医学英语原文翻译1至5单元
1. 生理学是研究生物体正常功能的一门科学。它研究生物体如何进行各种活动，如何饮食，如何运动，如何适应不断改变的环境，如何繁殖后代。这门学科包罗万象，涵盖了生物体整个生命过程。生理学成功地解释了生物体如何进行日常活动，基于的观点是生物体好比是结构复杂而灵巧的机器，其操作受物理和化学规律控制。尽管从生物学整个范畴看，生物体某些活动过程是相似的，如基因编码的复制，但许多过程还是某些生物体群组特有的。鉴于此，将这门学科分成不同部分研究如细菌生理学，植物生理学和动物生理学是有必要的。Physiology is the study of the functions of living matter. It is concerned with h ow an organism performs its varied activities: h ow it feeds, how it moves, how it adapts to chang ing circumstances, how it spawns new generatio ns. The subject is vast and embraces the whole o f life. The success of physiology in explaining ho w organisms perform their daily tasks is based o n the notion that they are intricate and exquisite
machines whose operation is governed by the la ws of physics and chemistry. Although some pro cesses are similar across the whole spectrum of b iology—the replication of the genetic code for ex ample—many are specific to particular groups o f organisms. For this reason it is necessary to div ide the subject into various parts such as bacteri al physiology, plant physiology, and animal phys iology. 2.
正如要了解一个动物如何活动，首先需要
了解它的构成，要充分了解一个生物体的生理学活动就必须掌握全面的解剖学知识。一个生物体的各部分起着什么作用可通过实验观察得知。尽管我们对志愿者进行了许多重要的生理调查，但是实验条件需要精确控制，所以我们当前大多生理知识还是源于对其它动物如青蛙，兔子，猫和狗等的研究。当我们明确大多数动物物种的特定生理过程存在共同之处时，相同的生理原理适用于人类也是合理的。通过这种方法，我们获得了大量的知识，从而让我们对人类生理学有了更深入的了解，为我们有效治疗许多疾病提供了一个坚实的基础。To study how an animal works it is
first necessary to know how it is built. A full app reciation of the physiology of an organism must therefore be based on a sound knowledge of its a natomy. Experiments can then be carried out to establish how particular parts perform their fun ctions.
Although there have been many important physi ological investigations on human volunteers, the need for precise control over the experimental c onditions has meant that much of our present ph ysiological knowledge has been derived from stu dies on other animals such as frogs, rabbits, cats , and dogs.
When it is clear that a specific physiological pro cess has a common basis in a wide variety of ani mal species, it is reasonable to assume that the s ame principles will apply to humans. The knowl edge gained from this approach has given us a g reat insight into human physiology and endowed us with a solid foundation for the effective treat ment of many diseases.
The organization of the body3.
机体的基本组成物质是细胞，细胞结合在一
起形成组织。组织的基本类型有上皮组织，结缔组织，神经组织，肌组织，每类组织都有各自的特征。许多结缔组织中细胞量相对较少，但是有大量的细胞外基质。相比而言，光滑的肌组织由大量密密麻麻的肌细胞通过特定的细胞连接组成。各种器官如脑，心脏，肺，小肠和肝等由不同种类的组织聚集而成。这些器官是不同生理系统的组成部分。心脏和血管组成心血管系统；肺，器官，支气管，胸壁和膈肌组成呼吸系统；骨骼和骨骼肌组成骨骼肌系统；大脑，脊髓，自主神经和神经中枢以及周围躯体神经组成神经系统等等。
3. The building blocks of the body are the cells, which are grouped together to form tissues. The principal types of tissue are epithelial, connectiv e, nervous, and muscular, each with its own char acteristics. Many connective tissues have relative ly few cells but have an extensive extracellular m atrix. In contrast, smooth muscle consists of den sely packed layers of muscle cells linked togethe r via specific cell junctions.
