武汉大学2004年考博英语真题阅读理解试题

感谢”珞珈人（武大考博）”群网友热心提供题源一、阅读理解Justice in society must include both a fair trial to the accused and the selection of an appropriate punishment for those proven guilty. Because justice is regarded as one form. of equality，we find in its earlier expressions the idea of a punishment equal to the crime. Recorded in the Old Testament is the expression "an eye for an eye，and a tooth for a tooth." That is，the individual who has done wrong has committed an offence against society. To make up for his offence，society must get even. This can be done only by doing an equal injury to him. This conception of retributive justice is reflected in many parts of the legal documents and procedures of modern times. It is illustrated when we demand the death penalty for a person who has committed murder. This philosophy of punishment was supported by the German idealist Hegel. He believed that society owed it to the criminal to give a punishment equal to the crime he had committed. The criminal had by his own actions denied his true self and it is necessary to do something that will counteract this denial and restore the self that has been denied. To the murderer nothing less than giving up his own will pay his debt. The demand of the death penalty is a right the state owes the criminal and it should not deny him his due.Modern jurists have tried to replace retributive justice with the notion of corrective justice. The aim of the latter is not to abandon the concept of equality but to find a more adequate way to express it. It tries to preserve the idea of equal opportunity for each individual to realize the best that is in him. The criminal is regarded as being socially ill and in need of treatment that will enable him to become a normal member of society. Before a treatment can be administered，the cause of his antisocial behavior. must be found. If the cause can be removed，provisions must be made to have this done. Only those criminals who are incurable should be permanently separatedfront the rest of the society. This does not mean that criminals will escape punishment or be quickly returned to take up careers of crime. It means that justice is to heal the individual，not simply to get even with him. If severe punishments is the only adequate means for accompanying this，it should be administered. However，the individual should be given every opportunity to assume a normal place in society. His conviction of crime must not deprive him of the opportunity to make his way in the society of which he is a part.1. The best title for this selection is （ B ）A. Fitting Punishment to the CrimeB. Approaches to Just PunishmentC. Improvement in Legal JusticeD. Attaining Justice in the Courts2.The passage implies that the basic difference between retributive justice and corrective jus tice is the （ C ） .A. type of crime that was provenB. severity for the punishmentC. reason for the sentenceD. outcome of the trial3. The punishment that would be most inconsistent with the views of corrective justice would be（ D ）.A. forced brain surgeryB. whippingC. solitary confinementD. the electric chair4. The Biblical expression "an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth” was presented in orde r to （ D ）.A. prove，that equality demands just punishmentB. justify the need for punishment as a part of lawC. give moral backing to retributive justiceD. prove that man has long been interested in justice"In every known human society the male's needs for achievement can be recognized... In a great number of human societies men's sureness of their sex role is tied up with their right, or ability, to practice some activity that women are not allowed to practice. Their maleness in fact has to be underwritten by preventing women from entering some field or performing some feat."This is the conclusion of the anthropologist Margaret Mead about the way in which the roles of men and women in society should be distinguished.If talk and print are considered it would seem that the formal emancipation of women is far fr om complete. There is a flow of publications about the continuing domestic bondage of women and about the complicated system of defences which men have thrown up around theirhitherto accepted advantages, taking sometimes the obvious form of exclusion from types of occupation and sociable groupings, and sometimes the more subtle form of automatic doubtof the seriousness of women's pretensions to the level of intellect and resolution that men, itis supposed, bring to the business of running the world.There are a good many objective pieces of evidence for the erosion of men's status. In the first place, there is the widespread postwar phenomenon of the woman Prime Minister, inIndia, Sri Lanka and Israel.Secondly, there is the very large increase in the number of women who work, especially married women and mothers of children. More diffusely there are the increasingly numerous convergences between male and female behaviour: the approximation to identical styles indress and coiffure, the sharing of domestic tasks, and the admission of women to all sorts of hitherto exclusively male leisure-time activities.Everyone carries round with him a fairly definite idea of the primitive or natural conditions o f human life. It is acquired more by the study of humorous cartoons than of archaeology, but that does not matter since it is not significant as theory but only as an expression of inwardlyfelt expectations of people's sense of what is fundamentally proper in the differentiation between the roles of the two sexes. In this rudimentary natural society men go out to huntand fish and to fight off the tribe next door while women keep the fire going. Amorousinitiative is firmly reserved to the man, who sets about courtship with a club.5. The phrase "men's sureness of their sex role" in the first paragraph suggests that they （C ）A. are confident in their ability to charm women.B. take the initiative in courtship.C. have a clear idea of what is considered "manly".D. tend to be more immoral than women are.6. The third paragraph （A）A. generally agrees with the first paragraphB. has no connection with the first paragraphC. repeats the argument of the second paragraphD. contradicts the last paragraph7. The usual idea of the cave man in the last paragraph（B）A. is based on the study of archaeologyB. illustrates how people expect men to behaveC. is dismissed by the author as an irrelevant jokeD. proves that the man, not woman, should be the wooer8. The opening quotation from Margaret Mead sums up a relationship between man and wo man which the author（ D ）A. approves ofB. argues is naturalC. completely rejectsD. expects to go on changingFarmers in the developing world hate price fluctuations. It makes it hard to plan ahead. But most of them have little choice：they sell at the price the market sets. Farmers in Europe，the U.S. and Japan are luckier：they receive massive government subsidies in the form of guaranteed prices or direct handouts. Last month U.S. President Bush signed a new farm bill that gives American farmers $190 billion over the next 10 years，or $83 billion more than they had been scheduled to get，and pushes U.S. agricultural support close to crazy European levels. Bush said the step was necessary to "promote farmer independence and preserve the farm way of life for generations". It is also designed to help the Republican Party win control of the Senate in November's mid term elections.Agricultural production in most poor countries accounts for up to 50% of GDP，compared to only 3% in rich countries. But most farmers in poor countries grow just enough for themselves and their families. Those who try exporting to the West find their goods whacked with huge tariffs or competing against cheaper subsidized goods. In 1999 the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development concluded that for each dollar developing countries receive in aid they lose up to $14 just because of trade barriers imposed on the export of their manufactured goods. It's not as if the developing world wants any favours，says Gerald Ssendwula，Uganda's Minister of Finance. "What we want is for the rich countries to let us compete."Agriculture is one of the few areas in which the Third World can compete. Land and labour are cheap，and as farming methods develop，new technologies should improve output. This is no pie in the sky speculation. The biggest success in Kenya's economy over the past decade has been the boom in exports of cut flowers and vegetables to Europe. But that may all change in ，when Kenya will be slightly too rich to qualify for the "least developed country" status that allows African producers to avoid paying stiff European import duties on selected agricultural products. With trade barriers in place，the horticulture industry in Kenya will shrivel as quickly as a discarded rose. And while agriculture exports remain the great hope for poor countries，reducing trade barriers in other sectors also works：Americas African Growth and Opportunity Act，which cuts duties on exports of everything from handicrafts to shoes，has proved a boon to Africa's manufacturers. The lesson：the Third World can prosper if the rich world gives it a fair go.This is what makes Bush's decision to increase farm subsidies last month all the more depressing. Poor countries have long suspected that the rich world urges trade liberalization only so it can wangle its way into new markets. Such suspicions caused the Seattle trade talks to breakdown three years ago. But last November members of the World Trade Organization，meeting in Doha，Qatar，finally agreed to a new round of talks designed to open up global trade in agriculture and textiles. Rich countries assured poor countries，that their concerns were finally being addressed. Bush's handout last month makes a lie of America's commitment to those talks and his personal devotion to free trade.9.By comparison, farmers （ C ） receive more government subsidies than others.?A.in the developing worldB.in JapanC.in EuropeD.in America?10.In addition to the economic considerations, there is a （ A ） motive behind Bush’s signing of the new farm bill.?A.partisanB.socialC.financialD.cultural?11.The message the writer attempts to convey throughout the passage is that （ A ）?A.poor countries should be given equal opportunities in trade?B.“the least?developed country” status benefits agricultural countries?C.poor countries should remove their suspicions about trade liberalization?D.farmers in poor countries should also receive the benefit of subsidies12.The writer’s attitude towards new farm subsidies in the U.S. is （ C ）?A.favourableB.ambiguousC.criticalD.reservedRoger Rosenblatt’s book Black Fiction，in attempting to apply literary rather than sociopolitical criteria to its subject，successfully alters the approach taken by most previous studies. As Rosenblatt notes，criticism of Black writing has often served as a pretext for expounding on Black history. Addison Gayle’s recent work，for example，judges the value of Black fiction by overtly political standards，rating each work according to the notions of Black identity which it propounds.Although fiction assuredly springs from political circumstances，its authors react to those circumstances in ways other than ideological，and talking about novels and stories primarily as instruments of ideology circumvents much of the fictional enterprise. Rosenblatt’s literary analysis discloses affinities and connections among works of Black fiction which solely political studies have overlooked or ignored.Writing acceptable criticism of Black fiction，however，presupposes giving satisfactory answers to a number of questions. First of all，is there a sufficient reason，other than the racial identity of the authors，to group together works by Black authors?Second，how does Black fiction make itself distinct from other modern fiction with which it is largely contemporaneous?Rosenblatt shows that Black fiction constitutes a distinct body of writing that has an identifiable，coherent literary tradition. Looking at novels written by Blacks over the last eighty years，he discovers recurring concerns and designs independent of chronology. These structures are thematic，and they spring，not surprisingly，from the central fact that the Blackcharacters in these novels exist in a predominantly White culture，whether they try to conform to that culture or rebel against it.Black Fiction does leave some aesthetic questions open. Rosenblatt’s thematic analysis permits considerable objectivity；he even explicitly states that it is not his intention to judge the merit of the various works yet his reluctance seems misplaced，especially since an attempt to appraise might have led to interesting results. For instance，some of the novels appear to be structurally diffuse. Is this a defect，or are the authors working out of，or trying to forge，a different kind of aesthetic?In addition，the style of some Black novels，like Jean Toomer’s Cane，verges on expressionism or surrealism；does this technique provide a counterpoint to the prevalent theme that portrays the fate against which Black heroes are pitted，a theme usually conveyed by more naturalistic modes of expression?In spite of such omissions，what Rosenblatt does include in his discussion makes for an astute and worthwhile study. Black Fiction surveys a wide variety of novels，bringing to our attention in the process some fascinating and little-known works like James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. Its argument is tightly constructed，and its forthright，lucid style exemplifies levelheaded and penetrating criticism.13 The author objects to criticism of Black fiction like that by Addison Gayle because it（ D ）.A. emphasizes purely literary aspects of such fictionB. misinterprets the ideological content of such fictionC. misunderstands the notions of Black identity contained in such fictionD. substitutes political for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction14. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with （ A ）.A. evaluating the soundness of a work of criticismB. comparing various critical approaches to "a subjectC. discussing the limitations of a particular kind of criticismD. summarizing the major points made in a work of criticism15. The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as （ B ）.A. pedantic and contentiousB. critical but admiringC. ironic and deprecatingD. argumentative but unfocused16. It can be inferred that the author would be LEAST likely to approve of which of the follo wing （ C ）A. An analysis of the influence of political events on the personal ideology of Black writersB. A critical study that applies sociopolitical criteria to autobiographies by Black authorsC. A literary study of Black poetry that appraises the merits of poems according to the political acc eptability of their themesD. An examination of the growth of a distinct Black literary tradition within the context of Black h istory三、汉译英得病此前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道。

2004年华东师大博士生英语入学试卷考1）本考卷共包括九大项，共 19 页。

考试时间为180分钟，满分100分。

试 2）试卷中 Paper One 各项答案按相应题号一律用铅笔划线填入答题卡。

须 3）Paper Two 各项用钢笔或圆珠笔答在答题纸上，字迹需清晰端正。

知Paper OnePart I. Listening Comprehension ( 15 % )Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D and decide which one is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line though the center.Example: You will hear:M: Is it possible for you to work late? Miss Grey?W: Work late? I suppose so, if you really think it is necessary.Q: Where do you think this conversation most probably took place?You will read:A. At the office.B. In the waiting room.C. At the airport.D. In a restaurant.From the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they have to finish in the evening. This is most likely to have taken place at the office. Therefore a) At the office is the best answer. You should choose answer a. on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a pencil.1. A. The man better practice harder.B. The man should not give up.C. The man should stop trying to be a superstar.D. The man better practice a new style.2. A. Help the woman but only unwillingly.B. Not help move items for the woman.C. Help move things to Mr. Nelson’s office.D. Cancel his appointment at Mr. Nelson’s office.3. A. They are on a date.B. They are at a harmonious meeting.C. They are at a meeting with a controversy.D. They are late to the meeting.4. A. Ask for more money from the student loan.B. Find a job to earn some money.C. Be more realistic with his money.D. Stop worrying about his money.5. A. See both of them one after another.B. Phone the theater for opinion.C. Toss a coin to decide.D. Go somewhere else instead.6. A. Volunteering needs special skills.B. V olunteering needs physical work.C. V olunteering requires a time commitment.D. Volunteering requires a financial commitment.7. A. Dorms are not as cheap as he thinks.B. Dorms are not as spacious as he thinks.C. Dorms are not as available as he thinks.D. Dorms are not as convenient as he thinks.8. A. The amount of paper he used might be worth the cost.B. It will be a good lesson for him to study harder.C. The amount of effort he made will become useful.D. The preparation of the paper should be finished soon.9. A. Sleeping early is good for oneself.B. Rising early takes time to become easy.C. Jogging is difficult to be routine.D. Walking in the park is not as easy as it seems.10. A. It is sure to be ready on Thursday.B. It is still not ready.C. It was already ready on Thursday.D. It was too difficult to fix it.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked a, b, c and d. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A. His friend bought them for him.B. He bought them himself.C. He booked them quite a while ago.D. He got them free of charge.12. A. Her husband was taking her out to the theater.B. Her husband had got her a job in his office.C. Her husband was going to buy her some nice gifts.D. Her husband had found his lost money.13. A. He had lost the tickets for the theater.B. He had lost his briefcase.C. He had left his briefcase at home.D. He had left the tickets in the office.Passage TwoQuestions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A. Lack of electricity.B. Shortage of books.C. Lack of clean water.D. Shortage of experts15. A. A system which trains doctors.B. A group of experts who can provide professional advice.C. A computer program which can provide professional advice.D. A system which trains computer experts.16. A. It is not easy to see the shortage of experts in the villages.B. Many doctors and engineers are sent to the villages to make up for the shortage of experts.C. Expert medical systems are widely used in developing countries.D. Expert systems are owned by wealthy farmers and businessmen.Passage ThreeQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A. The designer of the White House.B. The first resident of the White House.C. One of the U.S. presidents.D. A specialist of American history.18. A. To add to the beauty of the building.B. To follow the original design.C. To wipe out the stains left behind by the war.D. To make the building look more comfortable.19. A. Right after it was rebuilt.B. During the administration of John Adams.C. When Theodore Roosevelt was president.D. After many other names had been given to it.20. A. It has been changed several times.B. It has never been changed.C. It was changed after the War of 1812.D. It was changed during Roosevelt’s presidency.II. Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions:Below each sentence, there are four words marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence or that is closest in meaning to theunderlined word in the sentence Write the corresponding letter on your AnswerSheet.21. After doing her usual morning chores, Elisha found herself ___ tired.A. interestinglyB. surprisinglyC. erraticallyD. forcibly22. Working frantically under the pressure of time, Edmond failed to notice his ___ mistakes.A. stupidB. inevitableC. carelessD. redundant23. The ___ objections of those who protested against the ruling finally got them thrown outof the stadium.A. viralB. vulnerableC. volubleD. vocal24. In the feudal society, landlords had the right to beat, ___ or even kill talents at will.A. abaseB. abashC. abateD. abuse25. All the colleagues said that the caprices of the willful manager had made him a ___ person.A. candidB. captiousC. cannyD. coy26. It was all right for the school administration not to ___ to the students' demand of canceling the terminal examinations.A. acceptB. accedeC. accessD. accessory27. In 1921 many people died in famine --- an extreme scarcity or ___ of food. That was reallya tragedy.A. deprivationB. exhaustionC. starvationD. dearth28. The world will be advancing with such great speed that our ___ will look back upon us and our time with a sense of superiority.A. antecedentsB. predecessorsC. descendantsD. contemporaries29. Before taking a standardized test, one should ___ himself or herself with all the items that constitute the test paper.A. acquaintB. fascinateC. acquitD. familiar30. Tom is always lack of self-confidence. His ___ character caused him to miss many goldenopportunities.A. diffidentB. ignorantC. proudD. conceited31. It has been announced that physicists from different countries will gather in New York fora ___ next month.A. symphonyB. symposiumC. symptomD. symmetry32. Manfred ___ with sure that nine out of ten gentlemen who danced with this charming young lady would fall in love with her.A. alludeB. adduceC. averredD. advert33. During the terrorist attacks, the authorities ordered to ___ the workers and residents ofhigh profile buildings from the constructions.A. evictB. evokeC. evacuateD. evade34. Johnson's business survived on a ___ relationship with only a few customers.A. tentativeB. salientC. lucrativeD. insubstantial35. After her marriage, the happy life ___ her appearance, making her look more beautifulthan ever.A. transfiguredB. disfiguredC. disheveledD. transformed36. Although Guthman was a ___ of several campaigns, he had never seen action on the frontlines.A. veteranB. volunteerC. victimD. villain37. The cheerful, lively melody of dance music ___ almost all the weary soldiers.A. drainedB. divertedC. renewedD. revived38. From Willink's ___ manner, people can tell that he is of royal birth.A. boorishB. regalC. rudeD. vulgar39. Since it was held up only by a single steel cable, the chairlift was ___ to carry only twopeopleA. instructedB. obligedC. intendedD. appointed40. 130 years later, this single wall still stands here in mute ___ to the Revolution of ParisCommune in 1873.A. testimonyB. memoryC. tributeD. evidence41.From his words I supposed that he was extremely delighted at your invitation.A. apprehendedB. concededC. envisionD. surmised42. As is reported, over seventy civilians lost their lives in the following explosion.A. ensuingB. engrossingC. enduringD. entangling43. After living in the same dormitory for half a year, Jane realized that Mary's oversen-sitivity was not acquired but inherent.A. insipidB. inordinateC. innateD. insane44. As a highly intelligent person, the diplomat had no difficulty searching for the right wordsto retort.A. askingB. gropingC. findingD. grouching45. The service at this restaurant was so slow that when the dishes were finally served we wereextremely hungry.A. ruthlessB. ravenousC. rashD. reckless46. He is my devoted friend, so I ___ tell him the truth.A. cannot helpB. cannot butC. may not helpD. could but47. No administrator or supervisor can enter a classroom unless ___ by the teacher.A. they are invitedB. he is invitedC. invitingD. having being invited48. I'd just as soon he ___ the party yesterday; he made a mess of it.A. didn't attendB. attendedC. had attendedD. hadn't attended49. ___ a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of an oral English test at theend of the term.A. It is existedB. There having existedC. There existsD. There having been50. ___ Jenny lives next door to Robert, she ought to know him.A. IfB. Seeing thatC. AlthoughD. Just asIII. Error Detection (5%)Directions:There are four underlined words or parts marked A, B, C and D in each of the following sentences. Choose the one that you think incorrect, and write thecorresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.51. Learning a foreign Language is especially difficult for those who had never learned oneA B C Dbefore.52. The main stream of a river frequently is dividing into two or more branches near its mouth.A B C D53. For activating the fossilization in English learning, I practice reading, listening, speakingA B Cand writing as regularly as possibleD54. Little Jimmy was constantly being told not to scratch the paint off the bedroom wall, butA Bhe went on to do it all the same.C D55. It's a simple matter to have found the density of a gas from its formula.A B C D56. Upon questioning the suspect denied having stolen diamonds from the jewelry shop.A B C D57. Some of the research experiments to describe in the text book are easy to carry out.A B C D58. Quantum physics lies at a heart of the physical sciences.A BC D59. Despite their length, the horse's neck has the same number of vertebrae as a humanA B C Dbeing's.60. Night falls more faster in the tropics than in other latitudes.A B C DIV. Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions:Read the following five passages carefully, choose the best answer to each question from the four choices given, and then write the corresponding letteron your Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn Japan, some people play golf on weekends and some form long lines in the Ginza district to watch first-run foreign films. A knowing few go to the barbershop.A trip to a Japanese barbershop is an odyssey into the country's economic miracle, a glimpse at the same attention to detail that has made "Japan Inc." the envy of the capitalist world.It is more than simply getting a haircut. Customers go to escape the hustle and bustle of Tokyo's frenetic pace. They go to complain about local politics and catch up on the latest neighborhood scuttlebutt.But most of all, they go to be cranked up high in the barber's chair, to assume for at lest one precious moment – regardless of their walk of life---that honorific stature uniquely revered in Japan: that of okyakusama, or customer.So going to the barbershop here is an outing . The object is not to get it over with as quickly as possible, American-style, but to prolong the treatment and bask in its sensual pleasures.No one understands this better than Tanaka-san, who runs a state-of-the-art barbershop just up the street from where I live, in the Minami Azabu district. Like much else in Japan, Mr. Tankaka's shop has only recently gone upscale.Last year, he sold his small, old shop, located a few blocks from the new one, for a cool $15.3 million. With typical Japanese foresight for investing for the long pull, Mr. Tanaka plowed theproceeds into his spanking new premises.Mr. Tanaka, 54, has been in the barbering business for 38 years. Back in 1950, he charged only 35 yen --- not much compared with the 3,200 yen he receives today for a cut and shampoo. At today's exchange rates, $22 for a haircut might seem expensive, but I think it's one of the best deals in town.You always have to wait in line at Mr. Tanaka's shop : He doesn't take reservations because he doesn't need to. But when your time comes, Mr. Tanaka directs you to the seat of honor.Soon his wife is feverishly shampooing your hair, massaging your scalp with a special brush. While she scrubs, Mr. Tanaka is busy at the next chair, applying the finishing snips and snaps to another client. This tag-team approach keeps the shop running at full capacity.Mr. Tanaka typically spends about 45 minutes cutting your hair, scrutinizing the symmetry of the sideburns with the utmost care. His cutting skills are superb, but it is in conversation that he truly excels. He knows when to talk, when to listen and when to utter the drawn-out guttural grunt of approval so common in Japanese. These insightful yet subtle dialogues with his clients create the cornerstone of Mr.Tanaka's thriving business: the repeat customer, every retailer's dream.For the rare client not "hooked" by pleasant conversation , Mrs. Tanaka's shaving technique, with a straight-edged razor, is the showstopper. First, she places a hot towel over your face, then wipes your face with moisturizing oil.She applies another hot towel to remove the oil and lathers you up with warm shaving cream. Finally, she methodically spends fifteen minutes shaving off every last whisker---including any stray hairs that might have found their way to your forehead or earlobes. The oil and hot-towel procedure is repeated and the reclining customer is gently coaxed into returning to earth.Foreign businessmen trying to figure our what makes Japan's economy so successful might do well to visit a Japanese barbershop. Impeccable service isn't extra here, it's included the price of admission.61. An attention to detail has made "Japan Inc."A. a good place for touristsB. a land of many barbershopsC. a prosperous economic powerD. a famous resort62. In Japanese barbershops, barbersA. rush customers outB. never talk about politicsC. talk with customers and work leisurelyD. are rather impatient with customers63. Relaxation and sensual pleasure areA. admitted goals of customersB. not possible in the busy atmosphereC. not appreciated by hurried customersD. not available to customers64. Because Mr. Tanaka's shop is s popular,A. reservations are requiredB. people wait in lineC. he is opening another new storeD. he becomes famous for that65. Not only is Mr. Tanaka a good barber, but he is alsoA. skilled at conversationB. an expert in shaving techniquesC. a local politicianD. a psychologistPassage TwoMincerva was the goddess of wisdom, but on one occasion she did a very foolish thing; she entered into competition with Juno and Venus for the prize of beauty. It happened thus: At the nuptials of Peleus and Theetis all the gods were invited with the exception of Eris, or Discord. Enraged at her exclusion, the goddess threw a golden apple among the guests, with the inscription (题词), "For the fairest." Thereupon Juno, Venus, and Minerva each claimed the apple. Jupiter, not willing to decide in so delicate a matter, sent the goddesses to Mount Ida, where the beautiful shepherd Paris was tending his flocks, and to him was committed the decision. The goddesses accordingly appeared before him. Juno promised him power and riches, Minerva glory and renown in war, and Venus the fairest of women his wife, each attempting to bias his decision in her own favor. Paris decided in favour of Venus and gave her the golden apple, thus making the two other goddesses his enemies. Under the protection of Venus, Paris sailed to Greece, and was hospitably received by Menelaus. king of Sparta. Now Helen, the wife of Menelaus, was the very woman whom Venus had destined for Paris, the fairest of her sex. She had been sought as a bride by numerous suitors, and before her decision was made known, they all, at the suggestion of Ulysses, one of their number, took an oath that they would defend her from all injury and avenge her cause if necessary. She chose Menelaus, and was living with him happily when Paris became their guest . Paris aided by Venus, persuaded her to elope （私奔）with him, and carried her to Troy, whence arose the famous Trojan war, the theme of the greatest poems of antiquity, those of Homer and Virgil.Menelaus called upon his brother chieftains（首领）of Greece to fulfill their pledge, and join him in his efforts to recover his wife. They generally came forward, but Ulysses, who had married Penelope, and was very happy in his wife and child, had no disposition to embark in such a troublesome affair. He therefore hung back and Palamedes was sent to urge him. When Palamedes arrived at Ithaca Ulysses pretended to be mad. He yoked （用牛轭套住）an ass and an ox together to the plough and began to sow salt. Palamedes, to try him, placed the infant Telemachus before the plough, whereupon the father turned the plough aside, showing plainly that he was no madman, and after that could no longer refuse to fulfill his promise. Being now himself gained for the undertaking, he lent his aid to bring in other reluctant chiefs, especially Achilles. This hero was the son of that Thetis at whose marriage the apple of Discord had been thrown among the goddesses. Thetis was herself one of the immortals, a sea-nymph (海仙女), and knowing that her son was fated to perish before Troy if he went on the expedition, she endeavoured to prevent his going . She sent him away to the court of King Lycomedes, and induced him to conceal himself in the disguise of a maidenamong the daughters of the king. Ulysses, hearing he was there, went disguised as a merchant to the palace and offered for sale female ornaments, among which he had placed some arms. While the king's daughters were engrossed with the other contents of the merchant' s pack, Achilles handled the weapons and thereby betrayed himself to the keen eye of Ulysses, who found no great difficulty in persuading him to disregard his mother's prudent counsels and join his countrymen in the war.66. Bulfinch describes Jupiter as u nwilling to “decide in so delicate a matter” (lines 6), implyingthatA. Jupiter is usually heavy-handedB. any decision is bound to offend someoneC. Jupiter to overly sensitive.D. the problems are so obscure that no one can judge them.67. The word disposition (line 22) is used to meanA. inclinationB. natureC. integrityD. value68. The sowing of salt is used by Bulfinch to showA. Ulysses's attempt to be found insaneB. the difficulty of cultivating in rocky soilC. how the tears of the gods created the seaD. the god's punishment of those who disobey them69. Bulfinch reveals that Thetis is a sea-nymphy in order to explainA. why she married PeleusB. why she dislikes the idea of warC. the effect of the apple of DiscordD. her ability to predict the future70.. Among the chieftains of Greece apparently areA. Juno, Venus, and MinervaB. Paris and LycomedesC. Ulysses, Achilles, and MenelausD. Eris and ThetisPassage ThreeOn the whole, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has always treated Mars with respect. American spacecraft have flown by, orbited and even landed on the Red Planet. What they've never done is wound it. If scientists ever hope to understand Mars fully, however, they are going to have to puncture the dry Martian crust to sample the planetary pulp below. Next week NASA will launch a ship that will begin that process.The first ship of the two-spacecraft mission --- set to fly Dec. 10---is the Mars Climate Orbiter.Arriving in September 1999, the spacecraft will enter an orbit of the planet that traces a path over the Martian poles, allowing it to study the local atmosphere. Its orbit will position it perfectly to act as a relay satellite for a ny later ship that may land on the surface. That’s a good thing, since three weeks or so after the orbiter leaves Earth, NAS will launch another spacecraft, the more ambitious Mars Polar Lander.A spindly machine standing 107 cm tall, the lander is set to arrive in December 1999, aiming to touch down near Mars’ south pole, one of the few sports on the freeze-dried planet that is likely to contain some water. Just before reaching the Martian atmosphere, the lander will release a pairs of tapered pods(锥形分离舱) , each about the size of a basketball, made of brittle silica. Plunging ahead of the ship , the projectiles will free-fall to the surface and strike the ground at 650 km/h.The pods are designed to shatter on impact, releasing a pair of 18-cm probes. Slamming into the surface, the probes are supposed to drive themselves 120 cm into the Martian crust. Once buried, they will deploy tiny drills and begin sampling the chemical makeup of the soil around them. Scientists believe that chemistry could be remarkably rich. "The surface of Mars has been pretty well sterilized(消毒) by ultraviolet radiation," says Sam Thurman, the missions flight-operations manager.Only minutes after the probes hit the ground, the lander will follow, descending by parachute and braking engine. Bristling with cameras and sensors, it will study Mars' terrain and weather, snapping pictures both during its descent and on the surface. It will also carry a microphone to record for the first time the sound of the Martain wind. More important, the ship will be equipped with a robotic arm and scoop , much like the arms carried aboard the Viking landers in the 1970s. Unlike the Vikings, though, which were able to paw just a few feeble cm into the Martian topsoil, the new ship will dig out a trench nearly 90 cm deep.How long all this otherworldly hardware will operate is uncertain. The probes, powered by batteries, should wink out within three days. The lander, with robust solar panels to keep it humming, could last three months. But even if the systems do not survive that long, their work could be profound. After all, scientists have spent years studying just the Martian skin; this will be their first chance to dig a little deeper.71. We learn from the first paragraph that, in order to have a thorough knowledge of Mars, weneed ___.A. to treat Mars with more respect than everB. to have more spacecraft orbit the Red PlanetC. to protect the Red Planet more carefully and not to wound itD. to penetrate the crust of the Red Planet to take Martian samples72. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. The spacecraft that is to arrive in September 1999 contains a pair of tapered pods.B. Mars Polar Lander will carry out more important missions than Mars Climate Orbiter.C. The difference between Viking landers and Mars Polar Lander is that the former was unableto land on Mars.D. The mission of Mars Climate Orbiter is to study the local atmosphere and Mars terrain,snapping pictures both during its descent and on the surface.73. The primary purpose of the passage is to ___.A. stress the importance of exploring MarsB. outline the general features of MarsC. describe in detail the way of landing of Mars Polar LanderD. introduce the mission of the two spacecraft which are due to launch in 1999.74. We learn from the passage that ___.A. Mars Climate Orbiter will serve as a space base for any later ship that may land on thesurface of MarsB. Mars' south pole is more likely to contain life because it contains waterC. Mars Polar Lander will strike the surface of Mars at 650 km/hD. the chemical makeup of the soil on the surface of Mars will be similar to that of the earth75. From the context, we can infer the meaning of "bristling" (line 2, para. 4 ) may be ___.A. abundant inB. sending outC. reactingD. taking upPassage FourAn outsider approaches the subject lively, lest civic(市民的；城市的) feelings be bruised. Los Angeles gives the impression of having erased much of its history by allowing the city's development to run unchecked. Insiders like Dolores Hayden...pull no punches: "It mon," she wrote, "for fond residents to quote Gertrude Stein's sentence about Oakland when summing up urban design in Los Angeles: "There's no there, there.'" Hayden has also acknowledged that Los Angles is generally "the first (American city) singled out as having a problem about sense of place." Both statements come from a handsome brochure-cum-itinerary, drawn up by Hayden, Gail Dubrow, and Carolyn Flynn to introduce The Power of Place, a local nonprofit group with a mission to retrieve some of the city's misplaced" there."Founded by Hayden in 1982, The Power of Place lays special emphasis on redressing an imbalance in memory---and memorials. As Hayden has pointed out, in 1987 less than half the population of Los Angeles was Anglo-American; yet almost 98 percent of the city's cultural historic landmarks were devoted to the history and accomplishments of Anglo-Americans. Even these personages(名人，要人) come from a narrow spectrum of achievers---in Hayden's phrase, "a small minority of landholders, bankers, business leaders, and their architects" ----almost all of whom were male...The likeliest explanation for this under-representation may be an urban variation on thegreat-man theory of history: History is what public figures do, and by their civic monuments shall you know them ---especially the structures they designed or built. In Hayden's view, however, "The task of choosing a past for Los Angeles is a political as well as historic and cultural one, " and the unexamined preference for architecture as the focus of historic preservation efforts can slight less conscious but perhaps equally powerful human forces. Hayden's goal has been to supplement the city's ample supply of mono-cultural landmarks and memorials with others representing its ethnic and gender-based diversity. Accordingly, some sites need new status as official land-marks, others need reinterpretation. Other sites no longer contain structures emblematic(作为标志的) of their histories or are located in blighted neighborhoods; these do not readily lend themselves to。

2004年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by young people) focus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories 1 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 2 they were not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behavior through3 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that children commit crimes in4 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status,5 as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantaged families, _6 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The latter may commit crimes7 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, are tentative and are 8 to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly 9 juvenile crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that 10 to fewer job opportunities for youth and rising unemployment 11 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. The resulting discontent may in 12 lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also 13 changes these years. More families consist of one-parent households or two working parents; 14 ，children are likely to have less supervision at home 15 was common in the traditional family 16 . This lack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other __17_ causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased __ 18 _ of drugs and alcohol, and the growing 19 of child abuse and child neglect. All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 20 a direct causal relationship has not yet been established.1. [A] acting [B] relying [C] centering [D] commenting2. [A] before [B] unless [C] until [D] because3. [A] interaction [B] assimilation [C] cooperation [D] consultation4. [A] return [B] reply [C] reference [D] response5. [A] or [B] but rather [C] but [D] or else6. [A] considering [B] ignoring [C] highlighting [D] discarding7. [A] on [B] in [C] for [D] with8. [A] immune [B] resistant [C] sensitive [D] subject9. [A] affect [B] reduce [C] chock [D] reflect10. [A] point [B] lead [C] come [D] amount11. [A] in general [B] on average [C] by contrast [D] at length12. [A] case [B] short [C] turn [D] essence13. [A] survived [B] noticed [C] undertaken [D] experienced14.[A] contrarily [B] consequently [C] similarly [D] simultaneously15. [A] than [B] that [C] which [D] as16. [A] system [B] structure [C] concept [D] heritage17. [A] assessable [B] identifiable [C] negligible [D] incredible18. [A] expense [B] restriction [C] allocation [D] availability19. [A] incidence [B] awareness [C] exposure [D] popularity20. [A] provided [B] since [C] although [D] supposingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”. It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property and Washington, D.C.Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,” says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company.With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can he time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. But although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility,” says one expert.For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept—what you think you want to do—then broade n it. “None of these programs do that,” says another expert. “There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead, the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide.Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters t o return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them—and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite.Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worth while. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmon maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you.21. How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a matching position in a database.[C] By using a special service of a database.[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling [B] Limited number of visits.[C] Lower efficiency [D] Fewer successful matches.23. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means.[A] advisory [B] compensation.[C] interaction [D] reminder.24. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?[A] To focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returning visits.[C] To reserve space for more messages.[D] To increase the rate of success.25. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters.[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands.[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed.[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed.Text 2Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoë Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bush’s predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chrétien and Koizumi). The world’s three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the world's five richest men (Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.26. What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?[A] A kind of overlooked inequality.[B] A type of conspicuous bias.[C] A type of personal prejudice.[D] A kind of brand discrimination.27. What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?[A] In both East and West, names are essential to success.[B] The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoë Zysman.[C] Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies’ names.[D] Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.28. The 4th paragraph suggests that .[A] questions are often put to the more intelligent students[B] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class[C] teachers should pay attention to all of their students[D] students should be seated according to their eyesight29. What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ” (Lines 2-3, Paragraph 5)?[A] They are getting impatient.[B] They are noisily dozing off.[C] They are feeling humiliated.[D] They are busy with word puzzles.30. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.[B] VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.[C] The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.[D] Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.Text 3When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isn't biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isn't cutting, filing or polishing as many nails as she'd like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the soft ening economy. “I'm a good economic indicator,” she says. “I provide a service that people can do without when they're concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillard's department store near her suburban Cleve land home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I don't know if other clients are going to abandon me, too,” she says.Even before Alan Greenspan's admission that America's red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year's pace. But don't sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy's long-term prospects even as they do some modest belt-tightening.Consumers say they're not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there's a new gold rush ha ppening in the $4 million to $10 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,” says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three," says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks still feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldn't mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan's hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan & Co. may still be worth toasting.31. By “Ellen Spero isn’t biting her nails just yet” (Line 1, Parag raph 1), the author means_____.[A] Spero can hardly maintain her business.[B] Spero is too much engaged in her work.[C] Spero has grown out of her bad habit.[D] Spero is not in a desperate situation.32. How do the public feel about the current economic situation?[A] Optimistic. [B] Confused. [C] Carefree. [D] Panicked.33. When mentioning “the $4 million to $10 million range”(Lines 3, Paragraph 3), the author istalking about _______[A] gold market. [B] real estate.[C] stock exchange. [D] venture investment.34. Why can many peo ple see “silver linings” to the economic slowdown?[A] They would benefit in certain ways.[B] The stock market shows signs of recovery.[C] Such a slowdown usually precedes a boom.[D] The purchasing power would be enhanced.35. To which of the following is the author likely to agree?[A] A new boom, on the horizon.[B] Tighten the belt, the single remedy.[C] Caution all right, panic not.[D] The more ventures, the more chances.Text 4Americans today don't place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren't difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch's latest book. Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms,traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American Life,a Pulitzer-Prize winning book on the roots ofanti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in school s and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.”Mark Twain's Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized—going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes, and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country's educational system is in the grips of people who “joy fully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”36. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?[A] The habit of thinking independently.[B] Profound knowledge of the world.[C] Practical abilities for future career.[D] The confidence in intellectual pursuits.37. We can learn from the text that Americans have a history of________.[A] undervaluing intellect.[B] favoring intellectualism.[C] supporting school reform.[D] suppressing native intelligence.38. The views of Raviteh and Emerson on schooling are ______.[A] identical. [B] similar. [C] complementary. [D] opposite.39. Emerson, according to the text, is probably _________.[A] a pioneer of education reform.[B] an opponent of intellectualism.[C] a scholar in favor of intellect.[D] an advocate of regular schooling.40. What does the author think of intellect?[A] It is second to intelligence.[B] It evolves from common sense.[C] It is to be pursued.[D] It underlies powerPart BDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries. (41) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.(42) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlie r part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. (43) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.Sapir’s pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages. (44) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (45) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.4142434445。

2004考研英语真题答案解析Section I Listening ComprehensionDirections:This section is designed to test your ability to understand spoken English. You will hear a selection of recorded materials and you must answer the questions that accompany them. There are three parts in this section, Part A, Part B and Part C.Remember, while you are doing the test, you should first put down your answers in your test booklet. At the end of the listening comprehension section, you will have 5 minutes to transfer all your answers from your test booklet to ANSWER SHEET 1.Now look at Part A in your test booklet.Part ADirections:For questions 1 - 5, you will hear a talk about the geography of Belgium. While you listen, fill out the table with the information you have heard. Some of the information has been given to you in the table. Write only 1 word or number in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the table below. (5 points)Geography of BelgiumThree main regions coastal plaincentral plateau1Highest altitude of the coastal plain m 2Climate near the sea humid3Particularly rainy months of the years April4Average temperatures in July in Brussels low 13 ℃High ℃ 5听力原文Belgium has three main geographic regions: the coastal plain, the central plateau and the highlands. The coastal plain extends inlands 16 to 48 kilometers on the northwest. Along the north sea is a lowlying area consisting mainly of sandy hills and sections of lands reclaimed from the sea. The coastal p lain’s elevation ranges from sea level to 20 metres.The central plateau is a gently rolling, slightly elevated area, irrigated by many waterways and containing a number of wide, fertile valleys with a rich soil. The highlands, a densely-wooded plateau, averaging 460 metres in elevation, extends across southeastern Belgium and into northeastern France. Located here is the highest peak in Belgium with an elevation of 694 meters.The climate near the sea is humid and mild. Farther inland, a marked increase in the range of temperature occurs. In the highlands, hot summers alternate with cold winters. Heavy rains are confined almost exclusively to the highlands. Fog and rain are common, and April and November are particularly rainy months. In Brussels, the average temperatures range from zero to 5 degrees Centigrade in January and from 13 to 22 degrees Centigrade in July. Along the coast, the average range is 1 degree to 5 degrees Centigrade in January and 14 to 20 degrees Centigrade in July.解题指导：预览指导语及表格，以便对录音材料的内容大概了解，同时也是为了有针对性地听录音，捕捉每个空格的答案信息。

中国人民大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语真题请用铅笔将此部分试题的答案填涂在答题卡上，否则无效！II. V ocabulary (10 points)PartA (5 points)Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked iL B, C arm 1). Choose the:one thatbest completes thesentence and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar acrossthe square bracket on ANSWER SHEET 1.Example:She prefers foreign wine to that produced__A. previouslyB. vLrtuallyC. primarilyD. domesticallyThe sentence should read,; "She prefers foreign wine to that produce domesticany." Therefore, you should choose D.Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [D]1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__patriotism.A. obsoleteB. aggressiveC. harmoniousD. amiableZ One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts.A. dilemmasB. countenancesC. concessionsD. junctions3. People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.A. striveB. ascertainC. justifyD. adhere4. Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wildlifefor intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have setup on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.A. conservationB. maintenanceC. storageD. reserve5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking15 points .last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.A. soaredB. mutatedC. plummetedD. fluctuated6. Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world.A. geniusB. viresC. diseaseD. bacteria7. The emphasis:on examinations is iby far the. worst form of competition in schools.A. negligentB. edibleC. fabulousD. disproportionate8. The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his grandparents lived.A. reconciledB. consolidatedC. deterioratedD. attributed9. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to practice his Chinese.A. passed onB. passed upC. passed byD. passed out10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can be distributed.A. paradoxesB. legaciesC. platitudesD. analoginPart B (5 points)Directions: In each of the following sentences there is one word or phrase underlined. Below the sentence are four choices marked A, B, C, andD. Choose the one that is closest in meaning to the underiined part.Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the squarebracket on ANSWER SHEET I.Example:The secretary is Very competent; she can finish all these letters within one.. ;.,ca, ODebour.A. carefulB. industriousC. cleverD. capableIn this sentence, "competent" is closest -;n m e:zting to "capable". Therefor eyou should choose D.Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [DD]11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.A. depictB. advocate D; criticize D. analyze12,. They achieved more than they had eyer dreamed, lending a magic tO theirfamily story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.A.confirmB. achieveC.match D exaggerate13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump. for those toxic____ industrial wastes.A. imminentB. recyclableC. smellyD. poisonousi4. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns wou ldnor be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N.sanction.A. alliesB. delegatesC. votersD. juries15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our :children's college a ndour own retirement security is ,chilling.A. frighteningB. promisingC. freezingD. revealing16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the Br itishCrown.A. secret planB. bold attackC. clever designD. joint effort17. Evidence, reference, and foomotes by the thousand testify to a scrupulo usresearcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different beorefical and political positions.A. trustworthyB. intelligentC. diligentD. meticulous18. Despite their spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.A. intriguingB. exasperating:C. demonstrativeD. unprovoked19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked upfaces for .nocturnal raids in the forest.A. illegalB. night-time C, brutal D. abusive20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight,A. mercurial B, gallant C. ardent D. frugalIII. Cloze (10 points)Directions : Read the following passage. Choose the best word for each numbered blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across thesquare bracket on Answer Sheet I.Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea,___ 21 ___ into a hobby and Iately has ____22 ____ into a full- time pas sion. Thetwo developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates___ 23 _ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started theirguide in April 1994 as a way to keep 24 of their personal interest on the Intemet. Before long they ___25 ___ that their home,brewed lists were becoming to olong and ____ 26____ Gradually they began to spend more andmore time onYahoo.During 1994, they ____ 27____ yahoo into a customized database designe dto____28_____ the needs of the thousands of users____29____ began to us e theservice through the closely ___ 30____ Intemet community. They developed customized software to help them___ 31 ___ locate, identify and edit mater ial___32___ on the Intemet. The name Yahoo is ____ 33____ to stand for "Y etAnother Hierarchical Officious Oracle". but Filo and Yang insist they select edthe ___34 ___ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo? itself f irst___ 35 ___ on Yang's workstation, "akebono", while the search engine w as___ 36 ___ on Filo's computer, "Konishiki".In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files___ 37___ to larger computers ___38____ at Netscape. As a result Stanford 'scomputer network returned to ___ 39___ , and both parties benefiasc. Toda y,Yahoo___ 40 ___ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.1. A. became B. grew C. mm D. intend2. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned3. A. in B. on C. about D. fer4. A. touch ?. contact C. n-ack D. record5. A. founded E. found C. argued D. reported6. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D invaluable7. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted8. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate9. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly10. A. relative B. interactive C.bound D. contacted11. A. fluently B. efficiently C.exactly D. actually12. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D.13. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposedI4. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand15. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched16. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked17. A. over B, away C. inside D. beneath18. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. bidden19. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal20. A. attains B.detains C. maintains D. containsIV. Reading Comprehension (20 points)Directions: Read the following passages, decideon the best one of the choic esmarked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and then markthe corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage 1Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break babies.One application of the thrcshoM method involves the time young childrenspend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so thelength of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activi tiesare scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the sta rt ofthe school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Gutiarie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limitactivities to 15 to 20 minutes. Over the next few weeks the teacher could gredually increase the time students spend working on a single activity. The threshold methoci also can be applied to teaching printing abd handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements awkward and they lack free motor coordination. The distances between line s ona page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paperwith narrow lines is initially introduced, students' letters would spill over th eborders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letter swithin the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help t hemrefine their skills.The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, We them a large stack of paper, a ndtell them to start making paper airplanes. After the students have made sev eralairplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cu e fornot building airplanes.Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, theteacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the cla ss hasbegun.The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk an dmisbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask the students'to find interesting books and re adthem while in the center. Assuming that the studentS find the books enjoyable,the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading b ooksrather than for talking with other students.In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was ve ryboring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each less on,such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involvs stude ntsand raise their interest in the course.41. The purpose of this passage is to___A. informB. persuadeC. debateD. narrate42. Guthrie identified three methods for__A. educating studentsB. altering bad habitsC. avoiding undesired actionD. forming good hobbies43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food than the child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored.C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fan by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys. 44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their ha ndsbusy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time. watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snac 'king. What method is used in this example?A. The threshold method.B. The fatigue method.C. The incompatible response method.D. The punishment method.45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage thatA. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhaustedB. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they can not be performed simultaneouslyC. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformde into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomesa cue for not performing itD. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted responsePassage 2The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive. Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too man ycompanies, however, have jumped into foreign markets with embarrassing wralts .Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrole Nova to the Puerto Rican market. "Nova" is Latin fornew (star)" and means "star" in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it cansound like "no va", meaning "it doesn't go". Few people wanted to buy a carwith that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales picked up" dramatically.Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies. 3ne American food company's friendly "Jolly Green Giant" (for advertising ,egetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as "Intimidating Green Ogre".When translated into German Pepsi's popular slogan, "Come Alive with Pepsi" came out implying "Come Alive from the Grave". No wonder custo mersin Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi.Successful international marketing doesn't stop with goodranslafions--,-other aspects of culture must be researched and understood ff aarketers are to avoid blunders.When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fai l tocapture their target market.For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new pentare ihto the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The mail reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals i nmany South American countries.Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitiveto cultural distinctions.The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a techniqu ecalled "back translation" to reduce the possibility of blunders.The process uses one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to captur ethe, overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplicatio nof the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be shot and simple.They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.46. The best title of this passage might be __ .A. Culture Is Very Important ia AdvertishagB. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between NationsC. Overcome Cultural Shock in Different CountriesD. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles47. What does the word "blunder" mean in this passage?A. hesitationB. mistakeC. stutterD. default48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist f romParagraph 3 to Paragraph 6?A. Cultural shocksB. Faulty translationsC. Avoid cultural oversightsD. Prevent blunders49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word "ca " mos tprobably mean____A. an animal used in perfume for its smellB. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funeralsC. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funeralsD. an nrnament used in prefume and at funerals50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to___A.fire the translators who don't know the target language.e the technique called "literal translation" to reduce the possibility of blundersC. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokesD. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries Passage 3It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year i npay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxes in the highest income bracket went down. Milliona iresare now commonplace.Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not th eboss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the m anwith many enemies wi!! be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about . His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of .his company and the industry .so he goes home nig htlywith a full briefcase. At the very top - and on the way up - executives ar eexceedingly dedicated.The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cul turedindividual or an intellectual. Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His readin gmay largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fie lds.Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.These days, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to "keep the old heart in shape" and for the same reason goes easy on butter and al cohol,and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out ofthe running. But his doctor's admonition to "take it easy" falls on deaf eye s. Helikes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping at his heels. Corporate head-hunting, carried on by "executive search fares," is a growing industry. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic andaggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.51. We can infer from the second paragraph that___A. promotion depends on amiabilityB. chief executives do not work hard enough at the top levelC. it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of hi ssubordinatesD. a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and th eindustry52. The term "aerobic exercise" (fa'st line in second last paragraph) is a ki nd Of____A. hallucination exerciseB. physical exerciseC. meditation exerciseD. entertainment53. From the last paragraph we can gather that ____A. there are too many aggressive executivesB. individual talent is not essential for a companyC. the job of an "executive search rum" is corporate head-huntingD. it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerialranks54. For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a pl where________A. they can conduct their businessB. they can indulge themselvesC. they can cultivate their mindD. they can exercise as well as socialize55. What is NOT tree according to the article?A. Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.B. Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.C. All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.D. Executives are careful of what they eat.Passage 4In November 1970 Yukio Mishima, together withsome of his fanatical followers from the ultranationalistic Shield Society WhiCh. he had four, do d in1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech. Mish imaaddressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional govemment imposed by the United States that had, in his wor ds,"turned Japan spineless." Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to thegeneral's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded tokill himself in strict accordance with the tradifonal samurai ritual of seppuk u.After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into his left abdomen, one of his aidessevered his head with a sword. The aide likewise 'killed himself and was 5eheaded; the others surrendered.In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive re,me of General Tojo that was to stage thoattack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That earlier revolt is the one referred to in "Patriotism," one of Mishima's most powerful stories. Here life and fiction become joined. The act of seppuku was for Mishima a fulfdlment, "the ulti matedream of my life." Bom of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero'sdeath in accordance with the ancient samurai code; but his weak body kept himfrom service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building (hebecame expert at karate and kendo) and, most important, through the discip linewriting. In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays, man yessays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced, directed, and acted inmovies, and even sang on stage. His first book of stories, A Forest in Flo wer,appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask (1948), dealing with th emeditations of a young man of homosexual leanings in a repressive society, thatbrought him fame.Mishima has been called "Japan's Hemingway," while others have compared him to "aesthetic" writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.56. The article implies thatA. Mishima refused to join the army when he was youngB. Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writerC. Mishima is a person who'is hard m defineD. Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer57. The aim of the rebel led by Mishima wasA. Fo capture the commanding genera!B. to urge the government to declare a war against AmericaC. to incite the soldiers to rebel against the Constitutional govemmentD. to force the Emperor to give up the throne58. In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima____A. was web received by the soldiersB, was laughed at by the soldiersC. impressed the commanding generalD, left a deep impression tO the soldiers59. What IS true according to article?A. The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.B. The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attemnptC. Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.D. one of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.60. Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ___A, written "Patriotism", one of his most powerful storiesB. written eighty short storiesC. published "A Forest in Flower"D. published "Confession of a Mask"Ö÷¹ÛÐⲿ•ÖÇëÑøֱʻòÒ²Öé±Ê½«´Ë²¿•ÖÊÒÐâµÄ´ð°¸×öÒÚ´ðÐâÖ½þÉÏ£•ñÒòÎÞЧ£¡V. Translation (20 points)Fart A. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese on your ANSWER SHEET.One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger ofloss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in th eeconomy. Buying a commodity or stock in the belief that prices will rise s peedsmarket equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the pri cechange lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action could not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surpl us insome commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to someextent before the SurpluS actually occurs. When speculators foresee a short ageand bid up the price, they are also helphng to conserve the present supply. Asthe price goes up,less of the commodity is purchased; a rise in price encourages users to ecor, om2ze. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages usersto buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.Part B. (10 points)Directions: Translate the following into EngIish on your ANSWER SHEET. VI. Writing (20 points)Directions Write an essay in no less than 250 words with file title "My Understanding of GlobaIization". Your essay should be written on the Answer Sheet.。

2005年武汉大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionThe calendar used in Australia and in most other countries was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582. It provides for 366 days in those years for which the year number when divided by 4 gives a whole number (i. e. without a remainder), those years are called leap years. All other years have 365 days. The Gregorian calendar further specifies that years whose year number is divisible evenly by 100 are not leap years, unless the year number is also divisible by 400. In a leap year February has 29 days, whereas in a non-leap year it has 28 days. A decade is a 10-year period, such as I January 1885--31 December 1894.1．Which one of the following years was a leap year?A．1880B．1894C．1906D．1926正确答案：A解析：1880年是闰年，因为1880能被4整除，1894，1906年1926这三个数字均不能被4整除，因此1894年、1906年和1926年均不是闰年。

2004年北京师范大学考博英语试题English Entrance Examination for Non-English Major Doctoral CandidatesMarch 20, 2004Ⅰ. Listening Comprehension （20 points）Section ADirections: There are five statements in this section. Each statement will be spoken only once. When you hear a statement, read the four choices given and choose the one which is closest in meaning to the statement you have heard by marking the corresponding letter A, B, C and D on the ANSWER SHEET.1.A. Tony’s boss left office for two days.B. Tony quit his job after two days.C. Tony was off work for two days.D. Tony’s boss agreed to take two days off.2.A. The professor told the students that the date of the exam would be changed.B. The students expected that the exam would not be delayed.C. The exam would not be canceled as the professor had originally said.D. The professor said the exam would not be postponed.3.A. I wrote to you.B. I called you.C. I let you inside.D. I went to see you.4.A. Unlike Sarah, Frank takes his coffee black.B. Fran k likes coffee, but Sarah doesn’t.C. Frank took the coffee back to Sarah.D. Sarah and Frank take cream and sugar in their coffee.5.A. There were more people than chairs.B. There were more than enough chairs.C. There were too many empty seats.D. There were never enough people.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear five short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question, there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D onyour test paper, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.6．A. An architect.B. A civil engineer.C. A furniture designer.D. A cameraman.7．A. He had a busy morning.B. He had a terrible morning.C. He had an exciting morning.D. He had a terrific morning.8．A. Trains are often overcrowded with tourists.B. She is in favor of closing down the railway.C. She always takes trains whenever she goes out.D. The railway is more convenient than the highway.9.A. It’s a well-paying job.B. The job can be very rewarding.C. The job may not be worth taking.D. It’s a job she can do.10.A. She should have been more careful about her money.B. She should buy the brown suit.C. She should find another job to make more money.D. She shouldn’t buy the brown suit.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear part of a radio programme in which a doctor talks about jet lag. Look at the ten statements for this part on your test paper and decide if you think each statement is Right, Wrong or Not Mentioned while you are listening to the programme. Then mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.11. You really only suffer from jet lag when you fly east.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned12. The problem of jet lag is that many people become hyperactive.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned13. Only certain people suffer from jet lag.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned14. Jet lag affects young children less.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned15. If you are flying west you can reduce the effects of jet lag before you go by going to bed and getting up later.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned16. If you are flying east you can reduce the effects of jet lag before you to having your meals later.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned17. It is better not to sleep on the plane.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned18. You should be more careful than usual of what and when you cat on the plane.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned19. It takes up to seven days to get over jet lag.A. RightB. WrongC. Not Mentioned20. When you arrive you should always try to sleep.A. RightB. WrongC. Not MentionedⅡ.？Reading Comprehension (25 points)Directions: There are five passages in this part. Each of the passages is followed by five questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSER SHEET.1Imagine eating everything delicious you want with none of the fat. That would be great, wouldn’t it?New “fake fat” products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but not everyone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, say food manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods, Critics, however, say that the new compound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients and can also cause unpleasant side effects in some people. So it is up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-free products taste good enough to keep eating.Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that could be digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fat that can’t be digested at all.Normally, special chemicals in the intestines “grab” molecules of regular fat and break them down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of three molecules of substances called fatty acids.The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D, E and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any ofthose vitamins, the vitamins attach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for the intestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturers sa y it’s that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fat substitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body. But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. It can also prevent the absorption of carotenoids, compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, etc.Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E and K as well as carotenoids to their products now. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts of food made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.21. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that .A. contains plenty of nutrientsB. renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitaminsC. makes foods easily digestibleD. makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious22. The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be .A. commercially uselessB. just as anticipatedC. somewhat controversialD. quite unexpected23. Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that .A. it passes through the intestines without being absorbedB. it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the bodyC. it helps reduce the incidence of heart diseaseD. it prevents excessive intake of vitamins24. What is a possible effect of olestra according to some critics?A. It may impair the digestive system.B. It may affect the overall fat intake.C. It may increase the risk of cancer.D. It may spoil the consumers’ appetite.25. Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra?A. It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.B. People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.C. The function of the intestines may be weakened.D. It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.2Although rarely seen, bats, as compared to other mammals, are quite common. Bats rank second only to rodents in number and diversity of species. Their numbers probably total in the tens of billions. Bats also vary considerably in size-from the tiny Philippine bamboo bat, with a six-inch wingspan and weighing 1/20th of an ounce to the “flying fox” with a wingspan of four or five feet and weight of two pounds.The diet of bats is varied. Most types eat insects, but they also consume blood, pollen, and nectar and fruits. Some eat other vertebrates (animals with backbones) such as fish, lizards, and even other bats. Those that feed on flowers very often server as the primary pollinator of the flowers. The insect-consuming forms, quite obviously, are very beneficial.Perhaps the most unusual characteristic of bats is their skilled nocturnal flying ability. This skill is so highly developed that they are capable of avoiding obstacles even in total darkness. Bats possess a high degree of tactile sense that may help them in avoiding obstacles, but their primary ability to do so is based on their ability to make high-pitched sounds and on their acute hearing ability.Flying bats were long thought to be silent creatures, but this is now known not to be the case. While in flight, bats are continuously emitting a series of ultrasonic orientation pulses that are inaudible to the human ear. The frequency of the cries of bats, at 50,000 vibrations per second, is estimated to be two and half times higher than the human ear can hear.This unique operation, a highly refined type of sonar system, allows the bat to detect rebounding pulses from obstacles near and far in its environment. They system is unique, additionally, in that the bat is capable of sorting through numerous rebounding pulses so as to avoid objects in its immediate path. Rescarchers are attempting to understand this system in hopes that it may reveal how the human brain processes sensory information.In the final analysis bats are interesting and amazing; and to contrast to popular legends, they are quite useful and helpful to nature and man.26. Which of the following is true?A. There are more rodents in the world than bats.B. There are more bats in the world than rodents.C. Bats are usually bigger than rodents.D. Rodents are usually bigger than bats.27. According to the passage, some bats eat .A. human-beingsB. rodentsC. foxesD. other bats28. The word “nocturnal” in P aragraph 3 is related to .A. soundB. vibrationsC. nightD. reputation29. What can make bats avoid objects in flight?A. Their sharp sense of hearing.B. Their ability to emit ultrasonic sounds.C. Their unique sense of seeing.D. Both A and B.30. We can conclude from the passage that bats are .A. really more intelligent than manB. often wronged in popular legendsC. ugly and dangerousD. beautiful in appearance3There were two widely divergent influences on the early development of statistical methods. Statistics had a mother who was dedicated to keeping orderly records of governmental units (“state” and “statistics” come from the same Latin root, “status&rdquo and a gentlemanly gambling father who relied on mathematics to increase his skill at playing the odds in games of chance. The influence of the mother on the offspring, statistics, is represented by counting, measuring, describing, tabulating, ordering, and the taking of censuses—all of which led to modern descriptive statistics. From the influence of the father came modern inferential statistics, which is based squarely on theories of probability.Descriptive statistics involves tabulating, depicting, and describing collections of data. Theses data may be quantitative, such as measures of height, intelligence, or grade level—variables that are characterized by an underlying continuum—or the data may represent qualitative variables, such as ***, college major, or personality type. Large masses of data must generally undergo a process of summarization or reduction before they are comprehensible. Descriptive statistics is a tool for describing or summarizing or reducing to comprehensible form the properties of an otherwise unwieldy mass of data.Inferential statistics is a formalized body of methods for solving another class of problems that present great difficulties for the unaided human mind. This general class of problems characteristically involves attempts to make predictions using a sample of observations. For example, a school superintendent wishes to determine the proportion of children in a large school system who come to school without breakfast, have been vaccinated for flu, or whatever. Having a little knowledge of statistics, the superintendent would know that it is unnecessary and inefficient to question eachchild: the proportion for the entire district could be estimated fairly accurately from a sample of as few as 100 children. Thus, the purpose of inferential statistics is to predict or estimate characteristics of a population from a knowledge of the characteristics of only a sample of the population.31. The word “divergent” (Para. 1, Line 1) is closest in meaning to .A. distributedB. differentC. recordedD. prominent32. According to the first paragraph, counting and census-taking are associatedwith .A. inferential statisticsB. qualitative changesC. descriptive statisticsD. unknown variables33. Why does the author mention the “mother” and “father” in the passage?A. To point out that parents can teach their children statistics.B. To introduce inferential statistics.C. To explain that there are different kinds of variables.D. To present the background of statistics in a humorous and understandable way.34. Which of the following statements about descriptive statistics is best supported by the passage?A. It reduces large amount of data to a more comprehensible form.B. It is based on probability.C. It can be used by people with little knowledge of mathematics.D. It measures only qualitative differences.35. With what is the passage mainly concerned?A. The drawbacks of descriptive and inferential statistics.B. The development and use of statistics.C. Applications of inferential statistics.D. How to use descriptive statistics.4It is possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancient institution which has existed for at least six thousand years. It was always wicked and usually foolish, but in the past the human race managed to live with it. Modern ingenuity has changed this. Either Man will abolish war, or war will abolish Man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that cause the gravest danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may, before long, offer an even greater threat. If we succeed in abolishing nuclear weapons, our work will not be done. It will never be done until we have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuade mankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contests of force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillful in massacre, but by arbitration inaccordance with agreed principles of law. It is not easy to change age-old mental habits, but this is what must be attempted.There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideology would prevent war. I believe this to be a profound error. All ideologies are based upon dogmatic assertions which are, at best, doubtful, and at worst, totally false. Their adherents believe in them so fanatically that they are willing to go to war in support of them.The movement of world opinion during the past two years has been very largely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclear war must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the international sphere, but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one than it was some years ago. It has began to be though, even by the powerful men who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reach agreements even if both sides do not find these agreements wholly satisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflict nowadays is not between East and West, but between Man and the H-bomb.36. This passage implies that war is now .A. more wicked than in the pastB. as wicked as in the pastC. less wicked than in the pastD. what people try to live with37. According to the author .A. it is impossible to live without warB. war is the only way to suede international disagreementsC. war must be abolished if man wants to surviveD. war will be abolished by modern ingenuity38. The author says that modern weapons .A. will help abolish warB. put mankind in grave dangerC. will gradually become part of man’s lifeD. need further improving39. The author believes that the only way to abolish war is to .A. abolish nuclear weaponsB. let the stronger side take over the worldC. improve bacteriological and chemical weaponsD. settle international issues through negotiation40. The last paragraph suggests that .A. nuclear war will definitely not take placeB. international agreements are now reached more and more easilyC. man is beginning to realize that nuclear war is his greatest enemyD. world opinion is in favour of nuclear war5The acknowledged “King of Ragtime” was the black pianist and composer Scott Joplin. Joplin (1868-1917), originally from Texarkana, Texas, began his career as an itinerant pianist. By 1885 he was in St. Louis, playing in honky-tonks and sporting houses. He went to Chicago briefly (1893) to try his luck in the entertainment halls that had sprung up around the Word’s Fair, then in 1894 to Sedalia, Missouri, to stay until the turn of the century. His first published rag, Original Rags, came out in March, 1899; later the same year appeared Maple Leaf Rag, named for a saloon and dance hall in Sedalia. The work has an instant and resounding success, and by the time of his death Joplin had published more than thirty original rags, and other piano pieces, songs, and arrangements. He had even larger aims: in 1902 he finished a ballet score called Rag Time Dance, and in 1903 the opera A Guest of Honor, unpublished and now apparently lost, in 1911 came another opera, Treemonisha. The artistic success of these larger works is debatable, but that of Joplin’s piano rags is not; they can only be described as elegant, varied, often subtle, and as sharply incised as a cameo. They are the precise American equivalent, in terms of a native style of dance music, of minuets by Mozart, mazurkas by Chopin, or waltzes by Brahams. They can both be lovely and powerful, infectious and moving-depending, of course, on the skill and stylishness of the pianist, for they are not easy music technically and they demand a clean but “swinging” performance.41. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?A. Scott Joplin’s Early CareerB. Rare Piano Works of Scott JoplinC. Sedalia: The Birthplace of RagtimeD. A Ragtime composer and His Music42. It can be inferred from the passage that Joplin is recognized as the “King of Ragtime” because he .A. was probably the greatest composer of ragtime musicB. began his career as a famous child pianistC. created the character “King of Ragtime” in one of his operasD. was a descendant of a European royal family43. According to the passage, which of the following is an accurate statement about Maple Leaf Rag?A. It was Joplin’s favorite composition.B. Its name came from an establishment in Missouri.C. It was published in March 1899.D. Its popularity grew slowly.44. Toward the end of the passage, the author refers to the works of other composers in order to illustrate the .A. popularity of different styles of dance music of recent centuriesB. success of Joplin’s operas in EuropeC. high quality of Joplin’s work as an American musical formD. powerful move ment attributed to Joplin’s compositions45. From the last sentence of the passage, one may infer that Joplin’s piano music can best be appreciated when played .A. by a highly skilled pianistB. in an elegant settingC. with a moving classical styleD. for a small audienceⅢ.？Translation and Writing (55 points)Part A TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese (30 points):1. We care for literature primarily on account of its deep and lasting human significance. A great book grows directly out of life; in reading it, we are brought into large, close, and fresh relations with life; and in that fact lies the final explanation of its power. Literature is a vital record of what men have seen in life, what they experienced of it, what they have though and felt about those aspects of it which have the most immediate and enduring interest for all of us. It is thus fundamentally an expression of life through the medium of language. Such expression is fashioned into the various forms of literary art. But it is important to understand, to begin with, that literature lives by virtue of the life it embodies. By remembering this, we shall be saved from the besetting danger of confusing the study of literature with the study of philology, rhetoric, and even literary technique.2. Physical science is the systematic study of the inorganic world, as distinguished from the study of the organic world, which is the province of biological science. Physical science is ordinarily though of as consisting of four broad areas: astronomy, physics, chemistry, and the Earth sciences. Physics is the basic physical science. It deals with the structure and behaviour of individual atoms and their components, as well as with the different forces of nature and their relationships. It also is concerned with the physical properties of matter and with such phenomena as electricity and magnetism. Chemistry focuses on the properties and reactions of molecules. Broadly speaking, it tends to concentrate on the specific properties of different elements and compounds, as opposed to physics which is chiefly concerned with the general properties of matter as a whole. Astronomy entails the study of the entire universe beyond the Earth. It includes investigations of the gross physical properties of the earth primarily as they relate to interactions with other components of the solar system. Most other aspects are dealt with by the Earth sciences. Translate the following into English (10 points):在20世纪,我们习惯于于使用无线电,它成了每个人生活的一部分.人们在汽车上,在家里,在海滩上—几乎在所有的地方听无线电。

CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATIONFOR DOCTORAL CANDIDATESOctober 2004PAPER ONEPART Ⅱ VOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)21. With a car, many people are now able to enjoy their leisure time fully by making trips to the country or seaside at weekends, instead of being to their immediate neighborhood.A. limitedB. confinedC. restrictedD. subjected22. It is vital that food and shelter are made for people in the flood-stricken area.A. freeB. availableC. plentyD. substantial23. The plant is very hardy, its name, Amaranthus, which means “unfading” in Greek.A. henceB. thusC. thereforeD. so24. I remember seeing him at a party, but I can’t exactly where it is.A. recallB. remindC. restoreD. recognize25. When I’m working I like to have everything so I don’t have to move.A. in handB. at handC. by handD. with hand26. Language learning software some 80 per cent of our range of products.A. covers upB. consists inC. amounts toD. accounts for27. He asked for a room for the night, and was told he should have booked well referably four weeks ahead of time.A. in detailB. in advanceC. in lineD. in order28. I decided to the bad news till later because I didn’t want to shock him.A. constrainB. subsideC. repressD. withhold29. If you want to telephone him, you will have to the number in this book.A. look throughB. look intoC. look atD. look up30. Researchers have developed a new process that can fresh drinking water from seawater at a significantly lower cost than existing systems.A. elicitB. exploitC. extractD. eliminate31. People buy insurance in order to a small, certain, tolerable loss for a large, uncertain catastrophic one.A. handleB. avoidC. substituteD. compensate32. Anyone who fails to the company’s rules and regulations will be dismissed.A. performB. implementC. observeD. execute33. What he wants to spell out in his book is the corruption of the rich and their desire for more money and power.A. inconceivableB. insatiableC. incompatibleD. incurable34. A total of 103 beds, including a unique ward, are being closed ecause of a shortage of cash.A. for nothingB. for betterC. for goodD. for anything35. An awful lot happened to David Gower and England in my , mostof it pretty dreadful.A. absenceB. appearanceC. apprehensionD. assessment36. There is a profit sharing within the company and extra salary increases for good work.A. deliveryB. intelligenceC. schemeD. integrity37. Dreams are in themselves, but, when combined with other data,they can tell us much about the dreamer.A. uninformativeB. unfavorableC. unproductiveD. uncontrollable38. People have proposed all kinds of about what these things are.A. conceptionsB. imaginationsC. hypothesesD. illusions39. As a result of the dramatic fall in infant and childhood rates since 1900, there are now 11 million people in this country aged over 60.A. mortalityB. moralityC. moraleD. mobile40. In addition to these two offences, there is a homicide offence of causing death by driving.A. accidentalB. desperateC. negligentD. recklessPART ⅢCLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Since moving pictures were invented a century ago, a new way of distributingentertainment to consumers has emerged about once every generation. Each such 41 has changed the industry irreversibly; each has been 42 by a period of fear mixed with exhilaration. The 43 of digital technology, which translates music, pictures and text into the zeros and ones of computer language, marks one of those 44 .This may sound familiar, because the digital revolution, 45 the explosion of choice that would go 46 it, has been shown for some time. In 1992, John Malone, chief executive of TCI, an American cable giant, welcomed the “500-channel universe.”Digital television was about to deliver 47 except pizzas to people’s living rooms. When the entertainment companies 48 out the technology, it worked fine —but not at a price 49 people were prepared to pay.Those 500 channels eventually arrived but via the Internet and the PC 50 than through television. The digital revolution was starting to affect the entertainment business in 51 ways. Eventually it will change every aspect of it, 52 the way cartoons are made to the way films are screened to the way people buy music. That much is clear. What nobody is sure of is 53 it will affect the economics of the business.New technologies always contain within them both 54 and opportunities. They have the potential both to make the companies in the business a great deal 55 , and to sweep them away. Old companies always fear new technology.41. A. innovation B. distribution C. entertainment D. generation42. A. obstructed B. compromised C. accompanied D. signaled43. A. horizon B. discovery C. origin D. arrival44. A. languages B. periods C. technologies D. mixtures45. A. and B. although C. but D. unless46. A. with B. over C. through D. beyond47. A. something B. nothing C. one thing D. everything48. A. sorted B. worked C. tried D. figured49. A. since B. when C. for D. that50. A. other B. rather C. more D. less51. A. unexpected B. unseen C. unknown D. unrealistic52. A. in B. from C. for D. by53. A. whether B. why C. when D. how54. A. tendency B. challenge C. threats D. inclinations55. A. richer B. greater C. smaller D. poorerPART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Passage 1A child’s world is fresh and new and beautiful, full of wonder and excitement. It is our misfortune that, for most of us, that clear-eyed vision, that true instinct for what is beautiful and aweinspiring, is dimmed and even lost before we reach adulthood. If I had influence with the good fairy who is supposed to preside over the christening of all children, I would ask that her gift to each child in the world be a sense of wonder so indestructible that it would last throughout life, as an unfailing antidote against the boredom and disenchantment of later years, against the fruitless preoccupation with things that are artificial, and against thealienation from the sources of our strength.If a child is to keep alive his inborn sense of wonder without any such gift from the fairies, he needs the companionship of at least one adult who can share it, rediscovering with him the joy, excitement and mystery of the world we live in. Parents often have a sense of inadequacy when confronted with a world of complex physical nature, inhabited by a life so various and unfamiliar that it seems hopeless to reduce it to order and knowledge. In a mood of self-defeat, they exclaim, “How can I possibly teach my child about nature—why, I don't even know one bird from one another!”I sincerely believe that for the child, and for the parent seeking to guide him, it is not half so important to know as to feel. If facts are the seeds that later produce knowledge and wisdom, then the emotions and the impressions of the senses are the fertile soil in which the seeds must grow. The years of early childhood are the time to prepare the soil. Once the emotions have been aroused—a sense of the beautiful, the excitement of the new and the unknown, a feeling of sympathy, pity, admiration or love—then we wish for knowledge about the object of our emotional response. Once found, it has lasting meaning. It is more important to pave the way for the child to want to know than to put him on diet of facts he is not ready to assimilate.56. The author wishes that people in their adulthood could .A. be preoccupied with something artificialB. do more reading of religious booksC. live in a world richer than in their childhoodD. possess a sense of wonder and carry it on57. The author notes that, in today’s world, life for the adult is usually .A. indestructibleB. inspiringC. boringD. beautiful58. It can be inferred from the passage that .A. the world we are living in is full of mysteriesB. it’s no use trying to work out what remains unknownC. most children don’t need to be accompanied by adultsD. adults know no more than children about this world59. According to the author, parents often have a feeling that .A. their kids are not clever enough to compete in this worldB. they themselves are not qualified as to how to guide their kidsC. their kids need more guidance from parents than from teachersD. they are not so lucky as their kids to benefit from the good fairies60. According to the passage, the author believes that it is vital for parentsto .A. show sympathy and love to their kidsB. tell their kids what they can discoverC. make their kids feel about this worldD. provide their kids with knowledge61. We may conclude from the passage that .A. feeling is to knowledge as soil is to seedsB. a sense of beauty is most importantC. emotional problems are more difficult to solve than perceptional problemsD. one is unable to assimilate facts when his parents are not ready to help Passage 2Extraordinary creative activity has been characterized as revolutionary, flying in the face of what is established and producing what is not acceptable. According to this formulation, highly creative activity transcends the limits of an existing form and establishes a new principle of organization. However, the idea that extraordinary creativity transcends established limits is misleading when it is applied to the arts, even though it may be valid for the sciences. Differences between highly creative art and highly creative science arise in part from a difference in their goals. For the sciences, a new theory is the goal and end result of the creative act. Innovative science produces new propositions in terms of which diverse phenomena can be related to one another in more coherent ways. Such phenomena as a brilliant diamond or a nesting bird are relegated to the role of data, serving as the means for formulating or testing a new theory. The goal of highly creative art is very different: the phenomenon itself becomes the direct product of the creative act. Shakespeare’s Hamlet is not a booklet about the behavior of indecisive princes or the uses of political power; nor is Picasso’s painting “Guernica” primarily a propositional statement about the Spanish Civil War or the evils of fascism. What highly creative artistic activity produces is not a new generalization that transcends established limits, but rather an aesthetic particular. Aesthetic particulars produced by the highly creative artist extend or exploit, in an innovative way, the limits of an existing form, rather than transcend that form.This is not to deny that a highly creative artist sometimes establishes a new principle of organization in the history of an artistic field; the composer Monteverdi, who created music of the highest aesthetic value, comes to mind. More generally, however, whether or not a composition establishes a new principle in the history of music has little bearing on its aesthetic worth. Because they embody a new principle of organization, some musical works, such as the operas of the Florentine Camerata, are of signal historical importance, but few listeners or musicologists would include these among the great works of mus ic. On the other hand, Mozart’s The Marriage of Figaro is surely among the masterpieces of music even though its modest innovations are confined to extending existing means. It has been said of Beethoven that he toppled the rules and freed music from the stifling confines of convention. But a close study of his compositions reveals that Beethoven overturned no fundamental rules. Rather, he was an incomparable strategist who exploited limits —the rules, forms, and conventions that he inherited from predecessors such as Haydn and Mozart,Handel and Bach—in strikingly original ways.62. According to the author, creative science aims to .A. formulate a new generalizationB. show experimental resultsC. present particular phenomenaD. contribute to the established forms63. A new theory that coherently relates diverse phenomena to one another is considered to be .A. the byproduct of an aesthetic experienceB. the tool used to discover a new particularC. the synthesis underlying a great work of artD. the outcome of highly creative scientific activity64. According to the author, the idea that highly creative artistic activity exceeds established limits .A. should be made known to the publicB. is held by a majority of artistsC. is not one hundred percent correctD. is not favored by scientists in general65. As stated in the passage, the operas of the Florentine Camerata .A. are unjustifiably ignored by musicologistsB. embody a new principle of organizationC. are among the works with high aesthetic valueD. are not historically important66. It is implied that Beethoven’s great originality in music lies in .A. his innovative use of the existing rulesB. his rebellion against Handel and BachC. his breakthroughs made in conventional formsD. his creativity in changing the existing meansPassage 3Like almost no one before or since, the Romans thought big and built to last. Exploring their lives and achievements with this superb taped course is a wonder and a joy. As you learn from these 48 enthralling, easy-to-use lectures on The History of Ancient Rome by Professor Garrett Fagan, the Roman’s magnificent cultural legacy is all around us still in our art, architecture, language, literature, engineering, law, government, and religion.How did the Romans build an empire that ran from Syria to Scotland and lasted for nearly a millennium? How did a tiny group of hamlets on the Tiber become a colossus that bestrode the known world and left such a deep impression on history?To answer these and other fascinating questions, Professor Fagon draws on a wealth of sources,including recent archaeological findings. You’ll learn about famous events and personalities, the great landmarks and towering figures of Roman history. And you’ll also e xplore life, including such fabled Roman customs as gladiatorial combat, public bathing, and chariot racing.With The History of Ancient Rome, as with all of The Great Courses, you get guaranteed teaching excellence. The Teaching Company scouts America from coast to coast searching for the best college lecturers, who can be identified most surely byteaching awards and consistently outstanding marks on independent student evaluations. We found Professor Fagan through these exacting processes,and we promise that he will not disappoint. To back up that promise, we give you our Lifetime Satisfaction Guarantee with this and every course we sell.The History of Ancient Rome tells a complex story that is sometimes horrifying, sometimes glorious, and never less than hugely intriguing. Even at the remove of many centuries, its epochmaking significance leaps from the annals of our common history and shines through many of the finest achievements of our civilization. It is eminently worth knowing, which is why The Teaching Company is so proud to offer this course to all who desire to understand.67. What is the purpose of this passage?A. To plan for a course.B. To advertise a course.C. To administer a course.D. To evaluate a history course.68. Which of the following is NOT true about the course?A. It is organized by the Teaching Company.B. It is given by one of the best teachers in the country.C. It is entitled The History of Ancient Rome.D. It is only open to university students.69. What is the rhetorical fun ction of the author’s raising questions in the second paragraph?A. To show the outline of the article.B. To expect accurate answers.C. To provide course details.D. To test one’s knowledge.70. One advantage of the course is that .A. it is more flexible than courses taken in traditional waysB. history lessons are important to everyoneC. it is shorter than other coursesD. you can get course credits within one semester71. How accessible are Professor Fagon’s lectures?A. You can buy the tapes.B. You can go to his classes at school.C. You can pay for the distance course.D. You can wait till his tour comes to your place.72. The last paragraph intends to .A. inform the readers of the complexity of the courseB. show the best achievements of ancient civilizationsC. emphasize the worth of the course contentD. criticize the historians for their negligence of the Roman historyPassage 4Low levels of literacy and numeracy have a damaging impact on almost every aspect of adult life, according to a survey published yesterday, which offers evidence of a developing underclass.Tests and interviews with hundreds of people bom in a certain week in 1958 graphically illustrated the handicap of educational underachievement. The effects are seen in unemployment,family breakdown, low incomes, depression and social inactivity.Those who left school at 16 with poor basic skills had been employed for up to four years less than good readers by the time they reached 37. Professor John Bynner, who carried o ut the research, said that today’s unqualified teenagers would have even greater problems because the supply of manual jobs had dried up.Almost one in five of the 1,700 people interviewed for yesterday’s report had poor literacy skills and almost half struggled with numeracy, a proportion in line with other surveys for the Basic Skills Agency. Some could not read even from a child’s book, and most found difficulty with following written instructions.Poor readers were twice as likely to be earning a low wage and four times as likely to live in a household where a partner worked. Women in this position were five times as likely to be classified as depressed.Alan Wells, the agency’s director, said: “The results emphasize the dangers of developing an underclass of excluded people, out of work, increasingly depressed and often labeled themselves as failures. There is a growing circle of marginalization, with the dice loaded against these people and their families.”Only 300,000 people out of more than five million thought to have poor basic skills take remedial courses each year. Mr. Wells said that a “major catch-up initiative” would benefit society as well as the individuals involved.“It is not true that 20 per cent have been getting nothing out of education in the last five years, but maybe 50 years,” he said. “The long tail of under-achievement is something we have always had.”The survey is part of the National Child Development Study, which has tracked 17,000 people at five-yearly intervals since 1958. The current study employed eight reading and nine mathematical tests of varying difficulty. They included the ability to read a Yellow Pages directory, to find a plumber and measure the floor space of a room.73. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Fai lure in one’s career results from poor performance at school.B. Failure in primary education has a negative impact on one’s adult life.C. Underclass adults have problems in various aspects of life.D. Poor reading ability goes hand in hand with numerical problems.74. The current survey is integrated in a study which was initiated .A. 5 years agoB. 37 years agoC. in 1958D. yesterday75. What can we infer from the third paragraph?A. Poor students often come from poor families.B. Fewer jobs are available to the poor readers now than before.C. Some researchers were once poor students at school.D. School underachievers only have job chances before the age of 37.76. According to Alan Wells, what seems to be the problem which has lasted for dozens of years?A. High unemployment rate.B. Inadequacy of school facilities.C. Ineffectiveness of school education.D. Poor qualifications of teachers.77. What does Alan Wells mean by “excluded people”?A. Gambling people.B. Privileged people.C. Disabled people.D. Underprivileged people.78. What kind of people are usually enrolled in the remedial program?A. Children who have dropped out of school.B. Children whose families cannot afford normal schooling.C. Adults who are not satisfied with their partners.D. Adults who have got little out of previous education.79. According to the last paragraph, the tests of the survey are .A. primarily prepared for five-year oldsB. too technical for the ordinary peopleC. focused on basic literacy and numeracyD. fairly comprehensive and difficultPassage 5Shhh. Listen. Hear that hum, ever so faint? It’s your air conditioner—the whispery sound of summer. The ubiquitous device—present in the vast majority of American homes and public spaces—tums 100 this month, and few modem inventions have done as much to shape the way we live.The first true air conditioner was cranked up on July 17, 1902, at a printing plant in New York. Printers had been plagued by changes in temperature and humidity, which expanded or contracted paper and made clear color printing next to impossible in the summer. Heating company engineer Willis Carrier’s solution—blowing air across water-cooled coils—was a mixed success but inspired the 25-year-old to develop increasingly powerful and reliable cooling systems for printing plants, bakeries, textiles and other businesses that put a premium on consistent air conditions.Most Americans first encountered air conditioning at the movies. The cinema palaces of the 1920s took advantage of the industrial technology, promising patrons plenty of “refrigerated mountain ozone. ”Air conditioning became as much of a draw as the films themselves, and summer replaced winter as the peak season for moviegoing. A host of year-round indoor entertainment venues like casinos followed, all owing their existence to artificial cooling.But cost—and custom—slowed the spread of air conditioning deeper intopeople’s lives.“We had a lot of social rituals to deal with hot weather—light-colored clothes, summer va cation,sitting on the porch,” says Gail Cooper, author of Air-Conditioning America: Engineers and theControlled Environment, 1900 -1960. “People didn’t want to give all that up. ”Air conditioning could erase the rhythms of the seasons.Some Americans were more reluctant to make the change than others. The nation’s upper crust preferred baking in the summer heat to admitting weakness. President Franklin Roosevelt “had strong dislike of air conditioning of any kind and never hesitated to say so. The outspoken comments that he frequently made to the press gave... some pretty bad publicity,” complained one Carrier employee.“People of his social standing didn’t admit to suffering,” says Marsha Ackermann, author of Cool Comfort: America’s Romance With Air-Conditi oning. “There was something mean and bourgeois about using a machine—it was a sign the old system was breaking down.”80. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about air conditioner?A. It has been 100 years since its existence.B. It is widely used in America.C. It is easy to operate.D. It has changed our life significantly.81. The passage says that one problem with printing in summer before 1900 was .A. the undesirable working conditionsB. the over-development of printing plantsC. the poor quality of color prints as final productsD. the shortage of high-quality paper as raw materials82. What does the passage say about Willis Carrier’s solution?A. It was eventually a curse.B. It was later improved by another inventor.C. It brought a lot of profit to Willis Carrier.D. It prompted his research on better cooling systems.83. According to the passage, air conditioning in American cinemas of the 1920s .A. often had technical problemsB. was as appealing as the movie itselfC. was most popular in winterD. was not so desirable as expected84. Many Americans did not like the air conditioner partly because .A. they wanted to experience the changes of seasonsB. they felt their belief in the gods of seasons threatenedC. they feared air conditioning might harm their healthD. they thought it was not as reliable as other appliance85. What can we learn about Franklin Roosevelt toward the air conditioner?A. He never hesitated to recommend it to the press.B. He was reluctant to make the change.C. He thought the old system should be broken down.D. He considered it conflicting with the traditional values.PAPER TWOPART ⅤTRANSLATION (30 minutes, 10 points)The idea that science can, and should, be run according to fixed and universal rules, is both unrealistic and pernicious. 1)It is unrealistic, for it takes too simple a view of the talents of man and of the circumstances which encourage, or cause, their development. And it is pernicious, for the attempt to enforce the rules is bound to increase our professional qualifications at the expense of our humanity. 2)In addition, the idea is detrimental to science, for it neglects the complex physical and historical conditions which influence scientific change. It makes our science less adaptable and more dogmatic: every methodological rule is associated with cosmological assumptions, so that using the rule we take it for granted that the assumptions are correct. Naive falsificationism takes it for granted that the laws of nature are manifest and not hidden beneath disturbances of considerable magnitude. 3)Empiricism takes it for granted that sense experience is a better mirror of the world than pure thought. Praise of argument takes it for granted that the artifices of Reason give better results than the unchecked play of our emotions. Such assumptions may be perfectly, plausible and even true. Still, one should occasionally put them to a test. Putting them to a test means that we stop using the methodology associated with them, start doing science in a different way and see what happens. Case studies such as those reported in the preceding chapters show that such tests occur all the time, and that they speak against the universal validity of any rule. 4)All methodologies have their limitations and the only “rule” that survives is “anything goes.”5)The change of perspective brought about by these discoveries leads once more to the longforgotten problem of the excellence of science. It leads to it for the first time in modern history, for modern science overpowered its opponents, it did not convince them. Science took over by force,not by argument (this is especially true of the former colonies where science and the religion of brotherly love were introduced as a matter of course, and without consulting, or arguing with, the inhabitants). Today we realize that rationalism, being bound to science, cannot give us any assistance in the issue between science and myth and we also know that myths are vastly better than rationalists have dared to admit. Thus we are now forced to raise the question of the excellence of science.PART ⅥWRITING (40 minutes, 15 points)Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on the topic given below. Use。

武汉大学考博英语模拟试卷30(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Chinese-English Translation 4. WritingReading ComprehensionFrom 2007 to 2010, American households lost $11 trillion in real estate, savings, and stocks. More than half of all U. S. workers either lost their jobs or were forced to take cuts in hours or pay during the recession. The worst may be behind them now, but the shocking losses of the past few years have reshaped nearly every facet of their lives—how they live, work, and spend—even the way they think about the future. For Cindy, the recession began when her husband was relocated to Rhinelander, Wisconsin, by his company, forcing the family to move in a hurry. The couple bought a new house but were unable to sell their two-bedroom home in Big Lake, Minnesota. With two mortgages(抵押借贷)and two young children to care for, Cindy couldn’t imagine how to stretch her husband’s paycheck to keep her family fed. Then she stumbled upon an online community called Blotanical, a forum for gardeners, many with an interest in sustainability. “The more I read and discussed these practices, the more I realized this would help not only our budget but also our health,” she says. Cindy admits that before the recession, she was a city girl with no interest in growing her own dinner. “I grew flowers mostly—I didn’t think about plants that weren’t visually interesting. “ But to stretch her budget, she began putting in vegetables and fruit—everything from strawberry beds to apple trees—and as her first seedlings grew, her spirits lifted. She no longer thinks of gardening and making her own jams as just a money saver; they’re a genuine pleasure. “It’s brought us closer together as a family, too,” she says. Her kids voluntarily pitch in with(主动帮助)the garden work, and the family cooks together instead of eating out. The food tastes better—it’s fresher and organic—and the garden handily fulfills its original purpose; cost cutting. Now she spends about $200 to $300 a month on groceries, less than half of the $ 650 a month that she used to lay out. After discovering how resourceful she can be in tough times, Cindy is no longer easily discouraged. “It makes me feel proud to be able to say I made it myself,”she says. “I feel accomplished, and I’m more confident about attempting things I’ve never done before. “Now she avoids convenience stores and has begun learning to knit, quilt, and make her own soap. “I don’t think I would have ever begun this journey if it weren’t for the recession,” she says. “I have a feeling that from now on, it will affect my family’s health and happiness for the better. “1．We learn from the first paragraph that the recession______.A．affected Americans in certain occupationsB．is over with some of the losses recoveredC．had only brought huge losses in savings and stocksD．had great impact on Americans’ work and life正确答案：D解析：细节推断题。