翻译1417Aggressive Lymphomas
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lugano淋巴瘤疗效评价标准
苏黎世淋巴瘤治疗被分为三个基本评估标准:完全缓解(CR),部分缓解(PR)和无缓解(NR)。
1.完全缓解(CR):患者的临床表现显示完全消失的淋巴瘤标记物;根据影像学检查结果,血液学检查结果等报告同意;无发热,未发现淋巴结放射性增强。
2.部分缓解(PR):患者的临床表现显示肿瘤标记物的明显减少;根据影像学检查结果,血液学检查结果等报告同意;无发热,放射性增强较上次减少50%以上;具有可持续性的疗效。
3.无缓解(NR):患者的临床表现显示淋巴瘤标记物未有变化或略有减少;根据影像学检查结果,血液学检查结果等报告同意;放射性增强未有明显减少;未具有可持续性的疗效。
1、抗生素医嘱[Antibiotic order]·Prophylaxis [预防性用药] Duration of oder[用药时间] 24hr Procedure[操作,手术]·Empiric theraphy [经验性治疗]Suspected site and organism[怀疑感染的部位和致病菌] 72hr Cultures ordered[是否做培养]·Documented infection[明确感染]Site and organism[部位和致病菌] 5days·Other[其他]Explanation required [解释理由] 24hr·Antibiotic allergies[何种抗生素过敏]No known allergy [无已知的过敏]·Drug+dose+Route+frequency[药名+剂量+途径+次数]2、医嘱首页[Admission / transfer]·Admit / transfer to [收入或转入]·Resident [住院医师] Attending[主治医师]·Condition [病情]·Diagnosis[诊断]·Diet [饮食]·Acitivity [活动]·Vital signs[测生命体征]·I / O [记进出量]·Allergies[过敏]3、住院病历[case history]·Identification [病人一般情况]Name[性名]Sex[性别]Age [年龄]Marriage[婚姻]Person to notify and phone No.[联系人及电话] Race[民族]I.D.No.[身份证]Admission date[入院日期]Source of history[病史提供者]Reliability of history[可靠程度]Medical record No[病历号]Business phone No.[工作单位电话]Home address and phone No.[家庭住地及电话] ·Chief complaint[主诉]·History of present illness[现病史]·Past History[过去史]Surgical[外科]Medical[内科]Medications[用药]Allergies[过敏史]Social History[社会史]Habits[个人习惯]Smoking[吸烟]Family History[家族史]Ob/Gyn History[ 婚姻/生育史]Alcohol use[喝酒]·Review of Aystems[系统回顾]General[概况]Eyes,Ears,Nose and throat[五官] Pulmonary[呼吸]Cardiovascular[心血管]GI[消化]GU[生殖、泌尿系统]Musculoskeletal[肌肉骨骼]Neurology[神经系统]Endocrinology[内分泌系统]Lymphatic/Hematologic[淋巴系统/血液系统] ·Physical Exam[体检]Vital Signs[生命体征]P[脉博]Bp[血压]R[呼吸]T[温度]Height[身高]Weight[体重]General[概况]HEENT[五官]Neck[颈部]Back/Chest[背部/胸部]Breast[乳房]Heart[心脏]Heart rate[心率]Heart rhythm[心律]Heart Border[心界]Murmur[杂音]Abdomen[腹部]Liver[肝]Spleen[脾]Rectal[直肠]Genitalia[生殖系统]Extremities[四肢]Neurology[神经系统]cranial nerves[颅神经]sensation[感觉]Motor[运动]*Special P.E. on diseased organ system[专科情况]*Radiographic Findings[放射]*Laboratory Findings[化验]*Assessment[初步诊断与诊断依据]*Summary[病史小结]*Treatment Plan[治疗计划]4、输血申请单[Blood bank requisition form](1)reason for infusion[输血原因]▲红细胞[packed red cells, wshed RBCs]:*Hb<8.5 [血色素<8.5]*>20% blood volume lost [>20%血容量丢失]*cardio-pulmonary bypass with anticipated Hb <8[心肺分流术伴预计血色素<8]*chemotherapy or surgery with Hb <10[血色素<10的化疗或手术者]▲全血[whole blood]:massive on-going blood loss[大量出血]▲血小板[platelets]:*massive blood transfusion >10 units[输血10单位以上者]*platelet count <50×103/μl with active bleeding or surgery[血小板<5万伴活动性出血或手术者]*Cardio-pulmonary bypass uith pl<100×103/μl with octive bleeding[心肺分流术伴血小板<10万,活动性出血者]*Platelet count <20×103/μl[血板<2万]▲新鲜冰冻血浆[fresh frozen plasma]:*documented abnormal PT or PTT with bleeding or Surgery[PT、PTT异常的出血或手术病人]*specific clotting factor deficiencies with bleeding/surgerg[特殊凝血因子缺乏的出血/手术者]*blood transfusion >15units[输血>15个单位]*warfarin or antifibrinolytic therapy with bleeding[华法令或溶栓治疗后出血]*DIC[血管内弥漫性凝血]*Antithrombin III dficiency[凝血酶III 缺乏](2)输血要求[request for blood components]*patient blood group[血型]*Has the patient had transfusion or pregnancy in the past 3 months? [近3个月,病人是否输过血或怀孕过?]*Type and crossmatch[血型和血交叉]*Units or ml[单位或毫升]5、出院小结[discharge summary]Patient Name[病人姓名]Medical Record No.[病历号]Attending Physician[主治医生]Date of Admission[入院日期]Date of Discharge[出院日期]Pirncipal Diagnosis[主要诊断]Secondary Diagnosis[次要诊断]Complications[并发症]Operation[手术名称]Reason for Admission[入院理由]Physical Findings[阳性体征]Lab/X-ray Findings[化验及放射报告]Hospital Course[住院诊治经过]Condition[出院状况]Disposition[出院去向]Medications[出院用药]Prognosis[预后]Special Instruction to the Patient(diet, physical activity)[出院指导(饮食,活动量)]Follow-up Care[随随访]6、住院/出院病历首页[Admission/discharge record]·Patient name[病人姓名]·race[种族]·address[地址]·religion[宗教]·medical service[科别]·admit (discharge) date[入院(出院)日期]·Length of stay [住院天数]·guarantor name [担保人姓名]·next of kin or person to notify[需通知的亲属姓名]·relation to patient[与病人关系]·previous admit date[上次住院日期]·admitting physician [入院医生]·attending phgsician[主治医生]·admitting diagnosis[入院诊断]·final (principal) diagnosis[最终(主要)诊断]·secondary diagnosis[次要诊断]·adverse reactions (complications)[副作用(合并症)]·incision type[切口类型]·healing course[愈合等级]·operative (non-operative) procedures[手术(非手术)操作]·nosocomial infection[院内感染]·consutants[会诊]·Critical-No. of times[抢救次数]·recovered-No. of times[成功次数]·Diagnosis qualitative analysis[诊断质量]OP.adm.and discharge Dx concur [门诊入院与出院诊断符合率]Clinical and pathological Dx concur[临床与病理诊断符合率]Pre- and post-operative Dx concur [术前术后诊断符合率]·Dx determined with in 24 hours (3 days) after admission[入院后24小时(3 天)内确诊]·Discharge status[出院状况]recovered[治愈]improved[好转]not improved[未愈]died [死亡]·Dispositon[去向]home[家]against medical ad[自动出院]autosy[尸检]transferred to[转院到]医学英语常用前后缀医学英语常用前后缀·a-[无,缺] ▲anemia[贫血] atonia[无张力] asymptomatic[无症状的] amenorrhea[闭经] ·ab-[分离] abduct [外展] abscision[切除] ·acou (acu)-[听觉] acum eter [听力计] acouophone[助听器] ·acro-[肢端] acromegaly[肢端肥大症] acromastitis [乳头炎] ·ad (af, an)-[邻近,向上] adrenal [肾上腺] adaxial[近轴的] annexa[附件] ·-a d[……侧] ventrad[向腹侧] cephalad[向头侧] ·adeno-[腺] adenocyte[腺细胞] adenoidis m[腺体病] ·adipo-[脂肪] adiposis[肥胖症] adiponecrosis[脂肪坏死] ·adreno-[肾上腺] a drenocorticoid[肾上腺皮质激素] adrenalin[肾上腺素] adrenal[肾上腺] ·-aemia(emia)[血症] bacteremia[菌血症] leukemia[白血病] ·-albi (albino)-[白色] albumin[白蛋白] albinis m[白化病] ·-algesia[痛觉] ▲hypoalgesia[痛觉减退] ·-algia[痛] ▲arthralgia[关节痛] ▲c ephalgia[头痛] ▲neuralgia[神经痛] ·alkali-[碱] ▲alkalosis[碱中毒] ·alveo-[牙槽,小沟] ▲alveolitis[牙槽炎] ▲alveobronchiolitis[支气管肺泡炎] ·ambi-[复,双] ambiopia[复视] ambivert[双重性格] ·ambly-[弱] ▲amblyopia[弱视] ▲amblyaphia[触觉迟钝] ·amylo-[淀粉] ▲amyloidosis[淀粉酶] ▲amylase[淀粉酶] ·angio-[血管] ▲angiography[血管造影术]▲angioedema[血管性水肿] ▲angeitis[脉管炎] ▲angiofibroma[血管纤维瘤] ·ante-[前]▲antenatal[出生前的] ▲anteflexion[前屈] ·antero-[前] ▲anterolateral[前侧壁] ▲ant eroventral[前腹侧] ·anti-[抗,反] ▲antibiotics[抗生素] ▲antihypertensives[降压药] ▲a nticoagulant[抗凝剂] ·rarchno-[蛛网膜] ▲arachnoiditis[蛛网膜炎] ·archo-[肛门,直肠] ▲archorrhagia[肛门出血] ▲archosyrinx[直肠灌注器] ·arterio-[动脉] ▲arteriospasm[动脉痉挛] ▲arteriosclerosis[动脉硬化] ·arthro-[关节] ▲arthrocentesis[关节穿刺] ▲arthro tomy[关节切开术] ▲arthritis[关节炎] ·-ase[酶] ▲oxidase[氧化酶] ▲proteinase[蛋白酶]·-asthenia[无力] ▲myasthenia[肌无力] ▲neurasthenia[神经衰弱] ·audio(audito)-[听力]▲audiology[听觉学] ▲audiometer[听力计] ·auto-[自己] ▲autoimmune[自身免疫] ▲a uto hemotherapy[自体血疗法] ·bacilli-[杆菌] ▲bacillosis[杆菌病] ▲bacilluria[杆菌尿]·bacterio-[细菌] ▲bacteriology[细菌学] ▲bactericide[杀菌剂] ·baro-[压力] ▲baromet er [压力计] ▲baroreceptor[压力感受器] ·bary-[迟钝] ▲barylalia[言语不清] ▲baryacusi a[听觉迟钝] ·bi-[双] ▲bicuspid[二尖瓣]] ▲bilateral[两侧的] ·bili-[胆汁] ▲bilirubin[胆红素] ·bio-[生命] ▲biology[生物学] ▲biopsy[活检] ·-blast[母细胞] ▲spermatoblast[精子细胞] ▲melanoblast[成黑色素细胞] ▲osteoblast[成骨细胞] ·brachy-[短] ▲brachypn ea[气短] ▲brachydactylia[短指畸形] ·brady-[迟缓] ▲bradycardia[心动过缓] ▲bradyps ychia[精神不振] ·broncho-[支气管] ▲bronchoscopy[支气管镜检查] ▲bronchiostenosis [支气管痉挛] ▲bronchitis[支气管炎] ·bronchiolo-[细支气管] ▲bronchiolectasis[细支气管扩张] ·calci-[钙] ▲calcification[钙化] ▲calcicosilicosis[钙沉着症] ·carbo-[碳] ▲carbo hydrate[碳水化合物] ▲carbohaemia[碳酸血症] ·carcino-[癌] ▲carcinogen[致癌物] ·car dio-[心,贲门] ▲cardiotonics[强心剂] ▲cardioplasty[贲门成形术] ·-cele[疝,肿物] ▲o mphalocele[脐疝] ▲hysterocele[子宫脱垂] ▲ophthalmocele[眼球突出] ·celio-[腹] ▲cel ialgia[腹痛] ▲celioscopy[腹腔镜检查] ·-centesis[穿刺] ▲arthrocentesis[关节穿刺术] ▲abdominocentesis[腹穿] 3 回复:医学英语常用前后缀·cephalo-[头] ▲cephaloxia[斜颈] ▲cephalopathy[头部疾病] ▲cephalotomy[穿颅术] ·cerebello-[小脑] ▲cerebellitis[小脑炎] ▲cerebellum[小脑] ·cerebro-[大脑] ▲cerebritis[大脑炎] ▲cerebrology[脑学] ·che mo-[化学] ▲chemotherapy[化疗] ·chloro-[绿,氯] ▲chloroform[氯仿] ▲chloromycetin [氯霉素] ▲chlorophyll[叶绿素] ·cholangio-[胆道] ▲cholangitis[胆管炎] ▲cholangiectasi s[胆管扩张] ·cholo-[胆] ▲cholagogue[利胆剂] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ▲cholecystitis [胆囊炎] ▲cholesterol[胆固醇] ·chondro-[软骨] ▲chondrosarcoma[软骨肉瘤] ▲chondr ification[骨软化] ·chromo-[色素] ▲cytochrome[细胞色素] ▲chromosome[染色体] ·-cid e[杀……剂] ▲germicide[杀菌剂] ▲aborticide[堕胎药] ·circum-[周围] ▲circumoral[口周的] ▲circumcision[包皮环切术] ·coagulo-[凝固] ▲coagulant[凝血剂] ·colo-[结肠] ▲col otomy[结肠切开术] ▲coloptosis[结肠下垂] ·colpo (coleo)-[阴道] ▲coleospastia[阴道痉挛] ▲colposcope[阴道镜] ·contra-[反,逆] ▲contraindication[禁忌证] ▲contraceptive [避孕药] ·counter-[反,逆] ▲counteragent[拮抗剂] ▲conuterpoison[解毒剂] ·cranio-[颅]▲craniomalacia[颅骨软化] ▲cranioclasis[碎颅术] ·-cyst-[囊] ▲cystomy[膀胱切开术] ▲dacryocyst[泪囊] ·-cyte-[细胞] ▲lymphocyte[淋巴细胞] ▲cytolysis[细胞溶解] ·de-[除去] ▲detoxication[解毒] ·dento[牙] ▲dentistry[牙科学] ▲dentalgia[牙痛] ·-derm-[皮肤] ▲epiderm[表皮] ▲dermatology[皮肤病学] ▲dermoplasty[皮肤成形术] ·dextro-[右]▲dextrocardia[右位心] ▲dexiotropic[右旋的] ·dis-[分离] ▲discission[分离术] ▲disinf ection[消毒法] ·duodeno-[十二指肠] ▲duodenitis[十二指肠炎] ▲duodenostomy[十二指肠造口术] ·-dynia[痛] ▲acrodynia[肢体痛] ▲urethrodynia[尿道痛] ·dys-[异常] ▲dysfu nction[功能不良] ▲dyshormonism[内分泌障碍] ▲dysuria[排尿困难] ·-ectasis[扩张] ▲g astroectasis[胃扩张] ▲aerenterectasia[肠胀气] ▲bronchiectasia[支气管扩张] ·-ectomy [切除术] ▲appendectomy[阑尾切除术] ▲lipectomy[脂肪切除术] ·-edema[水肿] ▲ence phaledema[脑水肿] ▲myxedema[粘液性水肿] ·-emesia[呕] ▲hematemesia[呕血] ▲he lminthemesia[吐虫] ·encephalo-[脑] ▲encephaloma[脑瘤] ▲encephaledema[脑水肿]·endo-[内] ▲endocarditis[心内膜炎] ▲endoscope[内窥镜] ·entero-[肠] ▲enteritis[肠炎] ▲enterovirus[肠病毒] ·epi-[上,外] ▲epigastrium[上腹部] ·erythro-[红] ▲erythro mycin[红霉素] ▲erythroderma[红皮病] ·esophago-[食管] ▲esophagoscope[食管镜] ▲esophagitis[食管炎] ·extra-[……外] ▲extracellular[细胞外的] ▲extrasystole[额外收缩]·facio-[面] ▲facioplegia[面瘫] ▲facioplasty[面部成形术] ·-fast[耐] ▲acid-fast[抗酸的]▲uviofast[耐紫外线] ·febri-[热] ▲febricula[低热] ▲febrifacient[致热的] ·feti-[胎儿]▲feticulture[妊娠期卫生] ▲fetometry[胎儿测量法] ·fibro-[纤维] ▲fibroblast[成纤维细胞] ▲fibrosis[纤维化] ·fore-[前] ▲forebrain[前脑] ▲forehead[前额] ·-form[形状] ▲ov iform[卵形的] ▲granuliform[颗粒状的] ·fungi-[真菌,霉菌] ▲fungicide[杀真菌剂] ▲fun gistasis[制霉菌作用] ·gastro-[胃] ▲gastroptosis[胃下垂] ▲gastroenteritis[胃肠炎] ▲ga stroscopy[胃镜检查] ▲gastratrophy[胃萎缩] ·-gen [原,剂] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲pathog en[病原体] ▲androgen[雄激素] ▲Estrogen[雌激素] ·-genic[……性] ▲cardiogenic[心源性的] ▲allergenic[变应反应] ·giganto-[巨大] ▲gigantocyte[巨红细胞] ▲gigantism[巨大症] ·gingivo-[牙龈] ▲gingivitis[牙龈炎] ▲gingivostomatitis[牙龈口腔炎] ·glosso-[舌]▲glossoplegia[舌瘫痪] ·gluco-[糖] ▲glucoprotein[糖蛋白] ▲glucocorticoid[糖皮质激素] ·glyco-[糖] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲glycouria[糖尿] ·-grade[级,度] ▲centigrade[摄氏温度计] ▲retrograde[逆行性] ·-gram[克,图] ▲microgram[微克] ▲electroencephalogram [脑电图] ·-graph(y)[……仪(法)] ▲electrocardiogram[心电图] ▲bronchography[支气管造影术] ·gyneco-[妇女] ▲gynecology[妇科学] ▲gynecopathy[妇科病] ·hemo(hemato)-[血] ▲hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ▲4 回复:医学英语常用前后缀hematoma[血肿] ·hemi-[半] ▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ▲hemicrania[偏头病] ·hepato-[肝] ▲hepatitis[肝炎] ▲hepato cirrhosis[肝硬化] ▲hepatosplenomegaly[肝脾肿大] ·hidro-[汗] ▲hyperhidrosis[多汗症]▲anhidrosis[无汗症] ·histo-[组织] ▲histology[组织学] ▲histomorphology[组织形态学]·holo-[全] ▲holonarcosis[全麻] ▲holoenzyme[全酶] ·homo-[同] ▲homotype[同型]▲homologue[同系物] ▲homoplasty[同种移植术] ·hydro-[水] ▲hydropericardium[心包积水] ▲hydrolysis [水解] ·hypr-[高] ▲hypercalcemia[高钙血症] ▲hyperthyroidism[甲亢] ·hypno-[睡眼] ▲hypnotics[安眠药] ▲hypnotherapy[催眠疗法] ·hypo-[低] ▲hypote nsion[低血压] ▲hypoglycemia[低血糖] ·hystero-[子宫] ▲hysterospasm[子宫痉挛] ▲hy steroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-ia[病] ▲melancholia[忧郁症] ▲pyrexia[发热] ·-iatrics[医学] ▲pediatrics[儿科学] ▲geriatrics[老年病学] ·-iatry[医学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ▲pediatr y[儿科学] ·immuno-[免疫] ▲immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ▲immunotherapy[免疫疗法]·infra-[下] ▲infraorbital[眶下的] ▲infrared[红外线] ·inter-[间] ▲intervertebral[椎间的]▲intercellular[细胞间的] ·intra-[内] ▲intravenous[静脉内的] ▲intracranial[颅内的] ▲intramuscular[肌肉内的] ·-ist[家] ▲pathologist[病理学家] ▲anatomist[解剖学家] ·-itis [炎症] ▲cellulitis[蜂窝织炎] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ·leuco (leuko)-[白] ▲leucorrhea[白带] ▲leukocytosis[白细胞增多] ▲leukemia[白血病] ·lipo-(脂) ▲lipotrophy[脂肪增多]▲lipase[脂酶] ·-lith[结石] ▲cholelith[胆结石] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ·-logy[学] ▲ter minology[术语学] ▲Cardiology[心脏病学] ·lumbo-[腰] ▲lumbosacral[腰骶部的] ▲lumb ago[腰背痛] ▲lumbodynia[腰痛] ·lympho-[淋巴] ▲lymphedema[淋巴水肿] ▲lymphocy topenia[淋巴细胞减少] ·-lysis(lytic)[松解,分解了] ▲aythrolysis[关节松解术] ▲spasmol ytic[解痉的] ·macro-[大] ▲macrophage[巨噬细胞] ▲macromolecule[大分子] ·mal-[不良] ▲malnutrition[营养不良] ▲malfunction[功能不全] ·-megaly[巨大] ▲cardiomegaly [心扩大] ▲cephalomegaly[巨头畸形] ·meningo-[脑膜] ▲meningitis[脑膜炎] ▲meningo cephalitis[脑膜脑炎] ·meno-[月经] ▲dysmenorrhea[痛经] ▲menopause[停经] ·-meter [表,计] ▲spirometer[肺活量计] ▲pyrometer[高温表] ·-metry[测量法] ▲iodometry[碘定量法] ·micro-[小] ▲micropump[微泵] ▲microliter[微升] ·mono-[单-] ▲mononucleos is[单核细胞增多] ▲monomer[单体] ·multi-[多] ▲multinuclear[多核的] ▲multipara[经产妇] ·myelo-[髓] ▲myelocele[脊髓膨出] ▲myelocyte[髓细胞] ·myo-[肌] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ▲myofibroma[肌纤维瘤] ·naso-[鼻] ▲nasoscope[鼻镜] ▲nasitis[鼻炎] ·neo-[新] ▲neoplasm[瘤] ▲neomycin[新霉素] ·nephro-[肾] ▲nephropathy[肾病] ▲nephro sclerosis[肾硬变] ·neuro-[神经] ▲neuroma[神经瘤] ▲neurodermatitis[神经性皮炎] ·no n-[非] ▲non-electrolyte[非电解质] ▲nonfetal[非致命的] ·nulli-[无] ▲nullipara[未产妇]▲nulligravida[未孕妇] ·nutri-[营养] ▲nutrition[营养] ▲nutrology[营养学] ·oculo-[眼] ▲oculist[眼科医生] ▲oculus dexter[右眼] ▲oculus sinister[左眼] 5 回复:医学英语常用前后缀·oligo-[少] ▲oligophrenia[智力发育不全] ▲oliguria[少尿] ·-oma[肿瘤] ▲ade noma[腺瘤] ▲osteoma[骨瘤] ·onco-[肿瘤] ▲oncology[肿瘤学] ▲oncogene[癌基因] ·o phthalmo-[眼] ▲ophthalmocele[眼球突出] ▲ophthalmoplegia[眼肌麻痹] ·-osis[病] ▲ci rrhosis[肝硬化] ▲mycosis[霉菌病] ·osteo-[骨] ▲osteomalacia[骨软化] ▲osteoarthritis [骨关节炎] ·oto-[耳] ▲otolith[耳石] ▲otoplasty[耳成形术] ▲otopyosis[耳化脓] ·pan-[全] ▲panimmunity[多种免疫] ▲pantalgia[全身痛] ▲pantatrophia[全身营养不良] ·-par a[产妇] ▲primipara[初产妇] ▲nullipara[未产妇] ·-pathy[病] ▲dermatopathy[皮肤病] ▲Cardiomyopathy[心肌病] ·pedia-[儿童] ▲pediatrician[儿科医师] ▲pediatrics[儿科学]·-penia[减少] ▲leucopenia[白细胞减少] ▲thrombopenia[血小板减少] ·per-[经] ▲perc utaneous[经皮肤的] ·peri-[周围] ▲pericarditis[心包炎] ▲perianal[肛周的] ·pharmaco-[药] ▲pharmacokinetics[药代动力学] ▲physicochemistry[药典] ·physio-[物理▲physiot heraphy[理疗] ▲physicochemistry[物理化学] ·-plasty[成形术] ▲angioplasty[血管成形术] ▲homoplasty[同种移植] ▲gastroplasty[胃成形术] ·-plegia[瘫] ▲paraplegia[截瘫] ▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ·pleuro-[胸膜] ▲pleuritis[胸膜炎] ▲pleurocentesis[胸腔穿刺术] ·-p nea[呼吸] ▲orthopnea[端坐呼吸] ▲tachypnea[呼吸急促] ·pneumo-[气,肺] ▲pneumo thorax[气胸] ▲pneumococcus[肺炎球菌] ·poly-[多] ▲polyuria[多尿] ▲polycholia[胆汗过多] ·post-[后] ▲postpartum[产后] ▲postoperation[术后] ·pre-[前] ▲premenopause [绝经前期] ▲premature[早搏] ▲preload[前负荷] ·pseudo-[假] ▲psudohypertrophy[假性肥大] ▲psudomembranous[假膜的] ·psycho-[精神,心理] ▲psychology[心理学] ▲ps ychiatry[精神病学] ·-ptosis[下垂] ▲nephroptosis[肾下垂] ▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-p tysis[咯] ▲pyoptysis[咯脓] ▲hemoptysis[咯血] ·pyo-[脓] ▲pyorrhea[溢脓] ▲pyosis [化脓] ·radio-[放射] ▲radiotherapy[放疗] ▲radiology[放射学] ·recto-[直肠] ▲rectitis [直肠炎] ▲rectectomy[直肠切除术] ·retino-[视网膜] ▲retinitis[视网膜炎] ▲retinodialys is[视网膜分离] ·rhino-[鼻] ▲rhinitis[鼻炎] ▲rhinorrhea[鼻漏] ·-rrhagia[出血] ▲gastorr hagia[胃出血] ▲hemorrhage[出血] ▲pneumorrhagia[肺出血] ·-rrhaphy[缝合术] ▲neu rorrhaphy[神经缝合术] ▲Vasorrhaphy[输卵管缝合术] ·-rrhea[流出] ▲diarrhea[腹泻] ▲menorrhea[月经] ·schisto-[裂] ▲schistosomiasis[血吸虫病] ▲schistoglossia[舌裂] ·scirr ho-[硬] ▲scirrhosarca[硬皮病] ▲scirrhoma[硬癌] ·sclero-[硬] ▲scleroderma[硬皮病] ▲sclerometer[硬度计] ·-scope(y)[镜,检查] ▲stethoscope[听诊器] ▲otoscope[耳镜] ▲proctoscopy[直肠镜检查法] ·semi-[半] ▲semicoma[半昏迷] ▲semiliquid[半流汁] ·sp ondylo-[脊椎] ▲spondylopathy[脊椎病] ▲spondylitis[脊椎炎] ·-stomy[造口术] ▲colost omy[结肠造口术] ▲ilecolostomy[回结肠吻合术] ·sub-[下,亚] ▲subacute[亚急性] ▲su babdominal[下腹部的] ·super-[在…上] ▲superficial[浅的] ▲superoxide[超氧化物] ·sup ra-[上] ▲supraventricular[室上性的] ▲suprarenalism[肾上腺机能亢进] ·tachy-[快] ▲ta chycardia[心动过速] ▲tachypnea[呼吸急促] ·-therapy[治疗] ▲massotherapy[按摩治疗]▲pharmacotherapy[药物治疗] ·thermo-[热] ▲thermometer[温度计] ▲thermatology [热疗学] ·thrombo-[血栓,血小板] ▲thrombolysis[溶栓] ▲thrombocytopenia[血小板减少症] ▲thrombosis[血] ·-tomy[切开术] ▲tracheotomy[气管切开术] ▲ovariotomy[卵巢切开术] ·tracheo-[气管] ▲tracheoscope[气管镜] ▲tracheorrhagia[气管出血] ·trans-[经,转移] ▲transurethral[经尿道] ▲transfusion[输血] ·-trophy[营养] ▲dystrophy[营养不良] ▲atrophy[萎缩] ·ultra-[超过] ▲ultraviolet[紫外线] ▲ultrasound[超声] ·utero-[子宫] ▲uteroscope[子宫镜] ▲uterotonic[宫缩剂] ·vaso-[血管] ▲vasomotion[血管舒缩] ▲Vasodilator[血管扩张剂] 6 回复:医学英语常用前后缀·cephalo-[头] ▲cephaloxia[斜颈] ▲cephalopathy[头部疾病] ▲cephalotomy[穿颅术] ·cerebello-[小脑] ▲cerebellitis [小脑炎] ▲cerebellum[小脑] ·cerebro-[大脑] ▲cerebritis[大脑炎] ▲cerebrology[脑学]·chemo-[化学] ▲chemotherapy[化疗] ·chloro-[绿,氯] ▲chloroform[氯仿] ▲chloromy cetin[氯霉素] ▲chlorophyll[叶绿素] ·cholangio-[胆道] ▲cholangitis[胆管炎] ▲cholangi ectasis[胆管扩张] ·cholo-[胆] ▲cholagogue[利胆剂] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ▲cholecys titis[胆囊炎] ▲cholesterol[胆固醇] ·chondro-[软骨] ▲chondrosarcoma[软骨肉瘤] ▲cho ndrification[骨软化] ·chromo-[色素] ▲cytochrome[细胞色素] ▲chromosome[染色体] ·-cide[杀……剂] ▲germicide[杀菌剂] ▲aborticide[堕胎药] ·circum-[周围] ▲circumoral [口周的] ▲circumcision[包皮环切术] ·coagulo-[凝固] ▲coagulant[凝血剂] ·colo-[结肠]▲colotomy[结肠切开术] ▲coloptosis[结肠下垂] ·colpo (coleo)-[阴道] ▲coleospastia [阴道痉挛] ▲colposcope[阴道镜] ·contra-[反,逆] ▲contraindication[禁忌证] ▲contrac eptive[避孕药] ·counter-[反,逆] ▲counteragent[拮抗剂] ▲conuterpoison[解毒剂] ·cra nio-[颅] ▲craniomalacia[颅骨软化] ▲cranioclasis[碎颅术] ·-cyst-[囊] ▲cystomy[膀胱切开术] ▲dacryocyst[泪囊] ·-cyte-[细胞] ▲lymphocyte[淋巴细胞] ▲cytolysis[细胞溶解]·de-[除去] ▲detoxication[解毒] ·dento[牙] ▲dentistry[牙科学] ▲dentalgia[牙痛] ·-de rm-[皮肤] ▲epiderm[表皮] ▲dermatology[皮肤病学] ▲dermoplasty[皮肤成形术] ·dext ro-[右] ▲dextrocardia[右位心] ▲dexiotropic[右旋的] ·dis-[分离] ▲discission[分离术] ▲disinfection[消毒法] ·duodeno-[十二指肠] ▲duodenitis[十二指肠炎] ▲duodenostomy [十二指肠造口术] ·-dynia[痛] ▲acrodynia[肢体痛] ▲urethrodynia[尿道痛] ·dys-[异常] ▲dysfunction[功能不良] ▲dyshormonism[内分泌障碍] ▲dysuria[排尿困难] ·-ectasis[扩张] ▲gastroectasis[胃扩张] ▲aerenterectasia[肠胀气] ▲bronchiectasia[支气管扩张] ·-ectomy[切除术] ▲appendectomy[阑尾切除术] ▲lipectomy[脂肪切除术] ·-edema[水肿]▲encephaledema[脑水肿] ▲myxedema[粘液性水肿] ·-emesia[呕] ▲hematemesia[呕血] ▲helminthemesia[吐虫] ·encephalo-[脑] ▲encephaloma[脑瘤] ▲encephaledema [脑水肿] ·endo-[内] ▲endocarditis[心内膜炎] ▲endoscope[内窥镜] ·entero-[肠] ▲ent eritis[肠炎] ▲enterovirus[肠病毒] ·epi-[上,外] ▲epigastrium[上腹部] ·erythro-[红] ▲e rythromycin[红霉素] ▲erythroderma[红皮病] ·esophago-[食管] ▲esophagoscope[食管镜] ▲esophagitis[食管炎] ·extra-[……外] ▲extracellular[细胞外的] ▲extrasystole[额外收缩] ·facio-[面] ▲facioplegia[面瘫] ▲facioplasty[面部成形术] ·-fast[耐] ▲acid-fast[抗酸的] ▲uviofast[耐紫外线] ·febri-[热] ▲febricula[低热] ▲febrifacient[致热的] ·feti-[胎儿] ▲feticulture[妊娠期卫生] ▲fetometry[胎儿测量法] ·fibro-[纤维] ▲fibroblast[成纤维细胞] 7 回复:医学英语常用前后缀▲fibrosis[纤维化] ·fore-[前] ▲forebrain[前脑] ▲forehead[前额] ·-form[形状] ▲oviform[卵形的] ▲granuliform[颗粒状的] ·fungi-[真菌,霉菌] ▲fungicide[杀真菌剂] ▲fungistasis[制霉菌作用] ·gastro-[胃] ▲gastroptosis[胃下垂] ▲gastroenteritis[胃肠炎] ▲gastroscopy[胃镜检查] ▲gastratrophy[胃萎缩] ·-gen [原,剂] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲pathogen[病原体] ▲androgen[雄激素] ▲Estrogen[雌激素]·-genic[……性] ▲cardiogenic[心源性的] ▲allergenic[变应反应] ·giganto-[巨大] ▲giga ntocyte[巨红细胞] ▲gigantism[巨大症] ·gingivo-[牙龈] ▲gingivitis[牙龈炎] ▲gingivost omatitis[牙龈口腔炎] ·glosso-[舌] ▲glossoplegia[舌瘫痪] ·gluco-[糖] ▲glucoprotein[糖蛋白] ▲glucocorticoid[糖皮质激素] ·glyco-[糖] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲glycouria[糖尿] ·-gr ade[级,度] ▲centigrade[摄氏温度计] ▲retrograde[逆行性] ·-gram[克,图] ▲microgr am[微克] ▲electroencephalogram[脑电图] ·-graph(y)[……仪(法)] ▲electrocardiogra m[心电图] ▲bronchography[支气管造影术] ·gyneco-[妇女] ▲gynecology[妇科学] ▲gy necopathy[妇科病] ·hemo(hemato)-[血] ▲hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ▲hematoma[血肿]·hemi-[半] ▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ▲hemicrania[偏头病] ·hepato-[肝] ▲hepatitis[肝炎]▲hepatocirrhosis[肝硬化] ▲hepatosplenomegaly[肝脾肿大] ·hidro-[汗] ▲hyperhidrosis [多汗症] ▲anhidrosis[无汗症] ·histo-[组织] ▲histology[组织学] ▲histomorphology[组织形态学] ·holo-[全] ▲holonarcosis[全麻] ▲holoenzyme[全酶] ·homo-[同] ▲homotyp e[同型] ▲homologue[同系物] ▲homoplasty[同种移植术] ·hydro-[水] ▲hydropericardi um[心包积水] ▲hydrolysis [水解] ·hypr-[高] ▲hypercalcemia[高钙血症] ▲hyperthyroi dism[甲亢] ·hypno-[睡眼] ▲hypnotics[安眠药] ▲hypnotherapy[催眠疗法] ·hypo-[低] ▲hypotension[低血压] ▲hypoglycemia[低血糖] ·hystero-[子宫] ▲hysterospasm[子宫痉挛] ▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-ia[病] ▲melancholia[忧郁症] ▲pyrexia[发热] ·-iatric s[医学] ▲pediatrics[儿科学] ▲geriatrics[老年病学] ·-iatry[医学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学]▲pediatry[儿科学] ·immuno-[免疫] ▲immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ▲immunotherapy [免疫疗法] ·infra-[下] ▲infraorbital[眶下的] ▲infrared[红外线] ·inter-[间] ▲interverte bral[椎间的] ▲intercellular[细胞间的] ·intra-[内] ▲intravenous[静脉内的] ▲intracrania l[颅内的] ▲intramuscular[肌肉内的] ·-ist[家] ▲pathologist[病理学家] ▲anatomist[解剖学家] ·-itis[炎症] ▲cellulitis[蜂窝织炎] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ·leuco (leuko)-[白] ▲leu corrhea[白带] ▲leukocytosis[白细胞增多] ▲leukemia[白血病] ·lipo-(脂) ▲lipotrophy [脂肪增多] ▲lipase[脂酶] ·-lith[结石] ▲cholelith[胆结石] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ·-log y[学] ▲terminology[术语学] ▲Cardiology[心脏病学] ·lumbo-[腰] ▲lumbosacral[腰骶部的] ▲lumbago[腰背痛] ▲lumbodynia[腰痛] ·lympho-[淋巴] ▲lymphedema[淋巴水肿] ▲lymphocytopenia[淋巴细胞减少] ·-lysis(lytic)[松解,分解了] ▲aythrolysis[关节松解术] ▲spasmolytic[解痉的] ·macro-[大] ▲macrophage[巨噬细胞] ▲macromolecule[大分子]·mal-[不良] ▲malnutrition[营养不良] ▲malfunction[功能不全] ·-megaly[巨大] ▲cardi omegaly[心扩大] ▲cephalomegaly[巨头畸形] ·meningo-[脑膜] ▲meningitis[脑膜炎] ▲meningocephalitis[脑膜脑炎] ·meno-[月经] ▲dysmenorrhea[痛经] ▲menopause[停经]·-meter[表,计] ▲spirometer[肺活量计] ▲pyrometer[高温表] ·-metry[测量法] ▲iodo metry[碘定量法] ·micro-[小] ▲micropump[微泵] ▲microliter[微升] ·mono-[单-] ▲mo nonucleosis[单核细胞增多] ▲monomer[单体] ·multi-[多] ▲multinuclear[多核的] ▲mul tipara[经产妇] ·myelo-[髓] ▲myelocele[脊髓膨出] ▲myelocyte[髓细胞] ·myo-[肌] ▲m yocarditis[心肌炎] ▲myofibroma[肌纤维瘤] ·naso-[鼻] ▲nasoscope[鼻镜] ▲nasitis[鼻炎] ·neo-[新] ▲neoplasm[瘤] ▲neomycin[新霉素] ·nephro-[肾] ▲nephropathy[肾病]▲nephrosclerosis[肾硬变] ·neuro-[神经] ▲neuroma[神经瘤] ▲neurodermatitis[神经性皮炎] ·non-[非] ▲non-electrolyte[非电解质] ▲nonfetal[非致命的] ·nulli-[无] ▲nullipar a[未产妇] ▲nulligravida[未孕妇] ·nutri-[营养] ▲nutrition[营养] ▲nutrology[营养学] ·o culo-[眼] ▲oculist[眼科医生] ▲oculus dexter[右眼] ▲oculus sinister[左眼]医学英语缩写一览表医学英语缩写一览表·aa.-of each[各] ·Ab.-antibody[抗体] ·abd.-abdomen[腹部] ·ABG-arterial blood gas[动脉血气] ·abn.-abnormal[异常] ·ABp-arterial blood pressure[动脉压]·Abs.-absent[无] ·abstr.-abstract[摘要] ·a.c.-before meals[饭前] ·Ach.-actylcholine[乙酰胆碱] ·ACH.-adrenal cortical hormone[肾上腺皮质激素] ·ACT.-active coagulative tim e[活化凝血时间] ·ACTH.-adrenocorticotripic[促肾上腺皮质激素] ·ad.(add.)-adde[加] ·ad effect.-ad effectum [直到有效] ·ADH.-antidiuretic hormone[抗利尿激素] ·ad lib-at lies ure[随意] ·adm.(admin)-adminstration[给药] ·ad us est.-for external use[外用] ·af.-atr ial fibrillation[房颤] ·aF.-atrial flutter[房扑] ·A/G ratio.-albumin-globulin ratio[白-球蛋白比] ·AIDS.-acquired immune deficiency syndrome[爱滋病] ·al.-left ear[左耳] ·alb.-albu min[白蛋白] ·AM.-before noon[上午] ·amb.-ambulance[救护车] ·amp.(ampul)-ampoule [安瓿] ·ANA.-anesthesia[麻醉] ·anal.-analgesic[镇痛药] ·ap.-before dinner[饭前] ·appr. (approx.)-approximately [大约] ·AR.-aortic regurgitation[主闭] ·AS.-aortic stenosis[主狭] ·ASA.-aspirin[阿斯匹林] ·ASD.-atrial septal defect[房缺] ·AST.-aspartate transamin ase[谷草转氨酶] ·atm.(atmos.)-atomsphere[大气压] ·ATS.-antitetanic serum[抗破伤风血清] ·av.-average[平均] ·Ba.-Barium[钡] ·BBT.-basal body temperature[基础体温] ·B CG.-bacille Calmette- Guerin[卡介苗] ·biblio.-biliography[参考文献] ·bid.-twice a day [每日二次] ·b.m.-basal metabolism[基础代谢] ·Bp.-blood pressure[血压] ·bpm-baets p er minute[次/分] ·BS.-blood sugar[血糖] ·BW.-body weight[体重] ·C.- centigrade[摄氏温度计] ·CA.-carcinoma[癌] ·Cal.-cancer[癌] ·Cal. –calorie[卡] ·Cap. –capsule[囊] ·C.B.C-complete blood count[血常规] ·CC.-chief complaint[主诉] ·CC. list.-critical conditio n list[病危通知单] ·CCU.- Coronary care unit[冠心病监护室] ·CD.-caesarean delivered [剖腹产] ·CDC.-calculated date of confinement[预产期] ·CEA.-carcinoembryonic antige n[癌胚抗原] ·CG.-control group[对照组] ·CK.-creatine kinase[肌酸激酶] ·Cl.-centilitre [毫开] ·cm.-centimetre[毫米] ·CNS.-central nervous system[中枢神经系统] ·Co.-compo und[复方] ·contra.-contraindicated[禁忌] ·CT.- computerized tomography[计算机断层扫描] ·C.V-curriculum vitae[简历] ·DBp-diastolic blood pressure[舒张压] ·DD.- differen tial diagnosis[鉴别诊断] ·dept.-department[科] ·diag.-diagonsis[诊断] ·DIC-disseminate intravascular coagulation[弥漫性血管内凝血] ·dl.-deciliter[分升] ·DM.-diabetic mellitus [糖尿病] ·DM.-diastolic murmur[舒张期杂音] ·D.O.A-dead on arrival[到达时已死亡] ·D OB.-date of birth[出生日期] ·Dr.-doctor[医生] ·DIW.-dextrose in water[葡萄糖液] ·D-5 -W,-5% dextrose in water[5%葡萄糖液] ·DU-duodenal ulcer[十二指肠溃疡] ·ECG.(EK G.)- electrocardiograph[心电图] ·ECHO .-echogram[超声] ·EDD.(EDC)-expected date o f delivery (confinement)[预产期] ·ENT. –ears, nose and throat[五官科] ·EMG. –elec tromyogram[肌电图] ·ER. –emergency room[急诊室] ·et al.-and elsewhere[等等] ·et c. –and so forth[等等] ·F.(Fahr.)-Fahrenheit [华氏] ·F- Female[女性] ·F.B.S.- fastingblood sugar[空腹血糖] ·FDP.-fibrinogen degradation products[纤维蛋白原降解产物] ·F FA. –free fatty acid[游离脂肪酸] ·FUO. –fever of unknown origin[不明原因发热] ·F X. –fracture [骨折] ·GH. –growth hormone[生长素] ·GI.- gastrointestinal[消化] ·GIT S. –gastrointestinal therapy system[胃肠治疗系统] ·gtt. –drops[滴] ·GU.- gastric ulc er[胃溃疡] ·Hb. –hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ·HBp.-high blood pressure[高血压] ·HCG. –human choroionic gonadotropic hormone[人绒毛膜促性腺激素] ·HDL.- high density lip oprotein[高密度脂蛋白] ·HR.-heart rate[心率] ·ht.-height[身高] ·HTN.-hypertension[高血压] ·Hx.-history [病历] ·Hypo.-hypodermic injection[皮下注射] ·IABP.-intra –aortic balloon pacing[主动脉内囊反搏] ·I/O.-intake and output [进出量] ·ICU. –intensive ca re unit[重症监护病房] ·ie. –that is [即] ·Ig. –immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ·Im. –i utramuscular[肌内的] ·INH.- inhalation[吸入] ·INH.- isoniazid[异烟肼] ·Inj.- injection [注射] ·Int.- intern[实习生] ·IP.- in-patient[住院病入] ·Iu.- international unit[国防单位]·IV.-intravenously[静脉内] ·J.- joule[焦耳] ·K.U.B- Kidney,ureter and bladder[肾、输尿管和膀胱] ·LBp.-low blood pressure [低血压] ·LC. –laparoscopic cholecystectomy[腹腔镜胆囊切除术] ·LDL.-Low density lipoprotein[低密度脂蛋白] ·Liq. –liquid[液体] ·LM P.- last menstrual period[未次月经] ·LP. –lumbar puncture[腰穿] ·M. –male[男性] ·M CD.-mean corpuscular diameter[平均红细胞直径] ·MCH.-mean corpuscular hemoglobin [平均红细胞血红蛋白量] ·MCHC.-mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration[平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度] ·MCV.-mean corpuscular volume[平均红细胞体积] ·MI.-myocardial inf arction[心梗] ·min.-minute[分] ·mixt。
1、抗生素医嘱[Antibiotic order]·Prophylaxis [预防性用药] Duration of oder[用药时间] 24hr Procedure[操作,手术]·Empiric theraphy [经验性治疗] Suspected site and organi sm[怀疑感染的部位和致病菌] 72hr Cultures ordered[是否做培养]·Documented infectio n[明确感染]Site and organism[部位和致病菌] 5days·Other[其他]Explanation required [解释理由] 24hr·Antibiotic allergies[何种抗生素过敏]No known allergy [无已知的过敏]·Drug+dose+Route+frequency[药名+剂量+途径+次数]2、医嘱首页[Admission / transfer]·Admit / transfer to [收入或转入]·Resident [住院医师Attending[主治医师]·Condition [病情]·Diagnosis[诊断]·Diet [饮食]·Acitivity [活动]·Vital signs[测生命体征]·I / O [记进出量]·Allergies[过敏]3、住院病历[case history]·Identification [病人一般情况]Name[性名]Sex[性别]Age [年龄] Marriage[婚姻]Person to notify and phone No.[联系人及电话]Race[民族]I.D.No.[身份证]Admission date[入院日期]Source of history[病史提供者]Reliability of history[可靠程度]Medical record No[病历号]Business phone No.[工作单位电话]Home address and po ne No.[家庭住地及电话]·Chief complaint[主诉]·History of present illness[现病史]·PastH istory[过去史]Surgical[外科]Medical[内科]Medications[用药]Allergies[过敏史]Social Histor y[社会史]Habits[个人习惯]Smoking[吸烟]Family History[家族史]Ob/Gyn History[ 婚姻/生育史]Alcohol use[喝酒]·Review of Aystems[系统回顾]General[概况]Eyes,Ears,Nose a nd throat[五官]Pulmonary[呼吸]Cardiovascular[心血管]GI[消化]GU[生殖、泌尿系统]Musc uloskeletal[肌肉骨骼]Neurology[神经系统]Endocrinology[内分泌系统]Lymphatic/Hematol ogic[淋巴系统/血液系统]·Physical Exam[体检]Vital Signs[生命体征]P[脉博]Bp[血压]R[呼吸]T[温度]Height[身高]Weight[体重]General[概况]HEENT[五官]Neck[颈部]Back/Chest[背部/胸部]Breast[乳房]Heart[心脏]Heart rate[心率]Heart rhythm[心律]Heart Border[心界] Murmur[杂音]Abdomen[腹部]Liver[肝]Spleen[脾]Rectal[直肠]Genitalia[生殖系统]Extremit ies[四肢]Neurology[神经系统]cranial nerves[颅神经]sensation[感觉]Motor[运动]*Special P.E. on diseased organ system[专科情况]*Radiographic Findings[放射]*Laboratory Fi ndings[化验]*Assessment[初步诊断与诊断依据]*Summary[病史小结]*Treatment Plan[治疗计划]4、输血申请单[Blood bank requisition form](1)reason for infusion[输血原因]▲红细胞[p acked red cells, wshed RBCs]:*Hb<8.5 [血色素<8.5]*>20% blood volume lost [>2 0%血容量丢失]*cardio-pulmonary bypass with anticipated Hb <8[心肺分流术伴预计血色素<8]*chemotherapy or surgery with Hb <10[血色素<10的化疗或手术者]▲全血[whole blood]:massive on-going blood loss[大量出血]▲血小板[platelets]:*massive blood transfusion >10 units[输血10单位以上者]*platelet count <50×103/μl with active bleeding or su rgery[血小板<5万伴活动性出血或手术者]*Cardio-pulmonary bypass uith pl<100×103/μl with octive bleeding [心肺分流术伴血小板<10万,活动性出血者]*Platel et count <20×103/μl[血板<2万]▲新鲜冰冻血浆[fresh frozen plasma]:*documented abnormal PT or PTT with bleeding or Surgery[PT、PTT异常的出血或手术病人]*specific clotting factor deficiencies with bleeding/surgerg[特殊凝血因子缺乏的出血/手术者]*blood transfusion >15units[输血>15个单位]*warfarin or antifibrinolytic therapy with bleeding[华法令或溶栓治疗后出血]*DIC[血管内弥漫性凝血]*Antithrombin III dficiency[凝血酶III 缺乏](2)输血要求[request for blood components]*patient blood group[血型]*Has the patie nt had transfusion or pregnancy in the past 3 months? [近3个月,病人是否输过血或怀孕过?]*Type and crossmatch[血型和血交叉]*Units or ml[单位或毫升]5、出院小结[discharge summary]Patient Name[病人姓名]Medical Record No.[病历号]At tending Physician[主治医生]Date of Admission[入院日期]Date of Discharge[出院日期]P irncipal Diagnosis[主要诊断]Secondary Diagnosis[次要诊断]Complications[并发症]Operat ion[手术名称]Reason for Admission[入院理由]Physical Findings[阳性体征]Lab/X-ray Fin dings[化验及放射报告]Hospital Course[住院诊治经过]Condition[出院状况]Disposition[出院去向]Medications[出院用药]Prognosis[预后]Special Instruction to the Patient(diet, ph ysical activity)[出院指导(饮食,活动量)]Follow-up Care[随随访]6、住院/出院病历首页[Admission/discharge record]·Patient name[病人姓名]·race[种族]·a ddress[地址]·religion[宗教]·medical service[科别]·admit (discharge) date[入院(出院)日期]·Length of stay [住院天数]·guarantor name [担保人姓名]·next of kin or person to notify[需通知的亲属姓名]·relation to patient[与病人关系]·previous admit date[上次住院日期]·admitting physician [入院医生]·attending phgsician[主治医生]·admitting diag nosis[入院诊断]·final (principal) diagnosis[最终(主要)诊断]·secondary diagnosis[次要诊断]·adverse reactions (complications)[副作用(合并症)]·incision type[切口类型]·heal ing course[愈合等级]·operative (non-operative) procedures[手术(非手术)操作]·nosoc omial infection[院内感染]·consutants[会诊]·Critical-No. of times[抢救次数]·recovered-N o. of times[成功次数]·Diagnosis qualitative analysis[诊断质量]OP.adm.and discharge D x concur [门诊入院与出院诊断符合率]Clinical and pathological Dx concur[临床与病理诊断符合率]Pre- and post-operative Dx concur [术前术后诊断符合率]·Dx determined with in 24 hours (3 days) after admission[入院后24小时(3天)内确诊]·Discharge status[出院状况]recovered[治愈]improved[好转]not improved[未愈]died [死亡]·Dispositon[去向]home[家]against medical ad[自动出院]autosy[尸检]tran sferred to[转院到]医学英语常用前后缀医学英语常用前后缀·a-[无,缺] ▲anemia[贫血] atonia[无张力] asymptomatic[无症状的] amenorrhea[闭经] ·ab-[分离] abduct [外展] abscision[切除] ·acou (acu)-[听觉] acumeter [听力计] acouophone[助听器] ·acro-[肢端] acromegaly[肢端肥大症] acromastitis [乳头炎] ·ad (af, an)-[邻近,向上] adrenal [肾上腺] adaxial[近轴的] annexa[附件] ·-a d[……侧] ventrad[向腹侧] cephalad[向头侧] ·adeno-[腺] adenocyte[腺细胞] adenoidis m[腺体病] ·adipo-[脂肪] adiposis[肥胖症] adiponecrosis[脂肪坏死] ·adreno-[肾上腺] a drenocorticoid[肾上腺皮质激素] adrenalin[肾上腺素] adrenal[肾上腺] ·-aemia(emia)[血症] bacteremia[菌血症] leukemia[白血病] ·-albi (albino)-[白色] albumin[白蛋白] albinis m[白化病] ·-algesia[痛觉] ▲hypoalgesia[痛觉减退] ·-algia[痛] ▲arthralgia[关节痛] ▲c ephalgia[头痛] ▲neuralgia[神经痛] ·alkali-[碱] ▲alkalosis[碱中毒] ·alveo-[牙槽,小沟] ▲alveolitis[牙槽炎] ▲alveobronchiolitis[支气管肺泡炎] ·ambi-[复,双] ambiopia[复视] ambivert[双重性格] ·ambly-[弱] ▲amblyopia[弱视] ▲amblyaphia[触觉迟钝] ·amylo-[淀粉] ▲amyloidosis[淀粉酶] ▲amylase[淀粉酶] ·angio-[血管] ▲angiography[血管造影术]▲angioedema[血管性水肿] ▲angeitis[脉管炎] ▲angiofibroma[血管纤维瘤] ·ante-[前]▲antenatal[出生前的] ▲anteflexion[前屈] ·antero-[前] ▲anterolateral[前侧壁] ▲ant eroventral[前腹侧] ·anti-[抗,反] ▲antibiotics[抗生素] ▲antihypertensives[降压药] ▲a nticoagulant[抗凝剂] ·rarchno-[蛛网膜] ▲arachnoiditis[蛛网膜炎] ·archo-[肛门,直肠] ▲archorrhagia[肛门出血] ▲archosyrinx[直肠灌注器] ·arterio-[动脉] ▲arteriospasm[动脉痉挛] ▲arteriosclerosis[动脉硬化] ·arthro-[关节] ▲arthrocentesis[关节穿刺] ▲arthro tomy[关节切开术] ▲arthritis[关节炎] ·-ase[酶] ▲oxidase[氧化酶] ▲proteinase[蛋白酶]·-asthenia[无力] ▲myasthenia[肌无力] ▲neurasthenia[神经衰弱] ·audio(audito)-[听力]▲audiology[听觉学] ▲audiometer[听力计] ·auto-[自己] ▲autoimmune[自身免疫] ▲a uto hemotherapy[自体血疗法] ·bacilli-[杆菌] ▲bacillosis[杆菌病] ▲bacilluria[杆菌尿]·bacterio-[细菌] ▲bacteriology[细菌学] ▲bactericide[杀菌剂] ·baro-[压力] ▲baromet er [压力计] ▲baroreceptor[压力感受器] ·bary-[迟钝] ▲barylalia[言语不清] ▲baryacusi a[听觉迟钝] ·bi-[双] ▲bicuspid[二尖瓣]] ▲bilateral[两侧的] ·bili-[胆汁] ▲bilirubin[胆红素] ·bio-[生命] ▲biology[生物学] ▲biopsy[活检] ·-blast[母细胞] ▲spermatoblast[精子细胞] ▲melanoblast[成黑色素细胞] ▲osteoblast[成骨细胞] ·brachy-[短] ▲brachypn ea[气短] ▲brachydactylia[短指畸形] ·brady-[迟缓] ▲bradycardia[心动过缓] ▲bradyps ychia[精神不振] ·broncho-[支气管] ▲bronchoscopy[支气管镜检查] ▲bronchiostenosis [支气管痉挛] ▲bronchitis[支气管炎] ·bronchiolo-[细支气管] ▲bronchiolectasis[细支气管扩张] ·calci-[钙] ▲calcification[钙化] ▲calcicosilicosis[钙沉着症] ·carbo-[碳] ▲carbo hydrate[碳水化合物] ▲carbohaemia[碳酸血症] ·carcino-[癌] ▲carcinogen[致癌物] ·car dio-[心,贲门] ▲cardiotonics[强心剂] ▲cardioplasty[贲门成形术] ·-cele[疝,肿物] ▲o mphalocele[脐疝] ▲hysterocele[子宫脱垂] ▲ophthalmocele[眼球突出] ·celio-[腹] ▲cel ialgia[腹痛] ▲celioscopy[腹腔镜检查] ·-centesis[穿刺] ▲arthrocentesis[关节穿刺术] ▲abdominocentesis[腹穿] 3 回复:医学英语常用前后缀·cephalo-[头] ▲cephaloxia[斜颈] ▲cephalopathy[头部疾病] ▲cephalotomy[穿颅术] ·cerebello-[小脑] ▲cerebellitis[小脑炎] ▲cerebellum[小脑] ·cerebro-[大脑] ▲cerebritis[大脑炎] ▲cerebrology[脑学] ·che mo-[化学] ▲chemotherapy[化疗] ·chloro-[绿,氯] ▲chloroform[氯仿] ▲chloromycetin [氯霉素] ▲chlorophyll[叶绿素] ·cholangio-[胆道] ▲cholangitis[胆管炎] ▲cholangiectasi s[胆管扩张] ·cholo-[胆] ▲cholagogue[利胆剂] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ▲cholecystitis [胆囊炎] ▲cholesterol[胆固醇] ·chondro-[软骨] ▲chondrosarcoma[软骨肉瘤] ▲chondr ification[骨软化] ·chromo-[色素] ▲cytochrome[细胞色素] ▲chromosome[染色体] ·-cid e[杀……剂] ▲germicide[杀菌剂] ▲aborticide[堕胎药] ·circum-[周围] ▲circumoral[口周的] ▲circumcision[包皮环切术] ·coagulo-[凝固] ▲coagulant[凝血剂] ·colo-[结肠] ▲colotomy[结肠切开术] ▲coloptosis[结肠下垂] ·colpo (coleo)-[阴道] ▲coleospastia[阴道痉挛] ▲colposcope[阴道镜] ·contra-[反,逆] ▲contraindication[禁忌证] ▲contraceptive [避孕药] ·counter-[反,逆] ▲counteragent[拮抗剂] ▲conuterpoison[解毒剂] ·cranio-[颅]▲craniomalacia[颅骨软化] ▲cranioclasis[碎颅术] ·-cyst-[囊] ▲cystomy[膀胱切开术] ▲dacryocyst[泪囊] ·-cyte-[细胞] ▲lymphocyte[淋巴细胞] ▲cytolysis[细胞溶解] ·de-[除去] ▲detoxication[解毒] ·dento[牙] ▲dentistry[牙科学] ▲dentalgia[牙痛] ·-derm-[皮肤] ▲epiderm[表皮] ▲dermatology[皮肤病学] ▲dermoplasty[皮肤成形术] ·dextro-[右]▲dextrocardia[右位心] ▲dexiotropic[右旋的] ·dis-[分离] ▲discission[分离术] ▲disinf ection[消毒法] ·duodeno-[十二指肠] ▲duodenitis[十二指肠炎] ▲duodenostomy[十二指肠造口术] ·-dynia[痛] ▲acrodynia[肢体痛] ▲urethrodynia[尿道痛] ·dys-[异常] ▲dysfu nction[功能不良] ▲dyshormonism[内分泌障碍] ▲dysuria[排尿困难] ·-ectasis[扩张] ▲g astroectasis[胃扩张] ▲aerenterectasia[肠胀气] ▲bronchiectasia[支气管扩张] ·-ectomy [切除术] ▲appendectomy[阑尾切除术] ▲lipectomy[脂肪切除术] ·-edema[水肿] ▲ence phaledema[脑水肿] ▲myxedema[粘液性水肿] ·-emesia[呕] ▲hematemesia[呕血] ▲he lminthemesia[吐虫] ·encephalo-[脑] ▲encephaloma[脑瘤] ▲encephaledema[脑水肿]·endo-[内] ▲endocarditis[心内膜炎] ▲endoscope[内窥镜] ·entero-[肠] ▲enteritis[肠炎] ▲enterovirus[肠病毒] ·epi-[上,外] ▲epigastrium[上腹部] ·erythro-[红] ▲erythro mycin[红霉素] ▲erythroderma[红皮病] ·esophago-[食管] ▲esophagoscope[食管镜] ▲esophagitis[食管炎] ·extra-[……外] ▲extracellular[细胞外的] ▲extrasystole[额外收缩]·facio-[面] ▲facioplegia[面瘫] ▲facioplasty[面部成形术] ·-fast[耐] ▲acid-fast[抗酸的]▲uviofast[耐紫外线] ·febri-[热] ▲febricula[低热] ▲febrifacient[致热的] ·feti-[胎儿]▲feticulture[妊娠期卫生] ▲fetometry[胎儿测量法] ·fibro-[纤维] ▲fibroblast[成纤维细胞] ▲fibrosis[纤维化] ·fore-[前] ▲forebrain[前脑] ▲forehead[前额] ·-form[形状] ▲ov iform[卵形的] ▲granuliform[颗粒状的] ·fungi-[真菌,霉菌] ▲fungicide[杀真菌剂] ▲fun gistasis[制霉菌作用] ·gastro-[胃] ▲gastroptosis[胃下垂] ▲gastroenteritis[胃肠炎] ▲ga stroscopy[胃镜检查] ▲gastratrophy[胃萎缩] ·-gen [原,剂] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲pathog en[病原体] ▲androgen[雄激素] ▲Estrogen[雌激素] ·-genic[……性] ▲cardiogenic[心源性的] ▲allergenic[变应反应] ·giganto-[巨大] ▲gigantocyte[巨红细胞] ▲gigantism[巨大症] ·gingivo-[牙龈] ▲gingivitis[牙龈炎] ▲gingivostomatitis[牙龈口腔炎] ·glosso-[舌]▲glossoplegia[舌瘫痪] ·gluco-[糖] ▲glucoprotein[糖蛋白] ▲glucocorticoid[糖皮质激素] ·glyco-[糖] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲glycouria[糖尿] ·-grade[级,度] ▲centigrade[摄氏温度计] ▲retrograde[逆行性] ·-gram[克,图] ▲microgram[微克] ▲electroencephalogram [脑电图] ·-graph(y)[……仪(法)] ▲electrocardiogram[心电图] ▲bronchography[支气管造影术] ·gyneco-[妇女] ▲gynecology[妇科学] ▲gynecopathy[妇科病] ·hemo(hemato)-[血] ▲hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ▲4 回复:医学英语常用前后缀hematoma[血肿] ·hemi-[半] ▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ▲hemicrania[偏头病] ·hepato-[肝] ▲hepatitis[肝炎] ▲hepato cirrhosis[肝硬化] ▲hepatosplenomegaly[肝脾肿大] ·hidro-[汗] ▲hyperhidrosis[多汗症]▲anhidrosis[无汗症] ·histo-[组织] ▲histology[组织学] ▲histomorphology[组织形态学]·holo-[全] ▲holonarcosis[全麻] ▲holoenzyme[全酶] ·homo-[同] ▲homotype[同型]▲homologue[同系物] ▲homoplasty[同种移植术] ·hydro-[水] ▲hydropericardium[心包积水] ▲hydrolysis [水解] ·hypr-[高] ▲hypercalcemia[高钙血症] ▲hyperthyroidism[甲亢] ·hypno-[睡眼] ▲hypnotics[安眠药] ▲hypnotherapy[催眠疗法] ·hypo-[低] ▲hypote nsion[低血压] ▲hypoglycemia[低血糖] ·hystero-[子宫] ▲hysterospasm[子宫痉挛] ▲hy steroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-ia[病] ▲melancholia[忧郁症] ▲pyrexia[发热] ·-iatrics[医学] ▲pediatrics[儿科学] ▲geriatrics[老年病学] ·-iatry[医学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ▲pediatr y[儿科学] ·immuno-[免疫] ▲immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ▲immunotherapy[免疫疗法]·infra-[下] ▲infraorbital[眶下的] ▲infrared[红外线] ·inter-[间] ▲intervertebral[椎间的]▲intercellular[细胞间的] ·intra-[内] ▲intravenous[静脉内的] ▲intracranial[颅内的] ▲intramuscular[肌肉内的] ·-ist[家] ▲pathologist[病理学家] ▲anatomist[解剖学家] ·-itis [炎症] ▲cellulitis[蜂窝织炎] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ·leuco (leuko)-[白] ▲leucorrhea[白带] ▲leukocytosis[白细胞增多] ▲leukemia[白血病] ·lipo-(脂) ▲lipotrophy[脂肪增多]▲lipase[脂酶] ·-lith[结石] ▲cholelith[胆结石] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ·-logy[学] ▲ter minology[术语学] ▲Cardiology[心脏病学] ·lumbo-[腰] ▲lumbosacral[腰骶部的] ▲lumb ago[腰背痛] ▲lumbodynia[腰痛] ·lympho-[淋巴] ▲lymphedema[淋巴水肿] ▲lymphocy topenia[淋巴细胞减少] ·-lysis(lytic)[松解,分解了] ▲aythrolysis[关节松解术] ▲spasmol ytic[解痉的] ·macro-[大] ▲macrophage[巨噬细胞] ▲macromolecule[大分子] ·mal-[不良] ▲malnutrition[营养不良] ▲malfunction[功能不全] ·-megaly[巨大] ▲cardiomegaly [心扩大] ▲cephalomegaly[巨头畸形] ·meningo-[脑膜] ▲meningitis[脑膜炎] ▲meningo cephalitis[脑膜脑炎] ·meno-[月经] ▲dysmenorrhea[痛经] ▲menopause[停经] ·-meter [表,计] ▲spirometer[肺活量计] ▲pyrometer[高温表] ·-metry[测量法] ▲iodometry[碘定量法] ·micro-[小] ▲micropump[微泵] ▲microliter[微升] ·mono-[单-] ▲mononucleos is[单核细胞增多] ▲monomer[单体] ·multi-[多] ▲multinuclear[多核的] ▲multipara[经产妇] ·myelo-[髓] ▲myelocele[脊髓膨出] ▲myelocyte[髓细胞] ·myo-[肌] ▲myocarditi s[心肌炎] ▲myofibroma[肌纤维瘤] ·naso-[鼻] ▲nasoscope[鼻镜] ▲nasitis[鼻炎] ·neo-[新] ▲neoplasm[瘤] ▲neomycin[新霉素] ·nephro-[肾] ▲nephropathy[肾病] ▲nephro sclerosis[肾硬变] ·neuro-[神经] ▲neuroma[神经瘤] ▲neurodermatitis[神经性皮炎] ·no n-[非] ▲non-electrolyte[非电解质] ▲nonfetal[非致命的] ·nulli-[无] ▲nullipara[未产妇]▲nulligravida[未孕妇] ·nutri-[营养] ▲nutrition[营养] ▲nutrology[营养学] ·oculo-[眼] ▲oculist[眼科医生] ▲oculus dexter[右眼] ▲oculus sinister[左眼] 5 回复:医学英语常用前后缀·oligo-[少] ▲oligophrenia[智力发育不全] ▲oliguria[少尿] ·-oma[肿瘤] ▲ade noma[腺瘤] ▲osteoma[骨瘤] ·onco-[肿瘤] ▲oncology[肿瘤学] ▲oncogene[癌基因] ·o phthalmo-[眼] ▲ophthalmocele[眼球突出] ▲ophthalmoplegia[眼肌麻痹] ·-osis[病] ▲ci rrhosis[肝硬化] ▲mycosis[霉菌病] ·osteo-[骨] ▲osteomalacia[骨软化] ▲osteoarthritis [骨关节炎] ·oto-[耳] ▲otolith[耳石] ▲otoplasty[耳成形术] ▲otopyosis[耳化脓] ·pan-[全] ▲panimmunity[多种免疫] ▲pantalgia[全身痛] ▲pantatrophia[全身营养不良] ·-par a[产妇] ▲primipara[初产妇] ▲nullipara[未产妇] ·-pathy[病] ▲dermatopathy[皮肤病] ▲Cardiomyopathy[心肌病] ·pedia-[儿童] ▲pediatrician[儿科医师] ▲pediatrics[儿科学]·-penia[减少] ▲leucopenia[白细胞减少] ▲thrombopenia[血小板减少] ·per-[经] ▲perc utaneous[经皮肤的] ·peri-[周围] ▲pericarditis[心包炎] ▲perianal[肛周的] ·pharmaco-[药] ▲pharmacokinetics[药代动力学] ▲physicochemistry[药典] ·physio-[物理▲physiot heraphy[理疗] ▲physicochemistry[物理化学] ·-plasty[成形术] ▲angioplasty[血管成形术] ▲homoplasty[同种移植] ▲gastroplasty[胃成形术] ·-plegia[瘫] ▲paraplegia[截瘫] ▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ·pleuro-[胸膜] ▲pleuritis[胸膜炎] ▲pleurocentesis[胸腔穿刺术] ·-p nea[呼吸] ▲orthopnea[端坐呼吸] ▲tachypnea[呼吸急促] ·pneumo-[气,肺] ▲pneumo thorax[气胸] ▲pneumococcus[肺炎球菌] ·poly-[多] ▲polyuria[多尿] ▲polycholia[胆汗过多] ·post-[后] ▲postpartum[产后] ▲postoperation[术后] ·pre-[前] ▲premenopause [绝经前期] ▲premature[早搏] ▲preload[前负荷] ·pseudo-[假] ▲psudohypertrophy[假性肥大] ▲psudomembranous[假膜的] ·psycho-[精神,心理] ▲psychology[心理学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学] ·-ptosis[下垂] ▲nephroptosis[肾下垂] ▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-p tysis[咯] ▲pyoptysis[咯脓] ▲hemoptysis[咯血] ·pyo-[脓] ▲pyorrhea[溢脓] ▲pyosis [化脓] ·radio-[放射] ▲radiotherapy[放疗] ▲radiology[放射学] ·recto-[直肠] ▲rectitis [直肠炎] ▲rectectomy[直肠切除术] ·retino-[视网膜] ▲retinitis[视网膜炎] ▲retinodialys is[视网膜分离] ·rhino-[鼻] ▲rhinitis[鼻炎] ▲rhinorrhea[鼻漏] ·-rrhagia[出血] ▲gastorr hagia[胃出血] ▲hemorrhage[出血] ▲pneumorrhagia[肺出血] ·-rrhaphy[缝合术] ▲neu rorrhaphy[神经缝合术] ▲Vasorrhaphy[输卵管缝合术] ·-rrhea[流出] ▲diarrhea[腹泻] ▲menorrhea[月经] ·schisto-[裂] ▲schistosomiasis[血吸虫病] ▲schistoglossia[舌裂] ·scirr ho-[硬] ▲scirrhosarca[硬皮病] ▲scirrhoma[硬癌] ·sclero-[硬] ▲scleroderma[硬皮病] ▲sclerometer[硬度计] ·-scope(y)[镜,检查] ▲stethoscope[听诊器] ▲otoscope[耳镜] ▲proctoscopy[直肠镜检查法] ·semi-[半] ▲semicoma[半昏迷] ▲semiliquid[半流汁] ·sp ondylo-[脊椎] ▲spondylopathy[脊椎病] ▲spondylitis[脊椎炎] ·-stomy[造口术] ▲colost omy[结肠造口术] ▲ilecolostomy[回结肠吻合术] ·sub-[下,亚] ▲subacute[亚急性] ▲su babdominal[下腹部的] ·super-[在…上] ▲superficial[浅的] ▲superoxide[超氧化物] ·sup ra-[上] ▲supraventricular[室上性的] ▲suprarenalism[肾上腺机能亢进] ·tachy-[快] ▲ta chycardia[心动过速] ▲tachypnea[呼吸急促] ·-therapy[治疗] ▲massotherapy[按摩治疗]▲pharmacotherapy[药物治疗] ·thermo-[热] ▲thermometer[温度计] ▲thermatology [热疗学] ·thrombo-[血栓,血小板] ▲thrombolysis[溶栓] ▲thrombocytopenia[血小板减少症] ▲thrombosis[血] ·-tomy[切开术] ▲tracheotomy[气管切开术] ▲ovariotomy[卵巢切开术] ·tracheo-[气管] ▲tracheoscope[气管镜] ▲tracheorrhagia[气管出血] ·trans-[经,转移] ▲transurethral[经尿道] ▲transfusion[输血] ·-trophy[营养] ▲dystrophy[营养不良] ▲atrophy[萎缩] ·ultra-[超过] ▲ultraviolet[紫外线] ▲ultrasound[超声] ·utero-[子宫] ▲uteroscope[子宫镜] ▲uterotonic[宫缩剂] ·vaso-[血管] ▲vasomotion[血管舒缩] ▲Vasodilator[血管扩张剂] 6 回复:医学英语常用前后缀·cephalo-[头] ▲cephaloxia[斜颈] ▲cephalopathy[头部疾病] ▲cephalotomy[穿颅术] ·cerebello-[小脑] ▲cerebellitis [小脑炎] ▲cerebellum[小脑] ·cerebro-[大脑] ▲cerebritis[大脑炎] ▲cerebrology[脑学]·chemo-[化学] ▲chemotherapy[化疗] ·chloro-[绿,氯] ▲chloroform[氯仿] ▲chloromy cetin[氯霉素] ▲chlorophyll[叶绿素] ·cholangio-[胆道] ▲cholangitis[胆管炎] ▲cholangi ectasis[胆管扩张] ·cholo-[胆] ▲cholagogue[利胆剂] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ▲cholecys titis[胆囊炎] ▲cholesterol[胆固醇] ·chondro-[软骨] ▲chondrosarcoma[软骨肉瘤] ▲cho ndrification[骨软化] ·chromo-[色素] ▲cytochrome[细胞色素] ▲chromosome[染色体] ·-cide[杀……剂] ▲germicide[杀菌剂] ▲aborticide[堕胎药] ·circum-[周围] ▲circumoral [口周的] ▲circumcision[包皮环切术] ·coagulo-[凝固] ▲coagulant[凝血剂] ·colo-[结肠]▲colotomy[结肠切开术] ▲coloptosis[结肠下垂] ·colpo (coleo)-[阴道] ▲coleospastia [阴道痉挛] ▲colposcope[阴道镜] ·contra-[反,逆] ▲contraindication[禁忌证] ▲contrac eptive[避孕药] ·counter-[反,逆] ▲counteragent[拮抗剂] ▲conuterpoison[解毒剂] ·cra nio-[颅] ▲craniomalacia[颅骨软化] ▲cranioclasis[碎颅术] ·-cyst-[囊] ▲cystomy[膀胱切开术] ▲dacryocyst[泪囊] ·-cyte-[细胞] ▲lymphocyte[淋巴细胞] ▲cytolysis[细胞溶解]·de-[除去] ▲detoxication[解毒] ·dento[牙] ▲dentistry[牙科学] ▲dentalgia[牙痛] ·-de rm-[皮肤] ▲epiderm[表皮] ▲dermatology[皮肤病学] ▲dermoplasty[皮肤成形术] ·dext ro-[右] ▲dextrocardia[右位心] ▲dexiotropic[右旋的] ·dis-[分离] ▲discission[分离术] ▲disinfection[消毒法] ·duodeno-[十二指肠] ▲duodenitis[十二指肠炎] ▲duodenostomy [十二指肠造口术] ·-dynia[痛] ▲acrodynia[肢体痛] ▲urethrodynia[尿道痛] ·dys-[异常] ▲dysfunction[功能不良] ▲dyshormonism[内分泌障碍] ▲dysuria[排尿困难] ·-ectasis[扩张] ▲gastroectasis[胃扩张] ▲aerenterectasia[肠胀气] ▲bronchiectasia[支气管扩张] ·-ectomy[切除术] ▲appendectomy[阑尾切除术] ▲lipectomy[脂肪切除术] ·-edema[水肿]▲encephaledema[脑水肿] ▲myxedema[粘液性水肿] ·-emesia[呕] ▲hematemesia[呕血] ▲helminthemesia[吐虫] ·encephalo-[脑] ▲encephaloma[脑瘤] ▲encephaledema [脑水肿] ·endo-[内] ▲endocarditis[心内膜炎] ▲endoscope[内窥镜] ·entero-[肠] ▲ent eritis[肠炎] ▲enterovirus[肠病毒] ·epi-[上,外] ▲epigastrium[上腹部] ·erythro-[红] ▲e rythromycin[红霉素] ▲erythroderma[红皮病] ·esophago-[食管] ▲esophagoscope[食管镜] ▲esophagitis[食管炎] ·extra-[……外] ▲extracellular[细胞外的] ▲extrasystole[额外收缩] ·facio-[面] ▲facioplegia[面瘫] ▲facioplasty[面部成形术] ·-fast[耐] ▲acid-fast[抗酸的] ▲uviofast[耐紫外线] ·febri-[热] ▲febricula[低热] ▲febrifacient[致热的] ·feti-[胎儿] ▲feticulture[妊娠期卫生] ▲fetometry[胎儿测量法] ·fibro-[纤维] ▲fibroblast[成纤维细胞] 7 回复:医学英语常用前后缀▲fibrosis[纤维化] ·fore-[前] ▲forebrain[前脑] ▲forehead[前额] ·-form[形状] ▲oviform[卵形的] ▲granuliform[颗粒状的] ·fungi-[真菌,霉菌] ▲fungicide[杀真菌剂] ▲fungistasis[制霉菌作用] ·gastro-[胃] ▲gastroptosis[胃下垂] ▲gastroenteritis[胃肠炎] ▲gastroscopy[胃镜检查] ▲gastratrophy[胃萎缩] ·-gen [原,剂] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲pathogen[病原体] ▲androgen[雄激素] ▲Estrogen[雌激素]·-genic[……性] ▲cardiogenic[心源性的] ▲allergenic[变应反应] ·giganto-[巨大] ▲giga ntocyte[巨红细胞] ▲gigantism[巨大症] ·gingivo-[牙龈] ▲gingivitis[牙龈炎] ▲gingivost omatitis[牙龈口腔炎] ·glosso-[舌] ▲glossoplegia[舌瘫痪] ·gluco-[糖] ▲glucoprotein[糖蛋白] ▲glucocorticoid[糖皮质激素] ·glyco-[糖] ▲glycogen[糖原] ▲glycouria[糖尿] ·-gr ade[级,度] ▲centigrade[摄氏温度计] ▲retrograde[逆行性] ·-gram[克,图] ▲microgr am[微克] ▲electroencephalogram[脑电图] ·-graph(y)[……仪(法)] ▲electrocardiogra m[心电图] ▲bronchography[支气管造影术] ·gyneco-[妇女] ▲gynecology[妇科学] ▲gy necopathy[妇科病] ·hemo(hemato)-[血] ▲hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ▲hematoma[血肿]·hemi-[半] ▲hemiplegia[偏瘫] ▲hemicrania[偏头病] ·hepato-[肝] ▲hepatitis[肝炎]▲hepatocirrhosis[肝硬化] ▲hepatosplenomegaly[肝脾肿大] ·hidro-[汗] ▲hyperhidrosis [多汗症] ▲anhidrosis[无汗症] ·histo-[组织] ▲histology[组织学] ▲histomorphology[组织形态学] ·holo-[全] ▲holonarcosis[全麻] ▲holoenzyme[全酶] ·homo-[同] ▲homotyp e[同型] ▲homologue[同系物] ▲homoplasty[同种移植术] ·hydro-[水] ▲hydropericardi um[心包积水] ▲hydrolysis [水解] ·hypr-[高] ▲hypercalcemia[高钙血症] ▲hyperthyroi dism[甲亢] ·hypno-[睡眼] ▲hypnotics[安眠药] ▲hypnotherapy[催眠疗法] ·hypo-[低] ▲hypotension[低血压] ▲hypoglycemia[低血糖] ·hystero-[子宫] ▲hysterospasm[子宫痉挛] ▲hysteroptosis[子宫下垂] ·-ia[病] ▲melancholia[忧郁症] ▲pyrexia[发热] ·-iatric s[医学] ▲pediatrics[儿科学] ▲geriatrics[老年病学] ·-iatry[医学] ▲psychiatry[精神病学]▲pediatry[儿科学] ·immuno-[免疫] ▲immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ▲immunotherapy [免疫疗法] ·infra-[下] ▲infraorbital[眶下的] ▲infrared[红外线] ·inter-[间] ▲interverte bral[椎间的] ▲intercellular[细胞间的] ·intra-[内] ▲intravenous[静脉内的] ▲intracrania l[颅内的] ▲intramuscular[肌肉内的] ·-ist[家] ▲pathologist[病理学家] ▲anatomist[解剖学家] ·-itis[炎症] ▲cellulitis[蜂窝织炎] ▲myocarditis[心肌炎] ·leuco (leuko)-[白] ▲leu corrhea[白带] ▲leukocytosis[白细胞增多] ▲leukemia[白血病] ·lipo-(脂) ▲lipotrophy [脂肪增多] ▲lipase[脂酶] ·-lith[结石] ▲cholelith[胆结石] ▲cholelithiasis[胆石症] ·-log y[学] ▲terminology[术语学] ▲Cardiology[心脏病学] ·lumbo-[腰] ▲lumbosacral[腰骶部的] ▲lumbago[腰背痛] ▲lumbodynia[腰痛] ·lympho-[淋巴] ▲lymphedema[淋巴水肿] ▲lymphocytopenia[淋巴细胞减少] ·-lysis(lytic)[松解,分解了] ▲aythrolysis[关节松解术]▲spasmolytic[解痉的] ·macro-[大] ▲macrophage[巨噬细胞] ▲macromolecule[大分子]·mal-[不良] ▲malnutrition[营养不良] ▲malfunction[功能不全] ·-megaly[巨大] ▲cardi omegaly[心扩大] ▲cephalomegaly[巨头畸形] ·meningo-[脑膜] ▲meningitis[脑膜炎] ▲meningocephalitis[脑膜脑炎] ·meno-[月经] ▲dysmenorrhea[痛经] ▲menopause[停经]·-meter[表,计] ▲spirometer[肺活量计] ▲pyrometer[高温表] ·-metry[测量法] ▲iodo metry[碘定量法] ·micro-[小] ▲micropump[微泵] ▲microliter[微升] ·mono-[单-] ▲mo nonucleosis[单核细胞增多] ▲monomer[单体] ·multi-[多] ▲multinuclear[多核的] ▲mul tipara[经产妇] ·myelo-[髓] ▲myelocele[脊髓膨出] ▲myelocyte[髓细胞] ·myo-[肌] ▲m yocarditis[心肌炎] ▲myofibroma[肌纤维瘤] ·naso-[鼻] ▲nasoscope[鼻镜] ▲nasitis[鼻炎] ·neo-[新] ▲neoplasm[瘤] ▲neomycin[新霉素] ·nephro-[肾] ▲nephropathy[肾病] ▲nephrosclerosis[肾硬变] ·neuro-[神经] ▲neuroma[神经瘤] ▲neurodermatitis[神经性皮炎] ·non-[非] ▲non-electrolyte[非电解质] ▲nonfetal[非致命的] ·nulli-[无] ▲nullipar a[未产妇] ▲nulligravida[未孕妇] ·nutri-[营养] ▲nutrition[营养] ▲nutrology[营养学] ·o culo-[眼] ▲oculist[眼科医生] ▲oculus dexter[右眼] ▲oculus sinister[左眼]医学英语缩写一览表医学英语缩写一览表·aa.-of each[各] ·Ab.-antibody[抗体] ·abd.-abdomen[腹部] ·ABG-arterial blood gas[动脉血气] ·abn.-abnormal[异常] ·ABp-arterial blood pressure[动脉压]·Abs.-absent[无] ·abstr.-abstract[摘要] ·a.c.-before meals[饭前] ·Ach.-actylcholine[乙酰胆碱] ·ACH.-adrenal cortical hormone[肾上腺皮质激素] ·ACT.-active coagulative tim e[活化凝血时间] ·ACTH.-adrenocorticotripic[促肾上腺皮质激素] ·ad.(add.)-adde[加] ·ad effect.-ad effectum [直到有效] ·ADH.-antidiuretic hormone[抗利尿激素] ·ad lib-at lies ure[随意] ·adm.(admin)-adminstration[给药] ·ad us est.-for external use[外用] ·af.-atr ial fibrillation[房颤] ·aF.-atrial flutter[房扑] ·A/G ratio.-albumin-globulin ratio[白-球蛋白比] ·AIDS.-acquired immune deficiency syndrome[爱滋病] ·al.-left ear[左耳] ·alb.-albu min[白蛋白] ·AM.-before noon[上午] ·amb.-ambulance[救护车] ·amp.(ampul)-ampoule [安瓿] ·ANA.-anesthesia[麻醉] ·anal.-analgesic[镇痛药] ·ap.-before dinner[饭前] ·appr. (approx.)-approximately [大约] ·AR.-aortic regurgitation[主闭] ·AS.-aortic stenosis[主狭] ·ASA.-aspirin[阿斯匹林] ·ASD.-atrial septal defect[房缺] ·AST.-aspartate transamin ase[谷草转氨酶] ·atm.(atmos.)-atomsphere[大气压] ·ATS.-antitetanic serum[抗破伤风血清] ·av.-average[平均] ·Ba.-Barium[钡] ·BBT.-basal body temperature[基础体温] ·B CG.-bacille Calmette- Guerin[卡介苗] ·biblio.-biliography[参考文献] ·bid.-twice a day [每日二次] ·b.m.-basal metabolism[基础代谢] ·Bp.-blood pressure[血压] ·bpm-baets p er minute[次/分] ·BS.-blood sugar[血糖] ·BW.-body weight[体重] ·C.- centigrade[摄氏温度计] ·CA.-carcinoma[癌] ·Cal.-cancer[癌] ·Cal. –calorie[卡] ·Cap. –capsule[囊] ·C.B.C-complete blood count[血常规] ·CC.-chief complaint[主诉] ·CC. list.-critical conditio n list[病危通知单] ·CCU.- Coronary care unit[冠心病监护室] ·CD.-caesarean delivered [剖腹产] ·CDC.-calculated date of confinement[预产期] ·CEA.-carcinoembryonic antige n[癌胚抗原] ·CG.-control group[对照组] ·CK.-creatine kinase[肌酸激酶] ·Cl.-centilitre [毫开] ·cm.-centimetre[毫米] ·CNS.-central nervous system[中枢神经系统] ·Co.-compo und[复方] ·contra.-contraindicated[禁忌] ·CT.- computerized tomography[计算机断层扫描] ·C.V-curriculum vitae[简历] ·DBp-diastolic blood pressure[舒张压] ·DD.- differen tial diagnosis[鉴别诊断] ·dept.-department[科] ·diag.-diagonsis[诊断] ·DIC-disseminate intravascular coagulation[弥漫性血管内凝血] ·dl.-deciliter[分升] ·DM.-diabetic mellitus [糖尿病] ·DM.-diastolic murmur[舒张期杂音] ·D.O.A-dead on arrival[到达时已死亡] ·D OB.-date of birth[出生日期] ·Dr.-doctor[医生] ·DIW.-dextrose in water[葡萄糖液] ·D-5 -W,-5% dextrose in water[5%葡萄糖液] ·DU-duodenal ulcer[十二指肠溃疡] ·ECG.(EK G.)- electrocardiograph[心电图] ·ECHO .-echogram[超声] ·EDD.(EDC)-expected date o f delivery (confinement)[预产期] ·ENT. –ears, nose and throat[五官科] ·EMG. –elec tromyogram[肌电图] ·ER. –emergency room[急诊室] ·et al.-and elsewhere[等等] ·et c. –and so forth[等等] ·F.(Fahr.)-Fahrenheit [华氏] ·F- Female[女性] ·F.B.S.- fasting blood sugar[空腹血糖] ·FDP.-fibrinogen degradation products[纤维蛋白原降解产物] ·F FA. –free fatty acid[游离脂肪酸] ·FUO. –fever of unknown origin[不明原因发热] ·F X. –fracture [骨折] ·GH. –growth hormone[生长素] ·GI.- gastrointestinal[消化] ·GIT S. –gastrointestinal therapy system[胃肠治疗系统] ·gtt. –drops[滴] ·GU.- gastric ulc er[胃溃疡] ·Hb. –hemoglobin[血红蛋白] ·HBp.-high blood pressure[高血压] ·HCG. –human choroionic gonadotropic hormone[人绒毛膜促性腺激素] ·HDL.- high density lip oprotein[高密度脂蛋白] ·HR.-heart rate[心率] ·ht.-height[身高] ·HTN.-hypertension[高血压] ·Hx.-history [病历] ·Hypo.-hypodermic injection[皮下注射] ·IABP.-intra –aortic balloon pacing[主动脉内囊反搏] ·I/O.-intake and output [进出量] ·ICU. –intensive ca re unit[重症监护病房] ·ie. –that is [即] ·Ig. –immunoglobulin[免疫球蛋白] ·Im. –i utramuscular[肌内的] ·INH.- inhalation[吸入] ·INH.- isoniazid[异烟肼] ·Inj.- injection [注射] ·Int.- intern[实习生] ·IP.- in-patient[住院病入] ·Iu.- international unit[国防单位]·IV.-intravenously[静脉内] ·J.- joule[焦耳] ·K.U.B- Kidney,ureter and bladder[肾、输尿管和膀胱] ·LBp.-low blood pressure [低血压] ·LC. –laparoscopic cholecystectomy[腹腔镜胆囊切除术] ·LDL.-Low density lipoprotein[低密度脂蛋白] ·Liq. –liquid[液体] ·LM P.- last menstrual period[未次月经] ·LP. –lumbar puncture[腰穿] ·M. –male[男性] ·M CD.-mean corpuscular diameter[平均红细胞直径] ·MCH.-mean corpuscular hemoglobin [平均红细胞血红蛋白量] ·MCHC.-mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration[平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度] ·MCV.-mean corpuscular volume[平均红细胞体积] ·MI.-myocardial inf arction[心梗] ·min.-minute[分] ·mixt。
弥漫大细胞b淋巴瘤的 ipi评分标准Primary cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PCDLBCL), leg type is a rare and aggressive subtype of primary cutaneous B-cell lymphoma. It is characterized by large lymphoid cells that infiltrate the skin of the lower extremities, particularly the legs. The prognosis of PCDLBCL, leg type is generally poor, with a high risk of recurrence and progression to systemic disease.原发性皮肤弥漫大细胞B细胞淋巴瘤(cutaneous diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, leg type)是原发性皮肤B细胞淋巴瘤的一种罕见而侵袭性的亚型。
它以浸润下肢皮肤,特别是腿部的大淋巴细胞为特征。
原发性皮肤弥漫大细胞B细胞淋巴瘤,腿部型的预后通常较差,存在高复发风险,并可能进展为全身性疾病。
The International Prognostic Index (IPI) is a scoring system used to predict the prognosis of patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It takes into account five factors: patient age, disease stage, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, performance status, and the number of extranodal sites involved. Each factor is assigneda score, and the sum of the scores determines the risk category and prognosis.国际预后指数(International Prognostic Index,简称IPI)是用于预测侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤患者预后的评分系统。
医学英语词汇肿瘤中英互译医学英语词汇:肿瘤中英互译malignant melanoma神经外胚层:恶性黑色素瘤malignant meningioma脑膜:恶性脑膜瘤malignant mesothelioma间皮:恶性间皮瘤malignant mixed tumor唾液腺:恶性混合瘤malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, malignant schwannoma神经鞘:恶性周边神经鞘肿瘤malignant pheochromocytoma肾上腺髓质:恶性嗜铬细胞瘤malignant phyllodes tumor乳房:恶性叶状瘤malignant teratoma恶性畸胎瘤metastasis远处转移Microinvasive carcinoma微侵袭癌mild dysplasia轻度异生moderate dysplasia中度异生moderately differentiated中度分化myeloma浆细胞:骨髓瘤neuroblastoma神经节细胞:神经母细胞瘤neuroblastoma神经母细胞瘤neuron-specific enolase; NSE神经特异性烯醇adenocarcinoma腺管上皮:腺癌adrenal cortical carcinoma肾上腺皮质:肾上腺皮质癌American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging; AJCC美国癌症分期联合委员会angiosara血管内皮:医学教.育网血管肉瘤basal cell carcinoma基内幕胞:基内幕胞癌calcitonin抑钙素carcinoembryonic antigen; CEA癌胚抗原carcinoma恶性上皮肿瘤Carcinoma in situ原位癌catecholamine儿茶酚胺chondrosara软骨:软骨肉瘤choriocarcinoma胎盘上皮:绒毛膜癌direct extension直接蔓延dysgerminoma恶性胚胎瘤Dysplasia异生fetoprotein; AFP胎蛋白fibrosara纤维组织:纤维肉瘤FIGO: International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics国际妇产科学联盟glioma神经胶细胞:神经胶细胞瘤hematogenous metastasis血行转移hepatocellular carcinoma; hepatoma肝细胞:肝细胞癌histopathological grading组织病理分化human chorionic gonadotropin; HCG人类绒毛膜促性腺素immature teratoma全能细胞:未成熟畸胎瘤International Union against Cancer; UICC国际防癌联盟Invasive carcinoma侵袭癌leiomyosara平滑肌:平滑肌肉瘤leukemia造血细胞:白血病liposara脂肪组织:脂肪肉瘤lymphangiosara淋巴管内皮:淋巴管肉瘤lymphatic metastasis淋巴转移lymphoma类淋巴组织:淋巴瘤node淋巴结oma良性肿瘤osteosara硬骨:骨肉瘤poorly differentiated分化不良prostate-specific antigen; PSA前列腺特异性抗原prostatic acid phosphatase; PAP前列腺酸性磷酸renal cell carcinoma肾脏上皮:肾细胞癌rhabdomyosara横纹肌:横纹肌肉瘤sara恶性间叶肿瘤seminoma生殖细胞:精细胞瘤severe dysplasia重度异生squamous cell carcinoma鳞状上皮:鳞状细胞癌stage期别synovial sara滑膜:医.学教.育网搜.集滑膜肉瘤thymic carcinoma胸腺上皮:胸腺癌transitional cell carcinoma泌尿道上皮:过渡细胞癌tumor marker临床检验:含肿瘤标记undifferentiated未分化well differentiated分化良好。
ReviewTheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2011) 11, 687–696ISSN 1537-744X; DOI 10.1100/tsw.2011.59Plasmablastic Lymphoma: A SystematicReviewJorge J. Castillo* and John L. ReaganThe Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Division of Hematology andOncology, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RIE-mail: jcastillo@Received December 12, 2010; Revised February 7, 2011, Accepted February 8, 2011; Published March 22, 2011 Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a very aggressive variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma initially described in the oral cavity of HIV-infected individuals. PBL represents a diagnostic challenge given its characteristic morphology and lack of CD20 expression, and also a therapeutic challenge, with early responses to therapy, but with high relapse rates and poor prognosis. In recent years, our understanding and clinical experience with PBL has increased in both HIV-positive and -negative settings. However, given its rarity, most of the data available rely on case reports and case series. The main goal of this article is to systematically review the most recent advances in epidemiology; pathophysiology; clinical, pathologic, and molecular characteristics; therapy; and prognosis in patients with PBL. Specific covered topics include new pathological markers for diagnosis, its association with Epstein-Barr virus, and the need of more intensive therapies.KEYWORDS: plasmablastic lymphoma, PBL, HIV, AIDS, chemotherapyINTRODUCTIONPlasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a relatively new clinical entity described as a distinct subtype of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), characterized by its aggressive nature and plasmacytic differentiation[1]. In the original report, 15 out 16 patients were infected with HIV and all the patients had involvement of the oral cavity[2]. In the last decade, several case reports and series have been published, accounting for no more than 250 cases[3,4]. More recently, however, several cases of PBL involving extraoral sites have been reported in immunocompetent individuals[5,6,7,8,9].PBL remains a diagnostic challenge given its peculiar morphology and an immunohistochemical profile similar to plasma cell myeloma (PCM). Furthermore, PBL is a therapeutic challenge with a clinical course characterized by a high rate of relapse and death. It is important to note that there is no established standard of care for PBL as it is unknown if the outcome of patients with PBL has improved in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era. However, as a better understanding of the pathophysiology and biology develops, different options are of potential interest for the treatment of PBL.The purpose of this review is to summarize, in a comprehensive but concise manner, the existing data regarding epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical and pathologic features, diagnostic criteria, therapy, and *Corresponding author.687©2011 with author.Published by TheScientificWorld; Castillo and Reagan: Plasmablastic Lymphoma: A Systematic Review TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2011) 11, 687–696 prognostic factors on patients with PBL. Plasmablastic microlymphomas, also known as large B-cell lymphomas arising from human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8)–associated multicentric Castleman disease[10], are a distinct subtype of lymphoma and are beyond the scope of this review.EPIDEMIOLOGYPBL is a rare entity, thought to account for approximately 2.6% of all AIDS-related lymphomas (ARLs)[11], although the exact rate of incidence is not known. Furthermore, the actual incidence of PBL not associated with HIV infection has not yet been determined. In the largest literature review of 228 patients with PBL, 157 patients (69%) were HIV-positive and 71 (31%) were HIV-negative[5]. In HIV- negative patients, approximately a third of the patients have some form of iatrogenic immunosuppression, most often solid organ transplantation[4]. The remainder of the HIV-negative patients is apparently immunocompetent; in a recent case series from Korea, none of the patients reported showed evidence of immunosuppression[7].The majority of patients with PBL are men, particularly the HIV-positive cases, with a mean age at presentation of 39 years in HIV-positive patients and 58 years in HIV-negative patients[3]. PBL is an even rarer phenomenon in children, with only five case reports in the literature[12,13,14,15,16]. Due to the current scarcity of data, it is unclear if there is a racial or ethnic predominance in PBL patients. However, cases have been reported in populations from different continents, such asEurope[6,17,18,19,20,21,22], Asia[7,16,23,24,25,26,27], Africa[28,29], Australia[30,31], South America[32,33], and North America[9,34,35,36,37,38,39].PATHOGENESISThe pathogenesis of PBL is poorly understood and likely dependent on a variety of molecular events and pathways. Based on immunohistochemical, molecular, and genetic studies, PBL is thought to derive from postgerminal-center, terminally differentiated, activated B cells, probably in transition from immunoblast to plasma cell. By definition, these cells have undergone class switching and somatic hypermutation; however, there are chromosomal aberrations in these processes likely associated with the development of malignancy. A recent study has shown recurring rearrangements involving MYC, a well-known oncogene, and the immunoglobulin gene[22]. In a sense, this is similar to what is seen in patients with Burkitt lymphoma, although the majority of these cases are thought to generate from germinal-center B- cells.Similar to other ARLs, such as Burkitt, immunoblastic, and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), PBL has a strong association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. In a recent review, Carbone and colleagues cite a potential role of EBV infection as a B-cell protector from apoptosis connected to MYC overexpression[40]. In HIV-associated PBL, 74% of the cases showed presence of EBV within the tumor cells[3]. EBV infection has been demonstrated based on the expression of EBV-encoded RNA (EBER)[5]. EBER is a viral transcript found among the three different EBV latency patterns seen in lymphomas, making it a reliable marker for determining latent EBV infection.The association between PBL and HHV8 at this time is unclear. Few studies have demonstrated expression of HHV8-associated proteins in PBL[41,42]; however, other studies do not support such an association[9,43]. Furthermore, it is unclear if these HHV8-associated PBL cases originated from multicentric Castleman disease, which should placed them in a different category[10].688Castillo and Reagan: Plasmablastic Lymphoma: A Systematic Review TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2011) 11, 687–696PATHOLOGIC FEATURESMorphologyPBL is characterized by a monomorphic proliferation of round- to oval-shaped cells with plasmacytoid features (i.e., abundant cytoplasm, eccentric nucleus, and a prominent central nucleolus)[1]. A perinuclear hof is sometimes seen. The background infiltrate contains small mature lymphocytes and may include apoptotic bodies, mitotic figures, and tingible-body macrophages, which impart a “starry-sky”appearance[1]. A plasmablastic morphology, however, may be seen in other lymphoproliferative disorders, such as plasmablastic PCM, Burkitt lymphoma, DLBCL with plasmacytoid differentiation, PEL, and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)–positive DLBCL.ImmunophenotypeAdvances in immunophenotyping have helped greatly when differentiating PBL from other neoplasms (Table 1). The hallmark immunohistochemical staining pattern of PBL is that of terminally differentiated B lymphocytes. PBL demonstrates little to no expression of leukocyte common antigen (CD45) or the B- cell markers CD20, CD79a, and PAX5. However, the plasma cell markers VS38c, CD38, multiple myeloma oncogene-1 (MUM1), and CD138 (syndecan-1) seem to be almost universally expressed (Fig.1)[3,44]. There seems to be, however, some distinction of immunohistochemical patterns in patients with PBL based on their HIV status. In a literature review, HIV-positive patients showed a greater expression of CD20 and CD56 compared to HIV-negative patients[5]; however, the significance of this finding remains uncertain and could be due to misclassification.TABLE 1Differential Pathological Diagnosis of PBLLymphoma TypeAssociation with HIV Seen in immunocompetent Burkitt++++DLBCL+++++PBL++++/-PEL++++/-ALK + DLBCL-+PCM-++patientsCD45CD20Plasma cell markers Ki67+++/-High+++/-High+/--+High+/-+/-+High+/--+High >80%+-+Low >90% <90% >60% >80%EBER Other + (60%)CD10++/- + (80%)BLIMP1++ (90%)HHV8+-ALK+-Serum M-spikeCRABCRAB: hypercalcemia, kidney disease, anemia, and bone lytic lesions.Recently, new methods for reliably identifying PBL have been developed. Positive regulatory domain 1 (PRDM1/BLIMP1) protein and activated transcription factor X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) are proteins involved in terminal B-lymphocyte differentiation[45]. A recent study has shown that negative or weak staining for PAX5 and CD20 coupled with positive staining for PRDM1/BLIMP1 and XBP1reliably identifies cases of PBL[21]. DLBCL, in contrast, exhibited the above staining pattern in <5% of the cases. However, in less developed countries, the pathological diagnosis of PBL could pose a challenge.689Castillo and Reagan: Plasmablastic Lymphoma: A Systematic Review TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2011) 11, 687–696 FIGURE 1. Representative case of PBL. In the H&E stain, aheterogeneous population of large cells with plasma cell–like appearanceis shown (IHC, 100⨯). PBL cells are CD20 negative (IHC, 400⨯), CD138(IHC, 400⨯), and MUM1/IRF4 positive (IHC, 400⨯), and show a highKi67 expression (IHC, 400⨯). PBL exhibits positive EBER expression byin situ hybridization (ISH, 40⨯).Kane and colleagues proposed minimal morphological and immunohistochemical criteria for the diagnosis of PBL of the oral cavity, which includes CD20 negativity and positivity for CD138, CD38, and/or MUM1, along with a proliferation rate based on Ki67 expression of >60% and positive EBER expression[27].EBEREBER is present almost universally in the three different patterns of EBV latency, and its detection by means of fluorescent or chromogenic in situ hybridization (ISH) has become the standard for assessment of the presence of the EBV genome within tumor cells. In PBL, 82 and 46% of the HIV-positive and - negative cases, respectively, showed expression of EBER by ISH[5]. In a study by Vega and colleagues, expression of EBER was the only difference seen between the immunohistochemical profiles of PBL and plasmablastic PCM[46].690Castillo and Reagan: Plasmablastic Lymphoma: A Systematic Review TheScientificWorldJOURNAL (2011) 11, 687–696Genomic ProfileDue to the many clinicopathological similarities between PBL, DLBCL with plasmacytic differentiation, and PCM, Chang and colleagues studied the genomic profile of 16 cases of PBL, 13 cases of AIDS- related DLBCL, 13 cases of non–AIDS-related DLBCL, and eight cases of PCM utilizing an array-based comparative genomic hybridization technology[47]. Based on their findings, the genomic aberration pattern of PBL was more akin to DLBCL than PCM. This was irrespective of whether DLBCL was associated with AIDS or not. These findings suggest that PBL is best classified as a DLBCL based on genomic expression criteria. In contrast, in a series of four PBL patients, Taddesse-Heath and colleagues discovered complex cytogenetic changes that were more closely related to PCM [39]. These findings are a reflection of the likely molecularly heterogeneous nature of PBL.MYC RearrangementThe first recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities detected in PBL were translocations involving the MYC oncogene[30], a finding confirmed by others[34]. Using fluorescence ISH, Valera and colleagues examined a larger population of PBL patients and found MYC rearrangements in 49% of the cases[22]. The most common partner for the MYC oncogene was the immunoglobulin gene with translocations most often occurring in the context of complex karyotypes. Interestingly, most lymphomas, such as Burkitt lymphoma or DLBCL with MYC translocations, have a germinal-center phenotype, but PBL differs with a typical postgerminal-center phenotype. Another interesting observation was that MYC rearrangements were more often seen in EBV-positive compared to EBV-negative tumors[22]. One theory in regards to the significance of MYC translocation is that it may lead to the plasmablastic morphology and, in the process, create a more aggressive disease state[39].CLINICAL FEATURESPBL has been characterized for its predilection of involving the oral cavity of HIV-positiveindividuals[2]. However, extraoral involvement is also frequently seen in HIV-positive cases; the most commonly affected sites are the gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes, and skin[3]. A similar pattern is seen in patients with HIV-negative PBL, with the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract being the most commonly involved sites[48]. However, the frequency of oral involvement is higher in HIV-positive (58%) than in HIV-negative patients (16%)[5]. Other less common extraoral sites include theCNS[2,6,49,50], paranasal sinus[6,50,51], mediastinum[6,52], lungs[24,53], liver[53,54], and testes[55]. Bone marrow involvement has been reported at 30% in both HIV-positive and -negative patients[5].In both HIV-positive and -negative patients, 60% of patients present with an advanced clinical stage (i.e., Ann Arbor stage 3 or 4)[5]. Interestingly, in HIV-positive patients, the stage at presentation is divided into a bimodal distribution with over 80% of patients presenting with stage 1 or 4 (32 and 49%, respectively)[3]. B symptoms have been reported in 33% of HIV-positive and 50% of HIV-negative patients at diagnosis[5]. Due to scarcity of data, LDH levels, performance status, and other clinical parameters have not been appropriately evaluated in patients with PBL.In a literature review of 112 HIV-positive PBL patients encompassing the pre- and post-HAART eras, the average CD4 count at presentation was 178 cells/mm3 with an average viral load of over 86,000 copies/mL, and an average duration from HIV diagnosis to PBL diagnosis of 5 years. PBL was the initial presentation of HIV infection in approximately 5% of the cases[3]. If the advent of HAART has modified these characteristics, it is unknown at the present time.691感谢您试用AnyBizSoft PDF to Word。
免疫细胞癌症英语作文范文Cancer is a deadly disease that has claimed countless lives around the world. It is a result of the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body. Cancer can affect any part of the body, and there are many different types of cancer, each with its own unique set of symptoms and treatment options. One of the most challenging types of cancer to treat is immune cell cancer, which affects the body's immune system.Immune cell cancer, also known as lymphoma, is a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system, which is a part of the body's immune system. The lymphatic system is responsible for fighting off infections and diseases, and when it becomes cancerous, it can have a devastating impact on the body's ability to fight off illness. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, each with its own set of characteristics and treatment options.One of the most challenging aspects of immune cell cancer is that it can be difficult to diagnose in its early stages. The symptoms of lymphoma can be vague and easily attributed to other, less serious conditions. Some common symptoms of lymphoma include swollen lymph nodes, unexplained weight loss, fever, and night sweats. However, these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, which can make it difficult for doctors to identify lymphoma in its early stages.Once diagnosed, the treatment for immune cell cancer can be complex and challenging. The most common treatment options for lymphoma include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and stem cell transplantation. However, the success of these treatments can vary depending on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the overall health of the patient. In some cases, patients may also be eligible for targeted therapy or immunotherapy, which can help to boost the body's natural defenses against cancer.Living with immune cell cancer can be incredibly challenging, both physically and emotionally. The sideeffects of cancer treatment can be debilitating, and the uncertainty of living with a life-threatening illness can take a toll on a person's mental health. Patients with immune cell cancer often require a strong support system to help them cope with the physical and emotional challenges of their illness.In recent years, there have been significant advancements in the treatment of immune cell cancer. New targeted therapies and immunotherapies have shown promising results in clinical trials, offering hope to patients who may have previously had limited treatment options. Additionally, ongoing research into the genetic and molecular characteristics of lymphoma is helping toidentify new potential targets for treatment, which could lead to more effective and personalized therapies for patients with immune cell cancer.In conclusion, immune cell cancer is a complex and challenging disease that requires a multi-faceted approach to treatment. While the road to recovery may be long and difficult, there is hope on the horizon for patients withimmune cell cancer. With continued research and advancements in treatment options, we can work towards improving the outcomes for those affected by this devastating disease.。
Suffix Meaning Example-ac pertaining to属于,关于cardiac: pertaining to the heart 心脏(病)的-al pertaining to medical: pertaining to medicine-ar pertaining to molecular: pertaining to a molecule分子的-ary pertaining tobelonging to ciliary: pertaining to the cilia 睫毛的,纤毛的,毛状的-ase enzyme 酶amylase: any enzyme that converts starch to sugar 淀粉酶-cle smallness小,少,贫乏,小气follicle: a small bodily cavity or sac 小囊,(头发的)毛囊-e an instrument 仪器auriscope: an instrument for examining the ear (检查耳朵用的)耳镜-eal pertaining to laryngeal: pertaining to the larynx喉的, 喉音的-ia condition; quality phobia: abnormal fear 恐惧,害怕-ic pertaining to toxic: pertaining to toxin有毒的;因中毒引起的-ics study of; name of a science paediatrics: study of children, their development and diseases儿科学-ine/in substance 物质insulin:substance (hormone) produced by the islets of Langerhans inthe pancreas胰岛素-ism process or condition alcoholism: excessive drinking of alcohol which becomes addictive 酒精中毒-ist one who specializes in 精通于……的人pharmacologist: a doctor who specializes in the study of drug s 药理专家-itis inflammation refers to a part in……部位的炎症rhinitis: inflammation of the nasal passages 鼻炎,鼻粘膜炎-(i)um relation to a whole; related to与……相关endometrium: inner lining of the uter子宫内膜-ive characterizes by antitussive: a drug that suppresses coughing止咳药-let tiny; small droplet: a tiny drop 小滴-ment the result or product of an act ion development: thing which develops or is being developed; act ion of becoming mature-oid resembling; like像mucoid: resembling mucus 粘液样的-ole little; small centriole: the small dense structure in the middle of the centrosome细胞中心粒;中心体-oma tumor; swelling refers to a do er dermatofibroma: fibrous tumor of the skin皮肤纤维瘤-or/-er either a person or thing receptor: a sensory nerve ending that responds to various stimuli 感受器,受体-ory characterized by; pertaining t o suspensory: which is hanging down悬吊式,悬带-ose sugarfructose: fruits sugar found in honey and some fruit 果糖 -osis abnormal conditiononychocryptosis: abnormal condition of a hidden nail 嵌甲 -ous pertaining topoisonous: pertaining to poison; also containing poison 有毒的,分泌毒素的 -some sbodiesribosome: the body of nucleic acid 核糖体 -um structure; thing; substance结构,物质magnesium: a white metallic chemical substance 镁(金属元素) -y condition; act; process dystrophy: disorder caused by defective nutrition or metabolism 营养不良The following is a list of the most commonly used compound suffixes Suffix M eaning Example-algia pain; painful; condition arthralgia: pain in a joint 关节痛--ase enzymeprotease: digestive enzyme 蛋白酶 -blast embryo 胚,胚胎,人类胚胎hemocytoblast: blast cell 血胚细胞,原始血细胞-carcin oma malignant tumor developing from connective tissue 相关组织的恶性肿瘤adenocarcinoma: malignant tumor developing from glandular tissue 腺癌-cele protrusion; distention 突出;膨胀,延伸 esophagocele: abnormal distention of the esophagus 食管突出-centes is surgical puncture 手术穿孔 paracentesis: surgical puncture of a cavity for the aspiration o f fluid 穿刺术-capni acarbon dioxide 二氧化碳 acapnia: absence of carbon dioxide 血液二氧化碳缺乏 -cide killgermicide: (substance) which can kill germs 杀菌剂 -clast cellphagocyte:cell, especially a white blood cell, which can surro und and destroy other cells 噬菌细胞 -dynia pain glossodynia: pain in the tongue 舌痛-ectasi a/ -ectasisexpansion; dilation(膨胀,扩张)atelectasis: incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth 肺不张-ectom y surgical excision or removal ofgastrectomy: surgical removal of the stomach 胃切除术 -edem a excessive accumulation of s erous fluid 水肿 myxoedema: condition caused when the thyroid gland does n ot produce enough thyroid hormone 粘液腺瘤病,粘液水肿 -emia blood conditionleukemia: any of several malignant diseases where an abnorm al number of leucocytes form in the blood 白血病 -emesi s vomiting 呕吐hematemesis: the vomiting of blood 咯血;吐血-gen something that produced or prouduces pathogen: a microorganism or agent capable of producing disease 病菌,病原体-genes isproduction 生产spermatogenesis: formation and development of spermatozoa in the testes 精子发生 -globi nprotein 蛋白质hemoglobin: an iron-containing protein produced by erythroc ytes 血红素 -gnosi sknowledgediagnosis: the process of identifying the nature or presence of a disease through knowledge and examination -gram image; picture electrocardiogram: a graphic record of the electrical activity of heart muscle or heartbeat used in the diagnosis of heart disease.Abbr. ECG and EKG . Syn. cardiogram心电图-graph (y) process of recording 记录过程 electocardiography: the process of making or recording electrocardiograms. Syn. cardiography 心电图记录-iasis condition; state情况,状况cholelithiasis: the formation of gallstones 胆石症 -iatry/ -iatrics healing, frequently refers to a branch of medicine 康复,常指医学的一个分支podiatry: treatment of foot disorders足部医疗-lith stone cholelith: a gallstone; a stone formed in the gallbladder 胆结石-logy the study ofcytology: the science study of cells 细胞学 -logist one who studies and treats urologist: a physician who specializes in the practice of urology 泌尿科医生-lysis breakdown, destructionhemolysis: the destruction or breakdown of red blood cells wi th release of hemoglobin 溶血 -malac ia softeningosteomalacia: softening of bone 骨软化-mania extreme compulsion or preo ccupation 强迫症 kleptomania: a morbid, uncontrollable compulsion to steal 盗窃癖-megal ygiantacromegaly: a condition in which there is an enlargement of t he facial bones as well as those of the lungs 肢端肥大症 -metry measurement spirometry: measurement of the volume of air inhaled and ex/-meter haled or the air capacity of the lungs肺(活)量测定(法),呼吸量测定(法)-odyniapain cardiodynia: pain in the heart region 心痛,胸痛-one hormone荷尔蒙,激素parathormone: which regulates calcium balance among the blood, bones, and teeth甲状旁腺激素-opia a defect in the eye眼睛的毛病myopia: being short-sighted 近视-opsy to view biopsy: excision of live tissue for microscopic diagnosis活检-osis morbid condition病态的sclerosis: abnormal hardening 硬化症-osmia smell anosmia: loss of the sense of smell嗅觉丧失-ostom y process of making an opening into or a connection between造瘘gastrostomy: surgical construction of an opening from the surface of the abdomen into the stomach胃造口术-oxia level of oxygen氧水平hypoxia: a low oxygen level or a lack of oxygen in body tissues组织缺氧-pathy disease; diseased condition ophthalmopathy: any eye disease眼病-penia deficiency leukopenia: deficiency of leukocytes in the blood. Syn. leukocytopenia白细胞减少症-pepsiadigestion eupepsia: good digestion 消化良好--pexy a fixing or setting firmly in place by suturing 缝合固定hepatopexy: surgical fixation of a displace liver肝固定术-phagia/phagyeating; swallowing 吃,吞咽dysphagia: difficulty in swallowing吞咽困难-phil attraction吸引,具有吸引力的事物basophil: type of leucocyte or white blood cell which contain s granules嗜碱性粒细胞-phobi a fear xenophobia: irrational fear of strangers对外国人的恐惧,憎恶-plasia formation; development hyperplasia: overdevelopment or enlargement of an organ or tissue增生,数量型肥大-phoniavoice dysphonia: difficulty in speaking发声困难-plasm formation; growth or substance of formationcytoplasm: jelly substance in the cell细胞浆-plasty surgical repair osteoplasty: surgical repair of the bone骨整形术,骨成形术--plegiastroke; paralysis 中风thermoplegia: heat or sunsrtoke热射病-pnea breathing eupnea: normal breathing呼吸正常,平静呼吸--ptosi a falling, the dropping or sag hepatoptosis: abnormally low position of the liver肝下垂s ging of an organ器官下移-ptysis spitting分散melanoptysis: spitting of the spleen黑色痰液;咳黑痰-poiesisproduction hemopoiesis: production of blood cells 造血作用,生血作用-rrhag e/-rrhagi a bursting forth of blood 出血m enorrhagia: very heavy bleeding during menstruation 月经过多-rrhaphysurgical sewing or suturing splenorrhaphy: suture of the spleen脾修补术-rrhea overflow hydrorrhea: watery discharge液溢-(o)rrh exis splitting or rupture 撕裂,破裂,疝气amniorrhexis: rupture of the amniotic ac羊膜破裂-sarco ma malignant tumor developingfrom connective tissueliposarcoma: malignant tumor containing fat脂肪肉瘤-schesi s a holding back; suppressionof discharge阻碍;抑制排放uroschesis: suppression of urine闭尿,尿潴留-sclerosisa hardening dermatosclerosis: hardening of the skin硬皮病-scope instrument for viewing stethoscope: an instrument for performing medicate ausculation听诊器-scopy process of examining visuallyhepatoscopy: examination of the liver 肝检查-spasm involuntary contraction angiospasm: sudden contraction of the muscles in a blood vessel血管痉挛-stasis suppression; stoppage; contr ol; arrest抑制,中止hemostasis: the arrest of bleeding 止血,止血法-stenos is abnormal narrowing of a duct or canal管、道德异常狭窄laryngostenosis: abnormal narrowing of the larynx 喉狭窄-stomy surgical opening to the outsi de of the body造口colostomy: surgical operation to make an opening from the c olon结肠造口术-tentionpressure hypertention: high blood pressure 高血压-therap y treatment physiotherapy: treatment of disease by physical means物理疗法--tion process hospitalization: the process of being hosipitalized住院-tocia labor; birth 生产embryotocia: abortion 流产-tome tool for incision arthrotome: instrument for cutting a joint关节刀-tomy process of cutting into gastrotomy: incision of the stomach 胃切开术-tropia turning 转弯,变向esotropia: turning inward of the eye内斜视-troph nourishment or development dystrophy: disorder caused by defective nutrition or metaboliy of an organ器官的营养、发育sm营养不良-uria a condition of the urine(小便)dysuria: difficultly in passing urine 排尿困难-versionturning eversion: a turning outward外翻,翻转Here is a table of the most commonly used prefixesPrefix M eaning Examplea-/an- without; not aphasia: the inability to understand written or spoken words or to speak meaningfully失语症ab- away from abortion: expulsion from the uterus流产ad- to; toward; near adnasal: near the nose 近鼻的acro- a point or tip acronyx: growing into the flesh嵌甲alb- white albino: a person lacking normal pigmentation白发病者amb-/ ambi- both ambisexual、bisexual: (person) who is sexually attracted to both males andfamales 双性恋amphi-/ ampho - both; both sides amphicentric: beginning and ending in the same vessel起止同源的血管ana- up; back again anabolism: process of building up complex chemical substances on the basis of simpler ones 合成代谢Angio- a blood vessel angioma: benign tumor formed of blood vessel血管瘤ante- before antenatal: during the period between conception and childbirth 出生前的,怀孕期的anti- against antidepressant: (drug) used to treat depression抗抑郁剂audi- hearing; sound audiometry: science of testing hearing听力测定auto- self autoantibody: antibody formed to attack the body’s own cells自身抗体bi- two; twice bicellular: two cells两室的bio- living organisms生命体biochemistry: chemistry living tissues生物化学brady- slow bradycardia: slow rate of heart contraction, shown by a slowpulse rate心动过缓carcin- carcinoma or cancer癌;瘤c arcinogen: a cancer-causing substance致癌物cata- downwards; under; against;along with cataract: condition where the lens of the eye gradually becom es hard and opaque白内障centi- one hundredth百分之一centimeter: unit of measurement of length(=one hundredth ofa meter)厘米co(n)- with or together consanguineous: blood relationship血亲的,血缘的,密切的contra- against contraception: prevention of pregnancy by using devices or drugs 避孕法,节育法de- removal or loss decaffeinated: (coffee) with the caffeine removed 脱去咖啡因的deca- ten decagram: ten grams 十克deci- tenth deciliter: unit of measurement of liquid(=one tenth of a little)1/10公升di- two diglossia: a double tongue使用两种语言dia- through; between; apart; acr oss diathermy: process of (treating) through heat 透热疗法dis- reversal or separate disintegrate: to come to pieces分解,破裂dys- bad; difficult; disordered dysarthrosis: deformity or malformation of a joint关节变形echo- sound echocardiography: ultrasonography of the heart心回波描记,超声心动描记术ect-/ ecto- outside or outer ecchondroma: benign tumor on the surface of cartilage or bone外生软骨瘤en- in; within enostosis: benign growth inside a bone内生骨疣endo- inside endocardium: membrane which lines the heart心内膜epi- on; over epidermis: outer layer of skin表皮ery- red erythrocyte: mature non-nucleated red blood cell红细胞eso- inward; within(向内) esotropia: turning inward of the eye内斜视eu- good eugenics: study of how to improve the human race by geneticselection优生学ex-/ exo-out of exhale: to breath out 呼出extra- outside extracapsular: outside a capsule囊外的hemi- half hemiplegia: severe paralysis affecting one side of the body 偏瘫,半身麻痹,半身不遂hydro- water hydrocele: collection of watery liquid found in a cavity suchas the scrotum阴囊积水hyper- higher or too much hyperglycaemia: excess of glucose in the blood高血糖症hypo- less or too little hypokalaemia: deficiency of potassium in the blood 低血钾in- in or into inbreeding: breeding between a closely related male and female 近亲交配in- not incoherent: not able to speak in a way which makes sense语无伦次infra- below or beneath infrapatellar: below or beneath the patella髌inter- between interlobular: between lobules小叶间的intra- inside intramedullary: inside the bone marrow or spinal cord 髓内itro- into introvert: person who thinks only about himself and his ownmental state性格内向的人mal- bad or abnormal malfunction: abnormal working of an argan机器等运转失常;失灵;出现故障meta- changes metaplasia: change of one tissue to another化生,转化,组织变形micro- very small microcyte: abnormally small red blood cell小红细胞mid- middle midcarpal: between the two rows of carpal bones腕骨间的milli- one thousandth milligram: unit of measurement of weight 毫克mis- error or wrong miscarriage: spontaneous abortion流产multi- many multigravida: a woman who is pregnant and has been pregnant at least twice before 经产孕妇noct- at night nocturia: passing abnormally large quantity of urine when asleep in bed at night夜尿症nona- nine or the nineth nonagon: flat shape which has nine sides九边形octa- eight octan: every eight days八日热;每隔八日发一次的odont- teeth odontology: study of teeth and associated structures, and theirdisordersonco- tumours oncology: scientific study of new gowths肿瘤学oro- mouth orolingual: pertaining to the mouth and tongue口与舌的pachy- thickening pachysomia: condition where soft tissues of the body becomeabnormally thick躯体肥厚pali-/ palin- against; pathologic repetition病态的重复palindromic: (disease) which recurs复发的,再发的pan-/p ant-/ panto- all pancytopenia: abnormal depression of all the cellular elements of the blodd全血细胞减少症para- similar to or near; changed o r beyond paralyse or paralyze: to weaken (muscles) so that they cannot function使麻痹,使瘫痪pen-/ penta- five pentosuria: excretion of pentoses in the urine戊糖尿per- through percutaneous: done or administered through the skin经皮的,由皮的peri- around pericystitis: inflammation of tissue around the bladder膀胱周炎pero- deformed or defective畸形有缺陷的peromelia: congenital deformity of the limbs 四肢不全pharm aco- drugs pharmacology: study of drugs or medicines, and their action,properties and characteristics药理学,药物学pleo-/ pleio- too many pleokaryocyte: condition where a greater than normal numberof cells in cerebrospinal fluid多核细胞pluri- more pluriglandular: pertaining to or affecting several glands多线性的pneum -/ air or the lungs; breathing pneumonia: inflammation of a lung肺炎pneunmo-poly- touching many organs polyphagia: condition where a patient eats too much; morbid desire for every king of food 多食症,杂食症 post- after or laterpostprandial: after a meal 餐后的 pre- before of in front of premature: early or before the normal time 过早的,早产 presby -old agepresbyopia: an old person’s sight fails gradually 老花眼 pro-/ supin-/ pron- before or in front of lying on the back bend forward prognosis: prediction of the outcome of a disease 预测;预后 quadri -/ quint-fourfive/fifthquadruplet or quad: one of four babies born to a mother at the same time 四胞胎 radio- ray or radiation radiotherapy: treating a disease by exposing the affected part to radioactive 放射疗法 semi- halfsemiptosis: the downward sagging of half or part of an organ 轻度睑下垂 sub- undersubmucous: under the mucous membrane 粘膜下层的;粘膜下的 super- above; extremely superalbuminosis: abnormal increase of albumin 白蛋白过多 syn- with; jointsyndesmosis: joint where the ones are tightly linked by ligam ents 韧带联合 supra- above; over suprarenal: (situated) above a kidney 肾上腺 tachy- fasttachycardia: rapid beating of the heart 心动过速 tetra- fourtetracycline: antibiotic used to treat a wide range of bacterial diseases 四环素 trans- across; through; beyond transmission: the transfer, as of a disease, from one person to another 传染 tri- threetricephalus: a fetus with three heads 三头畸胎 ultra- beyond; excess ultrasonics: the science dealing with ultrasonic sound waves 超声波学 uni- oneuniglandular: affecting only one gland 单腺的 xen(o)-strange; foreign xenograft: a graft of tissue transplant between animals of diff erent species 异种移植物目录一、 内科常用字汇心血管系统血液及淋巴系统呼吸系统消化系统内分泌系统神经系统肌肉骨骼系统泌尿及男性生殖系统特殊感觉器官综合字汇二、妇产科常用字汇三、小儿科常用字汇四、精神科常用字汇五、各科常用缩写六、解剖式内外科常用字汇七、癌症相关单字八、医院内常见单字九、病历表内常见单字十、诊断用具一、内科常用字汇心血管系统The Cardiovascular SystemAcute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) 急性心机梗塞Electrocardiogram (DCG) 心电图Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease 高血压性心脏血管疾病Congential Heart Disease 先天性心脏病Hemangioma 血管瘤Vasodilatation 血管扩张Arteriosclerosis 动脉硬化Hypertension 高血压Hypertrophy 肥大Hypotension 低血压Varicose veins 静脉曲张血液及淋巴系统The Hemic and Lymphatic System Adenitis 腺炎Acute Lymphogenous Leukemia 急性淋巴球性白血病Leukocyte 白血球Leukocytopenia白血球减少Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 全身性红斑性狼疮Splenomegaly 脾肿大Anemia贫血Aseptic 无菌的Septicemia败血症Hemostasis 止血Transfusion输血呼吸系统The Respiratory System Pulmonary embolism 肺栓塞Mucosa 黏膜Exhale呼吸Apnea窒息Tachypnea呼吸急促Pneumonia肺炎Bronchitis支气管炎Lung Empyema 肺积脓消化系统The Digestive System Short of breath 呼吸短促Dysphasia说话困难Aphasia 失语症Aphonia失声Dysphagia 吞咽困难Gingivitis 齿龈炎Pharyngitis 咽炎Laryngitis 喉炎Esophagoscopy 食道镜检查Esophagus stricture 食道狭窄Abdominocentesis腹部穿刺术Gastric cancer 胃癌Gastritis 胃炎Gastroenteritis胃肠炎Gastrorrhagia胃出血Pyloric obstruction 幽门阻塞Duodenal Ulcer 十二指肠溃疡Peritonitis 腹膜炎Enterorrhagia 肠出血Enterorrhexis 肠破裂Appendicitis 阑尾炎Colon cancer结肠癌Proctoscopy 直肠镜检查Rectal cancer 直肠癌Anal Fistual 肛门?I管External hemorrhoid 外痔Internal hemorrhoid 内痔Excretion 排泄Hepatitis肝炎Hepatomegaly 肝肿大Gall Stone 胆结石Cholelithiasis 胆石症Liver Cirrhosis 肝硬化Ascites腹水内分泌系统The Endocrine System Glycemia糖血症Goiter 甲状腺肿Diabetes Mellitus 糖尿病Diabetes Insipidus尿崩症Bromidrosis汗臭症Pituitary Tumor 脑下垂体肿瘤神经系统The Nervous System Cerebral Arteriosclerosis 脑动脉硬化Cerebral Hemorrhage 脑出血Cerebral Edema 脑水肿Cerebra Palsy脑性麻痹Cerebral Thrombosis 脑栓塞Cranial Neruritis 脑神经炎Intracranial Hemorrhage 颅内出血Encephalitis 脑炎Electromyography 肌电图Neuritis神经炎Epilepsy 癜痫Trigeminal Neuralgia 三叉神经痛Rachitis ?偻症Rachioscoliiosis脊柱侧弯Spondylitis 脊椎炎Quadriplegia 四肢麻痹Paraplegia 下半身瘫痪Immediately loss of consciousness 立即丧失意识Eye opening睁眼反应Verbal response 语言反应Motor response 运动反应Corneal reflex 角膜反射Plantar reflex 膝反射Sciatica坐骨神经痛Chorea 舞蹈症Muscle atrophy 肌萎缩Migraine 偏头痛Parkinson's Disease 巴金森式症Brain Swelling 脑肿胀brain Concussion 脑震荡brain Anoxia脑缺氧症brain Death 脑死肌肉骨骼系统The Musculoskeletal System Anterior Cruciate Ligament 前十字韧带Rheumatoid Arthritis 类风湿性关节炎Arthrosclerosis关节硬化Degenerated Joint Disease变性关节炎Clavicle Fracture 锁骨骨折Pelvic Fracture 骨盆骨折Plastic Paris Cast 整形硬石膏Matastatic Lesion转移性损害Osteoporosis骨质疏松症Amputation 截肢Bone graft 骨移植Hallux Valgus大拇指外翻Prosthesis Replacement 人工弥补置换术Range of Motion 运动范围Varus 内翻Chondromalacia软骨软化症泌尿及男性生殖系统The Urinary and Male Reproductive System Cystitis 膀胱炎Circumcision包皮环割术Cystoscopy 膀胱镜检查Hydronephrosis肾水肿Renal Stone 肾结石Acute Renal Failure 急性肾衰竭Cryptorchidism 隐睾症Spermatogenesis精子生成Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy 良性摄护腺肥大Ureteral stenosis 输尿管狭窄Dysuria 排尿困难Hematuria血尿Uremia尿毒症Urinary Tract Infection 尿路感染Vasoligation 输精管结扎Impotence 阳萎特殊感觉器官The Organs of Special Senses Audiometer 听力计Otitis耳炎Otorrhea耳漏Tympanitis中耳炎Tympanotomy 鼓膜穿破术Nasitis鼻炎Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma鼻咽癌Rhinorrhea 鼻溢Intraocular Foreign Body 眼内异物Intraocular pressure 眼内压Oculus Uterque 双眼Oculus Sinister 左眼Oculus Dexter 右眼Extraocular Muscle 眼外肌Ophthalmologist 眼科医师Diplopia 复视Myopia 近视Blepharoptosis 眼睑下垂Corneitis 角膜炎Pupil Size Anisocoria瞳孔大小不等Retinopexy 视网膜固定术Retinal Detachment 视网膜剥落Visual field 视野Vocal nodular 声带结节Dermatologist 皮肤科医师Dermatitis皮肤炎Cataract白内障Glaucoma青光眼综合性字汇Contraceptive避孕的Contraindication 禁忌症Biology 生物学Hyperemesis 剧吐Polydipsia剧渴Homosexual 同性的Heterosexual 异性的Inject 注射Lipoma 脂肪瘤Lipoid 脂肪样的Lipomatosis 脂肪过多症Malformaiton 畸形Malaise 不适Necrosis坏死Nocturia 夜尿症Ployuria 多尿Narcotics 麻醉药Hyperplasia 增殖Dysplasia 发育不良Dyspepsia 消化不良Prognosis 预後Antipyretic 解热剂Hydrophobia 恐水症Photophobia 畏光Antibiotic 抗生素Syndrome 症候群Hydrotherapy 水疗法Perforation 穿孔Percussion叩诊Visceralgia脏器痛二、妇产科常用字汇Genital 生殖的Gynecology 妇科Menstruation 月经Menopause 更年期Menorrhagia经血过多Amenorrhea 无月经Dysmenorrhea经痛Menarche初经Cervical cancer 子宫颈癌Cervical Erosion子宫颈糜烂Cervicitis子宫颈炎Perineum会阴Endometriosis子宫内膜异位Ovary 卵巢Ovarian Cyst 卵巢囊肿Ovulation排卵Vaginitis阴道炎Colposcopy 阴道镜检法Galactocele乳腺囊肿Mammography 乳房X光摄影术Infertility 不孕症InVitro Fertilization 体外受精Amnion 羊膜Amniocentesis 羊膜穿刺术Amniotic Fluid Embolism 羊水栓塞Hydramnion 羊水过多Anterpartal 产前的Antepartum 分娩前Chorionic Villi Sampling 绒毛膜绒毛取样Cephalo Pelvic Disproportion 胎头骨盆不对称Artificial Insemination 人工受精Engagement 进入产位Estrogen动情基素Colostrum 初乳Termination of Pregnancy 终止怀孕Corpus Luteum 黄体Vacuum Extraction Delivery 真空吸出分娩Venereal Disease 性病Tubal Ligation 输卵管结扎Laparoscope 腹腔镜Embryo 胚胎Ectopic Gestation 子宫外孕Primipara 初产妇Attitude of Fetus 胎儿体位Dead Detus in Uterus 胎死腹中Multipara 经产妇Parity 经产Placenta Previa前置胎盘Postpartum 产後Postpartum hemorrhage产後出血Toxemia of Pregnancy 妊娠毒血症Adolescence青春期Basal Body Temperature 基础体温Cesarean Section 剖腹产Expected Date of Confinement 预产期Fallopian Tube 输卵管Forceps 产钳Hydatidiform Mole 水囊状胎块Labor Pain阵痛Painless Labor 无痛分娩Molding胎头变形Normal Spontaneous Delivery 正常自然生产Papanicolaou Smear 子宫颈抹片检查Premature Rupture of Membrance 早期破水Progesterone黄体素Stillbrith死产Suture 缝合Stump残物Withdrawal Bleeding 停经出血三、小儿科常用字汇Apnea呼吸暂停Aplastic Anemia再生不良性贫血Arterio Venous Malformation 动静脉畸形Bronchial Asthma支气管性气喘Bronchitis支气管炎Cephalopematoma头血肿Erythema红斑Hypospadia尿道下裂Dehydration 脱水Hydrocephalus水脑Hydrocele 阴囊积水Polydactylia多指畸形Pyoderma脓皮症Sepsis 败血症Tonsillitis扁桃腺炎Encephalitis脑炎Gastroenteritis肠胃炎Necrotizing Enterocolitis坏死性小肠结肠炎Malignant恶性的Congenital Malformation 先天性畸形Neonatal Asphyxia新生儿窒息Cleft Palate 颚裂Diarrhea腹泻Dental Caries 龋齿Facial Nerve Paralysis 颜面神经麻痹Hives Urticaria蕈麻疹Torticollis斜颈Vaccine疫苗Incubator 保温箱Cleft lip 兔唇Chicken pox 水痘Club foot 畸足Diphtheria白喉Dengue fever 登革热Eczema湿疹Congenital syphilis 先天性梅毒German Measles/ Rubella德国麻疹Giant baby巨婴Gonorrhea 淋病Hepatitis B B型肝炎Hand-foot-mouth disease 手足口病Jaundice 黄疸Mongolian spots 蒙古斑Mumps 腮腺炎Respiratory arrest呼吸停止Roseola infantum幼儿玫瑰疹Vomiting呕吐四、精神科常用字汇Mental retardation 智能不足autism自闭症dement 痴呆症alzheimer's dementia阿尔?海默式形痴呆症alcoholism 酒瘾substances Intoxication 物质中毒alcohol Intoxication 酒精中毒amphetamine Intoxication 安非他命中毒schizophrenia精神分裂病delusional Disorder 妄想性病患Major Depressive Disorder重郁症疾患phobia畏惧症obsessive-Compulsive Disorder强迫性病患pedophilia恋童癖exhibitionism 暴露狂Transvestic Fetishism扮异性恋物癖Gender Identity Disorders 性别认同疾患Anorexia Nervosa心因性厌食症Bulimia Nervosa心因性暴食症临床症状blunted affect 感情迟钝silly Laughter 傻笑apathy冷漠irritable 易怒的euphoria欣快感depression 忧郁ambivalence感情矛盾Flat Affect感情平淡suicide attempt 自杀企图queer behavior 怪异行为bizarre behavior 特异行为hypertalkative 多话hypotalkative 少话mutistic不语hyperactivity 活动过多hypoactivity 活动过少compulsive behavior 强迫行为verbigeration 重复语言catelepsy 僵直negativism阻抗行动Mannerism作态行为destrctive behavior 破坏行为autistic thinking 自闭性思考poverty of speech 言语贫乏flight of ideas 意念飞跃loosening of association 思考连结松散illogical thinking 不合逻辑思考pressure speech 言语急迫thought blocking 思考中断incoherent 语无伦次thought Withdrawal 思想退缩irrelevant 答非所问delusion 妄想delusion of persecution 被害妄想delusion of grandeur 夸大妄想Phobia 恐惧症acrophobia 惧高症algophobia 惧痛症sexual drive 性欲illusion 错觉hallucination 幻觉auditory hallucination 听幻觉disoreinatation 失去定向力amnesia记忆丧失症confabulation 虚谈症orientation 定向力judgement 判断力derealization 失真感insight病识感no insight 无病识感intellectual insight 理性的病识感true emotional insight 真正具有情绪性病识感心理学名词free association 自由联想dream analysis 梦的解析ego 自我id 原我super ego 超我ego boundary 自我界限libido 原欲scapegoat 代罪羔羊internal conflict 内在冲突conscious 意识unconscious 潜意识preconscious前意识transference 情感转移depersonalization 人格解体derealization 脱离现实neurosis神经精神病Psychosis神经病Pleasure Principle 享乐原则Reality Principle 现实原则Moral Principle 道德原则Predisposing Factors 潜在因素Precipitating Factors 诱发因素Defense Mechanism 防卫机转compensation 补偿作用conversion 转化作用denial 否认作用displacement 转移作用dissociation 解离作用fantasy 幻想作用identification 认同作用introjection 内射作用projection 外射作用retionalization 合理化作用reaction formation 反向作用degression 退化作用repression 潜抑作用suppression 压抑作用restitution 归还作用sublimation 升华作用substitution 取代作用symbolism 象徵作用undoing 抵销作用distortion 曲解作用isolation 隔离作用Cognitive behavioral Therapy认知行为治疗Empathy 同理心Resistance阻抗testing out behavior 试探行为self-awareness自我了解separation anxiety 分离焦虑reinforcement 增强原则catharsis 情绪宣泄confrontation 面质listen 倾听restraint 约束physical restraint 身体的约束chemical 药物的约束五、各科常用缩写AAAD against-advice discharge 自动出院A abdomen 腹部ADL activities of daily life 日常生活活动A/G albumin /globulin ration 白蛋白/蛋球白比例AK above knee 膝上B.BE below elbow 肘下BH body height 身高b.i.d twice a day 一日两次Bil bilateral两侧的BK below knee 膝下BM bowel movement 肠蠕动BMR basal metabolic rate 基础代谢率BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy良性摄护腺肥大BTI biliary tract infection胆道感染BUS blood, urine, stool 血液,小便,大便BW body weight 体重C.Ca. Carcinoma 癌CBC complete blood count 全血球计数CBD common bile duct 总胆管CH cerebral hemorrhage 脑出血Chest P-A chest posterio-anterio 前後胸部CO cardiac output 心输出量CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation 心肺复苏术CPS chronic paranasal sinusitis 慢性鼻窦炎C/T chemotherapy 化学治疗法CT cerebral thrombosis 脑栓塞CT Scan computerized axial tomography scan 电脑断层检查CVA cerebral vascular accident 脑血管意外CVP central venous pressure 中心静脉压。
Apoptosis induced by a human milk protein人乳蛋白诱导细胞凋亡Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 92, pp. 8064-8068, August 1995ABSTRACT To the breast-fed infant, human milk is more than a source of nutrients; it furnishes a wide array of molecules that restrict microbes, such as antibodies, bactericidins, and inhibitors of bacterial adherence. However, it has rarely been considered that human milk may also contain substances bioactive toward host cells. While investigating the effect of human milk on bacterial adherence to a human lung cancer cell line, we were surprised to discover that the milk killed the cells. Analysis of this effect revealed that a component of milk in a particular physical state-multimeric a-lactalbumin- is a potent Ca2+-elevating and apoptosis-inducing agent with broad, yet selective, cytotoxic activity. Multimeric a-lactalbumin killed all transformed, embryonic, and lymnphoid cells tested but spared mature epithelial elements. These findings raise the possibility that milk contributes to mucosal immunity not only by furnishing antimicrobial molecules but also by policing the function of lymphocytes and epithelium. Finally, analysis of the mechanism by which multimeric a-lactalbumin induces apoptosis in transformed epithelial cells could lead to the design of antitumor agents.对母乳喂养婴儿来说,母乳不仅是营养来源,而且也提供着丰富的分子用以抵御微生物体,如抗体和细菌素,并限制细菌粘附。
艾滋病词汇中英互译接下来为大家整理了艾滋病词汇中英互译,希望对你有帮助哦!艾滋病词汇中英互译一:gonorrhea 淋病growing income disparities 收入差距越來越大has been hit the hardest ~ 的问题最为严重health official 卫生官员heterosexual population 异性恋者hemophilia(c) 血友病(人)hepatitis 肝炎hepatitis c/co-infection with HIV 艾滋病毒和肝炎病毒重叠感染herpes 疱疹herpes viruses 疱疹病毒heterosexual 异性恋的highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) 高效抗逆转录病毒疗法high-risk populations 高危险群HIV 艾滋病毒HIV carriers 艾滋病毒带原者HIV cases 艾滋病毒案例HIV disease 艾滋病,后天免疫缺乏症候群HIV patients 艾滋病携带者HIV positive HIV阳性HIV strains/ strains of HIV HIV 菌种HIV sufferers 艾滋病患者HIV/AIDS villages 愛滋村HIV-1 人类免疫缺陷病毒Ⅰ型艾滋病AIDS艾滋病毒HIV艾滋病毒案例HIV cases艾滋病毒带原者HIV carriers艾滋病毒和肝炎病毒重叠感染hepatitis c/co-infection with HIV艾滋病毒急性感染primary HIV infection 艾滋病服务组织AIDS service organization (ASO)艾滋病感染者AIDS-infected patient艾滋病工作者AIDS Worker艾滋病患者HIV sufferers艾滋病教育培训中心AIDS education and training centers (AETC)艾滋病快速诊断试剂quick AIDS tests艾滋病文献资料库AIDS hotline 艾滋病相关癌症AIDS-related cancers艾滋病相关症群期AIDS-related complex (ARC)艾滋病携带者HIV patients艾滋病宣傳員AIDS activist艾滋病药物数据库AIDSDRUGS艾滋病药物协助计划AIDS drug assistance program (ADAP)艾滋病,后天免疫缺乏症候群HIV disease艾滋村AIDS village(s)艾滋村HIV/AIDS villages艾滋消瘦症候群AIDS wasting syndrome白血球leukocytes白血球white blood cells伴随药物concomitant drugs保守估計conservative projections爆炸性的水平explosive level被动免疫passive immunityB细胞淋巴瘤 B cell lymphoma病毒讀數实验viral load test病毒学virology丙种球蛋白gamma globulin不安全的集血系统unsafe blood collection system补药,滋补品tonic(s)参加者不知情的研究blinded study成人艾滋病临床研究协作组adult AIDS clinical trials group (AACTG)重新复活的性产业resurgent sex industry丑化与歧视stigma and discrimination雏妓underage prostitute传媒press/media/mass media传染/传播transmission传染方式/ 流行方式spread path传染途径mechanisms for transmission传染途径routes of infection垂直传播vertical transmission耸人听闻sensational/ frightening大相径庭to stand in stark contrast to大众宣传public education蛋白分解抑制剂protease inhibitors蛋白酶protease盗汗night sweats~ 的问题最为严重has been hit the hardest地方病endemic低估数据an underestimate地位的象征status symbol第一阶段人体试验phase I trials定时炸弹time bomb对疫情不予重视downplay the epidemic鹅口疮thrush遏止其扩散to stem the spread of (HIV/AIDS)儿科艾滋病临床试验联盟pediatricAIDS clinical trials group (PACTG)发生频率出现的范围、程度或频率incidence贩毒者traffickers防治此传染病to contain the epidemic非何杰金淋巴瘤non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL)肺结核tuberculosis (TB)复苏的resurgent腹泻diarrhea辅助疗法complementary therapy副作用side effects改革开放reform and opening感染contract/infect感染infection感染HIV病毒to carry HIV肝炎hepatitis告诫to exhort高危险群high-risk populations高效抗逆转录病毒疗法highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)个体户self-employed entrepreneurs公共保健public health care骨髓抑制bone marrow suppression管不著beyond the reach of officialdom官场; 官僚作风officialdom毫升milliliter (ml)合用针头sharing of needlesHIV 急性期感染acute HIV infectionHIV 菌种HIV strains/ strains of HIVHIV阳性HIV positive患上/染上to suffer from/ to be infected with/ to be afflicted with/ contract (the virus/AIDS)黄疸jaundice黄金時段in prime time婚前性行为premarital sex机会性感染opportunistic infections机能障碍lesion基因gene基因组,染色体组genome结核菌素皮下测试tuberculin skin test (TST)接种inoculation接种疫苗vaccination静脉内的; 静脉注射物intravenous (IV)静脉注射intravenous injection静脉注射使用者是中国艾滋病主要人口IV users constitute the largest proportion of HIV cases in China静脉注射药物intravenous (IV) drug精神病psychiatric disorders 惊险的经济发展breakneck economic development巨大的危险titanicperil卡波氏肉瘤Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)开矿mine exploration抗生素antibiotic抗体antibody抗体媒介免疫antibody-mediated immunity抗原呈递antigen presentation可归咎于be attributable to劳动力流动labor mobility联合国艾滋病计划U.N. AIDS program, the联合国艾滋病特别大会United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS 淋巴lymph淋巴结lymph nodes淋病gonorrhea临床潜伏期clinical latency临床实验clinical trial流动人口transient population流行病epidemic流行病学epidemiology流行病学家epidemiologist乱交与婚前性关系casual and premarital sex乱交,性乱行为promiscuity**时代Maoist era梅毒syphilis美国疾病控制预防中心CDC ( US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention)免疫反应immune response免疫疗法immunotherapy免疫缺乏immunodeficiency免疫缺陷immune deficiency免疫系统immune system免疫作用immunization男女婴每年出生自然比率natural ratio of males to females born each year男性继承人male heirs脑膜炎meningitis脑炎encephalitis逆转录酶病毒retrovirus剖腹产cesarean疱疹herpes疱疹病毒herpes viruses皮条客pimp皮下注射器syringe嫖客john平面广告billboard普遍的社会问题pervasive social problem潜伏期incubation period潜伏期latency求助于毒品to turn to drugs。
北大医学大白牛笔记名词解释1. lmmunity,免疫指机体识别和排除"非己"物质,维持机体生理平衡和稳定的功能。
2.lmmunity defence,免疫防御指防止外界病原体的入侵,并清除已入侵病原体及其他有害物质的一种免疫保护功能。
3. lmmunity homeostasis,免疫自稳指机体清除衰老、变性及损伤细胞的功能。
4. lmmunology surveillance,免疫监视指机体免疫系统识别和清除由于突变、畸形或病毒感染而表达新抗原的一种生理性保护功能。
5. Lymphocyte homing,淋巴细胞归巢指成熟淋巴细胞离开中枢淋巴器官后,经血液循环趋向性迁移,并定居在外周淋巴器官或组织的特定区域。
6. Antigen,抗原指能与T、B淋巴细胞的TCR或BCR结合,使其增殖、分化、产生抗体或致敏淋巴细胞,并与之结合从而发挥免疫效应的物质。
7.lmmunogenicity,免疫原性指抗原刺激机体产生免疫应答,诱导产生抗体或致敏淋巴细胞的能力。
8.Antigenecity,抗原性指抗原与其诱导产生的抗体或致敏淋巴细胞特异性结合的能力。
9. Hapten,半抗原指只具有抗原性而无免疫原性的物质。
10. Epitope,抗原表位指抗原分子中决定抗原特异性的特殊化学集团,是与TCR、BCR或抗体特异性结合的基本结构单位,其种类性质数目和空间结构决定了抗原的特异性,又称抗原决定簇。
11. Sequential epitope,顺序表位又称线性表位,由连续线性排列的短肽构成,主要是T细胞表位。
12. Conformational epitope,构象表位指短肽或多糖残基在空间上形成特定的构象,多见于B细胞表位。
13. Common epitope,共同抗原表位指不同抗原所含有的相同或相似的抗原表位。
14. Cross-reaction,交叉反应指抗体或致敏淋巴细胞对具有相同和相似表位的不同抗原的反应。
英基础医学词汇CHINESE-ENGLISH DICTIONARY FOR BASIC MEDICINE 阿狄森病(肾上腺皮质机能减退) Addison's disease阿佛伽德罗常量Avogadro constant阿卡波糖acarbose阿拉伯糖操纵子arabinose operon阿拉伯糖arabinose阿霉素doxorubicin(adriamycin)阿米巴,变形虫amoeba阿米巴病amoebiasis阿米巴痢疾amebic dysentery阿密替林amitriptyline阿片肽opioid peptide阿少夫小体Aschoff body阿斯咪唑(息斯敏) astemizole阿斯匹林反应(高敏性) aspirin hypersensitivity阿斯匹林aspirin阿糖胞苷cytarabine(Ara C)阿替洛尔atenolol阿托品atropine阿托品样的atropinic阿昔洛维(无环鸟苷) aciclovir埃angstrom (*!)埃博拉病毒Ebolavirus埃及血吸虫Schistosoma haematobium癌carcinoma癌的分级grading of cancer癌的分期staging of cancer癌基因,原癌基因oncogene癌,基因相关基因oncogene related gene癌家族cancer family癌,胚抗原carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA艾里斑Airy disk艾司唑仑estazolam艾滋病acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS安定药neuroleptic drug安宫黄体酮provera安培定律Ampere law安培环路定理Ampere circuital theorem安培力Ampere force安全范围margin of safety安体舒通antisterone安慰剂placebo氨苯蝶啶triamterene氨苄青霉素(阿比西林) ampicillin氨茶碱aminophylineγ氨基丁酸γgamma aminobutyric acid, GABA氨基多糖aminopolysaccharide氨基甲酸血红蛋白carbaminohemoglobin氨基甲酰磷酸合成酶carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, CPS氨基末端amino terminalδ氨基γ酮戊酸δaminolevulinic acid,ALA氨基酸amino acid氨基肽酶amino peptidase氨基糖甙类aminoglycosides氨基酰tRNA合成酶aminoacyl tRNA synthetase氨基转移酶aminotransferase氨甲苯酸paminomethylbenzoic acid,PAMBA氨甲蝶呤methotrexate, MTX氨甲酰胆碱carbachol氨酰基位,A位aminoacyl site氨中毒ammonia intoxication按蚊Anopheles胺amine胺吡酮amrinone胺碘酮aminodarone胺氯吡咪amiloride胺能神经元aminergic neuron胺氧化酶amino oxidase暗带dark band暗视野显微镜darkfield microscope暗适应dark adaptation赘生物neoplasm奥沙西泮oxazepam巴比妥类barbiturates巴氏消毒法pasteurization巴斯德菌属Pasteurella靶器官target organ靶细胞target cell靶腺target gland靶组织target tissue靶学说target theory白蛋白,清蛋白albumin白喉、白日咳、破伤风三联疫苗DPT vaccine (diphtheria pertussis tetanus) 白喉毒素diphtheria toxin, diphtherotoxin白喉杆菌Corynebacterium diphtheriae白化病albinism白蛉sandfly白霉素leucomycin白膜tunica albuginea白三烯,白细胞三烯leukotrienes, LTs白色梗死pale infarct白色念珠菌Candida albicans白色肉瘤leukosarcoma白色血栓white thrombus白髓white pulp白体corpus albicans白细胞leukocyte(white blood cell)白细胞功能抗原leukocyte func tional antigens, LFAs白细胞介素1和2 interleukin 1 and 2, IL 1, 2白细胞介素interleukin, IL白线linea alba,white line白质white matter,white substance百日咳毒素pertussis toxin, PT百日咳杆菌Bordetella pertussis败血症septicemia败血症性休克septic shock班氏吴策线虫Wuchereria bancrofti斑点分子杂交法dot blot McCallum McCallum splaques瘢痕疙瘩keloid板层颗粒lamellated granule板层状lamellar板齿cutting plate板块模型blocky model板内核intralaminar nuclei半保留复制semiconservative replication半波损失half wave loss半不连续复制semidiscontinuous replication半胱氨酸cysteine半合子hemizygote半核体half nucleosome半脊索动物亚门Subphylum semichordata半价层half value layer半腱肌semitendinosus m.半抗原hapten半膜肌semimembranosus m.半桥粒hemidesmosome半乳糖galactoseUDP半乳糖:GM2半乳糖基转移酶UDP galactose:GM2 galactosyl transferaseUDP半乳糖:N 乙酰氨基葡萄糖半乳糖基转移酶UDP galactose:N acetyl glucosamine galactosyl transferaseUDP 半乳糖NAc:GM3 N 乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶UDP gal NAc:GM3 N acetylglucosaminyl transferase半乳糖脑苷转硫酶galactocerebraside sulfotransferase 半乳糖血症galactosemia半寿期half life半数感染量ID 50, median infective dose半数有效量median effective dose半数致死量median lethal dose(LD 50)半衰期half life period,half life time(Tl/2)半显性semidominance半月, 新月demilune半月瓣semilunar valve半月体形成crescent formation半自主性细胞器semiautonomous organelle伴随免疫concomitant immunity瓣膜valve瓣膜关闭不全valvular insufficiency包涵体inclusion bodies包涵物inclusion包埋embedding包曼囊, 肾小囊Bowman s (renal) capsule包膜envelope包囊cyst包氏复合体B tzinger complex包蜕膜decidua capsularis包围encapsulation包装抽提物packaging extract孢子增殖sporogony胞壁酸teichoic acid胞壁质murein胞苷cytidine胞苷酸cytidine monophosphate, CMP胞肛cytoproct胞间连丝plasmodesmata胞浆阻滞法cytokinesis block method胞浆阻滞微核法cytokinesis block micronucleus method 胞口cytostome胞嘧啶cytosine (C)胞膜内褶cell membrane infolding胞内体endosome胞体soma胞吐,胞裂外排,外吐作用exocytosis胞吞,入胞,内吞endocytosis胞咽cytopharynx胞饮作用pinocytosis胞蚴sporocyst胞质分裂cytokinesis胞质周围间隙periplasmic space饱和saturation饱和盐水浮聚法brine flotation保虫宿主reservoir host保守力conservative force抱雌沟gynecophoral canal暴发性病毒性肝炎fulminant viral hepatitis爆式促进活性因子burst promoting activity (BPA) factor爆式红系集落形成单位burst forming unit erythroid(BFU E)杯状细胞goblet cell贝洛尔labetalol贝叶定理Bayes s law备用reserve备用状态resting state背侧dorsal背侧呼吸组dorsal respiratory group, DG背侧丘脑(丘脑) dorsal thalamus(thalamus)背阔肌latissimus dorsi m.背鳍dorsal fin背胰芽dorsal pancreatic bud背主动脉dorsal aorta倍地米松betamethasone被动扩散passive diffusion被动皮肤过敏反应passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, PCA被动运输,被动转运passive transport被动重吸收passive reabsorption被覆上皮covering epithelium被盖tegmentum被膜下淋巴窦subcapsular sinus被膜下上皮细胞subcapsular epithelial cell贲门腺cardiac gland贲门cardia, cardiac orifice本体感受器proprioceptors本周蛋白Bence Jones protein苯巴比妥(鲁米那) phenobarbital(luminal)苯丙氨酸phenylalanine苯丙氨酸羟化酶phenylalanine hydroxylase苯丙酮尿病phenylketonuria, PKU苯二氮NFDA1类benzodiazepines苯海拉明diphenhydromine benadryl苯海索(安坦) trihexyphenidyl (artane)苯磺唑酮sulphinpyrazone苯酮酸尿症pheny ketonuria, PKU苯氧酸fibric acid苯乙醇胺phenylethanolamine苯乙双胍phenformin苯异硫氰酸phenylisothiocyanate, PITC苯扎贝特bezafibrate苯唑青霉素(新青霉素II) oxacillin泵pump泵衰竭pump failure泵-漏模式pump leak model鼻板nasal placode鼻病毒rhinovirus鼻骨nasal bone鼻腔nasal cavity鼻窝nasal pit鼻咽部nasal pharynx鼻中隔nasal septum比较医学comparative medicine比目鱼肌soleus m.比沙可淀bisacodyl吡丁醇pirbuterol吡啶核苷酸转氢酶pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase 吡哆胺pyridoxamine吡哆醇pyridoxine吡哆醛pyridoxal吡喹酮praziquantel吡嗪酰胺pyrazinamide必需氨基酸essential amino acid必需脂肪酸essential fatty acid毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot Savart law闭孔神经obturator n.闭锁连接occluding junction闭锁卵泡atresic follicle闭锁小带zonula occludens篦麻毒蛋白ricin蓖麻油castor oil壁腹膜parietal peritoneum壁蜕膜decidua parietalis壁细胞parietal cell壁胸膜parietal pleura避孕药contraceptive臂丛brachial plexus臂间倒位pericentric inversion臂内倒位paracentric inversion臂旁内侧核parabrachialis medialis边缘层marginal layer边缘窦marginal sinus边缘区marginal zone边缘系统limbic system编码链coding strand编程性细胞死亡programmed cell death鞭毛flagellum, flagella扁平囊泡cisterna扁平体platy some扁形动物platyhelminthes扁形动物门Phylum platyhelminthes苄氟噻嗪bendroflumethiazide变传导作用dromotropic action变构酶,别位酶allosteric enzyme变构学说allosteric theory变构作用allostery变力状态inotropic state变力作用inotropic action变时作用chronotropic action变态metamorphosis变态反应allergy变温动物poikilothermal animal变形deformity变性,溃变degeneration,denaturation变移上皮transitional epithelium变异variation变质alteration变质性炎症alterative inflammation遍多酸pantothenic acid标记亲和素-生物素法,LAB法labeled avidin biotin method, LAB method 标记染色体marker chromosome标识补救marker rescueCD标志,分化抗原标志CD markers,(CD:cluster of differentiation)标志X射线谱characteristic X ray spectrum标准碳酸氢盐standard bicarbonate, SB表(现)型phenotype表达expression表达反义antisence表达载体expression vector表观分布容积aparent volume of distribution(Vd)表观粘度apparent viscosity表面层surface layer表面活性物质surfactant表面激活surface activation表面抗原surface antigen表面麻醉surface anaesthesia表面能surface energy表面粘液细胞surface mucous cell表面张力surface tension表面张力系数coefficient of surface tension表膜pellicle表皮epidermis表皮生长因子epidermal growth factor, EGF表皮癣菌epidermophyton表皮样囊肿epidermoid cyst表皮增殖单位epidermal proliferative unit表浅性阑尾炎superficial appendicitis表位epitope表现度不一致variable expressivity表型混合phenotypic mixing表型模拟phenocopy别构(位)效应allosteric effect别构调节allosteric regulation别嘌呤醇allopurinol槟榔semenarecae濒死impending death髌骨patella髌韧带patellar ligament冰冻切片frozen section丙氨酸alanine丙氨酸-葡萄糖循环alanine glucose cycle丙胺太林propantheline丙吡胺disopyramide丙二酸malonate丙二酰基转移酶malonyl transferase, MT丙磺舒probenecid丙基硫氧嘧啶propylthiouracil丙咪嗪imipramine丙酮acetone丙酮酸pyruvic acid丙酮酸激酶pyruvate kinase丙酮酸羧化酶pyruvate carboxylase丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体pyruvate dehydrogenase complex 丙戊酸钠sodium valproate丙烯吗啡nalorphine并肢畸形sirenomelus病变lesion病毒virusEB病毒Epstein Barr virus,EBVB病毒病B virus disease病毒固定,病毒胞饮viropexis病毒体virion病毒性肺炎viral pneumonia病毒性肝炎viral hepatitis病毒性心肌炎virus myocarditis病毒血症viremia病理过程pathological process病理解剖学pathologic anatomy病理生理学pathophysiology病理性萎缩pathologic atrophy病理学pathology病因治疗etiological treatment病原菌(体) pathogenic bacteria (pathogen)病原体pathogen病原学etiology波长wave length波的干涉interference of wave波的衍射diffraction of wave波动wave motion波动膜undulating membrane波动性undulatory property波腹antinode(wave loop)波节wave node波粒二象性wave particle dualism波面wave surface波前(波阵面)wave front波速wave velocity波形蛋白纤维vimentin filament波源wave source玻尔磁子Bohr magneton玻尔效应Bohr effect玻尔兹曼常量Boltzmann constant玻尔兹曼分布率Boltzmann distribution law 玻璃体vitreous body玻璃样变性hyaline degeneration玻片扩散试验disk diffusion test玻片凝集试验slide agglutination test伯氨奎primaquine伯贝克颗粒Birbeck granule伯努利方程Bernoulli equation泊肃叶定律Poiseuille law博来霉素bleomycin博-金培养基Bordet Gengou medium搏出功stroke work薄膜干涉film interference薄束核nucleus gracilis薄束结节gracile tubercle薄束fasciculus gracilis薄透镜thin lens薄血膜thin smear film卟胆原porphobilinogen, PBG卟啉症porphria卟啉porphyrin补充治疗supplement therapy补呼气量expiratory reserve volume, ERV补救(重新利用)途径salvage pathway补体complement补体分子1~9 C1~C9补体受体1,2,3 CR1, CR2, CR3补位或对位paratope补吸气量inspiratory reserve volume, IRV哺乳lactation哺乳动物纲Class Mammalia哺育细胞nurse cell不对称性asymmetry不对称转录asymmetric transcription不分离non disjunction不感蒸发(不显汗) insensible perspiration不规则显性irregular dominance不均一核RNA,核内异质RNA heterogeneous nuclear RNA, hnRNA 不连续复制discontinuous replication不连续毛细血管discontinuous capillary不良反应untowardeffect,untowardreaction不全变态hemimetabola不确定关系uncertainty relation不确定原理uncertainty principle不通肛imperforate anus不完全恢复健康incomplete recovery不完全连锁incomplete linkage不完全外显率incomplete penetrance不完全显性incomplete dominance不稳定配对wobble base pair不需氧脱氢酶anaerobic dehydrogenase不应期refractory period不应性refractoriness不育囊infertile cyst布比卡因bupivacaine布喇格方程Bragg equation布洛芬ibuprofen布氏姜片虫Fasciolopsis buski布氏姜片虫病fasciolopsiasis布氏嗜碘阿米巴Iodamoeba butschlii 部分激动剂partial agonist部分拮抗剂partial antagonist部分偏振光partial polarized light 残基residue残留期residual period残体residual body苍白球globus pallidus操纵基因operator操纵子operonLac操纵子Lac operon操纵子学说operon theory糙皮病,癞皮病pellagra草虫Paramoecium草酰乙酸oxaloacetic acid侧脑室lateral ventricle侧舌隆起lateral lingual swelling侧生组分lateral element侧向扩散lateral diffusion侧翼序列flanking sequence侧枝循环collateral circulation侧中胚层lateral mesoderm侧翼区,连接区5' flanking region 层流laminar flow层粘连蛋白laminin,LN茶碱theophyline差次表达differential expression差向变构酶epimerase蟾蜍toad产气荚膜杆菌Clostridium perfringens 产前诊断prenatal diagnosis产热中枢thermogenic center长臂longarm长臂猿科hylobratidae长春碱vinblastine(VLB)长春新碱vincristine(VCR)长醇磷酸脂dolichol phosphate长度-张力曲线length tension curve长反馈long loop feedback长膜壳绦虫H. diminuta长期的遗传稳定性long term gene ticstability长时程加强作用long term potentiation, LTP长收肌adductor longus m.长吸式呼吸apneustic breathing肠intestine肠道病毒enterovirus肠道杆菌enteric bacillus (entero rod)肠道神经系统enteric nervous system肠道相关的淋巴组织gut associated lymphoid tissue,GALT 肠毒素enterotoxin肠干intestinal trunk肠激酶enterokinase肠期intestinal phase肠热症enteric fever肠绒毛intestinal villus肠系膜mesentery肠系膜后动脉posterior mesenteric artery肠系膜淋巴结mesenteric lymph node肠系膜前动脉anterior mesenteric artery肠系膜上动脉superior mesenteric a.肠系膜下动脉inferior mesenteric a.肠相关淋巴组织gut associated lymphoid tissue肠抑胃素enterogastrone肠隐窝intestinal crypt肠源性紫绀enterogenous cyanosis肠-肝循环entero hepatic circulation常染色质euchromatin常染色体autosome常染色体显性遗传autosomal dominant inheritance, AD常染色体隐性遗传autosomal recessive inheritance, AR场强叠加原理principle of superposition of field intensity 场源电荷charge of field source超变区hypervariable region超常期supernormal period超导电性superconductivity超短反馈ultrashort loop feedback超二倍体hyperdiploid, 2n+超二级结构supersecondary structure超核小体颗粒supernucleosomal granule超活化巨噬细胞hyperactivated macrophage超基因supergene超极化hyperpolarization超家族superfamily超精细分裂hyperfine splitting超抗原super antigen, SAg超螺试管supersolenoid超敏性hypersensitivity超敏感位点hypersensitive site超声波ultrasonic wave超微结构ultramicroscopic structure,ultrastructure超氧化,超氧负离子superoxide超氧化物歧化酶superoxide dismutase, SOD潮气量tidal volume, V T尘细胞dust cell沉淀precipitation沉淀法sedimentation method沉降系数sedimentation coefficient称码突变frame shift mutation成虫, 成年人adult成骨区zone of ossification成骨细胞osteoblast成骨作用ossification成冠,戴帽capping成节mature proglottid成人呼吸窘迫综合征adult respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS 成少突胶质细胞oligodendroblast成神经胶质细胞glioblast成神经细胞neuroblast成熟促进因子maturation promoting factor, MPF成熟分裂maturation division成熟卵泡mature follicle成熟面maturation face,mature face成纤维细胞fibroblast成纤维细胞生长因子fibroblast growth factor, FGF成星形胶质细胞astroblast成牙质细胞odontoblast成瘾性addiction成釉质细胞ameblast程序性细胞死亡,凋落,凋亡apoptosis弛缓时间relaxation time迟发型子孢子bradysporozoite迟发性超敏反应delayed type hypersensitivity, DTH迟发性运动障碍tardive dyskinesia迟复制late replication迟后除极delayed afterdepolarization迟缓期lag phase持续时间persistent period持续性感染persistent infection尺侧腕屈肌flexor carpi ulnaris m.尺侧腕伸肌extensor carpi ulnaris m.尺动脉ulnar a.尺骨ulna尺神经ulnar n.齿状核dentate nucleus齿状线pectinate line耻骨pubis耻骨联合pubic symphysis赤道板equatorial plate充电charging充血hyperemia(congestion)充血期stage of congestion充血型心肌病congestive cardiomyopathy充血性心力衰竭congestive heart failure充盈量filling volume充盈相filling phase充盈压filling pressure冲量,冲动impulse冲量矩moment of impulse虫媒疾病insect borne disease, arthropod borne disease 虫体抗原somatic antigen重叠感染superinfection重叠序列overlapping sequence重复duplication重复畸形double malformation重复序列repetitive sequence重接rejoin重排rearrangement重组DNA工艺学recombinant DNA technology重组DNA recombinant DNA重组合,基因重组recombination重组近交系recombinant inbred strain重组期recombination stage重组染色体recombinant chromosome重组细胞reconstitution cell重组小节recombination nodules出汗sweating出生率natality出生缺陷birth defect出血hemorrhage出血倾向bleeding tendency出血时间bleeding time出血性梗死hemorrhagic infarct出芽budding初长initial length初级不分离primary non disjunction初级骨化中心primary ossification center初级骨髓primary bone marrow初级精母细胞primary spermatocyte初级淋巴组织primary lymphoid tissue初级卵母细胞primary oocyte初级卵泡期primary follicular phase初级卵泡primary follicle初级溶酶体primary lysosome初级性索primary sex cord初级缢痕centromere constriction初级止血反应primary hemostatic response初始反应,初次应答primary response除(去)极化depolarization除极幅度depolarization amplitude除极相depolarization phase储备受体spare receptor储备细胞reserve cell处女膜hymen处女型B细胞virgin B cell搐搦tetany触觉小体tactile corpuscle触酶,过氧化氢酶catalase触手tentacle穿孔perforation穿孔蛋白,穿孔素perforin穿入penetration穿通管(V olkmann管) perforating canal穿通纤维(Sharpey纤维) perforating (Sharpey) fiber 传出神经系统efferent nervous system传出神经efferent nerve传出神经元efferent neuron传代培养subculture传导conduction传导麻醉conduction anaesthesia传导速度conduction velocity传导通路pathway传导性,电导率conductivity传导阻滞conduction block传递transmission传能线密度linear energy transfer, LET传染性肝炎infectious hepatitis传染性软疣molluscum contagiosum传入神经afferent nerve传入神经接替站relay station of afferent nerve传入神经元afferent neuron创伤性休克traumatic shock创伤修复,愈合wound healing垂唇,口下板(昆虫) hypostome垂体hypophysis, pituitary垂体后叶素pituitrin垂体门静脉系统hypophyseal portal system垂体细胞pituicyte垂体腺瘤pituitary adenoma垂体-肾上腺轴pituitary adrenal axis垂直vertical垂直传播vertical transmission垂直柱vertical column锤骨malleus纯合子homozygote唇裂cleft lip磁场magnetic field磁场强度magnetic field intensity磁畴magnetic domain磁导率,通透性permeability磁感应强度magnetic induction磁感应线magnetic induction line磁矩magnetic moment磁聚焦magnetic focusing磁量子数magnetic quantum number磁偶极子magnetic dipole磁通量magnetic flux磁旋比magnetogyric ratio雌二醇estradiol雌激素estrogen雌三醇estriol雌酮estrone雌性female雌原核female pronucleus次侧secondary aspect次黄嘌呤核苷酸inosine monophosphate, IMP次黄嘌呤-鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶(HGPRT) hypoxanthine guanine phosphori bosyl transferase 次级不分离secondary non disjunction次级骨化中心secondary ossification center次级精母细胞secondary spermatocyte次级卵母细胞secondary oocyte次级卵泡secondary follicle次级卵泡期secondary follicular phase次级溶酶体secondary lysosome次级性索secondary sex cord次级缢痕,副缢痕secondary constriction次声波infrasonic wave刺激stimulus (stimuli),stimulation刺激性感受器irritant receptor刺突,锋电位spike刺细胞cnidoblast从头合成de novo synthesis从性显性sex influenced dominance,sex controlled dominance丛密绒毛膜villous chorion粗肌丝thick filament粗面内质网rough endoplasmic reticulum, RER粗线期pachytene stage, pachynema促黑激素释放抑制因子melanocyte stimulating hormone inhibiting factor, MIF 促黑激素释放因子melanocyte stimulating hormone releasing factor, MRF促红细胞生成(因子)素erythropoiesis stimulating factor, ESF促红细胞生成素erythropoietin, EPO促甲状腺激素thyrotropin or thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH促甲状腺激素细胞thyrotroph, TSH cell促甲状腺素释放激素thyrotropin releasing hormone ,TRH促肾上腺皮质激素adrenal corticotropic hormone, ACTH促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素corticotropin releasing hormone, CRH促肾上腺皮质激素细胞corticotroph, ACTH cell促生长素somatotropin促性腺激素细胞gonadotroph促性腺激素gonadotropin促性腺激素释放激素gonadotropin releasing hormone, GnRH促胰液素secretin促脂素lipotropin or lipotrophic hormone, LPH醋氨酚acetaminophen醋唑磺胺diamox猝灭quenching催产素oxytocin (pitocin),OXT催眠药hyponotics催乳激素mammotropin or prolactin,PRL催乳激素细胞mammotroph, prolactin cell催乳素释放抑制因子prolactin release inhibiting factor, PIF催乳素释放因子prolactin releasing factor, PRF脆性X染色体综合征fragile X syndrome脆性部位fragile site存活分数CNN surviving fraction错义突变missense mutation大肠large intestine大肠艾希菌Escherichia coli, E coli大动脉large artery大多角骨trapezium大分生孢子macroconidium大沟major groove大黄属Rheum(officinale Baill)大(家)鼠属Genus rattus大胶质细胞macroglia大结节greater tubercle大结节性肝硬变macronodular cirrhosis大静脉large vein大颗粒淋巴细胞large granular lymphocyte, LGL 大脑半球cerebral hemisphere大脑动脉环cerebral arterial circle大脑后动脉posterior cerebral a.大脑脚cerebral peduncle大脑脚底basis pedunculi cerebralis大脑镰falx cerebri大脑皮层cerebral cortex大脑前动脉anterior cerebral a.大脑中动脉middle cerebral a.大配子体macrogametocyte大收肌adductor magnus m.大网膜greater omentum大循环或系统循环greater or systemic circulation 大亚单位(大亚基) large subunit大叶性肺炎lobar pneumonia大阴唇labium majus大隐静脉great saphenous v.大转子greater trochanter呆小症,克汀病cretinism代偿compensation代偿间歇compensatory pause代偿性肺气肿compensatory emphysema代乳foster nursing代谢部位site of metabolism代谢调节metabolic regulation代谢库(池) metabolic pool代谢偶联metabolic coupling代谢物metabolite代谢性碱中毒metabolic alkalosis代谢性酸中毒metabolic acidosis代谢终产物end product of metabolism带虫免疫premunition带绦虫病taeniasis带型banding pattern丹伯磺酰氯,丹磺酰氯dansyl Cl丹佛体制Denver system丹氏颗粒Dane s particle单胺monoamine单胺氧化酶monoamine oxidase, MAO单胺氧化酶抑制剂monoamine oxidase(MAO) inhibitor单倍体haploid单侧肺不发生unilateral pulmonary agenesis单层(扁平)鳞状上皮simple squamous epithelium单层立方上皮simple cubidal epithelium单层上皮simple epithelium单层纤毛柱状上皮simple ciliated columnar epithelium单层柱状上皮simple columnar epithelium单纯癌carcinoma simplex单纯蛋白质simple protein单纯疱疹病毒herpes simplex virus, HSV单纯型酸碱紊乱simple acid base disorder单核吞噬细胞系统mononuclear phagocyte system, MPS单核细胞monocyte单核细胞性血白病monocytic leukemia单基因病monogenic disease单级成神经细胞unipolar neuroblast单极神经元(假单极神经元) unipolar neuron (Pseudounipolar neuron) 单击多靶学说single hit multi target theory单加氧酶monooxygenase单加氧酶体系monooxygenase system单克隆monoclonal单克隆抗体monoclonal antibody单链构象多态性single strand conformation polymorphism, SSCP 单球面折射refraction at a simple spherical surface单色辐射本领monochromatic emissive power单色吸收率monochromatic absorptivity单收缩single twitch单糖monosaccharide单体monomer单体型haplotype单体型分析haplotyping单体性monosomy单脱碘酶monodeiodinase单位膜unit membrane单位丝unit fiber单细胞腺unicellular gland单线态singletstate单腺simple gland单相动作电位monophasic action potential单向琼脂扩散single agar diffusion单一序列unique sequence单轴晶体uniaxial crystal单作用子monocistron胆钙化醇(维生素D3) cholecalciferol胆固醇cholesterol胆固醇栓子cholesterol emboli胆固醇酯酶cholesteryl esterase胆管癌bile duct carcinoma胆红素bilirubin胆碱choline胆碱能的cholinergic胆碱能神经元cholinergic neuron胆碱能受体cholinoceptor胆碱能纤维cholinergic fiber胆碱受体cholinergic receptor胆碱乙酰转移酶cholinacetyltranslase胆碱酯酶cholinesterase胆碱酯酶复活药cholinesterase reactivator胆囊gall bladder胆囊动脉cystic a.胆囊管cystic duct胆囊收缩素cholecystokinin, CCK胆色素bile pigment胆素原肠肝循环entero hepatic bilinogen cycle 胆酸bile acids,cholic acid胆小管bile canaliculi胆汁bile胆汁性肝硬变biliary cirrhosis胆汁淤积cholestasis胆总管common bile duct淡色库蚊culex pipiens pallens蛋氨酸methionine蛋(甲硫)氨酸循环methionine cycle蛋白分泌细胞protein secreting cellG蛋白关联受体G protein linked receptor蛋白激酶Cprotein kinase C,PKC蛋白结合protein binding蛋白聚糖蛋白多糖proteoglycan PG蛋白酶protease proteinase蛋白膜albuminous coat蛋白尿proteinuria蛋白印迹试验Western blot蛋白质protein蛋白质C protein C蛋白质表达protein expression蛋白质的凝固作用protein coagulation蛋白质结絮作用protein flocculation蛋白质转换protein turnover蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用protein protein interaction 氮平衡nitrogen balance氮质血症azotemia,nitremia刀豆蛋白A concanavalin A, Con A导管duct导肽presequences,targeting sequence岛叶insula倒位invertion倒位重复顺序inverted repeat sequence倒置相差显微镜inverted phase contrast microscope 道尔顿分压公式Dalton law of partial pressure灯刷染色体lampbrush chromosome登革病毒dengue virus等臂染色体isochromosome等长调节homometic regulation等长收缩isometric contraction等电点isoelectric point, IP等价区equivalence zone等倾干涉条纹equal inclination fringe等容过程isochoric process等容收缩相isovolumetric contraction phase等容舒张相isovolumetric relaxation phase等渗尿isosthenuria等渗性脱水isotonic dehydration等势面equipotential surface等位基因allele等位基因排斥allelic exclusion等温过程isothermal process等响曲线loudness contours等压过程isobaric process等张收缩isotonic contraction等张性低氧血症isotonic hypoxemia镫骨stapes低常期subnormal period低动力型休克hypodynamic shock低分化癌poor differentiated carcinoma低钾血症hypokalemia低磷酸盐血症hypophosphatemia低镁血症hypomagnesemia低密度脂蛋白low density lipoprotein, LDL低凝状态hypocoagulability低色效应hypochromic effect低渗尿hypostheuria低渗性脱水hypotonic dehydration低输出量性心力衰竭low output heart failure低位脑干low brain stem低血钙症hypocalcemia低血容性休克hypovolemic shock低血液动力性缺氧hypokinetic hypoxia低张性低氧血症hypotonic hypoxemia底板floor plate骶椎sacral vertebra骶丛sacral plexus骶骨sacrum骶子宫韧带uterosacral ligament骶棘韧带sacrospinous ligament骶结节韧带sacrotuberous ligament骶髂关节sacroiliac joint地尔硫NFDA1 diltiazem地方性甲状腺肿endemic goiter地高辛digoxin地卡因dicaine地塞米松dexamethasone地西泮diazepam地衣红orcein地中海贫血thalassemia递质transmitter第Ⅷ因子相关抗原factor Ⅷrelated antigen, FⅧ 第二极体second polar body第二极体secondary polar body第二焦点secondary focal point第二焦距secondary focal length第二节点secondary nodal point第二期愈合second intention第二心音second heart sound第二信使second message,second messenger第二性征secondary sex characteristics第二主点secondary principal point第二主平面secondary principal plane第三脑室third ventricle第四脑室fourth ventricle第四脑室脉络丛choroid plexus of fourth ventricle 第一极体first polar body第一焦点primary focal point第一焦距primary focal length第一节点primary nodal point第一期愈合first intention第一心音first heart sound第一信使first messenger第一主点primary principal point第一主平面primary principal plane颠换transversion癫痫epilepsies癫痫持续状态status epilepticus癫痫发作epileptic seizures点突变point mutation点状桥粒spot desmosome碘iodine碘泵iodine pump碘化物iodide碘解磷定pralidoxime iodide碘染色法iodine staining碘乙酸iodoacetic acid电场electric field电场强度(场强) electric field intensity电穿孔electroporation电磁波谱electromagnetic spectrum电磁波electromagnetic wave电磁感应electromagnetic induction电磁振荡electromagnetic oscillation电导conductance电动势electromotive force电荷守恒定律law of conservation of charge电化学屏障electrochemical barrier电化学梯度electrochemical gradient电化学质子梯度electro chemical proton gradient 电极化率electric susceptibility电极electrode电解质electrolyte电介质(绝缘体) dielectric电介质的极化dielectric polarization电镜放射自显影术electron microscope autoradiography电镜细胞化学术electron microscope cytochemistry电离ionization电离比值specific ionization电离辐射的生物学效应biological effect of ionizing radiation 电离辐射ionizing radiation电离密度ionization density电力线electric lines of force电流electric current电流密度electric current density电流强度current intensity电偶极矩electric dipole moment电偶极子electric dipole电偶联electrical coupling电容capacity(capacitance)电容率(介电常量) permittivity (dielectric constant)电容器condenser(capacitor)电融合法electro fusion method电势electric potential电势差electric potential difference电势叠加原理principle of superposition of electric potential 电势能electric potential energy电势梯度矢量potential gradient电通量electric flux电突触electrical synapse电位移矢量electric displacement vector电休克发作electroshock seizure电压voltage电压门控离子通道voltage gated ion channel电压门控性通道voltage gated channel电压钳voltage clamp电压依赖性钙通道voltage dependent channel, VDC电泳率electrophoretic mobility电源power supply(power source)电子对生成electron pair production电子俘获electron capture电子透明electron lucent电子显微镜electron microscope, EM电子致密electron dense电子转移黄素蛋白electron transferring flavoprotein, ETFP电子自旋共振electron spin resonance, ESR电阻率resistivity垫料bedding淀粉starch淀粉酶amylase淀粉样变性amyloid degeneration叠氮脱氧胸苷azidothymidine, AZT蝶骨sphenoid bone丁胺卡那霉素amikacin丁苯氧酸bumetanide丁达尔散射Tyndall scattering丁卡因tetracaine丁酰苯类butyrophenones耵聍腺ceruminous gland顶板roof plate顶盖tectum顶盖脊髓束tectospinal tract顶跟长crown heal length, CHL顶骨parietal bone顶极climax顶泌汗腺apocrine sweat gland顶体acrosome顶体反应acrosome reaction顶体酶acrosin顶突rostellum顶臀长crown rump length, CRL顶叶parietal lobe顶枕沟parieto occipital sulcus定态stationary state定向造血干细胞committed stem cell定向祖细胞committed progenitor定轴转动rotation around a fixed axis东莨菪碱scopolamine冬眠hibernation动合子ookinete动基体kinetoplast动静脉短路arteriovenous shunt动力蛋白,达因蛋白dynein动量momentum动量定理momentum theorem动量守恒定律law of conservation of momentum 动脉artery动脉导管ductus arteriosus动脉导管未闭patent ductus arteriosus动脉干truncus arteriosus动脉脉搏arterial pulse动脉内的intra arterial, i.a。
新英格兰杂志 综述 侵袭性淋巴瘤 基因组的分子分析揭示出淋巴瘤的新亚型起源于不同发育阶段的淋巴细胞,并且有不同的致癌机理。目前还不能通过显微镜进行辨识。在这篇综述中我们主要讨论的是侵袭性淋巴瘤在分子基因学上的新进展。我们主要关注的是其中最常见的亚型,弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤,在新诊断的淋巴瘤患者中占30%到40%。 B细胞的发育与淋巴瘤起源 非霍奇金B细胞淋巴瘤吸收正常生物特性的B细胞成为恶心细胞。这意味着肿瘤功能很大程度取决于B细胞发源之后的不同阶段。当B细胞在骨髓中时,将V,D以及J基因片段重组组成免疫球蛋白重链(IgH)和轻链(IgL)基因。在此过程中,重组激活基因导致(RAG1和RAG2)双链DNA中断两种酶编码,但是DNA修复过程(非同源末端链接)加以解决,然而这种中断会导致淋巴瘤染色体易位。 生发中心是多种淋巴瘤的可能来源,当T细胞发出信号并结合时,抗原激活成熟B细胞使生发中心反应开始,抗原特异性T细胞和滤泡树突状细胞环绕抗原于生发中心B细胞周围。母细胞(快速分化的无裂核B细胞)在生发中心暗区快速扩张。这些细胞周期性进入生发中心亮区,在这里成为中心细胞(拥有裂核的未分化B细胞)。这些中心细胞使抗原脱离滤泡树突状细胞并且使之显示给附近的T细胞,中心细胞可以恢复成母细胞重新开始增殖或分化成为记忆B细胞或浆细胞。 在生发中心反应时,B细胞DNA通过两种不同的变动变为B细胞受体,体细胞突变和分类开关重组,两者都需要激活诱导胞嘧啶核苷脱氧酶(AID),分类开关重组使免疫球蛋白重链IgM变为IgG,IgA或者IgE。而体细胞突变需要免疫球蛋白可变区域突变。这会创造出一群对特殊抗原有亲和力的B细胞增加或减少。这些遗传装饰是通常免疫反应的重要基础,但也是DNA损坏的源头,可能会成为淋巴瘤的病理。 一类转录因子表现出生发中心B细胞的表型,这些细胞选择性的表达B细胞淋巴瘤-6因子(BCL6),它是一种转录因子。弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤与其他淋巴瘤易位到BCL6的转录因子以及分裂的基因破坏了小鼠的生发中心反应。BCL6蛋白抑制许多基因。包括许多不同的浆细胞,细胞周期发展,反应使DNA损坏,使细胞死亡。值得注意的是,这些基因中有一种称为Blimp1的基因。作为浆细胞分化的主要调节因子,可以使成熟B细胞的表达过程停止。当生发中心B细胞开始分化成为浆细胞,他们上调节干扰素调节因子4(IRF4),这是一种转化成浆细胞所需要的转录因子。反过来IRF4因子增加表达Blimp1,并且增加BCL6的表达,从而倾向于浆细胞的分化。 生发中心细胞导致多种亚型的淋巴瘤,包括DLBCL,FL和Burkitt’s淋巴瘤。这些类型的淋巴瘤从产生后进行正常B细胞的分化过程。但淋巴瘤致癌的异常情况会颠覆正常的过程。例如,正常母细胞缺乏B细胞淋巴瘤抗凋亡活动因子(BCL2)和核因子κB(NF-κB)通道。因此会导致死亡。但是,恶心母细胞可以通过获得激活的BCL2易位或结合激活的NF-κB以避免细胞死亡。同样的,BCL6在大多正常母细胞中抑制MYC致癌基因,但是恶性母细胞通过易位或增强MYC从而逃避这个控制。从而允许细胞代谢与生长调节的有力表达。 淋巴瘤中B细胞DNA的改变 RAG重组 V(D)J重组,体细胞突变和分类开关重组的通常机理可改变淋巴瘤的基因组。在前B细胞中RAG介导的染色体断裂可以使许多细胞分裂,从而产生与其他基因DNA断裂免疫球蛋白基因位点融合而易位的可能性。成熟B细胞在RAG重组活动中免疫球蛋白受体的编辑也可以促成易位。通常发生在大多数滤泡淋巴瘤和一些DLBCL中的t(14,18)染色体易位会使IgH位点与BCL2的能力提高。这种易位需要RAG重组,将DNA分开为IgH位点与BCL2中的异常DNA结构。在套细胞中,RAG重组允许t(11,14)易位,使CCND1基因与IgH位点结合,引起细胞周期蛋白D1的过度表达导致细胞周期的异常。在t(14,18)与t(11,14)的易位断裂点表明AID与RAG重组协同使BCL2与CCND1的DNA双链断裂。 AID 突变酶AID在恶性淋巴瘤中扮演多种角色,在老师模型中,DLBCL的发展需要AID,并且AID的转基因过度表达会导致B细胞淋巴瘤。AID能使能使小鼠生发中心B细胞总的非免疫球蛋白基因突变频率远高于背景突变频率。DLBCL积累许多AID依赖突变基因,包括MYC和Pim1致癌基因。这些突变可能由于细胞的优势突变中一些DNA的错配修复或选择的缺乏而产生,发生AID介导突变并伴有染色体易位断裂的区域表明AID导致双链断裂可促进易位。由AID介导的分类开关重组引起DNA双链在IgH开关区域断裂,可能导致MYC-IgH易位以及MYC基因断裂。DLBCL中被激活的B细胞样亚型不仅有非常高水平的AID而且经历了异常的分类开关重组,这些开关在IgH开关区域保持缺失,插入和突变而不参与生理开关事件,也行这种淋巴瘤亚型积累染色体易位最终影响到IgH开关区域。 DLBCL的发病机制 DLBCL是淋巴瘤最常见的形式,占新诊断淋巴瘤患者的30%到40%。美罗华联合化疗可以治愈近50%的病例。基因表达分析可降淋巴瘤分为三种较难分辨的分子组织学亚型,ABC亚型,生发中心B细胞样亚型(GCB)以及原发纵膈B细胞淋巴瘤(PMBL),这些不同亚型由成千上万基因表达造成,并产生于不同的B细胞分化阶段。另外,由于不同的独特的基因可以证实,各种亚型的恶化过程是不同的,因而这三种亚型在临床化疗治愈率以及靶向治疗的反应能力是不同的。基于这个原因,我们将各亚型视为不同的肿瘤。 GCB淋巴瘤表达数百个生发中心的B细胞。恶心克隆继续发生体细胞突变,并且细胞通常切换为lgH类型。相反,ABC淋巴瘤进行浆细胞表达过程,包括作为免疫球蛋白分泌主要控制器的转录因子XBP1。NF-κB通道的激活导致ABC淋巴瘤表达转录因子IRF4,并且使它们分化为浆细胞。但是,ABC淋巴瘤由于Blimp-1干扰而引起基因损坏,从而完全阻断分化为浆细胞。 这种分化的阻断被视为ABC亚型发病机制最初的重要阶段,但是前细胞的性质还不明确。这些淋巴瘤含有大量的AID,使得他们的IgH基因严重变异。然而,许多ABC淋巴瘤并不经历类型开关重组,而他们表达的是IgM,不像普通的生发中心B细胞与GCB淋巴瘤。他们可能来自IgM阳性的生发中心后记忆细胞或者表达AID的生发中心前细胞,这些是某些另外的滤泡B细胞的特性。 第三种亚型PMBL的典型表现为年轻女性有纵膈肿瘤(中位年龄为30到35岁)。该肿瘤包块通常包含胸腺残损,被认为是来源于罕见的性腺B细胞。虽然ABC亚型和GCB亚型可来源于胃肠道和骨髓,但是PMBL沿着相邻的胸部结构直接蔓延。临床特征不能可靠的分辨PMBL,但是基因表达分析可以很容易的分辨他们。PMBL的基因表达信号包含了一个霍奇金淋巴瘤的分子链,可能也是产生于胸腺B细胞。但是这两种淋巴瘤也是不同的,PMBL的典型基因表达为成熟的B细胞,而霍奇金淋巴瘤则不是。
基因变异 淋巴瘤亚型的致癌途径 一些致癌基因异常会发生在许多亚型的DLBCL上,但是许多致癌途径是主要或完全由使用的只有一个亚型。GCB淋巴瘤的特有遗传损害包括了T(14,,18)易位,肿瘤抑制因子PTEN缺失,微RNA中miR-17-92(即下调PTEN基因)扩增以及p53基因突变。 ABC亚型中的许多基因异常在其他亚型中是少有的。许多ABC淋巴瘤过度表达BCL2并且扩大BCL2基因位。许多删除了INK4A–ARF的基因,用来编码作为衰老抑制剂的P16基因和P53激活抑制剂的p14ARF基因。缺少了肿瘤抑制剂阻断化疗活动可能导致ABC相关亚型的预后不良。 PMBL的基因标志是染色体9p24区域的扩大,这种情况会发生在一半的此种亚型的淋巴瘤上以及霍奇金淋巴瘤上。这个区域编码JAK2基因,这种基因是一种磷酸化和激活转录因子STAT6的络氨酸激酶。此外,PMBL和霍奇金淋巴瘤总的JAK信号抑制剂SOCS1会定期删除。9p24的扩大区域包括许多DNA碱基,这杯认为会涉及其他基因。例如,编码T细胞反应抑制剂的PDL1和PDL2放大能够使恶心克隆在胸腺中生存。
构成NF-κB信号 ABC亚型有普通B细胞的基因表达特点,它由交联的B细胞受体激活。随后的研究直接涉及该淋巴瘤发病的B细胞受体信号。在休息中的正常B细胞中,抑制蛋白IκBα分离了细胞质中的NF -κB转录因子。细胞表面受体通过一定的刺激使IκBα磷酸化,导致其蛋白酶降解。细胞质中的NF -κB的因子就可以移动到细胞核中,并且激活目标基因。在正常B细胞中,交联的B细胞受体瞬间结合NF-κB通路,但是在ABC亚型中,NF-κB通路保持活动的。NF-κB信号的干扰会杀死ABC细胞但不杀死GCB细胞,这表明ABC亚型依赖这个通道的机构活动。 许多NF-κB的下游目标选择性阻止细胞凋亡因此阻碍了许多形式的化疗作用。NF –κB通路的结构活动可能导致了ABC亚型对于化疗的反应不佳。ABC亚型中的NF-κB信号还能诱导细胞因子白细胞介素6和10,他们通过JAK激酶和STAT3转录因子自分泌信号到细胞中。JAK信号阻断协同NF-κB抑制行为杀死ABC细胞。 一种叫做“要害”的筛开发出来有希望找到新的治疗目标,通过鉴别癌细胞基因是获得增殖或是存活。这个筛显示ABC亚型通过三种分子来激活NF-κB:CARD11, BCL10, 和MALT1(CBM)。当正常淋巴瘤细胞碰到抗体,B细胞受体信号导致CARD11磷酸化,这使得它能够与BCL10与MALT1的组装成一个组合激活IκB激酶(IKK),这种酶的磷酸化IκBα69。CBM复合体在和抗原接触后瞬时转变为普通B细胞,但是在ABC亚型中则是一步步组成的。 在ABC亚型中有许多遗传异常会激活CAED11.在大约10%的患者中,CARD11是一种真正的致癌基因,突变能导致激活NF-κB和延长细胞存活。变异的CARD11变异体生成较大的蛋白质聚集在细胞质中,这个很可能是NF-κB构成激活的地方。
慢性活动B细胞受体信号 许多ABC亚型的淋巴瘤有野生型的CARD11并依赖CARD11来激活NF-κB。在这种淋巴瘤中有一种慢性活动性的B细胞受体信号参与CBM通道。这种B细胞受体由抗体LgH和LgL链和两个信号亚基,CD79A,CD79B组成。抗原受体参与触发激酶激活多个下游通路。拥有野生型CARD11的ABC亚型的生存依赖于B细胞受体和下游的激酶。就像抗原刺激正常B细胞,这些ABC细胞突出集中于B细胞受体的表面。有大约20%的ABC亚型淋巴瘤会在CD79A或CD79B产生突变,这种突变在GCB以及其他的淋巴瘤亚型中是罕见的。突变的CD79蛋白增加表达B细胞受体,而减少激活B细胞受体信号的负调控器LYN。 这一证据表明慢性活性B细胞受体信号是ABC亚型制病机理的关键步骤。显而易见,ABC亚型淋巴瘤可能发源于突变了CD79A或CD79B的B细胞,从而使得B细胞克隆增加,带来更多的致癌概率。对NF-κB信号的负控制器A20进行灭活可以增加ABC亚型中通路的活性。A20失常在GCB淋巴瘤中并不常见,但是在NF-κB活性的淋巴瘤中存在。A20的表达需要NF-κB信号,这表明肿瘤中A20的失活依赖于其他的机制去激活NF-κB信号,例