improved to adapt to people’s needsD. how psychological and neuroscientific insights are translated39. According to Paragraph 3, social robots ________.A. have a wide range of applicationsB. have the ability to deal with emergenciesC. have a tendency to take the place of humansD. have successfully gained psychological insight40. What can we learn from the passage?A. Social robots are designed as personal assistants.B. Robots in industry and medicine need improvement.C. Consumer robots have been successful all these years.D. Social robots are popular due to great interactive abilities.41. What is the purpose of the passage?A. To predict the prospect of social robots.B. To introduce the advances of social robots.C. To report the application of AI in social robots.D. To show the influence of social robots on our life.答案：38. B39. A40. D 41. B2020延庆一模CNo longer in the pinkCorals are comeback creatures. As the world froze and melted and sea levels rose and fell over 30,000 years, Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, which is roughly the size of Italy, died and revived five times. But now, thanks to human activity, corals face the most complex condition they have yet had to deal with.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate change, a rise in global temperatures of 1.5o C could cause coral reefs to decline 70-90%. The planet is about 1o C hotter than in the 19th century and its seas are becoming warmer, stormier and more acidic. This is already affecting relations between corals and the single-celled algae (海藻), which give them their color. When waters become unusually warm, algae float away, leaving reefs a ghostly white. This “bleaching” is happening five times as often as it did in the 1970s. Meanwhile the changing chemistry of the oceans makes it harder for corals to form their structures.If corals go, divers and marine biologists are not the only people who will miss them. Reefs take up only a percent of the sea floor, but support a quarter of the planet’s fish diversity. The fish that reefs shelter are especially valuable to their poorest human neighbors, many of whom depend on them as a source of protein. Roughly an eighth of the world’s population lives within 100km of a reef. Corals also protect 150,000km of shoreline in more than 100 countries and territories from the oceans buffeting, as well as generating billions of dollars in tourism revenue.Coral systems must adapt if they are to survive. They need protection from local sources of harm. Their eco-systems suffer from waste from farms, building sites and blast fishing.Governments need to impose tighter rules on these industrials, such as tougher local building codes, and to put more effort into enforcing rules against overfishing.Setting up marine protected areas could also help reefs. Locals who fear for their livelihoods could be given work as rangers with the job of looking after the reserves. Visitors to marine parks can be required to pay a special tax, like what has been done in the Caribbean.Many reefs that have been damaged could benefit from restoration. Coral’s biodiversity offers hope, because the same coral will grow differently under different conditions. Corals of the western Pacific, for example, can withstand higher temperatures than the same species in the eastern Pacific, which proves a way forward to encourage corals to grow in new spots.38. According to the passage, what may happen to corals when waters become warm?A. Turning whiteB. Getting pinkC. Being activeD. Becoming colorful39. According to the passage,corals can _______ the changing in the nature.A. live withB. escape fromC. die inD. recovery from40. According to Paragraph 4, the governments should__________.A. carry out stricter rules on industries around the coastB. call on volunteers to look after the marine reservesC. reduce the number of visitors to the marine parksD. ban people from fishing in the coral reef areas41. What’s the main purpose of the passage?A. To present the importance of coral reef to the world.B. To introduce the severe effect on coral reef brought by climate change.C. To propose governments to take action immediately to save coral reef.D. To attract more attention to coral reef protection.答案：38. A 39. A 40. A 41. D2020门头沟一模CNew study shows rapid decline in insect populations. A growing number of the Earth's insect population now can be seen only in collections on exhibitions. Nobody's seen those for 400 years. A new review of over 70 studies of insect populations suggests that human pressures are causing insect populations to plummet by as much as a quarter every decade. The loss of species is inevitably concerning because often we don’t know what those species are doing or we don’t know what other species are depending on them.Insects make up the largest class of animals on earth and represent more than half of all known living creatures. They are incredibly diverse, and in many ways make life on Earthpossible. But when we decrease the number of species, we're destroying ecosystem function. Why does that matter? It is because that it's ecosystems that support humans. But those life-support systems that keep us alive, even if we live in a city, are produced by healthy ecosystems. And none of these ecosystems will run well without insects. Bees and butterflies pollinate(授粉) our food, flowers and trees. They feed all kinds of larger animals, including humans. A large number of crops we eat and rely on are pollinated by insects, so we can’t imagine a world where that pollination process is not taking place.And there are some cases already around the world where we are having to pollinate by hand, at huge cost, a huge economic cost, simply because the insects aren’t there to do the work that we would normally ask them to do for free. And in some cases, if you’re talking about food crops, just try to imagine the scale of what the world would look like if insects weren't doing that for us. One big warning, all of the studies come from industrialized countries in Europe and North America. In some areas, the decline is even more rapid. According to one recent study, the number of ground insects in Puerto Rico has fallen by 98% over the last 35 years. A growing body of research shows that insects are declining about twice as fast as vertebrates.The researchers predict that all insect species could be gone in a century in these industrialized countries.38. What does the underlined word “plummet” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?A. Reduce.B. Increase.C. Disappear.D. Raise.39. We can learn from Paragraph 2 and 3 that ______________.A. we can make a big profit by pollinating by handB. insects have no impact on industrial developmentC. pollinating by hand can replace pollinating by insectsD. insects account for the largest composition in the entire animal kingdom40. What’s the author’s attitude towards the phenomenon mentioned in the news?A. Unclear.B. Concerned.C. Suspicious.D. Critical.41. The author helps readers better understand his idea mainly by __________.A. using research resultsB. making comparisonsC. giving some examplesD. telling personal stories答案：39．A 39．D 40．B 41．C2020密云一模CA team of engineers at Harvard University has been inspired by Nature to create the first robotic fly. The mechanical fly has become a platform for a series of new high-tech systems. Designed to do what a fly does naturally, the tiny machine is the size of a fat housefly. Its mini wings allow it to stay in the air and perform controlled flight tasks."It's extremely important for us to think about this as a whole system and not just the sun of a bunch of individual components (元件) , "said Robert Wood, the Harvard engineering professor who has been working on the robotic fly project for over a decade. A few years ago. his team got the go-ahead to start piecing together the components. "The added difficulty with a project like this is that actually none of those components are off the shelf and so we have to develop them all on our own, " he said.They engineered a series of systems to start and drive the robotic fly. "The seemingly simple system which just moves the wings has a number of interdependencies on the individual components, each of which individually has to perform well. but then has to be matched well to everything it's connected to, " said Wood. The flight device was built into a set of power, computation, sensing and control systems. Wood says the success of the project proves that the flying robot with these tiny components can be built and manufactured.While this first robotic flyer is linked to a small, off-board power source, the goal is eventually to equip it with a built-in power source, so that it might someday perform data-gathering work at rescue sites, in farmers' fields or on the battlefield. "Basically it should be able to take off, land and fly around, " he said.Wood says the design offers a new way to study flight mechanics and control at insect-scale. Yet, the power, sensing and computation technologies on board could have much broader applications. "You can start thinking about using them to answer open scientific questions, you know, to study biology in ways that would be difficult with the animals, but using these robots instead, " he said. "So there are a lot of technologies and open interesting scientific questions that are really what drives us on a day-to-day basis."38. The difficulty the team of engineers met with while making the robotic fly was that.A. they had no ready-made componentsB. they did not have sufficient timeC. they had no model in their mindD. they could no assemble the components39. It can be inferred from paragraphs 3 and 4 that the robotic fly.A. consists of a flight device and a control systemB. can collect information from many sourcesC. can just fly in limited areas at the present timeD. has been put into wide application40. Which of the following can be learned from the passage?A. The robotic flyer is designed to learn about insects.B. Wood's design can replace animals in some experiments.C. There used to be few ways to study how insects fly.D. Animals are not allowed in biological experiments.41. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?A. Father of Robotic FlyB. Inspiration from Engineering ScienceC. Harvard Breaks Through in Insect StudyD. Robotic Fly Imitates Real Life Insect答案：38-41ACB D平谷一模CWhy is poverty so difficult to overcome? Why are poorer people less likely to invest in their own learning and ability development, but more likely to be addicted to television and video games?In the past, a poor person was normally considered to have bad character or have no ambition. Banerjee corrects such views and explains the economics behind the poor. Poor people tend to live with more worries in their lives, he said, so they need tools such as televisions, cell phones, junk food and video games to relieve worries more than others. But investment in learning often takes a long time to get rewards, while the poor are often impatient due to economic reasons, and their life in the meantime is getting more worrisome and boring.That goes for health. Banerjee and his wife find that the poor spend the same amount of money and time, or even more on health and medical care than the middle class group, but they tend to get bad effects. The reason is that the poor often lack the essential medical and healthy knowledge and they tend to get medical treatment when the disease has worsened to a certain stage. Besides, they tend to trust the doctors who “give strong medicine” because they believe such doctors are the “good” ones. But in fact, “ strong medicine” always leads to resistance to drugs and overtreatment. This kind of attitude, which emphasizes treatment rather than early prevention, has brought many poor people more economic stress and physical damage, and even has affected the education of their next generation. According to the study, children in poorer physical condition tend to spend less time in school and have lower incomes after graduation, so poverty gets “inherited”.When it comes to finance, Banerjee’ s research has found that the poor often need to borrow little and short-term loans while paying extremely high interest rates. It is also because the poor tend to take higher financial risks — they often have unstable incomes and are unable to get working capital from banks, so they rely more on these high-interest loans. And these small loans put a brake on their savings against risks.How could the poor step into the middle class? Maybe starting a business is a way out. But for the extremely poor, it’ s impossible to get the capital they need to start a business. In most cases, a more practical option is getting a job in government agencies because comparatively speaking, government jobs are very stable, which give the poor the opportunities to be hired for the long term, to increase the range of their thinking and thus enabling families to move from poverty to the middle class.Banerjee’ s research provides a new perspective for governments to understand poverty, so that policies can be tailored to decrease poverty and ultimately eliminate(消除) it.38. How do the poor deal with the issue of health?A. They spend less money in preventing disease.B. They focus more on the diseases than early prevention.C. They usually think it essential to resist strong medicine.D. They are willing to get free medical treatment from the government.39. From the underlined sentence, we can learn that_________.A. poverty is produced by the poorB. poverty is passed down by their parentsC. poverty has some bad effects on the poorD. poverty causes people to bear more economic stress40. Banerjee considers it difficult to overcome poverty because .A. the poor have bad character or have no ambitionB. the poor prefer to invest in business rather than workC. the government hasn’ t taken proper and effective measureD. the poor were troubled by their lives, health and finance41. What can we learn from the passage?A. The poor have attached importance to education.B. The government can’ t provide the jobs for the poor.C. All the poor need to start a business for their survival.D. Banerjee’ s research is helpful for the government to rid of poverty.【答案】38. B；39. B；40. D；41. D；2020石景山一模CIn 1888 an Egyptian farmer digging in the sand near the village of Istabl Antar uncovered a mass tomb. The bodies weren’t human. They were feline—ancient cats that had been mummified and buried in holes in astonishing numbers. “Not one or two here and there”, reported English Illustrated Magazine, “but dozens, hundreds, hundreds of thousands, a layer of them, a layer thicker than most coal joints, ten to twenty cats deep.” Some of the linen-wrapped cats still looked presentable, and a few even had golden faces. Village children peddled the best ones to tourists for change; the rest were sold as fertilizer (肥料). One ship transported about 180,000, weighing some 38, 000 pounds, to Liverpool to be spread on the fields of England.Those were the days of generously funded (资助的) explorations—that dragged through acres of desert in their quest for royal tombs, and for splendid gold and painted masks to decorate the museums of Europe and America. The many thousands of mummified animals that turned up at religious sites throughout Egypt were just things to be cleared away to get treasure. Few people studied them, and their importance was generally unrecognized.In the century since then, archaeology (考古学) has become less of a treasure hunt and more of a science. Archaeologists now realize that much of their sites’ wealth lies in the majority of details about ordinary folks—what they did, what they thought, how they prayed. And animal mummies are a big part of that.“They’re really displays of daily life,” says Egyptologist Salima Ikram. After looking beneath bandages with x-rays and cataloguing her findings, she created a gallery for the collection—a bridge between people today and those of long ago. “You look at these mummified animals, and suddenly you say, Oh, King So-and-So had a pet. I have a pet. And instead of being at a distance of 5,000-plus years, the ancient Egyptians become clearer and closer to us.”38. The underlined word “peddled” in Paragraph 1 probably means .。

2023年上海市长宁区中考一模语文试上海市2023年中考一模语文古诗文阅读汇编题（二）阅读下面选文，完成第5—9题【甲】嗟夫！予尝求古仁人之心，或异二者之为，何哉？不以物喜，不以己悲，居庙堂之高则忧其民，处江湖之远则忧其君。

是进亦忧，退亦忧。

然则何时而乐耶？其必曰“先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐”乎！噫！微斯人，吾谁与归？时六年九月十五日。

【乙】（仲淹）服除①，至京师，上宰相书，言朝政得失及民间利病，凡万馀言，王曾②见而伟之。

时晏殊亦在京师，荐一人为馆职，曾谓殊曰：“公知范仲淹，舍不荐，而荐斯人乎？已为公置不行，宜更荐仲淹也。

”殊从之，遂除馆职。

顷之，冬至立仗③，礼官定议欲媚章献太后④，请天子帅百官献寿于庭，仲淹奏以为不可。

公众号：．晏殊大惧，召仲淹，怒责之，以为狂。

仲淹正色抗言曰：“仲淹受明公⑤误知，常惧不称，为知己羞，不意今日更以正论得罪于门下也。

”殊断无以应。

（选自《涑水记闻》，有删改）注释：①服除：指服丧期满，②王曾：北宋名相、诗人。

③立仗：设立仪仗。

④章献太后：即章献明肃太后。

仁宗即位，曾垂帘听政。

⑤明公：此处是对曼殊的尊称。

5．【甲】文节选自范仲淹所写的________（篇名）。

6．解释下列句中加点词。

（1）舍．不荐（）（2）殊丛．之（）7．解释【甲】文中的画线句。

微斯人，吾谁与归？8．【甲】文中范仲淹提出了“________，________”的政治抱负，这一政治抱负在【乙】文中的具体表现是（1）________；宁肯得罪权贵，也要上书直言，不献媚于章献太后；（2）________。

9．【乙】文中晏殊“大惧”“怒责之”这些表现背后的想法是否符合【甲】文所阐述的“不以物喜，不以己悲”的“仁人”情怀？请作简析，（二）古诗文阅读5．《岳阳楼记》6．（1）舍弃（2）听从7．如果没有这种人，我同谁一道呢？8．先天下之忧而忧，后天下之乐而乐（1）服丧期满，立即就朝廷政令的得失与民间利弊上书谏言。