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跨文化交际—考试重点归纳题型：part I, True or False, 30% （提醒学生在答题时要正确的画A,错的画B）15x2（除第八章）part II. Multiple Choices 20%, 20x1. （2,4,5 细节）Part III. Cultural Puzzles 10% （与课后习题中的 cultrual puzzles 类似，不过是四个选项，范围为课后习题中的cultural puzzles和我们在每个单元划出的重点案例）5X2..Term Matching 15%（名词解释，从备选的terms中选择与其对应的Part IVdefinitions,要考到的terms都已经发给大家）15x1.Part V. Short-Answer Questions 15% （简答题，范围在我们划过的重点内）5X3.Part VI. Case Study 10% （课外案例分析，阅读一个案例，回答三个小问题，题目不会超出课内讲解的内容）10 xl.要补充的重点为pl 14, （E. Discover the meaning of some common gestures in English）, pl29, （B・ What are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively）另外让学生深入研究 unit 5 和 Unit 2, Unit 4 （culturally-loaded words）,以及每单元的重点案例，以及单元后面的练习A, B(划过的问答题)，C (EuphemismUnderstanding), 以及 E (cultural puzzles)TermsUnit 11・ Economic globalization:经济全球化 the integration of national economies intothe international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2・ Global village:地球木寸 All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet・ 3・ Melting pot: 大熔炉 a socio-cultural assimilation of peopleof differentbackgrounds and nationalities・4.Cultural Diversity:文化多样性 the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and subculturesto which membersbelong・5.Intercultural communication:跨文化交际 communication between people whosecultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event・6.Culture:文化 a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relativelylarge group of people・ 7. Enculturation:文化适应 all the activities of learning one' s culture are called enculturation.8・ Acculturation:文化传入 the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures・ 9. Ethnocentrism:民族优越?感 the belief that your own cultural background is superior・munication:交际 to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge・(以下为components ofcommunication)PS: what is the difference between encoding & decodingEncoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol・Decoding is the process of assigning meaning to the symbols received.11.Source 发送信息的人 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate・12.Encoding 编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to conimunicate・ Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol・13.Message 信，息 The term message identifies the encoded thought・Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object・14.Channel 渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted・ The channel or medium,then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.15.Noise 噪咅 The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes・16.Receiver 接的人 The receiver is the person who attends to the message ・17.Decoding 解码 Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process・ The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received・18.Receiver response 反馈 The receiver is the person who attends to the message・ Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message・19.Feedback 反馈 Feedback refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning・20.Context 语境 The final component of communication is context・Generally, context can be defined as the environment in which the conimunication takes place and which helps define the communication.精讲案例 Case 1 (p. 1) case 2 (p. 2)思考题1、 what are the four trends that lead to the development of the global village? P8-9+简要说明convenient transportation systemsinnovative communication systemseconomic globalizationwidespread migrations2・ What are the three ingredients of culture?Artifacts (the material and spiritual products people produce)Behavior(what they do)Concept(what they think)3.How to understand cultural iceberg? P7The aspects of culture that are explicit, visible, taught・The aspects of culture that are intangible and not taught directly.4.What are the characteristic of culture?Shared , learned, dynamic, ethnocentric (文化中心主义),5・ What are the characteristic of communication?Dynamic, irreversible, symbolic, systematic, transactional, contextual Unit 2-411.Pragmatics: in JU the study of the effect that language has on humanperceptions and behavior・12.Semantics:语意 the study of the meaning of words・13.Denotation:字面意思 the literal meaning or definition of a word-- the explicit, particular, defined meaning・14.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Connotation:弓玄夕卜之音 the suggestive meaning of a word ------------------ all thevalues, judgments, and beliefs implied by a word, the historical andassociative accretion of the unspoken significance behind the literal meaning・15.Taboo:禁忌语 some objects, words or actions that are avoided by a particular group of people, or in certain culture for religious or social reasons・ 16. Euphemism：委婉语 the act of substituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive・精讲案例 Case 1, case 2 (p. 17) case 4 (p. 19) Case 2 (p 43) case 3(p. 45) Case 1 (p. 67) case 3 (p. 69)思考题6・ How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?(P. 33)The Americans tend to address only with given names while theChinese may use the full name・ Even when the full names are used in some formal occasions by the Americans, the given names would be placed before the surname while the Chinese would do the opposite・Chinese often extend kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage while the Americans seldom do so.The Chinese tend to address the people with titles but in English only a few occupation or titles could be used・7・ What are the social functions of compliments? (p. 60)(答案 p50 第一段)Compliments have a series of social functions: creating or reinforcing solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks orcongratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism, starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment・ Unit 517.Chronemics:时T可学 The study of how people perceive and use time・18.Monochronic time:一元时'间概念 paying attention to and doing only one thingat a time・19.Polychronic time:多元时间概念 being involved with many things at once ・20.Proxemics:空「可学 the perception and use of space・21.Kinetics:身势学 the study of body language22.Para language: W involving sounds but not words and lying betweenverbal and nonverbal communication.精讲案例 case 1 (p. 85) case 3 (p. 87) case 5, 6 (p. 90) case 7 (p. 91) 思考题8・ What are the different features of M-time and P-time? (p97)M-time means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time・M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation and promptness・ It features one event at a time・ Time is perceived as alinear structure and something concrete tangible・P-time means being involved with many things at once・P-time is less rigid and clock-bound・ It features several activities at the same time・ It is more flexible and human-centered.9.what is the meaning of common gestures in English? P114 (答案 P233-234)Unit 6精讲案例 case 1 (p. 115) case 2 (p. 116) p. 124-126 中的小案例思考题9.How is gender different from sex? (p. 129)(答案 P. 119/120)10.What has influenced the gender socialization?There are two primary influences on gender socialization: family communication, particularly between mothers and children and recreational interaction among children.11.What are the six principles for effective cross-gender communication? (p. 129)(答案 127-128)Suspend judgement, recognize the validity of different communication styles, provide translation cues, enlarge your own communication style, suspend judgement・ 12. what are the characteristics of feminine talk and masculine talk respectively?P123Un辻7精讲案例 case 1 (p. 137) case 3 (p. 139)13.Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture (pl53)(结合最后一个单元中 ppt 的讲解，了解 high-context culture 和 low-context culture 两个概念)A high-context communication or message is one in which most of the information is already in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicitly transmitted part of the message・ In high-context cultures,verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.（沉默是金;一切尽在不言中；心有灵犀一点通）A low context communication is the just the opposite; i・ e・ the mass of the information is vested in the explicit code・High-context culture low-context cultureJapanese Chinese Korean American ......... ・・ German German-SwissUnit 923. A planetary culture:行星文化 a culture that integrates eastern mysticism withwestern science and rationalism.24.Intercultural person:跨文化的人represents someone whose cognitive, affective,and behavioral characteristics are not limited but open to growth beyond the psychological parameters of his or her own culture・思考题13. What are the American/Chinese cultural values like in terms of Cultural Orientation put forward by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck?（ppt 中的补充内容）s far as the human nature is concerned, American culture holds that it is evil but Aperfectible through hard work・ As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer nature・ They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented・ They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem. They are quiteindividualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group ・As far as the human nature is concerned, Chinese culture holds that it is good but corruptible without proper education. As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can live in harmony with nature・ They also have a cyclical time concept and therefore they are past- oriented ・ They have a being-and-becoming attitude towards activity and think that man should keep an inner peace as nothing is eterna1. They are quite collective and therefore they focus more on the benefits of the group・14.Identify the features of each of four Hofstede* s cultural dimensions and use themto analyze the cases （案例分析）。
1.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In thesecultures time is perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching fromthe past into the future.2.polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. Inthese culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and oftenbreak them.3.intercultural communication ：is a face-to-face communication betweenpeople from different cultural backgrounds4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms inrelation to the host culture.6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the hostculture.7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnicdiversity.8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication betweenreprentatives of business,government and professional groups from different cultures.9.high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily containedin words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and evensilence.10.low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vestedin the explicit code.11.perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us,”theprocess by which an individual selects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli fromthe external world” In other words, perception is an internal process wherebywe convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal comeinto play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture weadopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent towhich we touch and the distance we stand from each other.. IndividualismIndividualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or oughtto be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.13. ParalanguageThe set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes orother shades of meaning.12.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interactingexclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messagesspecifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。
跨文化交际知识点在当今全球化的时代，跨文化交际变得日益频繁和重要。
无论是在国际商务、旅游、教育还是日常生活中，我们都有可能与来自不同文化背景的人进行交流。
理解跨文化交际的知识点，能够帮助我们更好地应对这种交流，避免误解和冲突，建立良好的关系。
首先，我们需要明白文化的定义和范畴。
文化不仅仅包括语言、宗教、风俗习惯，还涵盖价值观、思维方式、社会规范等深层次的元素。
比如，在某些文化中，直接的眼神交流被视为真诚和自信的表现；而在另一些文化中，过多的直接眼神接触可能被认为是不礼貌或具有攻击性。
语言是跨文化交际中最明显的工具，但语言的差异远远不止于词汇和语法。
不同语言中的隐喻、习语、委婉表达等都反映了各自文化的特点。
例如，中文里的“竹篮打水一场空”，如果直接翻译成其他语言，可能让不了解中国文化的人感到困惑。
非语言交流在跨文化交际中也起着关键作用。
肢体语言、面部表情、手势等都可能有不同的含义。
在西方国家，点头通常表示同意，而在一些亚洲国家，点头可能只是表示在倾听，不一定表示同意。
微笑在大多数文化中是友好的表示，但在某些特定情境下，可能有不同的解读。
价值观是文化的核心部分。
个人主义和集体主义是常见的价值观对比。
在个人主义文化中，如美国，强调个人的成就和独立；而在集体主义文化中，如日本和中国，更注重集体的利益和和谐。
这种价值观的差异会影响到决策方式、工作态度和社交行为等方面。
时间观念在不同文化中也有所不同。
有些文化重视准时，将时间视为宝贵的资源，严格按照时间表行事；而在另一些文化中，时间可能更具有弹性，更注重人际关系和当下的交流。
空间观念也存在文化差异。
例如，在一些文化中，人们在交流时倾向于保持较近的身体距离，而在其他文化中，人们则更偏好较大的个人空间。
宗教信仰对文化和交际方式有着深远的影响。
不同的宗教有着不同的教义、仪式和禁忌。
了解对方的宗教信仰和相关的文化传统，能够避免因无知而产生的冒犯。
在跨文化交际中，还需要注意文化定势和文化偏见的问题。
跨文化交际期末考试复习题Define the following items:1.intercultural communication: is simply defined as interpersonal communication between people from different cultural background.2.interethnic communication: refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds.3.verbal communication：communication done both orally and in written language.4.nonverbal communication: involves all nonverbal stimuli i n a communication setting that is generated by both the source and his or her use of the environment and that has potential message value for the source or receiver.4. Monochronic time一元时间观念: means paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.5. Polychronic time多元时间观念: means being involved with many things at once.6. ethnocentrism ：the view of things in which one’s own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.7. stereotypes：refers to negative or positive judgment made about individuals based on any observable or believed groupmembership.针对目标群体成员所特有的正面或方面的判断。
跨文化交际学知识点跨文化交际学是一门研究不同文化间交际活动的学科，主要涉及了语言、礼仪、价值观等方面的差异。
在全球化的今天，跨文化交际学变得愈发重要。
下面我们将介绍一些跨文化交际学的知识点，帮助您更好地在不同文化背景下进行交际。
1. 文化差异不同的文化背景下，人们对于同一事物可能有不同的解读。
比如，在中国，红色象征着喜庆和吉祥，而在西方国家，红色更多的是代表危险和停止。
了解文化差异，可以避免在交际中产生不必要的误会。
2. 礼仪规范不同文化有着不同的礼仪规范。
比如，在日本，人们交流时会使用更为正式的语气和用语，而在美国则更加注重直接和开放的交流方式。
尊重并遵守别人的礼仪规范是跨文化交际的基本原则。
3. 语言沟通语言是交际的媒介，不同语言间的表达方式会存在差异。
除了语言本身的障碍，语言背后所承载的文化内涵也需要我们去理解。
比如，一些文化中的隐喻和暗示可能会使交流更具有挑战性。
4. 虚拟交际随着科技的发展，虚拟交际在跨文化交际中也变得越来越普遍。
通过社交网络、视频会议等方式，人们可以跨越时空和文化的限制进行交流。
但需要注意的是，虚拟交际也需要我们尊重不同文化背景下的交流规范和习俗。
5. 文化敏感度在跨文化交际中，文化敏感度是非常重要的。
只有具备了对不同文化的理解和尊重，才能够更有效地进行跨文化交际。
同时，对于自己文化的反思也是培养文化敏感度的重要途径。
总而言之，跨文化交际学知识点的掌握对于我们在全球化时代更好地进行交际有着重要的意义。
只有不断学习和积累相关知识，才能够在不同文化背景下保持良好的交际关系。
希望以上内容对您有所帮助。
跨文化交际资料整理-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN·Enculturation 文化习得:The process of learning one’s own culture ·Acculturation 文化适应:Adapt the cultures learning by the other cultures ·Verbal Intercultural Communication非言语行为:People from different cultural backgrounds communicate with other people through language.·Social cultural elements:①cultural values ②worldview ③social organization ·globalization：①refers to the establishment of a world economy, in which national borders are becoming less and less important as transnational corporations, existing everywhere and nowhere ,do business in a global market. ②also refers to what is called time-spacecompression.(the increasing global mobility of people/ the impact of new electronic media on human communication)·human needs: ①physiological（fundamental need）②safty ③ the belongingness (love,affection)④ the esteem(respect) ⑤self-actualization(reach one’s potential)·文化冰山理论（Edward T Hall）:Culture like an iceberg can be divided into two parts: culture above the waterline and culture below the waterline. Culture above the waterline is explicit, visible, tangible, easy to change with time, a tip of the iceberg. Culture below the waterline is implicit, invisible, intangible, hard to change with time, the majority.·culture: can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of a group of people about life’s concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior.·language and culture: ①language reflects the environment in which we live. ②reflects cultural values ③language lives, it changes over time. ④language –and-cultural is embedded in cultural products, practices, perspectives, communities, and persons. language –and-cultural are two sides of the same coin, members of the culture use their language to portray their culture, to put their cultural perspectives into practice. Language unites products, practices, perspectives, communities, and persons.·文化维度 cultural dimensions(Geert Hofstede):individualism-collectivism，uncertainy avoidance ，power distance， masculinity-femininity ，long-term vs short-term.·communication:①元素：context, participants(affecting aspects are relationship, gender, culture), messages(meaning, symbols, encoding and decoding), channels(sound and sight), noise(external, internal, semantic), feedback. ②过程，本质：dynamic process不断变化; symbolic象征的; systemic影响全局; complex;involves making inferences; has a consequence. ③作用：communication is a process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning. It is effective to the extent that we are able to minimize misunderstanding. Generally, the greater our cultural and linguistic knowledge, and the more our beliefs overlap with the people with whom we communicate, the less likelihood there will be misunderstandings. ④方式：high involvement高度卷入(Talk more, Interrupt more, Expect to be interrupt. Talk more loudly at times, Talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring “high considerateness”)。
Key intercultural concepts and theoriesreviewI. Value FrameworkKluckhohn’s Five Basic Questions克拉克洪五个基本问题（文化维度）1. What is the character of innate human nature（人的本性）?= Human nature orientation2. What is the relation of humans to nature（人与自然的关系）?=Man-nature orientation3. What is the temporal (time) focus（时间焦点）of human life?=Time orientation4. What is the mode of human activity（人的活动方式）?=Activity orientation5. What is the mode of human relationships（人与人之间的关系模式）? =Social orientationHofstede’s Cultural 5 Dimensions Model霍夫斯泰德的文化五维度模型⚫Power Distance (PD)How inequalities are viewed and handled in the culture(strong hierarchical relationships versus egalitarian relationships)⚫Individualism/Collectivism (I-C)How individuals view themselvesAre they an individual striving for individual goals or a part of a collective group, where group harmony is important?⚫Uncertainty Avoidance (UA)How accepting of uncertainty is the culture?Masculinity/Femininity (M-F) Hard and SoftHow the culture values competitiveness/assertiveness (i.e., masculine traits) and cooperation/nurturing (i.e., feminine traits).⚫Long Term Orientation (Confucian Dynamism)This dimension accounts for people’s preference time frame.Do the people focus on long term goals or the more immediate, short term goals?⚫Indulgence/RestraintIndulgence stands for a society that allows relatively free gratification of basic and natural human drives related to enjoying life and having fun.Restraint stands for a society that suppresses gratification of needs and regulates it by means of strict social norms.II. Communication stylesPing-Pong style vs Bowling styleDirect vs indirectHigh involvement vs high consideratenessPerson-Oriented style vs Status-Oriented styleLow context vs high contextEdward Hall’s Theory on High and Low Context CulturesIII. Nonverbal communicationOverview of Nonverbal Communication1. Body Language•General appearance and dress •Gestures•Eye contact•Facial expression•Posture•Touching 2. Paralanguage•Silence•Pitch•Volume3. Environment Language•Space•TimeIV. Intercultural ConflictIntercultural conflict is the implicit or explicit emotional struggle or frustration between persons of different cultures over perceived incompatible values, norms, face orientations, goals, scarce resources, processes, and/or outcomes in a communication situation.Individualistic conflict lensOutcome-focused Content goal-oriented Doing-centered Self-face concernLow-context conflict styleCompetitive/dominating behaviors Conflict effectivenessCollectivistic conflict lensProcess-focusedRelational goal-oriented Being-centered Other-face concernHigh-context conflict styles Avoiding/obliging behaviors Conflict appropriatenessSapir-Whorf Hypothesis P146 沃尔夫假说“沃尔夫假说(Sapir –Whorf hypothesis)”，又称为“语言相对论(linguistic relativity)”是关于语言、文化和思维三者关系的重要理论，即在不同文化下，不同语言所具有的结构、意义和使用等方面的差异，在很大程度上影响了使用者的思维方式。
一、跨文化交际概论1.什么是跨文化交际？跨文化交际是不同文化背景的人们之间的交际。
一个层面指不同国家和民族的人们之间的交际。
另一个层面指同一个国家或民族中，不同性别、年龄、职业、地域的人们之间的交际。
2.跨文化交际的特点是什么？跨文化交际主要指人与人、面对面的交际；跨文化交际中涉及很多差异性；跨文化交际容易引起冲突；跨文化交际的误解和冲突大多属于“善意的冲突”；跨文化交际常常引起情绪上的强烈反应；跨文化交际是一种挑战，更是一种收获。
3.国际汉语教师为什么要学习跨文化交际学？国际汉语教师学习跨文化交际的必要性体现在：更好地理解中国文化；建立敏锐的跨文化意识；提高文化适应能力；建立开放、宽容、尊重的文化态度；提高在不同文化环境中进行汉语教学的能力；掌握培养学习者跨文化交际能力的方法和策略。
4.跨文化交际主要学习内容有哪些？文化与交际；价值观与文化模式；语言交际；非语言交际；文化身份&认同；文化适应；跨文化交际的心理因素；不同领域的跨文化交际；跨文化交际能力；跨文化交际训练。
二、交际与文化1.什么是文化？关于文化的定义，学界至今未有统一的定论。
而作为跨文化交际的学习者，我们最关心的并不是哪位学者提出的文化定义最全面、最精确，而是哪个文化定义与跨文化交际最相关，最能体现文化与跨文化交际的关系。
教材推荐跨文化交际学者Brislin(2000)的文化定义：文化是大多数说同一种语言和住在一起的人们所分享的价值和观念，这些价值和观念是世代相传的而且为人们提供对日常行为的指导。
2.什么是文化要素？文化要素包罗万象。
其中与跨文化交际关系最为密切的是历史、宗教、社会组织、语言。
理解这些文化要素，有助于我们理解文化在跨文化交际中的影响和作用。
3.G. Hofstede与 G.J.Hofstede(2004)提出的文化要素包括几个层次？包括象征符号、英雄人物、礼仪、价值观4个层次。
4.在跨文化交际领域，常用的文化分类方法有几种？分别是什么？有两种文化分类的方法在跨文化交际领域最为常用。
Unit 11 economic globalization(经济全球化）：the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2 barter system(物物交换）：exchange without money–Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.–Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3 global village(地球村）：the world form one community–All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.4 melting pot(大熔炉）：a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5 culture(文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.6 cultural diversity(文化融合）：refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.7. Communication(交际）: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.8 intercultural communication(跨文化交际）：communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct(不同）enough to alter（改变）their communicaion。
Culture is a large and inclusive(包罗万象的) concept. When defined narrowly, it could refer to arts(music, painting, and exhibition), and could also refer to the custom, civilization, and achievements of a particular time of people. When defined broadly, it can be an all-encompassing(广义的) concept, referring to what a society does and thinks, or referring to the collec-tive programming of the mind. Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values and norms, which affects the behavior of a relatively large group of people. Enculturation(文化适应) is the socialization process you go through to adapt to the socie-ty./Acculturation(文化互渗) refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.Integration takes place when indi-viduals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity(完整).Marginalization(排斥) refer to maintaining one’s original culture and not participating in the new cul-ture. Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in U.S, has adapted himself so well to American culture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called assimilation./Wang Bing, a Chinese student, just be-gan his study in a university in the United States. In his first week in U.S, he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Wang Bing is in honeymoon stage of culture shock. Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather it takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction. It reflects communication is transac-tional. Definitions of communication from many Asian coun-tries stress harmony, which is most notable in cul-tures with a Confucian tradition. The process of communication has ten components: source, encoding（编码）(is the process of putting an idea into a symbol), message, channel, noise(refers to anything that distorts the message the source en-codes), receiver, decoding（解码）(refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning), receiver response, feedback, and context. Communication takes place within a setting or situa-tion called context./Intracultural communication is the communication between people within the same culture while intercultural communication has another meaning which is the synonym of crosscul-tural communication. Cross(Inter)cultural communication refers to com-munication between people whose cultural percep-tions and symbol systems(符号系统) are distinct enough to alter the communication event. It includes: Interpersonal communication is a form of communi-cation that involves a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability both to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them.人际 Intra(Inter)cultural com is theleast cross(inter)cultural” end of the continuum. In-tra(Inter)cultural communication is defined as com-munication between and among members of the same culture.文内 International communication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized.国际 Interethnic communication refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds. Ethnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or culture. Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from dif-ferent races which pertain to（属于） different physical characteristics. The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed international communication. (Racism is any policy, practice, belief or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.) Interregional Communication refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant cul-ture within a country. 2+The Sense of Family strong-er/Weakerkinshipcollective/individualRelationamongFamily Members tight, dependentcherish intima-cy/loose, independentappreciate privacy American parents VS Chinese parents 1) American parents allow their daughters or sons to go out with their boy or girlfriends as long as they come home at the certain curfew(宵禁). Chinese parents usually don’t approve of having relationship in middle or high school. 2) American parents support and encourage their children at all times while Chinese parents think that criticism is the best love in the world. 3) American parents only look at their children's good side. Chinese parents seem to only see their child-ren's bad side. +equality and competition therefore/hierarchy and/anindividualist culture where/hierarchical one/personal property that/be punished or/ beaten when/make almost all decisions for their children that 3 +on social communicationwhich/namedSocial In-teraction Customs.Broadly/regardinggreetings and farewells, invitations and responses, appointments and visiting,andcompliments and responses. refers to social communication which/ named Social Interaction Customs. Broadly, +main about Etiquette(includes hospitality and gift-giving,and/associated with tact, whereas with modesty.) Interpersonal relationships salutation:formalritual (last name+title头衔) com-plex/casual (name) simple +Business Etiquette Norms:Appointment seeking Greeting behavior Gift giving strategies +Appointment seeking:telephone and then followed up one/act as an intermediary, make Chinese business partners will reach an agreement on the table by drinking and chatting. Sometimes Chinese social contact is related to liquor, which is also an important point in Chinese tradi-tional culture, especially in the northern part of China.While in the west, liquor is also an essential part in daily life. Most westerners go to the bar to drink with friend and chat with each other. But in the west liquor is used to maintain friendship be-tween friends. It is more like the tea in China , it is just a lifestyle and habit. 4Christian Islam Buddhism American education offers a rich field of choices for the international student. From abroad, and even from within the U.S.A., there is such an array of institutions, programs and locations that the choices may overwhelm the student. To simplify the choices, a student must carefully study how each program and location can fulfill the student's goals. In order to make informed decisions, a student will need to know how the U.S. education system is organized. 5+ but is the system of criterion/value is the essen-tial element of ethnic culture, known as/historical background and philosophical foundation. +two main reasons development of history; way of thinking. Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel. Similarities 谚语 Chinese Cultural Values/beliefs：benevolence-仁righteousness-义courtesy-礼wisdom-智trustworthy-信 Western 1Capitalist-资本家democracy and liberty 政治上主张资本主义的民主和自由02 free market economy-经济上主张自由市场经济03The domin-ance of western culture and its increased penetra-tion(渗透）other culture-文化上强调西方文化的主导地位 +Your time is limited, so/important, have the cou-rage to follow your heart and intuition. They/Customer uppermost, law supreme, and effi-ciency first./No permanent friends, only permanent interests. Summery: C Unity, modesty, intra-group harmony/A Privacy, freedom and equality The core American value is materialism +A First conviction（坚信/Second, is the conviction /Third is the belief that,/fourth is freedom of con-science and freedom of religion - the twin freedoms /most striking is that everyone can participate. +C traditional values is very rich and com-
