英语语言学—试卷

英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编13(总分50,考试时间90分钟)1. 填空题1. Such errors as "teached" and "womans" are caused by______.2. ______is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities.3. ______ is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.4. There are three principles of language testing: ______, ______and______.2. 单项选择题1. Which of the following statement is NOT true?(大连外国语学院2008研)A. Language is a means of **munication.B. Language is instrumental.C. Language is social and conventional.2. Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature?(大连外国语学院2008研)A. ArbitrarinessB. ConventionC. Duality3. By______we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and recursiveness.(西安外国语学院2006研)A. arbitrarinessB. dualityC. creativityD. displacement4. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?(西安交大2008研)A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang5. The functions of language do NOT include______.(大连外国语学院2008研)A. informative functionB. interpersonal functionC. metacognitive function6. The most important sociological use of language is the______function, by which people establish and maintain their status in a society.(西安外国语学院2006研)A. performativeB. interpersonalC. phaticD. metalingual7. Saussure took a(n)______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a______point of view.(西安交大2008研)A. sociological... psychologicalB. psychological. . . sociologicalC. applied. . . pragmaticD. semantic. . . linguistic8. According to F.de Saussure, ______refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a **munity.(西安交大2008研)A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language9. The study of physical properties of the sounds produced in speech is closely connected with______.(大连外国语学院2008研)A. articulatory phoneticsB. acoustic phoneticsC. auditory phonetics10. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language? —A nice day, isn"t it? —Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. Emotive.B. Phatic.C. Performative.D. Interpersonal.11. ______deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic geographyB. SociolinguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguistics12. Verbal dueling, the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, is mainly to do with the ______, function of language.(武汉大学2011研)A. performativeB. interpersonalC. informativeD. recreational13. All syllables contain a______.(北二外2004研)A. nucleusB. codaC. onset14. Of the three cavities.______is the most variable and active in amplifying and modifying speech sounds.(北二外2004研)A. nasal cavityB. pharynx cavityC. oral cavity15. Of the consonants / p/, / t/, / k/, / f/, / m/, / z/ and / g/, which has the features of voiceless and velar?(对外经贸2005研)A. /k/B. /p/C. /g/D. /t/16. The consonant(s)in the word "smile" can be described as:(对外经贸2006研)A. voiceless oral alveolar fricativeB. voiceless nasal bilabial liquidC. voiced oral alveolar plosiveD. voiced oral bilabial fricative17. The vowel______is a low back vowel.(西安外国语学院2006研)A. /i:/B. /u/C. /e/D. /a:/18. The categories of consonant are NOT established on the basis of______.(大连外国语学院2008研)A. manners of articulationB. place of articulationC. narrow transcription19. Point out which item does not fall under the same category as the rest, and explain the reason in ONE sentence.（Focus on manner of articulation)(南京大学2008研)A. /f/B. /z/C. /?/D. /k/20. Which of the following is not a minimal pair?(对外经贸2006研)A. (li:f)(fi:l)B. (sip)(zip)C. (sai)(sei)D. (keit)(feit)21. In a syllable, a vowel often serves as______.(大连外国语学院2008研)A. Peak or NucleusB. OnsetC. Coda。

英语语言学试题（1）I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization.A、elaborationB、simplificationC、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua francaB、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrusB、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisitionII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ .13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d___ the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c______period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, I ______is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)( )21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )22、V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.( )23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.( )25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English. ( )26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violated and the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversational implicatures arise.( )27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spoken today also includes languages that are not Indo-European.( )28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speech situations known as domains. ( )29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.( )30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their first language.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples in English for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition of a second language.语言学试题(1)参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FV oicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or a phrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determines speakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generallyused in dictionaries and language teaching textbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) V owel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain or insertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis, e.g.spinle--spindle. 4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。

[资料]-英语语言学期末考试试卷及答案---副本5. The morpheme –ed in the word “worked”is a(n) __________ morpheme.A. derivationalB.inflectionalC. freeD.word-forming6. WH-movement is __________ in Englishwhich changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.A. obligatoryB.optionalC. selectionalD.arbitrary7. Naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, was proposed by _________.A. GriceB.PlatoC. SaussureD.Ogden and Richards8. “John married a blond heiress.”__________ “John married a blond.”A. is synonymous withB. isinconsistent withC. entailsD.presupposes9. In semantic analysis of a sentence, the basicunit is called _______, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A. utterance B.referenceC. predicationD.morpheme10. In Austin’s speech act theory, ___________is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.A. a perlocutionary actB. alocutionary actC. a constative actD. anillocutionary act第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of thefollowing statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. P___________ relates the study of language to psychology. It aims to answer such questions as how the human mind works when people use language.12. A d_________ study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time.13. Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower level, there is a structure of meaningless sounds, which can be combined into a large number of meaningful units at the higher level. This design feature is called d___________. 14. The articulatory apparatus of a human being is contained in three important areas: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_________ cavity and the nasal cavity.15. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain is called l_____________.16. S_____________ features such as stress, tone and intonation can influence the interpretation of meaning.17. Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length, due to their r_________ properties.18. H__________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.19. Some important missions of historical linguists are to identify and classify families of related languages in a genealogical family tree, and to reconstruct the p____________, the original form of a language family that has ceased to exist.20. In Sociolinguistics, speakers are treated as members of social groups. The social group isolated for any given study is called thespeech c___________.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%×10=20%)( ) 21. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( ) 22. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection betweenwords and what these words actually referto.( ) 23. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can begeneralized into the study of anotherlanguage.( ) 24. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in Englishbecause English, unlike Chinese, is atypical tone language.( ) 25. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit tothe number of sentences native speakers ofthat language are able to produce andcomprehend.( ) 26. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in ourmind’s eye every time we come across alinguistic symbol.( ) 27. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Goodmorning!” can be restored to “I wish you agood morning.”( ) 28. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the sameregional dialect may speak differentlybecause of a number of social factors. ( ) 29. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English isnot as systematic as standard English. ( ) 30. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capableof acquiring any human languagespontaneously and effortlessly.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms. (3%×10=30%)31. parole:32. broad transcription:33. allophones:34. phrase structure rules:35. context36. Historical Linguistics:37. standard language:38. linguistic taboo:39. acculturation:40. care-taker speech:V. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Enumerate three causes that lead to thesystematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition and give your examples.42. English has undergone tremendous changes since its Anglo-Saxon days. Identify the major periods in its historical development and name major historical events that led to the transition from one period to the next.参考答案第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1. A2. D3. C4. C5.B6. A7. B8.C 9. C 10. D第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1%×10=10%)11. Psycholinguistics12. diachronic13. duality14. oral15. lateralization16. Suprasegmental17. recursive18. Homonymy19. protolanguage20. communityIII. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%X10=20%)( T ) 21. Linguists believe that whatever occurs in the language people use should be described and analyzed in their investigation.( T ) 22. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection betweenwords and what these words actually referto.( F ) 23. The conclusions we reach about the phonology of one language can begeneralized into the study of anotherlanguage.( F ) 24. The meaning-distinctive function of the tone is especially important in Englishbecause English, unlike Chinese, is atypical tone language.( T ) 25. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, and yet there is no limit tothe number of sentences native speakers ofthat language are able to produce andcomprehend.( F ) 26. When we think of a concept, we actually try to see the image of something in ourmind’s eye every time we come across alinguistic symbol.( F ) 27. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences. For example, “Goodmorning!” can be restored to “I wish you agood morning.”( T ) 28. Two people who are born and brought up in the same town and speak the sameregional dialect may speak differentlybecause of a number of social factors.( F ) 29. Black English is linguistically inferior to standard English because Black English isnot as systematic as standard English.( T ) 30. Any child who is capable of acquiring some particular human language is capableof acquiring any human languagespontaneously and effortlessly.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms. (3%X10=30%)31. parole: It refers to the realization of languein actual use. It is concrete and varies with context.32. Broad transcription is the transcription withletter symbols only. It is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.33. Allophones are the different phones thatrepresent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.34. Phrase structure rules are the rewrite ruleswhich allow for the possible combination of words to form phrases and sentences.35. Context is generally considered asconstituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.36. Historical linguistics studies languagechange ( or historical development of language).37. Standard language is a superposed, sociallyprestigious dialect of language. It is the language employed by the government and the judiciary system, used by the mass media and taught in educational institutions.38. Linguistic taboo refers to a word orexpression that is prohibited by the “polite”society from general use.39. Acculturation is a process of adapting to theculture and value system of the secondlanguage community.40. It is simple and modified speech used byparents, baby-sitter, etc. when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.V. Answer the following questions. (10%X2=20%)41. Enumerate three causes that lead to thesystematic occurrence of errors in second language acquisition and give your examples.1) Mother tongue interference2) interlingual interference3) Overgeneralization42. English has undergone tremendous changes since its Anglo-Saxon days. Identify the major periods in its historical development and name major historical events that led to the transition from one period to the next.Major periods: Old English (449-1100)Middle English (1100-1500)Modern English (1500-present)Historical events: The old English period began with the invasion of the British Isles by English-speaking Anglo-Saxons from Europe, and ended with the arrival of Norman French invaders historically known as the Norman Conquest. The Middle English period is distinguished from the Old English period by the Norman Conquest. The European renaissance movement marked the beginning of the Modern English period.。

ThreeⅠMark the choice that best completes the statement.1.Today, the grammar taught to learners of a language is basically __________.A. descriptiveB. prescriptiveC. both A and BD. neither of the two2. The clear /l/ and the dark /f/ are __________.A. in complementary distributionB. in free variationC. both A and BD. neither of the two3. –ed in the word played is __________.A. a free morphemeB. a rootC. a derivational affixD. an inflectional morpheme4. The __________ function of language is primarily to change the social of persons.A. interpersonalB. informativeC. textualD. performative5. Whorf believes that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the worlddifferently and that is the notion of __________.A. linguistic determinismB. language determinismC. social relativismD. linguistic relativism6. What essentially distinguishes semantics from pragmatics is __________.A. whether in the study of meaning the context of use is consideredB. whether it studies the meaning or notC. whether is studies how the speakers use language to effect communicationD. whether it is a branch of linguistics7. Of all the following examples, __________ is NOT an example of the affix addition.A. the addition of –able to a verb, such as in readableB. the addition of –ment to a verb, such as in accomplishmentC. the attachment of –ize to a noun or adjective, such as in stabilizeD. the addition of a or an before a noun, such as in an apple8. In English, inflectional affixes are mostly __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems9. That the use of language involves a network of systems of choices is the opinion of__________.A. HallidayB. SaussureC. ChomskyD. Firth10. Of the following __________ does NOT belong to the three sub-types of antonymy.A. gradable antonymyB. converse antonymyC. complementary antonymyD. complete antonymy11. __________ is NOT included in Firth’s famous Context of Situation theory.A. The non-verbal action of the participantsB. The properties of the phonematic unitsC. The relevant objectsD. The effects of the verbal action12. The phrase backwash effect is often used in __________.A. systemic functional grammarB. error analysisC. testingD. sociolinguistics13. We can often find the phrase immediate constituents in __________.A. transformational generative grammarB. systemic functional grammarC. traditional grammarD. structural grammar14. The following ideas about language are wrong EXCEPT __________.A. Language evolves within specific historical, social and cultural contextB. Language has a form-sound correspondenceC. Language is a means of communicationD. Language is not related to any of the individuals who use it15. Because __________ can distinguish one phoneme from another, it is a distinctive feature for English obstruents.A. voicingB. nasalizationC. placeD. aspirationII. Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word. The first letter of the word is already given.1. The ultimate objective of language is not just to create grammatically well-formed sentences, but to convey m .2. V ibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “v“.3. Those morphemes that can not be used by themselves, but must be combined with other morphemes to form words are called b morphemes.4. The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an e clause.5. The study of sounds is called p , and the study of sound patterns is called p .6. Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the s and the hearer.7. The most widely spread morphological changes in the historical development of English are the loss and addition of a .8. A refers to a way of pronunciation which tells the listener something about the speaker’s regional or social background.9. Inflection is the manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as n , p , and f .10. One-word utterances sometimes show an overextension or under extension of r .11. In Katz and Postal’s proposal stated in “An Integrated Theory of Linguistic Description”,the p provides the grammatical classification and semantic information of words.12. Nasalization rule read, a non-nasalized sound is transformed into a n sound when it appears before a nasalized sound.13. The process of insertion of a nasal sound to the article “a” when it appears before a wo rd “orange” is known as c.14. The p relation, Saussure originally called Associative, is a relation holding betweenelements replaceable with each other at a particular place in s structure, or between one element present and the others absent.15. In Chomsky’s linguistic model, the m component is responsible for the correct spelling and pronunciation of the words in the surface structure.Ⅲ. Mark the following statements with “T”if they are true or “F”if they are false. Provide explanations for false statements.nguage is not an isolated phenomenon; it is a social activity carried out in a certain socialenvironment by human being.2.Speech is made up of continuous bursts of sounds.3.Acoustic phonetic is the study of the production of speech sound.4.The primary function of the vocal organs is to fulfill the biological needs of breathing andeating.5.The lungs are involved in the production of speech.6.Even if we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, itis still a sentence.7.Many words that were popular among Middle English speakers have lost their Modern users.For example, Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet contain such words as beseem, wot and gyve.8.A lingua franca has to be a native language currently spoken by a particular people.9.To tell whether a sound is a consonant or not, we should judge is its manners of articulation.10.Semi-vowel and semi-consonant actually refer to the same kind sound.11.Two words, or two expressions, which have the same semantic components, will besynonymous to each other.12.Meaning is extracted from text or speech by relating hat is presented to information stored inshort-term memory.13.In English some books is a case of number concord.14.Synchronic linguistics refers to the approach which studies language over various periods oftime and at various historical stages.15.A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.Ⅳ. Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B.Ⅴ. Explain the following concepts or theories.1.Prescriptive ad descriptive2.Diacritics3.Bound root4.Grammatical relations5.Selectional restrictions6.Speech act theory7.Gradable antonymy8.Standard language9.Esperanto10.EquivalenceⅥ. Fill in each of the following blanks with the original forms of abbreviation itemsin linguistics, and then put in the corresponding square brackets thespecific linguistic field in which the abbreviation forms are used.1.IC __________________________________ ( )2.IPA_________________________________ ( )3.CD _________________________________ ( )4.RP __________________________________ ( )5.UG _________________________________ ( )Ⅶ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.1. Describe the major ways of word formation with some example.2. What do you know about the minimum free form?3. What does syntax study? Give a brief account of the major approaches in the development of syntax.4. Why do we say that the analysis of a sentence in terms of them and rheme is functional?5. It has been observed that women tend to approximate more closely to the standard language than man do. Why do you think this is so?6. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationships hold between the two.。

《英语语⾔学概论》期末考试docI．Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (10 points, 1 point each)1.Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.2.Adjectives belong to open class words.3.John Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.4.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study ofmeaning the context of use is considered.5.English is a typical intonation language.6.Phones in complementary distribution should be assigned to the same phoneme.7.Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.8.There are words of more or less the same meaning used in different regionaldialects.9.Transformations are the rules which can change the meaning of sentence.10.Sense and reference are two different notions of semantics, and they are related toeach other.II. Fill in the following blanks. (10 points, 1 point each)1.The word “and” is a c____________ conjunction.2.Linguistic c__________ is a native speaker’s linguistic knowledge of his language.3.The relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is a________.4. A m________ is the smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning.5. A sentence is formed by phonological rules, m______ rules, syntactic rules andsemantic rules.6.The most recognizable difference between American English and British English arein p________ and vocabulary.7.Speech v________refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker ora group of speakers.8.P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.9.Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.10.As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, i_______ is a product of L2 training,mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner..III. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (20 points, 1 point each)1. Which of the following branch of linguistics takes the inner structure of word as its main object of study?A. Phonetics.B. Semantics.C. Morphology.D. Sociolinguistics.2. ________refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A. DialectB. IdiolectC. PidginD. Register3. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop?A.[w].B. [m].C. [b].D. [p].4. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ________.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. homonymy5. Which of the following words is NOT formed by blending?A. Smog.B. Botel.C. Brunch.D. Edit.6. What phonetic feature distinguishes the [p] in please and the [p] in speak?A.V oicingB. AspirationC. RoundnessD. Nasality7. The word boyguard is a ______.A. compound wordB. complex wordC. derivational wordD. free morpheme8. All words contain a _________.A. rootB. bound morphemeC. prefixD. suffix9. Of the following sound combinations, only ______ is permissible.A. kiblB. hkilC. ilkbD. ilbk10. Where is the primary stress of the word phonology?A. pho.B. no.C. lo.D. gy.11. Conventionally a ________ is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme12. The plural affix in the word tables is a(n) _______.A. inflectional suffixB. derivational suffixC. free morphemeD. root13. Language is tool of communication. The symbol “highway closed”serves___.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function14. Which of the following groups of words is a minimal pair?A. but/pubB. wet/whichC. cool/curlD. fail/find15. Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experienced the world differently, that is relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of ______________.A. linguistic determinationB. linguistic relativismC. linguistic nativismD. linguistic behaviorism16. What are the dual structures of language?A. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and meaning.C. Letters and meaning.D. Sounds and symbols.17. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic18. According to Krashen ______ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communication.A. learningB. competenceC. performanceD. acquisition19. Which of the following is one of the core branches of linguistics?A. Phonology.B. Psycho-linguistics.C. Sociolinguistics.D. Anthropology.20. The relationship between “flower” and “tulip” is _________.A. homonymyB. hyponymyC. polysemyD. synonymyIV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)A. From English to ChineseB. From Chinese to English1. acoustic phonetics 6. 应⽤语⾔学2. closed class words 7. 格语法3. componential analysis 8. 积极迁移4. distinctive features 9. 历史语⾔学5. Critical Period Hypothesis 10. 声调语⾔V. Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence by applying TG Grammar. (10 points)The man saw a horse.VI. Answer the following questions briefly. (20 points)1. Define phoneme. (4 points)2. Explain complementary distribution with an example.(5 points)3. What are the four criteria for classifying English vowels. (4 points)4. Analyze the following conversation by applying the Cooperative Principles.(7points)A: Teheran is in Turkey, isn’t it, teacher?B: And London is in France, I suppose.VII. Do the following analysis. (20 points)1. Write the one proper description from the list under B for the underlined part of each word in A. (5 points, 1 point each)A B(1) terroriz ed a. free root(2) un civil ized b. bound root(3) terror ize c. inflectional suffix(4) luke warm d. derivational suffix(5) im possible e. inflectional prefixf. derivational prefix2. Consider the following sentences in Swahili, and anwer the questions:(15 points) mtu amelala The man has slept. mtu analala The man is sleeping.mtu atalala The man will sleep.watu wamelala The men have slept.watu wanalala The men are sleeping.watu watalala The men will sleep.visu vinaanguka The knives are falling.kikapu kimeanguka The basket has fallen.watoto watafika The children will arrive.1)toto in Swahili means ______ in English.2)The meaning of the morpheme wa- in Swahili is _______.3)______ in Swahili means “sleep” in English.4)Translate mtoto anaanguka into English.5)Translate vikapu vimefika into English.台州学院_____学年第___学期___级____专业《英语语⾔学概论》期末试卷A卷（闭卷）参考答案及评分说明I．Decide whether the following statements are True (T) or False (F). (10 points, 1 point each)II. Fill in the following blanks. (10 points, 1 point each)1. coordinate2. competence3. arbitrary4. morpheme5. morphological6. pronunciation7. variety8. performance9. scientific 10. interlanguage III. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. (20 points, 1 point each)IV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)1. 声学语⾳学 6. applied linguistics2. 封闭词类7. case grammar3. 成分分析8. positive transfer4. 区别性特征9. historical linguistics5. 临界期假说10. tone languageV. Draw a tree diagram for the sentence by applying TG Grammar. (10 points)SNP Infl VPDet N pst V NPDet Nthe man saw a horseVI. Answer the following questions. (20 points)1. A contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realizations are predictable by rules. (4 points)(or: A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.)2. The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment.（4 points）e.g. [p] and [p h] never occur in the same position. （1 point）3. the position of the tongue in the mouth(1 point), the openness of the mouth(1 point), the shape of the lips(1 point), and the length of the vowels. (1 point)4. According to the Cooperative Principle, the participants of the conversation should obey the four maxims of the principle: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation, the maxim of manner. (2 points) In this conversation, B’s reply deliberately violated the maxim of quality, (2 points) because B wanted A to infer the information that Teheran is not in Turkey. The main purpose of B is to let A know that it is absurd to make such a mistake.(3 points)VII. Do the following analysis. (20 points)1. (1) c (2) a (3) d (4) b (5) f (1 point each)2. 1) child （2 points）2) human, plural （3 points）3)lala （2 points）4)The child is falling.（4 points）5)The baskets have arrived.（4 points）。

英语语言学 注意事项：1.在试卷的标封处填写专业、年级、姓名和学号。 2.考试时间共100分。

题号 一 二 三 合计 分数

评卷人 得分

Ⅰ Define the following terms. (40分, 10 * 4) 1. general linguistics

2. phone 3. assimilation rule 4. morpheme

5. compound words 6. syntax 7. matrix clause 8. naming theory 9. sense 10. polysemy

评卷人 得分 Ⅱ Fill in the blanks.(30分, 10 * 3) 1 Linguistics is the scientific study of _______________ . 2．In professional usage, the __________________ is a scholar who studies Language objectively, observing it scientifically, recording the facts of Language, and generalizing from them.

3．___________________ deals with how Language is acquired, understood and produced.

4．____________________ is concerned with the diversity of Language as it relates to various sociological factors.

5．Language is a purely human and ______________ method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.

专业英语八级英语语言学知识（语音学和音位学）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 3. GENERAL KNOWLEDGEPART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)Directions: There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answer to each question.1．______is the study of the phonic medium of language.A．PhoneticsB．PhonologyC．PhoneD．Phoneme正确答案：A解析：语音学被定义为对语言的语音媒介的研究，它涉及所有出现在世界语言中的声音；音位学的研究目的是发现一门语言中的语音是如何形成的，这些语音是如何在语言交际中传达意义的；音素是—个吾音单元或音段，我们在交际中所听到和发出的语音都是音素；音位是—个具有区别性价值的抽象的单位，它不是任何—个特定的语音，而是由—个特定音素(phone)在一定语音语境中来表达或实现的。

知识模块：语音学和音位学2．Which of the following is NOT a branch of phonetics?A．Articulatory phonetics.B．Auditory phonetics.C．Acoustic phonetics.D．Articulate phonetics.正确答案：D解析：三个语音学的分支为发音语音学、听觉语音学和声学语音学。

其中发音语音学的历史最长，然而，声学语音学和听觉语音学中—些重要的事实已经被发现或证实了。

知识模块：语音学和音位学3．Which of the following is NOT the organ of speech?A．The pharyngeal cavity.B．The oral cavity.C．The nasal cavity.D．The vocal cavity.正确答案：D解析：人类发音器官包含在三个重要区域中：咽腔——喉咙；口腔——口；鼻腔——鼻。

I. Multiple choice for vocabulary. ( 20 points, 1 point for each)1. It was certain to _________ Gulfport, Miss., where the Koshaks lived.A. lashB. pummelC. whipD. batten2. The French doors in an upstairs room blew in with an explosive sound, and the group heard gunlike reports as other upstairs windows __________ .A. disintegratedB. decomposeC. decayD. molder3. The house ___________ and shifted on its foundationsA. scuddedB. trembledC. shudderedD. swung4. Along the Gulf Coast it ___________ everything in its swath.A. devastatedB. crumbledC. toppledD. annihilated5. The little crowd of mourners threaded their way across the market place, _______ a short chant over and over again,A. moaningB. weepingC. cryingD. wailing6. They slumped under the weight of their packs and the curiously sensitive black faces were _________ with sweat.A. glisteningB. shimmeringC. sparklingD. glittering7. For several weeks, the file of old women had _________ past the house with their firewood.A. shuffledB. slumpedC. hobbledD. groped8. However _________ the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation.A. indicateB. dedicateC. intricateD. intimate9. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdotes, but in a __________ the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost.A. slashB. lashC. flashD. lease10. It was an Australian who had given her such a definition of “the King’s English,”whichproduced some rather tart remarks about what one could expect from the descendants of _______ .A. verdictB. convictsC. convinceD. edict11. For I have sworn you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears ______ nearly acentury and three- quarters ago.A. subscribedB. prescribedC. scribbledD. prospected12. Let both sides seek to ________ the wonders of science instead of its terrors.A. invokeB. provokeC. invoiceD. protocol13. And if a ________ of co-operation may push back the jungle of suspicion, let both sides join increating a new endeavor,….A. fortressB. beachheadC. allianceD. frenzy14. Keen, calculating, __________ , acute and astute, I was all of these.A. perspectiveB. perseverantC. perspicaciousD. conspicuous15. With one omission, Polly fitted these ______________ perfectly.A. specterB. speculationsC. spectaclesD. specifications16. She had an erectness of carriage, an ease of bearing, a _______ that clearly indicated the bestof breeding.A. poseB. poiseC. postureD. pore17. As the __________ of science, technology also exhibits the universalizing tendency.A. consequenceB. corollaryC. coronationD. corpulent18. But somehow I had never quite sensed its appalling ___________ .A. barrenB. abominationC. desolationD. agony19. I award this championship only after laborious research and _________ prayer.A. incessantB. consistentC. constantD. endless20. No wonder that this puts a _________ on slovenly work, on slowdowns, and on other tricks toget the same pay check with less work.A. premiumB. premierC. premiereD. premonitionII. Point out the figures of speech used in each sentence andwrite your answer on the Answer Sheet. (20points, 2 points foreach figure of speech)1.The hurricane, in one mighty swipe, lifted the entire roof off the house and skimmed it 40 feet through the air.2. .This wretched boy, who is a French citizen and has therefore been dragged fromthe forest to scrub floors and catch syphilis, actually has feelings of reverencebefore a white skin.3.Bar friends are like the musketeers of Dumas who did not delve into each other'slives.4.Let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring thoseproblems which divide us.5. We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizingan end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change.6.To our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convertour good words into good deeds.......7.She was, to be sure, a girl who excited the emotions , but I was not one to let myheart rule my head.8.Intelligent she was not. In fact, she veered in the opposite direction.9.The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills. It isincredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpiece ofhorror.。

Part I Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. (2%×20=40%)1. ______refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members ofa speech community.A. LangueB. ParoleC. CompetenceD. Performance2. If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be ________.A. prescriptiveB. descriptiveC. synchronicD. diachronic3. The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play “Romeo and Juliet”“A rose by any other name would smell as sweet” well illustrates ___________.A. the arbitrary nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communication4. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in ____.A. the place of articulationB. the obstruction of air streamC. the position of the tongueD. the shape of the lips5. Which one isn’t suprasegmental features? _________ .A. StressB. ToneC. DeletionD. Intonation6. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called _________.A. polysemyB.hyponymyC. antonymyD. homonymy7. The word “ smog” is formed through.A. backformationB. blendingC. clippingD. derivation8. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the ___________.A. phrase structureB. surface structureC. syntactic structureD. deep structure9．A(n)____act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention, it is the act performed in saying something.A. locutionaryB. illocutionaryC. perlocutionaryD. speech10. Which word can be analyzed as +HUMAN, +ANIMATE, -ADULT, -MALE ____A. boyB. girlC. manD. woman11. The pair of words "male" and "female" are_______ antonymy.A. gradableB. converseC. relationalD. complementary 12. __________ is the minimal units of meaning.A. MorphemeB. PhoneC. PhonemeD. Allophone13. The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" is .A. polysemyB.hyponymyC. homonymyD. synonymy14. is defined as the study of the internal structure of words, and therules by which words are formed.A. PhoneticsB. MorphologyC. SyntaxD. Semantics15 .“Autumn” and “Fall” are used respectively in Britain in and America, butrefer to the same thing. The words are ___synonyms.A. collocationalB. stylisticC. completeD. dialectal16. The word holiday originally meant holy day; but now the word signifies anyday on which we don’t have to work. This is an example of _________A. meaning shiftB. widening of meaningC. narrowing of meaningD. loss of meaning17. is the discussion about the relationship between language and culture.A. Sapir-Whorf hypothesisB. Critical Period HypothesisC. BilingualismD. Behaviorism18. “I bought some roses” _________ “ I bought some flowers”.A. entailsB. presupposesC. is inconsistent withD. is synonymous with19. _____ is the study of the relationship between brain and language. ( )A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. neurolinguisticsD. Semantics20. The____ view holds that language develops as a result of the complexinterplay between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which the child develops.A. behavioristB. innatistC. interactionistD. cognitive Part II. Define the following terms(3%×5=15%points)1. linguistics2. pragmatics3. culture4. language acquisition5. syntaxPart III. linguist and linguistic theory. (1%×8=8%)1.________ Ogden and Richard a. classification of speech acts2.________ J.K. Firth b. an innatist view of language acquisition3.________ Bloomfield c. critical period hypothesis4.________ G. Leech d. cooperative principle5.________ Searle e. semantic triangle6.________ Paul Grice f. predication analysis7.________ Noam Chomsky g. contextualism8.________ Eric Lenneberg h. BehavirismPart IV Answer the following questions. (5%×4=20%)1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?2. What is phonetics? How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?3. What is a register? Please use Halliday’s register theory to analyze:A lecture on biology in a technical college. 4. What are the Four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?Part IV. Theory and practice. (17%)1. Choose one of topics to answer (10%)(1) What are the major branches of linguistics?What does each of them study? Which branch of linguistics do you think will develop rapidly in China and why?(2) What is language? What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language? What are the main features of human language that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Choose( ):2. Draw the surface structure trees for the sentence. (2%+5%)(1)The car will arrive.(2)What did you eat for lunch?ANSWER SHEETPart I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. (2%×20=40%) 1 ○A ○B ○C ○D 2 ○A ○B ○C ○D 3 ○A ○B ○C ○D 4○A ○B ○C ○D 5○A ○B ○C ○D 6○A ○B ○C ○D 7 ○A ○B ○C ○D 8 ○A ○B ○C ○D 9○A ○B○C ○D 10○A ○B ○C ○D 11 ○A ○B ○C ○D 12 ○A ○B ○C ○D 13 ○A ○B ○C ○D 14○A ○B ○C ○D 15○A ○B ○C ○D 16 ○A ○B ○C ○D 17 ○A ○B ○C ○D 18 ○A ○B ○C ○D 19○A ○B ○C ○D 20○A ○B ○C ○D Part II Define the following terms (3%×5=15%)1. linguistics2. pragmatics3.culture4. language acquisition5. syntaxPart III Linguist and linguistic theory . (1%×8=8%) Part IV . Answer the following questions. (5%×4=20% ) 1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?2.What is phonetics? How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?3. What is a register? Please use Halliday ’s register theory to analyze:A lecture on biology in a technical college.4. What are the Four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?Part IV. Theory and practice. (17%)1. Choose one of topics to answer (10%)(1) What are the major branches of linguistics?What does each of them study? Which branch of linguistics do you think will develop rapidly in China and why?(2) What is language? What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language? What are the main features of human language that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Choose ( ): 2. Draw the surface structure for the sentences . (2%+5%)(1)The car will arrive.(2)What did you eat for lunch?05英语(本)语言学概论参考答案Part I Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets. (2%×20=40%)1-5 ABABC 6-10 DBDBB 11-15 DABBD 16-20 BAACCPart II Define the following terms (3%×5=15%)1.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.Pragmatics is the study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successfulcommunication.3.Culture means the total way of a people, including the patterns of belief, customs,objects, institutions, techniques, and language that characterizes the life of the human community.nguage acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how thechild comes to understand and speak the language of his community.5.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentencesand the rules that govern the formation of sentences.Part III Linguist and linguistic theory . (1%×8=8%)1e 2 g 3h 4f 5a 6 d 7 b 8cPart IV Answer the following questions. (5%×4=20% )1. Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways:Firstly: linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tend to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize the importance of the written word.Finally, modern linguistics does not force languages into a Latin-based framework. While to traditional grammar, Latin provides a universal framework into which all languages fit.2. Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.Phonetics and phonology differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature, it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified, etc. Phonology, on the other hand, aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.3.The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. Halliday further distinguishes three social variables that determine the register: field of discourse, tenor of discourse, and mode of discourse.Field: scientific(biological) Tenor: teacher-students(formal, polite)Mode: oral(academic lecturing)4.The four maxims are: 1).Quantity--Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange.--Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.2）Quality – Try to make your contribution one that is true. Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.3). Relation –Be relevant.4). Manner –Be perspicuous. Avoid obscurity of expression. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). Be orderly.Part IV. Theory and practice. (17%) 1. Choose one of topics to answer (10%)(1) Answer: The major branches of linguistics include: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantic, pragmaticsPhonetics: it studies the sounds used in linguistic communication.Phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.Morphology: it studies the way in which symbols representing sounds used in linguistic communication are arranged and combined to form words.Syntax: it studies the rules governing the combination of words that form grammatically permissible sentences in languages.Semantic: it studies meaning conveyedPragmatics: it studies meaning in the context of language use.（2）Language can be defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. A system----since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules systematically, rather than randomly. They cannot be arranged at will. Arbitrary----there is no intrinsic (logic) connection between a linguistic form and its meaning, between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. Symbols----words are just the symbols associated with objects, actions, and ideas by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or voval forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. Vocal-------- the primary medium for all languages is sound, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. Human ----language is human-specific.Arbitrariness The relationship between the two subsystems of language is arbitrary. There is no logical connection between sound and meaning.Creativity Language provides opportunities for sending messages that have never been sent before and for understanding brand new messages.The grammar rules and the words are finite, but the sentences are infinite. Every speaker uses language creatively.Duality Language contains two subsystems, one of sounds and the other of meanings.Certain sounds or sequences of sounds stand for certain meanings.Certain meanings are conveyed by certain speech sounds or sequences of speech sounds. Displacement There is no limit in time or space for language. Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.Cultural transmission Culture cannot be genetically transmitted. Instead, it must be learned. Language is a way of transmitting culture.2. (2%+5%)。

台州学院____学年第____学期_____级英语专业《英语语言学概论》期末试卷A卷（闭卷）姓名__________班级___________学号_____________题型I II III IV V VI VII总分分值10102010102020100得分I．Decide whether the following statements are True(T)or False(F).(10points,1 point each)1.Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.2.Adjectives belong to open class words.3.John Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.4.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study ofmeaning the context of use is considered.5.English is a typical intonation language.6.Phones in complementary distribution should be assigned to the same phoneme.7.Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.8.There are words of more or less the same meaning used in different regionaldialects.9.Transformations are the rules which can change the meaning of sentence.10.Sense and reference are two different notions of semantics,and they are related toeach other.II.Fill in the following blanks.(10points,1point each)1.The word“and”is a c____________conjunction.2.Linguistic c__________is a native speaker’s linguistic knowledge of his language.3.The relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is a________.4.A m________is the smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning.5.A sentence is formed by phonological rules,m______rules,syntactic rules andsemantic rules.6.The most recognizable difference between American English and British English arein p________and vocabulary.7.Speech v________refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker ora group of speakers.8.P____refers to the realization of langue in actual use.9.Linguistics is generally defined as the s____study of language.10.As a type of linguistic system in L2learning,i_______is a product of L2training,mother tongue interference,overgeneralization of the target language rules,and learning and communicative strategies of the learner..III.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.(20points,1point each) 1.Which of the following branch of linguistics takes the inner structure of word as its main object of study?A.Phonetics.B.Semantics.C.Morphology.D.Sociolinguistics.2.________refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules,used as a medium of communication.A.DialectB.IdiolectC.PidginD.Register3.Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop?A.[w].B.[m].C.[b].D.[p].4.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called ________.A.hyponymyB.synonymyC.polysemyD.homonymy5.Which of the following words is NOT formed by blending?A.Smog.B.Botel.C.Brunch.D.Edit.6.What phonetic feature distinguishes the[p]in please and the[p]in speak?A.VoicingB.AspirationC.RoundnessD.Nasality7.The word boyguard is a______.pound wordplex wordC.derivational wordD.free morpheme8.All words contain a_________.A.rootB.bound morphemeC.prefixD.suffix9.Of the following sound combinations,only______is permissible.A.kiblB.hkilC.ilkbD.ilbk10.Where is the primary stress of the word phonology?A.pho.B.no.C.lo.D.gy.11.Conventionally a________is put in slashes.A.allophoneB.phoneC.phonemeD.morpheme12.The plural affix in the word tables is a(n)_______.A.inflectional suffixB.derivational suffixC.free morphemeD.rootnguage is tool of communication.The symbol“highway closed”serves___.A.an expressive functionB.an informative functionC.a performative functionD.a persuasive function14.Which of the following groups of words is a minimal pair?A.but/pubB.wet/whichC.cool/curlD.fail/find15.Whorf believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experienced the world differently,that is relative to their linguistic background,hence the notion of ______________.A.linguistic determinationB.linguistic relativismC.linguistic nativismD.linguistic behaviorism16.What are the dual structures of language?A.Sounds and letters.B.Sounds and meaning.C.Letters and meaning.D.Sounds and symbols.17.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is_______.A.lexicalB.morphemicC.grammaticalD.semantic18.According to Krashen______refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communication.A.learningpetenceC.performanceD.acquisition19.Which of the following is one of the core branches of linguistics?A.Phonology.B.Psycho-linguistics.C.Sociolinguistics.D.Anthropology.20.The relationship between“flower”and“tulip”is_________.A.homonymyB.hyponymyC.polysemyD.synonymyIV.Translate the following linguistic terms:(10points,1point each)A.From English to ChineseB.From Chinese to English1.acoustic phonetics 6.应用语言学2.closed class words7.格语法ponential analysis8.积极迁移4.distinctive features9.历史语言学5.Critical Period Hypothesis10.声调语言V.Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence by applying TG Grammar.(10 points)The man saw a horse.VI.Answer the following questions briefly.(20points)1.Define phoneme.(4points)2.Explain complementary distribution with an example.(5points)3.What are the four criteria for classifying English vowels.(4points)4.Analyze the following conversation by applying the Cooperative Principles.(7points)A:Teheran is in Turkey,isn’t it,teacher?B:And London is in France,I suppose.VII.Do the following analysis.(20points)1.Write the one proper description from the list under B for the underlined part of each word in A.(5points,1point each)A B(1)terroriz ed a.free root(2)un civil ized b.bound root(3)terror ize c.inflectional suffix(4)luke warm d.derivational suffix(5)im possible e.inflectional prefixf.derivational prefix2.Consider the following sentences in Swahili,and anwer the questions:(15points) mtu amelala The man has slept.mtu analala The man is sleeping.mtu atalala The man will sleep.watu wamelala The men have slept.watu wanalala The men are sleeping.watu watalala The men will sleep.visu vinaanguka The knives are falling.kikapu kimeanguka The basket has fallen.watoto watafika The children will arrive.1)toto in Swahili means______in English.2)The meaning of the morpheme wa-in Swahili is_______.3)______in Swahili means“sleep”in English.4)Translate mtoto anaanguka into English.5)Translate vikapu vimefika into English.台州学院______学年第_____学期_____级___专业《英语语言学概论》期末试卷A卷（闭卷）答题卷姓名__________班级___________学号_____________题型I II III IV V VI VII总分分值10102010102020100得分I．Decide whether the following statements are True(T)or False(F).(10points,1 point each)12345678910II.Fill in the following blanks.(10points,1point each)1._________2.__________3.__________4._________5._________6._________7.___________8.___________9._________10._________III.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.(20points,1point each) 1234567891011121314151617181920IV.Translate the following linguistic terms:(10points,1point each)1._________________ 6.________________2._________________7._________________3.________________8._________________4._________________9._________________5.__________________10.________________V.Draw a tree diagram for the following sentence by applying TG grammar.(10 points)The man saw a horse.VI.Answer the following questions.(20points)1._____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2._____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________3. ______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________4._____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ VII.Do the following analysis.(20points)1.(1)________(2)_________(3)________(4)_______(5)________2.(1)_______________(2)_______________(3)_______________(4)_______________(5)_______________台州学院_____学年第___学期___级____专业《英语语言学概论》期末试卷A卷（闭卷）参考答案及评分说明I．Decide whether the following statements are True(T)or False(F).(10points,1 point each)12345678910F T T T T F F T F T II.Fill in the following blanks.(10points,1point each)1.coordinatepetence3.arbitrary4.morpheme5.morphological6.pronunciation7.variety8.performance9.scientific10.interlanguage III.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.(20points,1point each) 1234567891011121314151617181920 C C D D D B A A A B C A B C B B C D A B IV.Translate the following linguistic terms:(10points,1point each)1.声学语音学 6.applied linguistics2.封闭词类7.case grammar3.成分分析8.positive transfer4.区别性特征9.historical linguistics5.临界期假说10.tone languageV.Draw a tree diagram for the sentence by applying TG Grammar.(10points)SNP Infl VPDet N pst V NPDet Nthe man saw a horseVI.Answer the following questions.(20points)1.A contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realizations are predictable by rules.(4points)(or:A phoneme is a phonological unit;it is a unit that is of distinctive value.)2.The situation in which phones never occur in the same phonetic environment.（4 points）e.g.[p]and[p h]never occur in the same position.（1point）3.the position of the tongue in the mouth(1point),the openness of the mouth(1point), the shape of the lips(1point),and the length of the vowels.(1point)4.According to the Cooperative Principle,the participants of the conversation should obey the four maxims of the principle:the maxim of quantity,the maxim of quality,the maxim of relation,the maxim of manner.(2points)In this conversation,B’s reply deliberately violated the maxim of quality,(2points)because B wanted A to infer the information that Teheran is not in Turkey.The main purpose of B is to let A know that it is absurd to make such a mistake.(3points)VII.Do the following analysis.(20points)1.(1)c(2)a(3)d(4)b(5)f(1point each)2.1)child（2points）2)human,plural（3points）3)lala（2points）4)The child is falling.（4points）5)The baskets have arrived.（4points）11。