英国文学发展史一览
1.English Literature of Anglo-Saxon Period
Time: about 7th century
Features: verse literature （唱诗）
two groups: pagan （非宗教性的）and religious
Main works:
“Beowulf”
poetry by Caedmon and Cynewulf
2.English Literature of Middle Centuries
Time: mid 11th Century – 15th Century
Features:
1.influence of the Norman Conquest
2.Main works and writers:
3.the Romances （骑士文学）
4.Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales”
3.English Literature of Renaissance
Time: early 16th Century—mid 17th Century
Features: the first glori ous period of English literary history, “ A nest of singing birds …” （百家争鸣，百花齐放）
Main writers:
1.Thomas More
2.Edmund Spencer
3.Francis Bacon
4.Shakespeare
4.English Literature during the Bourgeois Revolution
Time:1625—1688
The English Bourgeois Revolution begins from 1642
Features:
Puritan age represented by John Milton
Main literary form: Poetry
Main writers:
John Milton 1608--1674
5.English Literature of the 18th Century
Features:
Also as the Enlightenment Movement Period （启蒙时期）
It is divided into 3 stages:
1.“Glorious revolution” to the end of 1730’s;
2.The mature period (1740’s—1750’s);
3.The last period covers the rest decades of the 18th century.
Main authors:
（小说家）Daniel Defoe，Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding
（诗人）Alexander Pope
6.Romanticism in England
Time: 1798--1832
Features:
1.是英国文学史上诗歌最为繁盛的时期；
2.分为消极和积极两组。
Main poets:
1.以William Wordsworth 为代表的消极派“湖畔派诗人”
2.以Shelley, Baron, Keats 为代表的积极派诗人。
7.English Literature of the Mid & Late 19th Century
Features:
又被称为“Critical Realism Period”即批判现实主义阶段；
以Charles Dickens 和William Thackeray 为代表的现实主义小说家；
作品集中反映19世纪英国的社会现实；
开始涌现一批女作家：有大家熟悉的Charlotte Bronte & Emily Bronte, 她们的代表作有《呼啸山庄》和《简爱》
8.English Literature of the 20th Century
Features:
二十世纪以来，英国在世界上的主导地位日渐趋淡，二战以后更是附属于美国；国内女权运动高涨；
文学作品多反映中下层人民的生活，涉及诸多生活侧面；
抒情诗再领潮流。
Main writers:
1.Bernard Shaw 的戏剧；
2.D.H. Lawrence 的情爱小说；
3.James Joyce 的意识流小说，“Stream of Consciousness”
4.William Butler Yeats 的诗歌。
Appreciation of poetry from the aspect of Versification
Contents
Ⅰ. Meter
Ⅱ. Foot
Ⅲ. Rhythm
Ⅳ. Sound patterns
Ⅴ. Rhyme
Ⅵ. Rhyme Scheme
Ⅶ. Forms of poem
Ⅷ. Appreciations
Ⅰ.meter （格）
1.concept:the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
2.types:
“︶” stands for unstressed syllable and “_” represents stressed syllable. “\” is used to separate different feet.
1．抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,
So deep / in luve / am I :
And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear,
Till a` / the seas / gang dry:
Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose
注:art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go
上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：
︶－／︶－／︶－／（︶－）
2．扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright
In the / forests / of the / night
William Blake: The Tyger
上例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：－︶／－︶／－︶／－3．抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaest foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
Like a child / from the womb,
Like a ghost / from the tomb,
I arise / and unbuild / it again.
