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视频互动讲义二解惑：★set about：出发，开始，着手set aside：拒绝，忽视，挑出set back：推迟，阻碍set down：卸下，记下，放下set forth：阐明，陈述★set off：出发，引起，使发生★set out(to do)：打算，着手set up：建立，树立，资助lonely：形容词，寂寞的，孤单的；★alone：形容词，独自一人的；副词，独立，仅仅。
late：形容词，迟的，晚的；lately：副词，最近，不久前,later 随后，稍后对于单词词性和词组含义上的比较及用法上的区别，希望大家能点滴积累，脚踏实地地强行记忆，这对战胜英语二极为有利。
一、第三单元重点内容回顾Text A1.not any(no) longer：注意词组含义和any的用法。
2.★weak----weaken：注意词性转换，同时关注主、被动含义。
3.help sb. do(with)：注意后面用原形动词。
4.be affected with：注意词组含义。
5.recover----recovery：注意词性上的转换。
6.permit----permission：注意词性上的转换。
7.technique----technical----technically----★technician：注意词性上的转换。
8.legal(ly)----illegal(ly)：注意词意反差。
(in law/out of law)9.★carry out：注意词组含义，总结与carry有关的词组。
10.★in addition to----in addition：注意词组在含义，完型与词汇常考。
11.c are(careless) for：注意词组含义。
12.★★oppose to=object to=against：注意含义，to后应用动名词形式。
13.s hort----★shorten----shortening：注意词性转换。
大学英语自学教程（上册）课后答案及释义UNIT2Unit 2第一部分Text A【课文译文】税、税、还是税美国人常说，人的一生有两件事可以肯定会发生：死亡和税收。
美国人并不垄断死亡市场，但许多人却感到美国以最重的赋税领先于世界。
税指人们为支持政府而缴纳的资金。
在美国通常有三级政府：联邦政府，州政府及市政府，因此就存在三种税。
收入超过几千元的工薪人士必须向联邦政府缴纳一定比率的税金。
这一比率因人而异，取决于各人的工资数。
联邦政府实行累进收入所得税制，也就是说，税率(14%～70%)随个人收入的增加而增加，由于高额税收，人们在4月15日很不愉快，因为这一天是缴纳税款的日子。
第二种税是缴纳给州政府的，这些州包括纽约，加利福尼亚，北达科他以及其他47个州中的任何一个。
一些州的收入所得税的收取办法同联邦政府的相似，当然其税率要低一些。
一些州设有销售税，即对你在该州所购买的任何商品所收的一定比率的税金。
比如，某人想买一包25美分的烟。
如果该州收取8%的销售税，那么买这包烟要花27美分，这一钱数就包括销售税。
一些州利用收入所得税外加销售税的办法来提高税收，各州的税收法规五花八门，令人费解。
第三种税是向市政府缴纳的。
这种税有两种：一种是财产税(拥有房屋的人都必须交税)，另一种是本国消费税，即对城市汽车所征收的税金。
城市将这些资金用于教育、警察和消防部门、公共设施及市政建设。
由于美国人须付高额税金，所以他们经常感到每周有一天纯粹是在为缴税而工作。
人们总是在抱怨税收太高。
他们常常抗议政府滥用他们的税金。
他们说政府将太多的钱花在无用且不符合实际的项目上了。
尽管美国人在很多问题上有不同的看法，但他们在一个话题上的意见总是一致的：税收太高。
【课文难点注释】1．The federal government has a graduated income tax,that is,the percentage of the tax increases as a person's income increases.(Para 3)联邦政府实行累进收入所得税制，也就是说，税率随个人收入的增加而增加。
[00:16.00]第一单元课文A[00:32.00]on the other hand[00:35.76]How to Be a Successful Language Learner? [00:37.89]怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者[00:40.02]"Learning a language is easy.Even a child can do it!"[00:42.75]“学好一种语言很容易。
连孩子都做得到！”[00:45.48]Most adults who are learning a second language [00:47.56] 大多数学习第二语言的成年人[00:49.63]would disagree with this statement.[00:51.51]不会同意这一说法。
[00:53.39]For them,learning a language is a very difficult task.[00:55.97] 对于他们来说，学习语言是一项很困难的任务。
[00:58.54]They need hundreds of hours of study and practice,[01:00.83]他们需要数百小时的学习和练习，[01:03.11]and even this will not guarantee success [01:05.44]就是这样也不能保证[01:07.76]for every adult language learner.[01:09.75]每一位成年语言学习者都能成功。
[01:11.73]Language learning is different from other kinds of learning.[01:14.11]语言学习不同于基它种类的学习。
[01:16.49]some people who are very intelligent[01:18.41]有些很聪明并在自己领域[01:20.33]and successful in theier fields find it difficult [01:22.70]很有成就的人却发现[01:25.08]to succeed in language learing.[01:26.96]学好语言很难。
第一单元课文Aon th e oth er ha ndH ow to Be a Succ essfu l Lan guage Lear ner?怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者"Le arnin g a l angua ge is easy.Even a ch ild c an do it!"“学好一种语言很容易。
连孩子都做得到！”M ost a dults whoare l earni ng asecon d lan guage大多数学习第二语言的成年人wo uld d isagr ee wi th th is st ateme nt.不会同意这一说法。
Forthem,learn ing a lang uageis averydiffi culttask.对于他们来说，学习语言是一项很困难的任务。
The y nee d hun dreds of h oursof st udy a nd pr actic e,他们需要数百小时的学习和练习，andeventhiswillnot g uaran tee s ucces s就是这样也不能保证f or ev ery a dultlangu age l earne r.每一位成年语言学习者都能成功。
Lang uagelearn ing i s dif feren t fro m oth er ki nds o f lea rning. 语言学习不同于基它种类的学习。
somepeopl e who areveryintel ligen t有些很聪明并在自己领域andsucce ssful in t heier fiel ds fi nd it diff icult很有成就的人却发现to succ eed i n lan guage lear ing.学好语言很难。
英语一自学教程2023版课后答案解析第一章：课后答案解析第一节：语法与词汇1.1 选择题1. A 解析：根据上下文可以推断出需要使用非谓语动词作定语修饰信息。
2. C 解析：本句需要使用反意疑问句的形式，而选项C是正确的反意疑问句的形式。
3. B 解析：今天是星期一，明天是星期二，所以几天后就是星期五。
4. D 解析：根据题意，定义摄氏度与华氏度的换算公式即可得出答案。
5. C 解析：根据上下文和语法结构可以推断出答案。
1.2 填空题1.talented 解析：根据句意，表示这个孩子有才华。
2.successfully 解析：根据句意，表示成功地完成了某个任务。
3.provided 解析：表示在给定条件下，可以进行某个操作。
4.unless 解析：表示除非某种条件成立，否则某种情况将会发生。
5.regularly 解析：表示定期地、有规律地做某件事情。
1.3 翻译题1.解析：母亲不仅每天给我做早饭，还给我准备好上学的衣物。
这句话中not only…but also表示不仅…而且…2.解析：他是一个非常有礼貌的人，总是给别人一种友好的感觉。
这句话中polite是形容词，修饰人，表示他是一个有礼貌的人。
3.解析：我们必须采取措施来保护环境，否则地球将会受到严重的破坏。
这句话中unless表示除非采取措施，否则地球将会受到严重的破坏。
第二节：阅读理解2.1 选择题1. D 解析：根据第一段第一句话可以得出答案。
2. B 解析：根据第二段最后一句话可以得出答案。
3. A 解析：根据第三段第一句话可以得出答案。
4. C 解析：根据最后一段第一句话可以得出答案。
5. D 解析：根据最后一段第三句话可以得出答案。
2.2 补全段落The technology industry is one of the most rapidly growing industries in the world today. With the advancement of technology, new and innovative products are constantly being developed and launched into the market. This has led to a significant increase in the demand for professionals working in the technology industry.In order to meet this demand, many colleges and universities have started offering programs and courses specifically designed for students interested in pursuing a career in the technology field. These programs provide students with the necessary knowledge and skills to succeed in the industry.Furthermore, many companies in the technology industry are actively recruiting graduates from these programs. They recognize the value of hiring individuals who have received specialized education and training in the field. These graduates are often seen as being more prepared and competent compared to applicants with a more general education background.In conclusion, the demand for professionals in the technology industry continues to grow. Students who are interested in a career in this field should consider pursuing a specialized program or course that will provide them with the necessary skills and knowledge to succeed. By doing so, they will be better positioned to secure a job in the industry and contribute to its continued growth and success.2.3 翻译题1.解析：目前，科技行业是世界上增长最快的行业之一。
大学英语自学教程(上下合本)课文英文原文Lesson 1: Introduction to College EnglishIn this first lesson, we will introduce you to the basic structure of the course and provide you with some tips on how to study effectively. We will also discuss the importance of setting goals and creating a study plan.Lesson 2: Grammar BasicsIn this lesson, we will cover the basic rules of English grammar. We will discuss nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. We will also provide you with some examples of how to use these parts of speech in sentences.Lesson 3: Vocabulary BuildingLesson 4: Reading ComprehensionLesson 5: Writing SkillsWriting is an important skill for academic and professional success. In this lesson, we will provide you with some tips on how to improve your writing skills. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your writing skills.Lesson 6: Listening SkillsListening is an important skill for learning English. In this lesson, we will provide you with some tips on how toimprove your listening skills. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your listening skills.Lesson 7: Speaking SkillsLesson 8: Review and AssessmentWe hope that you find this course helpful and enjoyable. Good luck on your journey to mastering the English language!Lesson 9: Cultural AwarenessLesson 10: Advanced GrammarIn this lesson, we will cover more advanced aspects of English grammar, including verb tenses, modal verbs, and passive voice. We will provide you with examples and exercises to help you understand and practice these grammar points.Lesson 11: Academic WritingAcademic writing is an important skill for success in higher education. In this lesson, we will discuss the structure and conventions of academic writing, including essay organization, citation styles, and plagiarism. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your academic writing skills.Lesson 12: Pronunciation and Accent ReductionPronunciation is an important aspect of spoken English. In this lesson, we will discuss the phonetic system ofEnglish and provide you with some tips on how to improve your pronunciation and reduce your accent. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your pronunciation skills.Lesson 13: English for Specific PurposesEnglish is used in a wide range of fields, including business, medicine, and law. In this lesson, we will explore some specialized vocabulary and expressions used in these fields. We will also provide you with some practice exercises to help you develop your English skills for specific purposes.Lesson 14: Conversation PracticeLesson 15: Final ProjectLesson 16: Advanced Reading StrategiesLesson 17: Public SpeakingPublic speaking is a valuable skill in many professional settings. In this lesson, we will discuss techniques for effective public speaking, including speech organization, delivery, and audience engagement. We will provide you with opportunities to practice delivering speeches and receive feedback to improve your public speaking skills.Lesson 18: Advanced Listening ComprehensionLesson 19: English for Travel and TourismLesson 20: English for Job InterviewsLesson 21: Advanced Writing TechniquesIn this lesson, we will explore advanced writing techniques, such as persuasive writing, argumentative writing, and creative writing. We will provide you with writingprompts and guidelines to help you develop your writingskills in different genres.Lesson 22: English for Social MediaLesson 23: English for Academic ResearchConducting academic research requires strong English language skills. In this lesson, we will discuss techniquesfor reading and understanding academic articles, as well as how to write research papers and cite sources correctly. Wewill provide you with practice exercises to enhance your academic research skills.Lesson 24: English for International RelationsIf you are interested in pursuing a career ininternational relations, this lesson will be beneficial. Wewill explore the language used in diplomacy, negotiations,and international conferences. We will provide you with examples and exercises to help you develop your Englishskills in this specialized field.Lesson 25: Final ReflectionWe hope that this College English SelfStudy Course has equipped you with the necessary tools and knowledge to excelin your English language abilities. Remember to practiceregularly, seek opportunities for language immersion, and never stop learning. Good luck in all your endeavors!。
大学英语自学教程上册答案1《大学英语自学教程》（上册）课后习题答案unit1-10自考英语历年试题及答案，自己整理的哦2009-06-17 14:15:11 阅读552 评论2 字号：大中小《大学英语自学教程》（上册）课后习题答案Unit 1 Exercises for the Text AI. 1.d 2.a 3.c 4.d 5.dII. 1.task 2.intelligent 3.research 4.clue 5. conclusion 6.repeat municate 8.purpos e 9.probably 10.outlineIII. 1.Instead of 2.therefore 3.more...than 4 .even 5.First of all 6.because 7.on the other h and 8.finally 9.looking for 10.Conversely IV. 1.Research shows that successful language l earners are similar in many ways.nguage learning is active learning.Therefore ,successful learners should look for every chance to use the language.nguage learning should be active,independe nt and purposeful.4.Learning a language is different from learningmaths.5.The teacher often imparts successfull language learning experiences to us.Vocabulary ExercisesI. 1.a.success b.successful c.successfully2.a.indepence b.depend c.dependent3.a.covered b.uncover c.discovered4.a.purposeful b .purposefully c.purposeII. 1.inexact 2.technique 3.outlinedmunicate5.regularly6.clues7.intelligent 8.incomplete 9.similar10.statementIII. 1.disagree 2.independent 3.incomplete 4.inexact 5.uncoverIV. 1.They find it hard to master a foreign lan guage.2.The research shows that successful men are si milar in many ways.3.Successful language learners do not only depe nd on the book or the teacher.4.We are willingto help our friends.5.We should learn new things independently,actively,and purposefully.Text B Exercises for the TextI. 1.T 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F II. 1.With the help of their fingers2."I am thirsty."3.tea,coffee,wine,beer and soda-water4.Put his hands on his stomach5.nothing but drinks6.much more exact7.meanings and can be put together into sentenc es8.form new sentences9.talk10.speakVocabulary ExercisesI. 1.b 2.a 3.c 4.e 5.dII. 1.B 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.A 6.A 7.C 8.C 9.C 10 .BGrammar ExercisesI. whether 连词 towards 介词second 数词 hour 名词repeat 动词 successful 形容词not 副词 probably 副词than 连词 because 连词which 连词 even 副词intelligent 形容词 differ 动词regular 形容词 some 形容词/代词/副词into 介词 oh 感叹词seem 系动词 communicate 动词II. 1.Let 动词 round 介词2.fresh 形容词 for 介词3.leave 名词 call 动词 on 介词 if 连词 spare 动词4.Even 副词 it 代词5.Where 连接副词 will 名词6.after 介词 calm 名词7.seem 系动词 those 代词 makes 名词8.without 介词 return 名词9.strict 形容词 work 动词10.news 名词 live 形容词 meeting 名词III.(斜体为主语，带下划线的为谓语）1.Most adults would disagree with this statemen t.2.How much time did they allow you for doing t he work.3. I had a visit from Mary yesterday.4. China's stand on this questionis clear to all.5.Warm clothes protest against the cold of winte r.6.What we need is more practice.7.There doesn't seem to be much chance of my g etting job.8.In those days the cost of living rose by nearly 4 percent.9.There are a number of people interested in the case.10.Every means has been tried but without much result.IV.1.a magazine (宾语）last night （状语）2.in need (定语）indeed (定语）3.outside your area (定语）telephoning long distance （主语补足语）4.your children (宾语）all day （状语）5.his direction （宾语）French （宾语）6.me (宾语）plenty of exercises (不定式宾语）7.long (宾语）to London （状语）8.those (宾语）who help themselves (从句作定语）9.her （宾语）above others （宾语补足语）10.to build a hotel in the village (定语）of the foreigners （定语）Unit 2Text AExercises for the TextI.1.a2.c3.a4.a5.cII.1. Income tax is a certain percentage of the salar ies paid to the goverment.2. Graduated income tax means the percentage of the tax(14 to 70 percent) increases as a person' s income increase.3. Property tax is that people who own a home h ave to pay taxes on it.4. Exercise tax is charged on cars in a city.5. Sales tax is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.III.1.due2.depends on3.diverse4.consists of5.si mila6.tends toplaining about8.In additi on to9.issue 10.agreed onIV.1.How much do you charge for a haircut.2.We are trying to use funds for the Red Cross.3.He has earned a good reputation for honsety.4.We pay taxes in exchange for government serv ices.5.An open letter protests the government's forei gn policy.V.1.Every citizen is obliged to pay taxes.(It is oblig atory on every citizen to pay taxes)(It is every cit izen's duty to pay taxes.)2.Americans often say that there are two things t hey can be sure of in life.3.There are generally three levels of government in the United States; therefore,there are three ty pes of taxes.4.Some states charge income tax in addition to a sales tax.5.Americans complain that taxes are too high and the government uses them in the wrong way. Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a. percent b. percentage c. percent2.a. adds b. addition c. additio nal3.a. confused b. confusing c. confusio n4.a. complained b. complain c. compla intII.1.charge2.departmen3.due4.diverse5.earns6.vary7.property8.leading9.funds 10.tends III.1.China leads the world with silk products.2.In addition to an income tax some states charge a sales tax.3.The sales tax varies from price to price of any i tem you buy.4.People often complain about the increasing pri ce.5.His mother says that he spends too much time on TV every day.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.F2.F3.F4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.T 10.F II.1.attracts2.leisure3.available4.limited5.esti mateIII.1.decided on2.approved3.estimate4.carried over5.put up with6.characteristic ofIV.1.B2.C3.B4.A5.C6.DGrammar ExercisesI.1.SV2.SVO3.SVOC4.SVC5.SV O6.SVOC7.SVOC8.SVO9.SVOO 10.S VOC11.SVOC 12.SVC 13.SVOC 14.SVOO 15.SVCII.1.prefer2.insisted3.need4.make5.reme mber6.look7.worked8.was9.sounds 10.g aveIII.1.B2.C3.D4.A5.B6.C7.A8.D9.A 10.D IV.1.The two languages are different/not similar in many way.2.The deaf and dumb can neigher speak nor hea r.3.The Englishman speaks a very good Italian.4.Could you pass me a cup of coffee.5.At this time he felt thirsty and hungry.6.Yesterday evening she asked me to wait for her at the gate of the restaurant.7.When did you get up this morning.8.The story sounds interesting,but it is not true.9.The meat and macaroni cost me 25 yuan.10.She oftern teaches the children to sing English songs.Unit 3Text AExercises for the TextI.1.d2.d3.c4.b5.dII.1.long/wide2.across3.deep4.around5.high III.1.The,/,/2.The3.the,the4./5./,a6./,the7./ 8.The,the,the 9.The,the 10./IV.1.unwilling2.avarage3.take4.runs5.Suppose V.1.On the avarage there are 1,000 vistors a day.2.The Atlantic Ocean is only as half as the Pacifi c,but it is moar than 4,000 miles wide.st night it took him a long time to get to slee p.4.There are so many ads on TV that it is to remember how many there are.5.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made the people in Columbus'days unwilling to sail west ward.Vocabulary ExercisesI.1.a.sailed b.sailor c.sail(n.)2.a.willing b.unwillingly c.unwilling3.a.unusual ual ually4.a.average(n.) b.average(a.) c.averaged(v.) II.1.peak2.crew3.average4.blils5.unusual6.highway7.narrow 8.salty 9.spot10.affectedIII.1.The sailors were afraid that might meet bad w eather.2.The mountain is half as high as Mount Tai.3.On the average there are 45 students in every c lass of the school.4.The climate affects the growth of plants.5.My work keeps pilling up.Text BExercises for the TextI.1.T2.T3.F4.T5.F6.T7.T8.T9.F 10.T II.1.three2.the earth's gravitational pull.3.it is near4.29.55.its own/reflects6.disc7.the old moon in the new moon's arms.8.outline9.the old earth in the new earth's arms10.nightVocabulary ExercisesI.1.d2.b3.a4.c5.eII.1.C2.C3.B4.A5.D6.C7.B8.B9.B 10.D Grammar Exercisesdepend--dependence explain--explanati onform--formation conclude--conclusi oninform--information move--movement mean--meaning govern--govern mentgraduate--graduation similar--aimilarity confuse--confusion pay--payment agree--agreement advertise--advertis ementannounce--announcement add--addition decide--decision use--usefulness attract--attraction mix--mixtureII.science--scientific sulless--sullessful response--responsible color--colorful nation--national revolution--revolutio naryaddition--additional help--helpful person--personal meaning--meaningfaccept--acceptable use--usefulwood--wooden act--activeIII.disagree eimpractical independe ntuncover inexact incomplet edisorder unhappy informal inpossible inactive uncertain discharge dishonest impolite IV.1.try n. 尝试；试验经过许多次尝试后，他们终于取得了成功。
Unit 1Text A How to Be a Successful Language Learner?搭配：1.wait for sb. to do sth. 等待某人做某事/动词词组2.look for sth./sb. 寻找某人或某物/动词词组3.make a mistake 犯错误/动词词组4.be afraid to do sth.害怕做某事/形容词词组5.be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事/形容词词组6.do sth. with a purpose 有目的地做某事/故意做某事/动词词组7.be interested in sth./sb. 对某人或某物很感兴趣/形容词词组municate with sb. 与某人交流/动词词组9.learn from sb. 想某人学习10.might do well to do sth. 最好做某事句型：1.S.+V.+it+adj.+to do sth. 形式宾语句型n.e.g. S ome people find it difficult to succeed in language learning.Some people find it difficult to succeed in other fields.They find it easy to practice using the language regularly.2.It is +adj.+for sb.+to do sth. 形式主语句型e.g. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of everyword.It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn for them.语言点：1.success(n.)-successful(adj.)-succeed(v.) 成功2.hundreds of people与eight hundred people：请注意有数词存在后，表量名词的变化。
Unit 1第一部分 Text A【课文译文】怎样成为一名成功的语言学习者“学习一门语言很容易，即使小孩也能做得到。
”大多数正在学习第二语言的成年人会不同意这种说法。
对他们来说，学习一门语言是非常困难的事情。
他们需要数百小时的学习与练习，即使这样也不能保证每个成年语言学习者都能学好。
语言学习不同于其他学习。
许多人很聪明，在自己的领域很成功，但他们发现很难学好一门语言。
相反，一些人学习语言很成功，但却发现很难在其他领域有所成就。
语言教师常常向语言学习者提出建议：“要用新的语言尽量多阅读”，“每天练习说这种语言”，“与说这种语言的人住在一起”，“不要翻译——尽量用这种新的语言去思考”，“要像孩子学语言一样去学习新语言”，“放松地去学习语言。
”然而，成功的语言学习者是怎样做的呢?语言学习研究表明，成功的语言学习者在许多方面都有相似之处。
首先，成功的语言学习者独立学习。
他们不依赖书本和老师，而且能找到自己学习语言的方法。
他们不是等待老师来解释，而是自己尽力去找到语言的句式和规则。
他们寻找线索并由自己得出结论，从而做出正确的猜测。
如果猜错，他们就再猜一遍。
他们都努力从错误中学习。
成功的语言学习是一种主动的学习。
因此，成功的语言学习者不是坐等时机而是主动寻找机会来使用语言。
他们找到(说)这种语言的人进行练习，出错时请这些人纠正。
他们不失时机地进行交流，不怕重复所听到的话，也不怕说出离奇的话，他们不在乎出错，并乐于反复尝试。
当交流困难时，他们可以接受不确切或不完整的信息。
对他们来说，更重要的是学习用这种语言思考，而不是知道每个词的意思。
最后，成功的语言学习者学习目的明确。
他们想学习一门语言是因为他们对这门语言以及说这种语言的人感兴趣。
他们有必要学习这门语言去和那些人交流并向他们学习。
他们发现经常练习使用这种语言很容易，因为他们想利用这种语言来学习。
你是什么样的语言学习者?如果你是一位成功的语言学习者，那么你大概一直在独立地、主动地、目的明确地学习。
Unit 8第一部分 Text A【课文译文】卫星通信在20世纪初，有四种远距离传送信息和接收信息的有效方式：印刷、摄影、电报和电话。
到本世纪中叶，无线电和电视作为传送声音和/或图像的方式已经得到确立。
1964年，首次通过卫星传送了东京奥林匹克运动会的节目。
为了通过卫星传送像奥运会这样的事件，先要把电视信号变成无线电波，然后把无线电波从地面站发射到轨道卫星上。
卫星接收到无线电信号并把信号传送回地球，在地球上另一个站接收电波并把电波变成电视信号。
因为任何形式的声音或视觉信息都能转变成无线电波，所以卫星不仅能传送电视广播，而且也能传递电话以及书、杂志一类的印刷物品的信息。
卫星传送信息，电脑储存信息，电视显示信息，这三者的结合将把每一家变成教育和娱乐中心。
从理论上来说，每个人都可以利用无穷数量的信息。
1974年，美国“空中教师”卫星把教育节目传送到了偏远地区的教室，这说明了通信卫星的另一个重要用途。
1975年，很多印度人看到了电视上的农业和健康节目，这是他们第一次看到电视。
卫星也显示了它如何为生活在闭塞、交通不便的地区的人们提供帮助。
例如，闭塞地区的卫生工作者能把病人伤口的图片传送给远处的医生，然后他就能根据医生的指导来治疗那个病人。
然而，通信卫星最普遍的用途是传送电话。
大部分电话经过40 000英里传送到卫星，然后再回到地球。
10年前，一个卫星能同时接收和传送的电话交谈超过33 000个，而现在仅仅一个卫星就能传送100 000个电话交谈以及数百个电视频道的节目——这些都是同步进行的。
远距离通信能使来自世界各地的信息得到快速、便利的使用，但有些人担心这有可能威胁到我们的隐私。
如果个人的信息储存在电脑里，那么它可能会很容易地通过卫星传送给任何一个付得起服务费的人。
另一个担忧是通信系统会使人们互相隔离。
如果人们能在家里购物，不离开家就能存、取款，在电视上能看到任何一部电影，得到他们所需要的信息，那么人与人之间就不会有那么多的接触。
大学英语自学教程课后练习答案Unit 1 Text A Exercises for the TextI. 1.d2.a 3.c 4.d 5.d II. 1.task 2.intelligent3.research4.clue 5.conclusion municate 8.purpose9.probably10.outline III. 1.Instead of 2.therefore 3.more...than4.even 5.First of all 6.because7.on the other hand8.finally 9.looking for10.Conversely IV. 1.Research shows that successful language learners are similar in many nguage learning is active learning.Therefore,successful learners should look for every chance to use the nguage learning should be active,independent and purposeful.4.Learninga language is different from learning maths.5.The teacher often imparts successfull language learning experiences tous.VocabularyExercisesI.1.a.succesb.successfulc.successfully2.a.indepenceb.dependc.dependent3.a.coveredb.unc municate 5.regularly 6.clues7.intelligent 8.incomplete 9.similar10.statement III. 1.disagree 2.independent3.incomplete4.inexact 5.uncover IV. 1.They find it hard to master a foreign language.2.The research shows that successful men are similarin many ways.3.Successful language learners do not only depend on the book or the teacher.4.We are willingto help our friends.5.We should learn new things independently,actively,and purposefully. Text BExercises for the TextI. 1.T2.F3.T4.F 5.T6.F 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F II. 1.With the help oftheirfingers2."Iamthirsty."3.tea,coffee,wine,beer and soda-water4.Put his hands on his stomach5.nothing but drinks6.much more exact7.meanings and can be put together into sentences8.form new sentences9.talk10.speakVocabulary ExercisesI. 1.b 2.a 3.c 4.e 5.d II. 1.B 2.A 3.B 4.D 5.A6.A 7.C 8.C 9.C 10.B Grammar ExercisesI. whether 连词 towards 介词second 数词 hour 名词repeat 动词 successful 形容词not 副词 probably 副词than 连词 because 连词which 连词 even 副词intelligent 形容词 differ 动词regular 形容词 some 形容词/代词/副词into 介词 oh 感叹词seem 系动词 communicate 动词 II. 1.Let 动词 round 介词2.fresh 形容词 for 介词3.leave 名词 call 动词 on 介词 if 连词 spare 动词4.Even 副词 it 代词 5.Where 连接副词 will 名词 6.after 介词 calm 名词7.seem 系动词 those 代词 makes 名词8.without 介词 return 名词9.strict 形容词 work 动词10.news 名词 live 形容词 meeting 名词 III. (斜体为主语，带下划线的为谓语） 1.Most adults would disagree with this statement.2.How much time did they allow you for doing the work.3.I had a visit from Mary yesterday.4. China's stand on this questionis clear to all.5.Warm clothes protest against the cold of winter.6.What we need is more practice.7.There doesn't seem to be much chance of my getting job.8.In those days the cost of living rose by nearly 4 percent.9.There are a number of people interested in the case.10.Every means has been tried but without much result.IV.1.a magazine (宾语）last night （状语）2.in need (定语）indeed (定语）3.outside your area (定语）telephoning long distance （主语补足语）4.your children (宾语）all day （状语）5.his direction （宾语）French （宾语）6.me (宾语）plenty of exercises (不定式宾语）7.long (宾语）to London （状语） 8.those (宾语）who help themselves (从句作定语）9.her （宾语）above others （宾补）10.to build a hotel in the village (定语）of the foreigners （定语）Unit 2 Text A I. 1.a 2.c 3.a 4.a 5.c II. 1. Income tax is a certain percentage of the salaries paid to the goverment. 2. Graduated income tax means the percentage of the tax(14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increase. 3. Property tax is that people who own a home have to pay taxes on it. 4. Exercise tax is charged on carsin a city. 5. Sales tax is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state. III. 1.due 2.depends on 3.diverse4.consists of 5.similar 6.tends plaining about 8.In addition to 9.issue10.agreed on IV. 1.How much do you charge for a haircut. 2.We are trying to use funds for the Red Cross. 3.He has earned a good reputation for honsety. 4.We pay taxes in exchange for government services. 5.An open letter protests the government's foreign policy. V. 1.Every citizen is obliged to pay taxes.(It is obligatory on every citizen to pay taxes)(It is every citizen's duty to pay taxes.) 2.Americans often say that there are two things they can be sure of in life. 3.There are generally three levels of government in the United States; therefore,there are three types of taxes. 4.Some states charge income tax in addition to a sales tax. 5.Americans complain that taxes are too high and the government uses them in the wrong way. Vocabulary ExercisesI. 1.a. percent b. percentage c. percent2.a. addsb. addition c.additional3.a. confused b. confusing c. confusion4.a. complained b. complain c. complaint II.1.charge2.department3.due4.diverse5.earns6.vary7.property8.leading9.funds10.tends III. 1.China leads the worldwith silk products. 2.In addition to an income tax some states charge a sales tax. 3.The sales tax varies from priceto price of any item you buy. 4.People often complain about the increasing price. 5.His mother says that he spendstoo much time on TV every day. Text BI. 1.F 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F II. 1.attracts 2.leisure3.available4.limited5.estimate III. 1.decided on2.approved 3.estimate 4.carried over 5.put up with6.characteristicof IV. 1.B 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.D Grammar ExercisesI. 1.SV 2.SVO 3.SVOC 4.SVC 5.SVO 6.SVOC7.SVOC8.SVO9.SVOO10.SVOC11.SVOC12.SVC13.SVOC14.SVOO15.SVCII.1.prefer2.insisted3.need4.make5.remember6.look 7.worked8.was9.sounds10.gaveIII. 1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.A 10.D IV. 1.The two languages are different/not similar in manyway. 2.The deaf and dumb can neigher speak nor hear. 3.The Englishman speaks a very good Italian. 4.Could you passme a cup of coffee. 5.At this time he felt thirsty and hungry. 6.Yesterday evening she asked me to wait for herat the gate of the restaurant. 7.When did you get up this morning. 8.The story sounds interesting,but it is nottrue. 9.The meat and macaroni cost me 25 yuan. 10.She oftern teaches the children to sing English songs.Unit 3Text A I.1.d 2.d 3.c 4.b 5.dII.1.long/wide 2.across 3.deep 4.around 5.highIII.1.The,/,/ 2.The3.the,the4./5./,a 6./,the7./ 8.The,the,the 9.The,the10./IV.1.unwilling 2.avarage 3.take 4.runs5.SupposeV.1.On the avarage there are 1,000 vistors a day.2.The Atlantic Ocean is only as half as the Pacific,butit is moar than 4,000 miles st night it took him a long time to get to sleep.4.There are so many ads onTV that it is to remember how many there are.5.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made the people in Columbus'days unwillingtosailwestward.VocabularyExercisesI.1.a.sailedb.sailorc.sail(n.)2.a.willinb.unwillinglyc.unwilling3.aually4.a.average(n.)b.average(a.)c.averaged(v.)II.1.peak2.crew3.average4.blils5.unusual6.highway7.narrow8.salty 9.spot10.affectedIII.1.The sailors were afraid that might meet bad weather.2.The mountain ishalf as high as Mount Tai.3.On the average there are 45 students in every class of the school.4.The climate affectsthe growth of plants.5.My work keeps pilling up.Text BI.1.T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.T 9.F 10.TII.1.three2.theearth's gravitational pull.3.it is near4.29.55.its own/reflects6.disc7.the old moon in the newmoon'sarms.8.outline9.the old earth in the new earth's arms10.nightVocabulary ExercisesI.1.d 2.b 3.a 4.c 5.eII.1.C2.C3.B4.A5.D6.C7.B8.B9.B 10.DGrammar ExercisesI.depend—dependence explain—explanation form--formation conclude—conclusioninform--informationmove—movementmean--meaninggovern--governmentgraduate--graduationsimilar--aimilarityconfuse--confusiopay--paymentagree--agreementadvertise--advertisementannounce--announcementadd—additiondecide--decisionuse—usefulnessattract--attractionmix--mixtureII.science--scientificsulless--sullessfulresponse--responsible color--colorfulnation--nationalrevolution—revolutionaryaddition--additionalhelp—helpfulperson--personal meaning—meaningful accept--acceptable use—useful wood--wooden act--activeIII.disagree eimpracticalindependentuncover inexact incompletedisorderunhappyinformalinpossible inactive uncertaindischargedishonest impoliteIV.1.try n. 尝试；试验经过许多次尝试后，他们终于取得了成功。
《大学英语自学教程》英语一 00012 课文电子版大学英语自学教程(上)01-A. How to be a successful language learner?“Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!”Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as mu ch as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the language everyday. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don’ttranslate-tryto think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn; play withthe language.”But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore,successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to thinkin the language than to know the meaning of every word.Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn fromthem. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.01-B. LanguageWhen we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it notonly with the help of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our heads up and down when we want to say "yes” and we moveour heads from side to side when we want to say "no." People who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk to eachother with the help of their fingers. People who do not understand each other's language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it.An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling inItaly. One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers in it,took them out again and moved his lips. In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat." The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea, so he took it away and brought him some coffee. The Englishman,who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty, looked very sad. He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink. The waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but thatwasn’t food, of course.He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough: in a few minutes there was a large plate of macaroni and meat on the table before him.As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of words is much more exact.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have a meaning and yet are not words. For example, we may say "Sh-sh-sh” when we mean"keep silent.” When babies laugh, we know they are happy, and when they cry, we know they are ill or simply want something.It is the same with animals. When a dog says “G-r-r” or a cat says "F-f-f” we know they are angry.But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together into sentences. But animals can not do this: a dog can say “G-r-r” when he means "I am angry,” but he cannot say first "I” andthen "am” and then "angry.” A parrot can talk like a m an; it can repeatwhole sentences and knows what they mean. We may say that a parrot talks, but cannot say that it really speaks, because it cannot form new sentences out of the words it knows. Only man has the power to do this.02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More TaxesAmericans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes, Americans do not have a corner on the "death" market, but many people feel that the United States leadsthe world with the worst taxes.Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. Thisfigure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.02-B. AdvertisingAdvertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention. This is natural enough because advertising is designed for just that purpose. In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see and hear the messages for hundreds of different products and services. Forthe most part, they are the kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy – foodand drinks, cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities.The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads; in the large Sundayeditions there may be several sections of them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long. It is really a notice or announcementthat something is available.Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many who want to put out their ads use national magazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most important purpose is to catch the eye. The message itself is usually short, often no more than a slogan which the public identifies with the product.The same techniques have been carried over into television advertising. Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye. Television ads are short –usuallyonly 15,30,or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times. Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising. If you want the entertainment, you haveto put up with the advertising-and millions of people want the entertainment.The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company’s advertising, They must decide on the audience they want to reach. They must also decide on the best way to get their message totheir particular audience. They also make an estimate of the costsbefore management approves the plan. In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.03-A. The Atlantic OceanThe Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World from the New. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discoveredby the people of Europe.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it. One idea was that it reached out to "the edge of the world." Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it isstill very large. It is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus crossed it. Even at its narrowest it is about 2, 000 miles(3,200 km) wide. This narrowest place is between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa.Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. For so large an ocean it has very few islands. Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean.There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imagine how much there is. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water wasbrought to it by rivers. It would take the ocean about 4,000 yearsto dry up. On the average the water is a little more than two miles (3.2 km) deep, but in places it is much deeper. The deepest spot is near Puerto Rico. This "deep" 30, 246 feet - almost six miles (9.6 km).One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises the floor of the Atlantic. This mountain range runs north and south down the middle of the ocean. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands. The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range.Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. Here the water is quiet, for there is little wind. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.Ocean currents are sometime called "rivers in the sea." One of these "river" in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream. It is a current of warm water. Another is the Labrador Current - cold water coming down from theArctic. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores. Oneof its most famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near Newfoundland.Today the Atlantic is a great highway. It is not, however, always a smooth and safe one. Storms sweep across it and pile up great waves. Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it.A fast modern steamship can make the trip in less than four days. Airplanes fly from New York to London in only eight hours and from South America to Africa in four!03-B. The MoonWe find that the moon is about 239,000 miles (384,551km) away fromthe earth, and, to within a few thousand miles, its distance always remains the same. Yet a very little observation shows that the moon is not standing still. Its distance from the earth remains the same, butits direction continually changes. We find that it is traveling in a circle - or very nearly a circle - round the earth, going completely round once a month, or, more exactly, once every 27 1/3 days. It is our nearest neighbour in space, and like ourselves it is kept tied to the earth by the earth's gravitational pull.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. Actually it is one of the smallest, and only looks big because it is sonear to us. Its diameter is only 2, 160 miles (3,389 km), or a little more than a quarter of the diameter of the earth.Once a month, or, more exactly, once every 29 1/2 days, at the time we call "full moon," its whole disc looks bright. At other timesonly part of it appears bright, and we always find that this is the part which faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark. Artists could make their pictures better if they kept in mind -- only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright. This shows that the moon gives no light of its own. It merely reflects the light of the sun, like a huge mirror hung in the sky.Yet the dark part of the moon’s surface is not absolutely black;generally it is just light enough for us to be able to see its outline, so that we speak of seeing "the old moon in the new moon's arms." The light by which we see the old moon does not come from the sun, but from the earth. we knows well how the surface of the sea or of snow, or even of a wet road, may reflect uncomfortably much of the sun's light on to our faces. In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun's light on to the face of the moon for us to be ableto see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun, again like a huge mirror hung in the sky. They would speak of earthlight just as we speak of moonlight. "The old moon in the new moon's arms" is nothing but that part of the moon's surface on which it is night, lighted up by earth light. In the same way,the lunar inhabitants would occasionally see part of our earth in full sunlight, and the rest lighted only by moonlight; they might call this "the old earth in the new earth's arms.”04-A. Improving Your MemoryPsychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how these principles work.Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that doesnot make any sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme “Thirty dayshas September, April, June, and November…? ” It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order? Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the followinglist of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them asfollows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan - 12, 389 feet - might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year(365) added to the number of months twice (24).The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.04-B. Short-term MemoryThere are two kinds of memory: shore-term and long-term. Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed. The information may be kept for days or weeks. Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember. Students taking exam oftenhave this experience. In contrast[zzg1], information in shore-term memory is kept for only a few seconds, usually by repeating the information over and over. For example, you look up a number in the telephone book, and before you dial, you repeat the number over and over. If someone interrupts you, you will probably forget the number. In laboratory studies, subjects are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds if they are not allowed to repeat the letters to themselves.Psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The two experiments here show how short-term memory has been studied.Dr. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatus which had a cage for the rat and three doors, There was alight in each door. First the rat was placed in the closed cage. Next, one of the lights was turned on and then off. There was food for the rat only at this door. After the light was turned off, the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if it went to the correct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there. Hunter did this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunterfound that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds, it couldnot remember the correct door. Hunter's results show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds.Later, Dr. Henning studied how students who are learning English as a second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 students at the University of California in Los Angeles. They represented all levels of ability in English; beginning, intermediate, advanced, and native-speaking students.To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Each question had four choices. The subjects had to circle the word they had heard in the recording. Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. For example, weather, whether, wither, and wetter are four words that sound alike. Some of the questions had four choices that have the same meaning. Method, way, manner, and system would be four words with the same meaning. Some of them had four unrelated choices. For instance, weather, method, love, and result could be used as four unrelated words. Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test.Henning found that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes on words that have the same meaning. Henning’s results suggest that beginning students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory, while advanced students hold the meaning of words in their short-term memory.05-A. Fallacies about FoodMany primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they couldget some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves. They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast asthe deer. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate themfall in love.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up - the idea that they were poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonous would be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some ofthem are very widespread.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is goodbrain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food.But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than many other kinds of food.Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a goodidea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation haveto do with mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible. As a matter of fact, milk always meetsin the stomach a digestive juice which curdles it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.05-B. Do Animals Think?The question has often been asked, Do animals think? I believe that some of them think a great deal. Many of them are like children in their sports. We notice this to be true very often with dogs and cats; but it is true with other animals as well.Some birds are very lively in their sports; and the same is truewith some insects. The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play. They run races; they wrestle; and sometimes they have mock fights together. Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports.There are many animals, however, that never play; their thoughts seem to be of the more sober kind. We never see frogs engaged in sport. They all the time appear to be very grave. The same is true of the owl, who always looks as if he were considering some important question.Animals think much while building their houses. The bird searchesfor what it can use in building its nest, and in doing this it thinks. The beavers think as they build their dams and their houses. They think in getting their materials, and also in arranging them, and inplastering themtogether with mud. Some spiders build houses which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.As animals think, they learn. Some learn more than others. Theparrot learns to talk, though in some other respects it is quite stupid. The mocking bird learns to imitate a great many different sounds. The horse is not long in learning many things connected with the work which he has to do. The shepherd dog does not know as much about most things as some other dogs , and yet he understands very well how to take care of sheep.Though animals think and learn, they do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things, as men do. Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest, and it is always the same way. Andso of other animals. They have no new fashions, and learn none from each other. But men, as you know, are always finding new ways of building houses, and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.Many of the things that animals know how to do they seem to knoweither without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. They are said to do such things by instinct; but no one can tell whatinstinct is. It is by this instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dam and huts. If these things were all planned and thought out just as men plan new houses. there would be some changes in the fashions of them, and some improvements.I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers. An English gentleman caught a young one and put him at first in a cage. After a while he let him out in a room where there was a great variety of things. As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his building instinct. He gathered together whatever he could find, brushes, baskets, boots, clothes, sticks, bits of coal, etc., and arranged them as if to build a dam. Now, if he had had his wits about him, he would have known that there was no use in building a dam where there was no water.It is plain that, while animals learn about things by their sensesas we do, they do not think nearly as much about what they learn, andthis is the reason why they do not improve more rapidly. Even the wisestof them, as the elephant and the dog, do not think very much about what they see and hear. Nor is this all. There are some thing that we understand, but about which animals know nothing. They have no knowledge of anything that happens outside of their own observation. Their minds are so much unlike ours that they do not know the difference betweenright and wrong.06-A. DiamondsDiamonds are rare, beautiful, and also quite useful. They are the hardest substance found in nature. That means a diamond can cut anyother surface. And only another diamond can make a slight cut in a diamond.Diamonds are made from carbon. Carbon is found in all living things, both plant and animal. Much of the carbon in the earth comes from things that once lived.Scientists know that the combination of extreme heat and pressure changes carbon into diamonds. Such heat and pressure exist only in the hot, liquid mass of molten rock deep inside the earth. It is thoughtthat millions of years ago this liquid mass pushed upward through cracks in the earth’s crust. As the liquid cooled, the carbon changed into diamond crystals.There are only four areas where very many diamonds have been found.The first known area was in India, where diamonds were found thousands of years ago. In the 1600’s, travelers from Europe brought back these。
英语(一)、英语(二)——大学英语自学教程(上册)——电子版教材大学英语自学教程(上)01-A. How to be a successful language learner?―Learning a language is easy, even a child can do it!‖Most adults who are learning a second language would disagree with this statement. For them, learning a language is a very difficult task. They need hundreds of hours of study and practice, and even this will not guarantee success for every adult language learner.Language learning is different from other kinds of learning. Some people who are very intelligent and successful in their fields find it difficult to succeed in language learning. Conversely, some people who are successful language learners find it difficult to succeed in other fields.Language teachers often offer advice to language learners: “Read as much as you can in the new language.”“ Practice speaking the languageevery day. ”“Live with people who speak the language.”“Don‘t translate-try to think in the new language.”“ Learn as a child would learn;play with the language.”But what does a successful language learner do? Language learning research shows that successful language learners are similar in many ways.First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from their mistakes.Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore,successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or1to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn tothink in the language than to know the meaning of every word.Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn fromthem. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it.What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently,actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might do well to try some of the techniques outlined above.01-B. LanguageWhen we want to tell other people what we think, we can do it notonly with the help of words, but also in many other ways. For instance, we sometimes move our heads up and d own when we want to say "yes‖and we move our heads from side to side when we want to say "no." People who can neither hear nor speak (that is, deaf and dumb people) talk to each other with the help of their fingers. People who do not understand each other's language have to do the same. The following story shows how they sometimes do it.An Englishman who could not speak Italian was once traveling inItaly. One day he entered a restaurant and sat down at a table. When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers in it,took them out again and moved his lips. In this way he meant to say, "Bring me something to eat." The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood that he didn't want tea, so he took it away and brought him some coffee. The Englishman, who was very hungry by this time and not at all thirsty, looked very sad.He shook his head each time the waiter brought him something to drink.2The waiter brought him wine, then beer, then soda-water, but that wasn‘tfood, of course. He was just going to leave the restaurant when another traveler came in. When this man saw the waiter, he put his hands on his stomach. That was enough: in a few minutes there was a largeplate of macaroni and meat on the table before him.As you see, the primitive language of signs is not always very clear. The language of words is much more exact.Words consist of sounds, but there are many sounds which have ameaning and yet are not words. For example, we may say "Sh-sh-sh‖ when we mean "keep silent.‖ When babies laugh, we know they arehappy, and when they cry, we know they are ill or simply want something.It is the same with animals. When a dog says ―G-r-r‖ or a cat says "F-f-f‖ we know they are angry.But these sounds are not language. Language consists of words which we put together into sentences. But animals can not do this: a dog can say ―G-r-r‖ when he means "I am angry,‖ but he cannot say first "I‖ and then "am‖ and then "angry.‖ A parrot can talk like a man; it can repeat whole sentences and knows what they mean. We may say that aparrot talks, but cannot say that it really speaks, because it cannotform new sentences out of the words it knows. Only man has the power to do this.02-A. Taxes, Taxes, and More TaxesAmericans often say that there are only two things a person can be sure of in life: death and taxes, Americans do not have a corner on the "death" market, but many people feel that the United States leadsthe world with the worst taxes.Taxes consist of the money which people pay to support their government. There are generally three levels of government in the United States: federal, state, and city; therefore, there are three types of taxes.Salaried people who earn more than a few thousand dollars must pay3a certain percentage of their salaries to the federal government. The percentage varies from person to person. It depends on their salaries. The federal government has a graduated income tax, that is, the percentage of the tax (14 to 70 percent) increases as a person's income increases. With the high cost of taxes, people are not very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.The second tax is for the state government: New York, California, North Dakota, or any of the other forty-seven states. Some states have an income tax similar to that of the federal government. Of course, the percentage for the state tax is lower. Other states have a sales tax, which is a percentage charged to any item which you buy in that state.For example, a person might want to buy a packet of cigarettes for twenty-five cents. If there is a sales tax of eight percent in that state, then the cost of the cigarettes is twenty-seven cents. Thisfigure includes the sales tax. Some states use income tax in addition to sales tax to raise their revenues. The state tax laws are diverse and confusing.The third tax is for the city. This tax comes in two forms: property tax (people who own a home have to pay taxes on it) and excise tax, which is charged on cars in a city. The cities use these funds for education, police and fire departments, public works and municipal buildings.Since Americans pay such high taxes, they often feel that they are working one day each week just to pay their taxes. People always complain about taxes. They often protest that the government uses their tax dollars in the wrong way. They say that it spends too much on useless and impractical programs. Although Americans have different views on many issues, they tend to agree on one subject: taxes are too high.02-B. AdvertisingAdvertising is only part of the total sales effort, but it is the part that attracts the most attention. This is natural enough because advertising is designed for just that purpose. In newspapers, in magazines, in the mail, on radio and television, we constantly see andhear the messages for hundreds of different products and services. For the most part, they arethe kinds of things that we can be persuaded to buy – food and drinks,4cars and television sets, furniture and clothing, travel and leisure time activities.The simplest kind of advertising is the classified ad. Every day the newspapers carry a few pages of these ads; in the large Sunday editions there may be several sections of them. A classified ad is usually only a few lines long. It is really a notice or announcement that something is available.Newspapers also carry a large amount of display advertising. Most of it is for stores or for various forms of entertainment. Newspapers generally reach an audience only in a limited area. To bring their message to a larger audience, many who want to put out their ads use nationalmagazines. Many of the techniques of modern advertising were developed in magazine ads. The use of bright colors, attractive pictures, and short messages is all characteristic of magazine ads. The most . The message itself is usually short, important purpose is to catch the eyeoften no more than a slogan which the public identifies with theproduct.The same techniques have been carried over into televisionadvertising. Voices and music have been added to color and pictures to catch the ear as well as the eye. Television ads are short –usually only15,30, or 60 seconds, but they are repeated over and over again so that the audience sees and hears them many times. Commercial television has mixed entertainment and advertising. If you want the entertainment, you have to put up with the advertising-and millions of people want the entertainment.The men and women in the sales department are responsible for the company‘s advertising, They must decide on the audience they want to reach. They must also decide on the best way to get their message to their particular audience. They also make an estimate of the costs before management approves the plan. In most large companies management is directly involved in planning the advertising.03-A. The Atlantic OceanThe Atlantic Ocean is one of the oceans that separate the Old World5from the New. For centuries it kept the Americas from being discoveredby the people of Europe.Many wrong ideas about the Atlantic made early sailors unwilling to sail far out into it. One idea was that it reached out to "the edge ofthe world." Sailors were afraid that they might sail right off the earth. Another idea was that at the equator the ocean would be boiling hot.The Atlantic Ocean is only half as big as the Pacific, but it isstill very large. It is more than 4,000 miles (6,000 km) wide where Columbus crossed it. Even at its narrowest it is about 2, 000 miles(3,200 km) wide. This narrowest place is between the bulge of south America and the bulge of Africa.Two things make the Atlantic Ocean rather unusual. For so large an ocean it has very few islands. Also, it is the world's saltiest ocean.There is so much water in the Atlantic that it is hard to imaginehow much there is. But suppose no more rain fell into it and no more water was brought to it by rivers. It would take the ocean about 4,000 years to dry up. On the average the water is a little more than twomiles (3.2 km) deep, but in places it is much deeper. The deepest spotis near Puerto Rico. This "deep" 30, 246 feet - almost six miles (9.6 km).One of the longest mountain ranges of the world rises the floor ofthe Atlantic. This mountain range runs north and south down the middleof the ocean. The tops of a few of the mountains reach up above the sea and make islands. The Azores are the tops of peaks in the mid-Atlantic mountain range.Several hundred miles eastward from Florida there is a part of the ocean called the Sargasso Sea. Here the water is quiet, for there islittle wind. In the days of sailing vessels the crew were afraid they would be becalmed here. Sometimes they were.Ocean currents are sometime called "rivers in the sea." One of these "river" in the Atlantic is called the Gulf Stream. It is a current of warm water. Another is the Labrador Current - cold water coming downfrom the Arctic. Ocean currents affect the climates of the lands near which they flow.The Atlantic furnishes much food for the people on its shores. Oneof its most famous fishing regions, the Grand Banks, is near6Newfoundland.Today the Atlantic is a great highway. It is not, however, always a smooth and safe one. Storms sweep across it and pile up great waves. Icebergs float down from the Far North across the paths of ships.We now have such fast ways of traveling that this big ocean seems to have grown smaller. Columbus sailed for more than two months to cross it.A fast modern steamship can make the trip in less than four days. Airplanes fly from New York to London in only eight hours and from South America to Africa in four!03-B. The MoonWe find that the moon is about 239,000 miles (384,551km) away fromthe earth, and, to within a few thousand miles, its distance always remains the same. Yet a very little observation shows that the moon is not standing still. Its distance from the earth remains the same, butits direction continually changes. We find that it is traveling in a circle - or very nearly a circle - round the earth, going completely round once a month, or, more exactly, once every 27 1/3 days. It is our nearest neighbour in space, and like ourselves it is kept tied to the earth by the earth's gravitational pull.Except for the sun, the moon looks the biggest object in the sky. Actually it is one of the smallest, and only looks big because it is so near to us. Its diameter is only 2, 160 miles (3,389 km), or a little more than a quarter of the diameter of the earth.Once a month, or, more exactly, once every 29 1/2 days, at the time we call "full moon," its whole disc looks bright. At other times only part of it appears bright, and we always find that this is the partwhich faces towards the sun, while the part facing away from the sun appears dark. Artists could make their pictures better if they kept in mind -- only those parts of the moon which are lighted up by the sun are bright. This shows that the moon gives no light of its own. It merely reflects the light of the sun, like a huge mirror hung in the sky.Yet the dark part of the moon‘s surface is not absolutely black;7generally it is just light enough for us to be able to see its outline, so that we speak of seeing "the old moon in the new moon's arms." The light by which we see the old moon does not come from the sun, but from the earth. we knows well how the surface of the sea or of snow, or even of a wet road, may reflect uncomfortably much of the sun's lighton to our faces. In the same way the surface of the whole earth reflects enough of the sun's light on to the face of the moon for us to be able to see the parts of it which would otherwise be dark.If there were any inhabitants of the moon, they would see our earth reflecting the light of the sun, again like a huge mirror hung in the sky. They would speak of earthlight just as we speak of moonlight. "The oldmoon in the new moon's arms" is nothing but that part of the moon's surface on which it is night, lighted up by earth light. In the same way, the lunar inhabitants would occasionally see part of our earth in full sunlight, and the rest lighted only by moonlight; they might call this "the old earth in the new earth's arms.‖04-A. Improving Your MemoryPsychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how these principles work.Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme―Thirty days has September, April, June, and November…? ‖ It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order?Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the following8list of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan - 12, 389 feet - might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year(365) added to the number of months twice (24).The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in onegroup were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of thewords for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.04-B. Short-term MemoryThere are two kinds of memory: shore-term and long-term. Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed. The information may be kept for days or weeks. Sometimes information in the long-term memory is hard to remember. Students taking exam often have this experience. In contrast, information in shore-term memory is kept for only a few seconds, usually by repeating the information over and over. For example, you look up a number in the telephone book, and before you dial, you repeat the number over and over. If someone interrupts you, you will probably forget the number. In laboratory studies, subjects are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds if they are not allowed to repeat the letters to9themselves.Psychologists study memory and learning with both animal and human subjects. The two experiments here show how short-term memory has been studied.Dr. Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatus which had a cage for the rat and three doors, There was alight in each door. First the rat was placed in the closed cage. Next, one of the lights was turned on and then off. There was food for the ratonly at this door. After the light was turned off, the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if it went to the correct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there. Hunter did this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunter found that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds, it could not remember the correct door. Hunter's results show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds.Later, Dr. Henning studied how students who are learning English asa second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in his experiment were 75 students at the University of California in Los Angeles. They represented all levels of ability in English; beginning, intermediate, advanced, and native-speaking students.To begin, the subjects listened to a recording of a native speaker reading a paragraph in English. Following the recording, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Each question had four choices. The subjects had to circle the word they had heard in the recording. Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. For example, weather, whether, wither, and wetter are four words thatsound alike. Some of the questions had four choices that have the same meaning. Method, way, manner, and system would be four words with thesame meaning. Some of them had four unrelated choices. For instance,weather, method, love, and result could be used as four unrelated words.Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test.Henning found that students with a lower proficiency in English made more of their mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes on words that have the same meaning. Henning‘s results suggest that beginning students hold the10sound of words in their short-term memory, while advanced studentshold the meaning of words in their short-term memory.05-A. Fallacies about FoodMany primitive peoples believed that by eating an animal they couldget some of the good qualities of that animal for themselves. They thought, for example, that eating deer would make them run as fast asthe deer. Some savage tribes believed that eating enemies that had shown bravery in battle would make them brave. Man-eating may have started because people were eager to become as strong and brave as their enemies.Among civilized people it was once thought that ginger root by some magical power could improve the memory. Eggs were thought to make the voice pretty. Tomatoes also were believed to have magical powers. They were called love apples and were supposed to make people who ate themfall in love.Later another wrong idea about tomatoes grew up - the idea that they were poisonous. How surprised the people who thought tomatoes poisonouswould be if they could know that millions of pounds of tomatoes were supplied to soldiers overseas during World War II.Even today there are a great many wrong ideas about food. Some of them are very widespread.One such idea is that fish is the best brain food. Fish is good brain food just as it is good muscle food and skin food and bone food. But no one has been able to prove that fish is any better for the brain than manyother kinds of food.Another such idea is that you should not drink water with meals. Washing food down with water as a substitute for chewing is not a good idea, but some water with meals has been found to be helpful. It makes the digestive juices flow more freely and helps to digest the food.Many of the ideas which scientists tell us have no foundation have to11do with mixtures of foods. A few years ago the belief became general that orange juice and milk should never be drunk at the same meal. The reason given was that the acid in the orange juice would make the milk curdle and become indigestible. As a matter of fact, milk always meets in the stomach a digestive juice which curdles it; the curdling of the milk is the first step in its digestion. A similar wrong idea is that fish and ice cream when eaten at the same meal form a poisonous combination.Still another wrong idea about mixing foods is that proteins and carbohydrates should never be eaten at the same meal. Many people think of bread, for example, as a carbohydrate food. It is chiefly a carbohydrate food, but it also contains proteins. In the same way, milk, probably the best single food, contains both proteins and carbohydrates. It is just as foolish to say that one should never eat meat and potatoes together as it is to say that one should never eat bread or drink milk.05-B. Do Animals Think?The question has often been asked, Do animals think? I believe that some of them think a great deal. Many of them are like children in their sports. We notice this to be true very often with dogs and cats; but it is true with other animals as well.Some birds are very lively in their sports; and the same is truewith some insects. The ants, hardworking as they are, have their times for play. They run races; they wrestle; and sometimes they have mock fights together. Very busy must be their thoughts while engaged in these sports.There are many animals, however, that never play; their thoughts seem to be of the more sober kind. We never see frogs engaged in sport. They all the time appear to be very grave. The same is true of the owl, who always looks as if he were considering some important question.Animals think much while building their houses. The bird searchesfor what it can use in building its nest, and in doing this it thinks. Thebeavers think as they build their dams and their houses. They think in getting their materials, and also in arranging them, and inplastering them12together with mud. Some spiders build houses which could scarcely have been made except by some thinking creature.As animals think, they learn. Some learn more than others. Theparrot learns to talk, though in some other respects it is quite stupid. The mocking bird learns to imitate a great many different sounds. The horse is not long in learning many things connected with the work which he has to do. The shepherd dog does not know as much about most things as some other dogs , and yet he understands very well how to take care of sheep.Though animals think and learn, they do not make any real improvement in their ways of doing things, as men do. Each kind of bird has its own way of building a nest, and it is always the same way. And so of other animals. They have no new fashions, and learn none from each other. But men, as you know, are always finding new ways of building houses, and improved methods of doing almost all kinds of labor.Many of the things that animals know how to do they seem to know either without learning, or in some way which we cannot understand. They are said to do such things by instinct; but no one can tell whatinstinct is. It is by this instinct that birds build their nests and beavers their dam and huts. If these things were all planned and thoughtout just as men plan new houses. there would be some changes in the fashions of them, and some improvements.I have spoken of the building instinct of beavers. An English gentleman caught a young one and put him at first in a cage. After a while he let him out in a room where there was a great variety of things. As soon as he was let out he began to exercise his building instinct. He gathered together whatever he could find, brushes, baskets, boots, clothes, sticks, bits of coal, etc., and arranged them as if to build a dam. Now, if he had had his wits about him, he would have known that there was no use in building a dam where there was no water.It is plain that, while animals learn about things by their sensesas we do, they do not think nearly as much about what they learn, andthis is the reason why they do not improve more rapidly. Even the wisest of them, as the elephant and the dog, do not think very much about what they see and hear. Nor is this all. There are some thing that we understand,but about which animals know nothing. They have no knowledge of13anything that happens outside of their own observation. Their minds are so much unlike ours that they do not know the difference betweenrightand wrong.06-A. Diamonds。
视频互动讲义六解惑：carry away：使失去自控能力，失去理智；carry off：夺去，获得carry on：继续下去，坚持；carry out：贯彻，执行，实现draw in：到站；draw up：草拟，停住passed与past：前者是pass的过去时，表示“经过”，后者是形容词，表示“过去的”，或者名词，表示“过去，昔日。
”quantity与number：两者均为名词，前者与不可数名词连用，后者与可数名词连用，表示单个物件的多少。
reply表示“回复”，非常正常的场合使用，answer很随意地表示“回答”，response则表示“反应”。
一、对教材知识点的回顾第十一课重点内容的回顾Text A1.sacrifice to：注意词组搭配。
2.★be central to：注意词组含义。
3.★necessary(ily)----unnecessary(ily)：注意词义反差。
4.promote----promotion：注意词性转换。
5.lead----mislead----misleading：注意词性转换。
6.responsible----irresponsible：注意词义反差。
7.aim for：注意词组搭配。
8.★expand----expansion：为常考词汇，注意含义。
9．able----★enable----unable----disable(d)：注意词汇含义及变形。
10.fill with----fill in：注意词组含义。
11.wherever possible：“只要有可能”，注意翻译上的准确性。
Text B1.delight----delightful：注意词性变换。
2.★bring out：注意词组含义，同时关注与bring有关的所有词组。
3.★take…for granted：注意词组含义。
4.★It is(was/has been) said that…：注意句型，翻译常考。
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。
