四、形容词、副词
(一) 知识概要
形容词的用法很活跃，在英语中用处也很多，但英语中修饰可数名词和不可数名词的修饰语和词组有时不同，要特别加以注意。下面将初中学习阶段中遇到的修饰可数名词的词和词组归纳如下：many, no, several, some, a few, a lot, lots, plenty, plenty of, a lot of, a large number of, enough.而修饰不可数名词的词或词组如下：much, no, some, a lot, a great deal, lots, plenty, a lot of, plenty of. 其中some, no, a lot of, plenty of既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。英语中形容词与副词有原级、比较级、最高级之分，其规则如下：
构词法原级比较级最高级加er,或est Tall
young taller
younger
tallest
youngest
只加r或st nice
large
nicer
larger
nicest
largest
重读闭音节末尾只有一个辅音字母时双写该字母加er、est big
fat
hot
bigger
fatter
hotter
biggest
fattest
hottest
不规则变化的形容词或副词：
原级比较级最高级
good better best
Well better best
bad worse worst
badly worse worst
many more most
most more most
little less lest
far farther
further
farthest
furthest
old older
elder
oldest
eldest
要注意的是许多形容词同时又是副词，如：back, all, alone, either, far, high, slow等。而有些形容词则要经过一定变化才能转为副词，其规律如下：
构词法形容词副词
一般加ly Careful
kind
carefully
kindly
尾是y时将y变成i加ly Happy busy
easy
Happily
busily
easily
其他true
terrible
full
possible
shy
whole
truly
terribly
fully
possibly
shyly
wholly
在学习过程中要注意其变化。
此外并不是所有副词都可以修饰比较级和最高级形容词。能修饰比较级的有：much, yet, far, still, a great deal, even 和a little. 能修饰最高级的有：the very, much the, far等。
(二) 正误辨析
[误] The young likes playing football very much.
[正] The young like playing football very much.
[析] 定冠词加形容词表示一类人，应作复数看待。而定冠词加形容词表示抽象事物时则要看作单数，如：The beautiful is not always kindness.美丽并不总代表善良。
[误] The danger has gone, so the worst are over.
[正] The danger has gone, so the worst is over.
[析] 意为："危险已经过去，最困难的状况已结束。"用定冠词加最高级形容词作主语时应看作单数形式。
[误] It is the gold age of the young.
[正] It is the golden age of the young.
[析] golden在英语中多用于比喻，如：golden hair金发，gulden voice金嗓子。而gold多用于表达金质的，如：a gold bar金条，a gold coin金币，但gold fish 金鱼例外。
[误] She is a warm heart woman.
[正] She is a warm hearted woman.
[析] 英语形容词的构词法很多，其中之一是由形容词，或数词，加名词加ed构成，如：warm hoarted 热心肠的，white haired 白毛的
[误] There is an alive fish in the pool.
[正] There is a living fish in the pool.
[析] 在初中范围内所学到的以a字母开头的形容词一般不能作定语，只能作表语。如：The fish is alive.(鱼还活着)这样的形容词有：alive, alike, alone, asleep, afraid, awake等。
[误] The ill man nearly died.
[正] The sick man nearly died.
[析] ill一般不作定语来形容某人有病，而要用sick,但作表语时则都可以。如：He is ill sick, ill 作定语时则另有他意，如：ill luck (厄运)，ill nature(天性恶劣)，ill temper(心绪不好)
[误] I have important something to tell you.
[正] I have something important to tell you.
[析] 不定代词something, anyone, somebody…在用形容词修饰时，形容词应放其后。但要注意thing则不是不定代词，不符合上述规律。如：I have an important thing to tell you.
[误] I'll be free on next Sunday.
[正] I'll be free next Sunday.
[析] 在表达将来时的时候：next Sunday, next week, next year或last Sunday last week, last year 前都不加介词。
[误] The girl is two year old.
[正] The girl is two years old.
[正] She is a two year old girl
[析] 由连字符连接若干名词、数词……组成的形容词，在学习时要记住两点，其一是这些词中的名词都不要用复数形式，如：two thousand word report(两千字的报告);其二是这样构成的形容词只能作定语，即用于名词之前，而不能作表语。
[误] The foreigners like those little beautiful Chinese paintings.
[正] The foreigners like those beautiful little Chinese paintings.
[析] 在名词前若有几个形容词作修饰语时，其顺序如下。
1. 指示代词，定冠词
2. 数量词
3. 性质词
4. 大小
5. 形状
6. 老少，新旧
7. 颜色
8. 材料
但要注意的是英语的习惯是一个名词前的形容词一般不要多于三个。
如：What a pretty little white horse!
Those first few short English stories were not difficult to understand.
