2015年考研英语翻译模拟试题及答案(三)

英语翻译三级笔译实务真题2015年11月及答案解析(1/1)Section ⅠEnglish Chinese TranslationTranslate the following two passages into Chinese .第1题The Republic of Ireland is a sovereign state in Western Europe, occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, whose metropolitan area is home to around a third of the country’s 4.6 million inhabitants. The state shares its only land border with Northern Ireland. It is a unitary, parliamentary republic with an elected president serving as head of state. The head of government is nominated by the lower house of parliament.Following the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty, Ireland gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1922. Initially a dominion, Ireland received official British recognition of full legislative independence in the Statute of Westminster of 1931. A new constitution was adopted in 1937, by which the name of the state became “Ireland.” In 1949, Ireland was declared a republic under the Republic of Ireland act 1948.Ireland ranks among the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP per capita. In 1973, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth, coupled with a dramatic rise in inequality. The country achieved considerable prosperity from 1995 to 2007. This was halted by an unprecedented financial crisis that began in 2008, in conjunction with the concurrent global economic crash.In 2011 and 2013 Ireland was ranked as the seventh-most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index. It also performs well in several metrics of national performance, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. It pursues a policy of neutrality through non-alignment.The population of Ireland stood at 4,588,252 in 2011, an increase of 8.2 percent since 2006. As of 2011, Ireland had the highest birth rate in the European Union (16 births per 1,000 of population). In 2012, 35.1 percent of births were to unmarried women. Annual population growth rates exceeded 2 percent during the 2002-2006 period, which was attributed to high rates of natural increase and immigration. This rate declined somewhat during the subsequent 2006-2011 period, with an average growth rate of 1.6 percent.Ireland ranks fifth in the world in terms of gender equality. In 2011, Ireland was ranked the most charitable country in Europe, and second most charitable in the world. Contraception was controlled in Ireland until 1979, however, the receding influence of the Catholic Church has led to an increasingly secularized society . In 1983, the Eighth Amendment recognized “the right to life of the unborn”, subject to qualifications concerning the “equal right to life” of the mother. The passage of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments guarantees the right to have an abortion performed abroad, and the right to learn about “services” that are illegal in Ireland, but legal abroad. The prohibition on divorce in the 1937 Constitution was repealed in 1995 under the Fifteenth Amendment. Divorce rates in Ireland are very low compared to European Union averages while the marriage rate in Ireland is slightly above the European Union average. Capital punishment is constitutionally banned in Ireland, while discrimination based on age, gender, sexual orientation, marital or familial status, religion and race is illegal.Ireland became the first country in the world to introduce an environmental levy for plastic shopping bags in 2002 and a public smoking ban in 2004. Recycling in Ireland is carried out extensively and Ireland has the second highest rate of packaging recycling in the EuropeanUnion.___________下一题(1/1)Section ⅡChinese-English TranslationTranslate the following passage into English .第2题不冲突不对抗，是构建中美新型大国关系的必要前提。

北京理工大学2015年翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试模拟试题考试科目：211翻译硕士英语Part I.(30’)Section A:Vocabulary and grammar(20’)Directions:There are twenty sentences in this section.Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET1.An increase in a nation's money supply,without an accompanying increase in economic activity,__________result in higher prices.A.tendsB.tends theC.tending toD.will tend to2.X-rays are able to pass through objects and thus make__________details that are otherwise impossible to observe.A.it visibleB.visiblyC.visibleD.they are visible3.Prices for bikes at that store run__________250dollars.A.as high asB.as high toC.so high toD.so high as4.He will not be__________to vote in this year's election.A.enough oldB.as old enoughC.old enoughD.enough old as5.Thomas Jefferson's achievements as an architect rival his contributions __________a politician.A.suchB.moreC.asD.than6.According to the conditions of my scholarship,after finishing my degree__________.A.my education will be employed by the universityB.employment will be given to me by the universityC.the university will employ meD.I will be employed by the university7.If Bob's wife won't agree to sign the papers,____________.A.neither he willB.neither will heC.neither won't heD.he won't neither8._____is generally accepted,economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.A.WhatB.ThatC.ItD.As9.A violent revolution having broken out,all the ports of that country were laid under a(n)______.A.boycottB.embargoC.embarkD.ban10.Since_________can't work in the United States without a permit,so it is of great importance for them to present their credentials to the government.A.emigrantsB.expatriatesC.migrantsD.immigrants11.After the war,a new school building was put up_____there had once been a theatre.A.thatB.whereC.whichD.when12.A modern city has been set up in_____was a wasteland ten years ago.A.whatB.whichC.thatD.where13.Professor Smith,along with his assistants,______on the project day and night to meet the deadline.A.workB.workingC.is workingD.are working14.The president spoke at the business meeting for nearly an hour without______his notes.A.bringing upB.referring toC.looking forD.trying on15.The Internet has brought______big changes in the way we work.A.aboutB.outC.backD.up16.The tourists are told that the remotest village in this area is only_________by a river.A.accessibleB.availableC.obtainableD.achievable17.He__________interrupted me by asking irrelevant questions.A.continuallyB.continuouslyC.consistentlyD.constantly18.Being a man of_________and public spirit.Mr.Russell labored zealously to advance the interest of the community and was much interested in bringing new manufacturing interests to Waterloo.A.firmB.enterprisepanyD.corporation19.When people do things wrong we should try hard to forgive them,as the idiom goes,“To______is human.”A.referB.conferC.deferD.err20.Although gaining a job as a real__________agent or broker may be relatively easy,beginning agents and brokers may face competition from well-established,more experienced ones.A.propertyB.estateC.houseD.assetsSection B:Proof Reading&Error Correction(10’)The passage contains TEN errors.Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error.In each case,only ONE word is involved.You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word,underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line.For a missing word,mark the position of the missing word with a"L"sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word,cross the unnecessary word with a slash"/"and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.The central problem of translating has always been whether to translate literally or freely.The argument has been going since at least the first(1)______ century B.C.Up to the beginning of the19th century,many writersfavoured certain kind of“free”translation:the spirit,not the letter;the(2)_____ sense not the word;the message rather the form;the matter not(3)_______the manner.This is the often revolutionary slogan of writers who(4)_______ wanted the truth to be read and understood.Then in the turn of19th(5)_______ century,when the study of cultural anthropology suggested thatthe linguistic barriers were insuperable and that the language(6)_______was entirely the product of culture,the view translation was impossible(7)_____gained some currency,and with it that,if was attempted at all,it must be as(8)____ literal as possible.This view culminated the statement of the(9)_______ extreme“literalists”Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov.The argument was theoretical:the purpose of the translation,thenature of the readership,the type of the text,was not discussed.Toooften,writer,translator and reader were implicitly identified witheach other.Now,the context has changed,and the basic problem remains.(10)____PartⅡReading Comprehension(15*2’+5*2’)Directions:In this section there are four passages followed by a total of15multiple-choice questions and5short answer questions.Please read the passage and answer the question on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage AFor centuries men dreamed of achieving vertical flight.In400A.D.Chinese children played with a fan-like toy that spun upwards and fell back to earth as rotation ceased.Leonardo da Vinci conceive the first mechanical apparatus,called a“Helix,”which could carry man straight up,but was only a design and was never tested.The ancient-dream was finally realized in1940when a Russian engineer piloted a strange looking craft of steel tubing with a rotating fan on top.It rose awkwardly and vertically into the air from a standing start,hovered a few feet above the ground, went sideways and backwards,and then settled back to earth.The vehicle was called a helicopter.Imaginations were fired.Men dreamed of going to work in their own personal helicopters.People anticipate that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.Such fantastic expectations were not fulfilled.The helicopter has now become an extremely useful machine.It excels in military missions,carrying troops,guns and strategic instruments where other aircraft cannot go.Corporations use them as airborne offices,many metropolitan areas use them in police work,construction and logging companies employ them in various advantageous ways,engineers use them for site selection and surveying,and oil companies use them as the best way to make offshore and remote work stations accessible to crews and supplies.Any urgent mission to a hard-to-get-to place is a likely task for a helicopter.Among their other multitude of used:deliver people across town,fly to and from airports,assist in rescue work,and aid in the search for missing or wanted persons.1.People expect that________.[A]the airliners of today would eventually be replaced by helicopters[B]helicopters would someday be able to transport large number of people from place to place as airliners are now doing[C]the imaginations fired by the Russian engineer’s invention would become a reality in the future[D]their fantastic expectations about helicopters could be fulfilled by airliners of today2.Helicopters work with the aid of________.[A]a combination of rotating devices in front and on top[B]a rotating device topside[C]one rotating fan in the center of the aircraft and others at each end[D]a rotating fan underneath for lifting3.What is said about the development of the helicopter?[A]Helicopters have only been worked on by man since1940.[B]Chinese children were the first to achieve flight in helicopters.[C]Helicopters were considered more dangerous than the early airplanes.[D]Some people thought they would become widely used by average individuals.4.How has the use of helicopters developed?[A]They have been widely used for various purposes.[B]They are taking the place of high-flying jets.[C]They are used for rescue work.[D]They are now used exclusively for commercial projects.5.Under what conditions are helicopters found to be absolutely essential?[A]For overseas passenger transportation.[B]For extremely high altitude flights.[C]For high-speed transportation.[D]For urgent mission to places inaccessible to other kinds of craft.Passage BIn ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations.The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus,king of the Olympian Gods,eventually lost its local character,became first a national event and then,after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international.No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go,but some official records date from776B.C.The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus.Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece,but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator.Slaves,women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compete.The exact sequence of events uncertain,but events included boy’s gymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games,all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads.So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory.Although Olympic winners received no prize money,they were,in fact,richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards,we unfortunately have no means of telling.After an uninterrupted history of almost1,200years,the Games were suspended by the Romans in394A.D.They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics:the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind,and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars.It was over1,500years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in1896.Nowadays,the Games are held in different countries in turn.The host country provides vast facilities,including a stadium,swimming pools and living accommodation,but competing courtiers pay their own athletes’expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch,lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun’s rays.It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium.The torch symbolized the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals,and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony.The well-known Olympic flag, however,is a modern conception:the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.6.In ancient Greece,the Olympic Games________.[A]were merely national athletic festivals[B]were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colour[C]had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous position[D]were primarily national events with few foreign participants7.In the early days of ancient Olympic Games________.[A]only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the games[B]all Greeks,irrespective of sex,religion or social status,were allowed to take part[C]all Greeks,with the exception of women,were allowed to compete in Games[D]all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the Games8.The order of athletic events at the ancient Olympics________.[A]has not definitely been established[B]varied according to the number of foreign competitors[C]was decided by Zeus,in whose honor the Games were held[D]was considered unimportant9.Modern athletes’results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because ________.[A]the Greeks had no means of recording the results[B]they are much better[C]details such as the time were not recorded in the past[D]they are much worse10.Nowadays,the athletes’expenses are paid for________.[A]out of the prize money of the winners[B]out of the funds raised by the competing nations[C]by the athletes themselves[D]by contributionsPassage CIn science the meaning of the word“explain”suffers with civilization’s every step in search of reality.Science cannot really explain electricity,magnetism,and gravitation;their effects can be measured and predicted,but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than to Thales who first looked into the nature of the electrification of amber,a hard yellowish-brown gum.Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what these mysterious forces“really”are.“Electricity,”Bertrand Russell says,“is not a thing,like St.Paul’s Cathedral;it is a way in which things behave.When we have told how things behave when they are electrified,and under what circumstances they are electrified,we have told all there is to tell.”Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea.Aristotle, for example,whose natural science dominated Western thought for two thousand years,believed that man could arrive at an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles.He felt,for example,that it is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place,hence one can deduce that objects fall to the ground because that’s where they belong,and smoke goes up because that’s where it belongs.The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen. Modern science was born when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thus originated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientific investigation.11.The aim of controlled scientific experiments is________.[A]to explain why things happen[B]to explain how things happen[C]to describe self-evident principles[D]to support Aristotelian science12.What principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years?[A]the speculations of Thales[B]the forces of electricity,magnetism,and gravity[C]Aristotle’s natural science[D]Galileo’s discoveries13.Bertrand Russell’s notion about electricity is________.[A]disapproved of by most modern scientists[B]in agreement with Aristotle’s theory of self-evident principles[C]in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward“how”things happen[D]in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward“why”things happen14.The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the idea________.[A]that there are mysterious forces in the universe[B]that man cannot discover what forces“really”are[C]that there are self-evident principles[D]that we can discover why things behave as they do15.Modern science came into being________.[A]when the method of controlled experiment was first introduced[B]when Galileo succeeded in explaining how things happen[C]when Aristotelian scientist tried to explain why things happen[D]when scientists were able to acquire an understanding of reality of reasoningPassage DGeorge had stolen some money,but the police had caught him and he had been put in prison.Now his trial was about to begin,and he felt sure that he would be found guilty and sent to prison for a long time.Then he discovered that an old friend of his was one of the members of the jury at his trail.Of course,he didn’t tell anybody,but he managed to see his friend secretlyon day.He said to him,“Jim,I know that the jury will find me guilty of having stolen the money.I cann’t hope to be found not guilty of taking it—that would be too much to expect.But I should be grateful to you for the rest of my life if you could persuade the other members of the jury to add a strong recommendation for mercy to their statement that they consider me guilty.”“Well George,”answered Jim,“I shall certainly try to do what I look terribly strong-minded to me.”George said that he would quite understand if Jim was not able to do anything for him,and thanked him warmly for agreeing to help.The trial went on,and at last the time came for the jury to decide whether George was guilty or not.It took them five hours,but in the end they found George guilty, with a strong recommendation for mercy.Of course,Jim was very pleased,but he didn’t have a chance to see Jim for some time after the trial.At last,however,Jim visited him in prison,and George thanked him warmly and asked him how he had managed to persuaded the other member of the jury to recommend mercy.“Well, George,”Jim answered,“as I thought,those eleven men were very difficult to persuade,but I managed it in the end by tiring them out.Do you know,those fools had all wanted to find you not guilty!”16.How do you define“jury”?17.What did George expect Jim to do?18.What did Jim do to help George?19.How long did the Jury spend on making a decision?20.Why did George feel pleased about the decision?PartⅢWRITING(30’)As a candidate for the master’s degree program in translation,what do you think a professional translator should be equipped with in order to bridge languages and cultures in your future career?Please state your point of view clearly with detailed reasons.Marks will be awarded for content,organization,grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.Write your essay on the ANSWER SHEET参考答案：partⅠ(30’)section A Vocabulary and grammar(20’)1-5DCACC6-10DBDBD11-15BACBA16-20AABDB Section B Proof Reading and Error Correction(10’)1.going后加on2.cerain改成some3.rather后加than4.is改为was5.in改为at6.去掉the7.view后加that8.删掉was9.statement改为statements10.and改为butPartⅡReading Comprehension(40’)1.[B]2.[B]3.[D]4.[A]5.[D]6.[B]7.[A]8.[A]9.[C]10.[B]11.[B]12.[C]13.[C]14.[B]15.[A]16A jury A group of people who decide if someone on trial is guilty or not guilty. 17George expected Jim to make the jury ask for less punishment for George and lighten his punishment.18He told the jury that George was indeed guilty19It took them5hours to make the decision.20Because The punishment was less severe than expected.PartⅢWRITING(30’)(略)。

华东政法大学2015年翻译硕士专业学位研究生入学考试初试模拟试题考试科目：211 翻译硕士英语Part I. Vocabulary and Grammar (20’)Directions: There are twenty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your ANSWER SHEET1. He gave me a lot of help in my work, so I have to my success to him.A. grantB. ascribeC. commitD. submit2. It is well known that the first can only work hard planting young trees for a new business, while the following people may obtain the successful fruits.A. practitionersB. amateursC. forerunnersD. managers3. The honest journalist has kept investigating that high rank official for a long time, and he felt very happy when that fellow's corrupt scandal at last.A. got to lightB. stood in lightC. came to lightD. looked in light4. The Minister's answer led to an outcry from the Opposition.A. impressiveB. evasiveC. intensiveD. amusive5. The old gentleman to be an old friend of his grandfather's.A. turned inB. turned overC. turned upD. turned out6. The rules stated that anyone who had held office for three years was not for reelection.A. admirableB. eligibleC. reliableD. capable7. I feel very sad that the young man's energetic initiative with nothing in the experiment, for he met a lot of interference from the powerful authority.A. burned upB. tuned upC. pushed upD. ended up8. We were politely an armed guard and warned not to take pictures.A. assignedB. allowedC. acceptedD. assisted9. The recovery and of the country's economy has also been accompanied by increasing demands for high quality industrial sites in attractive locations.A. renewalB. revivalC. recessionD. relief10. In fact the purchasing power of a single person's pension in Hong Kong was only70 per cent of the value of the Singapore pension.A. equivalentB. similarC. consistentD. identical11. It seems a reasonable rule of thumb that any genuine offer of help and support from people or organizations will be accompanied by a name and address, and a willingness to be as to their motive in making contact.A. seen throughB. checked outC. touched onD. accounted to12. According to BBC boxing reporter Mike Costello, just as there is worldwide ____ with boxing, so there is worldwide opposition.A. passionB. attractionC. emotionD. fascination13. Although there are several variations on the exact format that worksheets can take, they are all similar in their aspects.A. potentialB. socialC. essentialD. partial14. any advice which you can get from the interviewer and follow up suggestions for improving your presentation and qualifications.A. Take the most ofB. Keep the most ofC. Have the most ofD. Make the most of15. There is a loss of self-confidence, a sense of personal failure, great anger and a feeling of being utterly .A. let aloneB. let outC. let downD. let on16. Japan remains tied to the Western camp partly because the relationship has become to her economy and politics over forty years' association.A. integralB. unilateralC. rationalD. hierarchical17. With most online recruitment services, jobseekers must choose their words carefully; the search engine will never make the correct match.A. thereforeB. whereasC. providedD. otherwise18. The child should always the same basic procedure: seeing the whole word hearing and pronouncing-writing from memory.A. go throughB. take overC. respond toD. carry off19. That MGM Grand Youth Center is open to children 3-12 years old what hotel they are staying in.A. regardless inB. regardless ofC. regardless onD. regardless from20. Ever since Geoffrey sent a sizeable cheque to a well-known charity he's been____ with requests for money from all sides.A. devastatedB. smashedC. bombardedD. crackedPart ⅡError Deletion (10’)Directions: Each question consists of a sentence with four underlined parts (words orphrases). These parts are labeled A, B, C, and D. Choose the part of the sentence thatis incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.1. The opinion polls were showing 76 percent of the responders more concernedA Babout the shambles of American education than about any other problem on thepolitical agenda. C D2. Kenny G is not a musician I really had much of an opinion about him until recently.A B C D3. I was twenty-five years old, and I'd just been laid down from my job as divisionA Bmanager at a mortgage banking firm.C D4. We knew so little about equipments, disposal techniques, the whole thing.A B C D5. It was so disgusted, and somewhat hazardous, not to mention a huge hassleA B Cand monetary expense.D6. Of course, I am aware of what he has played since, the success he has had,A B Cand the controversy has surrounded him among musicians and serious listeners.D7. That's not saying it's easy, though. There are definitely jobs that wore on you.A B C D8. Perhaps not surprisingly, the colleagues whom I thought less high, and whomA BI portrayed less admiringly, did not share my view.C D9. The Times, financially successful it may be, is a powerful but, at this moment,A B Cnot very healthy institution.D10. Having imposed temporary sentences of unprecedented severity on the fiveA Bdefendants who pleaded guilt, the judge told them that their actual sentences mightCdepend on their cooperation with subsequent investigations.DPart III Reading Comprehension(15*2’+5*2’=40’)Directions: In this section there are four passages followed by a total of 15 multiple-choice questions and 5 short answer questions. Please read the passage and answer the question on the ANSWER SHEET.TEXT AAmong the government’s most interesting reports is one that estimates what parents spend on their children. Not surprisingly, the costs are steep. For a middle-class, husband-and-wife family (average pretax income in 2009: $76,250), spending per child is about $12,000 a year. With inflation the family’s spending on a child will total $286,050 by age 17.The dry statistics ought to inform the ongoing deficit debate, because a budget is not just a catalog of programs and taxes. It reflects a society’s priorities and values. Our society does not— despite rhetoric (说辞) to the contrary—put much value on raising children. Present budget policies tax parents heavily to support the elderly. Meanwhile, tax breaks for children are modest. If deficit reduction aggravates these biases, more Americans may choose not to have children or to have fewer children. Down that path lies economic decline.Societies that cannot replace their populations discourage investment and innovation. They have stagnant (萧条的) or shrinking markets for goods and services. With older populations, they resist change. To stabilize its population—discounting immigration—women must have an average of two children. That’s a fertility rate of 2.0.Many countries with struggling economies are well below that.Though having a child is a deeply personal decision, it’s shaped by culture, religion, economics, and government policy. “No one has a good answer” as to why fertility varies among countries, says sociologist Andrew Cherlin of The Johns Hopkins University. Eroding religious belief in Europe may partly explain lowered birth rates. In Japan young women may be rebelling against their mothers’ isolated lives of child rearing. General optimism and pessimism count. Hopefulness fueledAmerica’s baby boom. After the Soviet Union’s collapse, says Cherlin, “anxiety for the future” depressed birth rates in Russia and Eastern Europe.In poor societies, people have children to improve their economic well-being by increasing the number of family workers and providing supports for parents in their old age. In wealthy societies, the logic often reverses. Government now supports the elderly, diminishing the need for children. By some studies, the safety nets for retirees have reduced fertility rates by 0.5 children in the United States and almost 1.0 in Western Europe, reports economist Robert Stein in the journal National Affairs. Similarly, some couples don’t have children because they don’t want to sacrifice their own lifestyles to the lime and expense of a family.Young Americans already face a bleak labor market that cannot instill (注入) confidence about having children. Piling on higher taxes won’t help, “If higher taxes make it more expensive to raise children,” says Nicholas Eberstadt of the American Enterprise Institute, “people will think twice about having another child.” That seems like common sense, despite the multiple influences on becoming parents.1. What do we learn from the government report?A) Inflation increases families’ expenses.B) Raising children is getting expensive.C) Budget reduction in around the corner.D) Average family expenditure is increasing.2. What is said to be the consequence of a shrinking population?A) Weakened national strength.C) Economic downturn.B) Increased immigration.D) Social instability.3. What accounted for America’s baby boom?A) Optimism for the future.C) Religious beliefs.B) Improved living conditions.D) Economic prosperity.4. Why do people in wealthy countries prefer to have fewer children?A) They want to further improve their economic well-being.B) They cannot afford the time and expenses of rearing children.C) They are concerned about the future of the coming generation.D) They don’t rely on their children to support them in old age.5. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?A) To instill confidence in the young about raising children.B) To advise couples to think twice before having children.C) To encourage the young to take care of the elderly.D) To appeal for tax reduction for raising children.TEXT BSpace exploration has always been the province of dreamers: The human imagination readily soars where human ingenuity (创造力)struggles to follow. A Voyage to the Moon, often cited as the first science fiction story, was written byCyrano de Bergerac in 1649. Cyrano was dead and buried for a good three centuries before the first manned rockets started to fly.In 1961, when President Kennedy declared that America would send a man to the moon by the decade’s end, those words, too, had a dreamlike quality. They resonated(共鸣) with optimism and ambition in much the same way as the most famous dream speech of all, delivered by Martin Luther King Jr. two years later. By the end of the decade, both visions had yielded concrete results and transformed American society. And yet in many ways the two dreams ended up at odds with each other. The fight for racial and economic equality is intensely pragmatic (讲求实用的) and immediate in its impact. The urge to explore space is just the opposite. It is figuratively and literally otherworldly in its aims.When the dust settled, the space dreamers lost out. There was no grand follow-up to the Apollo missions. The technologically compromised space shuttle program has just come to an end, with no successor. The perpetual argument is that funds are tight, that we have more pressing problems here on Earth. Amid the current concerns about the federal deficit, reaching toward the stars seems a dispensable luxury—as if saving one-thousandth of a single year’s budget would solve our problems.But human ingenuity struggles on. NASA is developing a series of robotic probes that will get the most bang from a buck. They will serve as modem Magellans, mapping out the solar system for whatever explorers follow, whether man or machine. On the flip side, companies like Virgin Galactic are plotting a bottom-up assault on the space dream by making it a reality to the public. Private spaceflight could lie within reach of rich civilians in a few years. Another decade or two and it could go mainstream.The space dreamers end up benefiting all of us—not just because of the way they expand human knowledge, or because of the spin-off technologies they produce, but because the two types of dreams feed off each other. Both Martin Luther King and John Kennedy appealed to the idea that humans can transcend what were once considered inherent limitations. Today we face seeming challenges in energy, the environment, health care. Tomorrow we will transcend these as well, and the dreamers will deserve a lot of the credit. The more evidence we collect that our species is capable of greatness, the more we will actually achieve it.6. The author mentions Cyrano de Bergerac in order to show that_________.A) imagination is the mother of inventionB) ingenuity is essential for science fiction writersC) it takes patience for humans to realize their dreamsD) dreamers have always been interested in science fiction7. How did the general public view Kennedy’s space exploration plan?A) It symbolized the American spirit.B) It was as urgent as racial equality.C) It sounded very much like a dream.D) It made an ancient dream come true.8. What does the author say about America’s aim to explore space?A) It may not bring about immediate economic gains.B) It cannot be realized without technological innovation.C) It will not help the realization of racial and economic equality.D) It cannot be achieved without a good knowledge of the other worlds.9. What is the author’s attitude toward space programs?A) Critical.C) Unbiased.B) Reserved.D) Supportive.10. What does the author think of the problems facing human beings?A) They pose a serious challenge to future human existence.B) They can be solved sooner or later with human ingenuity.C) Their solutions need joint efforts of the public and private sectors.D) They can only be solved by people with optimism and ambition.TEXT CJust over a decade into the 21st century, women’s progress can be celebrated across a range of fields. They hold the highest political offices from Thailand to Brazil, Costa Rica to Australia. A woman holds the top spot at the International Monetary Fund; another won the Nobel Prize in economics. Self-made billionaires in Beijing, tech innovators in Silicon Valley, pioneering justices in Ghana—in these and countless other areas, women are leaving their mark.But hold the applause. In Saudi Arabia, women aren’t allowed to drive. In Pakistan, 1,000women die in honor killings every year. In the developed world, women lag behind men in pay and political power. The poverty rate among women in the U.S. rose to 14.5% last year.To measure the state of women’s progress. Newsweek ranked 165 countries, looking at five areas that affect women’s lives; treatment under the law, workforce participation, political power, and access to education and health care. Analyzing data from the United Nations and the World Economic Forum, among others, and consulting with experts and academics, we measured 28 factors to come up with our rankings.Countries with the highest scores tend to be clustered in the West, where gender discrimination is against the law, and equal rights are constitutionally enshrined(神圣化). But there were some surprises. Some otherwise high-rankingcountries had relatively low scores for political representation. Canada ranked third overall but 26th in power, behind countries such as Cuba and Burundi. Does this suggest that a woman in a nation’s top office translates to better lives for women in general? Not exactly.“Trying to quantify or measure the impact of women in politics is hard because in very few countries have there been enough women in politics to make a difference,”says Anne-Marie Goetz, peace and security adviser for U.N. Women.Of course, no index can account for everything. Declaring that one country is better than another in the way that it treats more than half its citizens means relying on broad strokes and generalities. Some things simply can’t be measured. And cross-cultural comparisons can t account for difference of opinion.Certain conclusions are nonetheless clear. For one thing, our index backs up a simple but profound statement made by Hillary Clinton at the recent Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperationsummit. “When we liberate the economic potential of women, we elevate the economic performance of communities, nations, and the world,” she said. “There’s a stimulative effect that kicks in when women have greater access to jobs and the economic lives of our countries: Greater political stability. Fewer military conflicts. More food. More educational opportunity for children. By harnessing the economic potential of all women, we boost opportunity for all people.”11. What does the author think about women’s progress so far?A) It still leaves much to be desired.B) It is too remarkable to be measured.C) It has greatly changed women’s fate.D) It is achieved through hard struggle.12. In what countries have women made the greatest progress?A) Where women hold key posts in government.B) Where women’s rights are protected by law.C) Where women’s participation in management is high.D) Where women enjoy better education and health care.13. What do Newsweek rankings reveal about women in Canada?A) They care little about political participation.B) They are generally treated as equals by men.C) They have a surprisingly low social status.D) They are underrepresented in politics.14. What does Anne-Marie Goetz think of a woman being in a nation’s top office?A) It does not necessarily raise women’s political awareness.B) It does not guarantee a better life for the nation’s women.C) It enhances women’s status.D) It boosts women’s confidence.15. What does Hillary Clinton suggest we do to make the world a better place?A) Give women more political power.B) Stimulate women’s creativity.C) Allow women access to education.D) Tap women’s economic potential.TEXT DThere was a time not long ago when new science Ph.D.s in the United States were expected to pursue a career path in academia (学术界).But today, most graduates end up working outside academia, not only in industry but also in careers such as science policy, communications, and patent law. Partly this is a result of how bleak the academic job market is, but there's also a rising awareness of career options that Ph.D. scientists haven't trained for directly—but for which they have useful knowledge, skills, and experience. Still, there's a huge disconnect between the way we currently train scientists and the actual employment opportunities available for them, and an urgent need for dramatic improvements in training programs to help close the gap. One critical step that could help to drive change would be to require Ph.D. students and postdoctoral scientists to follow an individual development plan (IDP).In 2002 the U.S. Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology recommended that every postdoctoral researcher put together an IDP m consultation with an adviser. Since then, several academic institutions have begun to require IDPs for post docs And in June, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Biomedical Research Workforce Working Group recommended that the NIH require IDPs for the approximately 32,000 postdoctoral researchers they support. Other funding agencies, public and private, are moving in a similar direction.IDPs have long been used by government agencies and the private sector to achieve specific goals for the employee and the organization. The aim is to ensure that employees have an explicit tool to help them understand their own abilities and aspirations, determine career possibilities, and set (usually short-term) goals. In science, graduate students and new Ph.D. scientists can use an IDP to identify and navigate an effective career path.A free Web application for this purpose, called my IDF. has become available this week. It's designed to guide early-career scientists through a confidential, rigorous process of introspection (内省)to create a customized career plan. Guided by expert knowledge from a panel of science-focused career advisers, each trainee’s self-assessment is used to rank a set of career trajectories(轨迹). After the user hasidentified a long-term career goal. my IDP walks her or him through the process of setting short-term goals directed toward accumulating new skills and experiences important for that career choice.Although surveys reveal the IDP process to be useful, trainees report a need for additional resources to help them identify a long-term career path and complete an IDP. Thus, my IDP will be most effective when it’s embedded in larger career-development efforts. For example, universities could incorporate IDPs into their graduate curricula to help students discuss, plan, prepare for, and achieve their long-term career goals.16. What is the situation about the new science Ph.D.s in the United States today?17. What is the problem in America’s Ph.D. training?18. What was recommended for Ph.D.s and postdoctoral researchers?19. What do Government agencies and the private sector often use IDPs to do?20. What do we know about my IDP?Part III. Writing （30’）With the fast development of our country’s economy, more and more people have become well-off, and they can afford a car. Moreover, a growing number of families in China also buy their in-university children cars to drive on campus. What do you think of this phenomenon? State your opinion with appropriate supporting details. In the first part of your writing you should state your main argument, and in the second part you should support your argument with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or make a summary. You should supply an appropriate title for your essay. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.参考答案：partⅠ Multiple choice(30’)1-5 . B A CBD 6-10 B D A BA 11-15. B DCD C16-20. A D A BCPart ⅡError Correction(10’)1. B2. C3. A4. B5. A6. D7. D8. B9. B10. CPart III Reading Comprehension(40’)1~ 5 BCADD 6~10 ACADB 11-15 ABDBD16 They often have to seek jobs outside the academic circle.17. There's a huge disconnect between the way we currently train scientists and the actual employment opportunities available for them. It should be improved to better suit the job market.18. An IDP should be made in consultation with an adviser.19. T o help employees make the best use of their abilities to achieve their career goals20. It stands for individual development plan, and it is an effective tool of self-assessment and introspection for better career plans.Part IV. Writing （30’）(略)11。

2015年西北大学外国语学院357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解I. Directions: Translate the following words, abbreviations or terminology into their target language respectively. There are altogether 30 items in this part of the test, 15 in English and 15 in Chinese, with one point for each. (30 points)1. ISBN【答案】国际标准图书编号2. UNESCO【答案】联合国教科文组织3. CBS【答案】哥伦比亚广播公司4. CAD【答案】计算机辅助设计5. BOCOG【答案】北京奥组委6. R.S.V.P.【答案】请回复7. CRI【答案】中国国际广播电台8. D/A【答案】数位类比转换9. irrevocable L/C【答案】不可撤销信用证10. Standing Committee member 【答案】常务委员11. Buddhist scriptures【答案】佛教经文12. supervision by public opinion 【答案】舆论监督13. environment-friendly products 【答案】环保产品14. housing project for low-income families【答案】安居工程15. Department of Home News for Overseas Service 【答案】对外宣传报道16. 棋逢对手【答案】Diamond cuts diamond.17. 昙花一现【答案】a flash in the pan18. 应急预案【答案】contingency plan19. 教书育人【答案】impart knowledge and educate people20. 幼主【答案】princekin; crown prince21. 山寨产品【答案】fake products22. 拦路虎【答案】obstacle; stumbling block23. 甲骨文【答案】oracle24. 申诉方【答案】complaining party25. 二进制位【答案】binary digit26. 客座教授【答案】visiting professor27. 版税【答案】copyright royalty28. 全天候【答案】all weather29. 同声传译【答案】simultaneous interpretation30. 世界纪录保持者【答案】world-record holderII. Directions: Translate the following two source texts into their target language respectively. If the source text is in English, its target language is Chinese. If the source text is in Chinese, its target language is English. (120 points)Source Text 1 (60 points)Freeman and slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journeyman, in a word, oppressor and oppressed stood in constant opposition to one another, carried on an uninterrupted, now hidden now open fight, a fight that each time ended, either in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes.In the earlier epochs of history, we find almost everywhere a complicated arrangement of society into various, orders, a manifold gradation of social rank. In ancient Rome we have patricians, knights, plebeians, slaves; in the Middle Ages, feudal lords, vassals, guild-masters, journeymen, apprentices, serfs; in almost all of these classes, again, subordinate gradations.The modern bourgeois society that has sprouted from the ruins of feudalsociety has not done away with clash antagonisms. It has but established new classes, new conditions of oppression, new forms of struggle in place of the old ones. Our epoch, the epoch of the bourgeoisie, possesses, however, this distinctive feature: it has simplified the class antagonisms: Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into two great hostile camps, into two great classes, directly facing each other: Bourgeoisie and Proletariat.From the serfs of the Middle Ages sprang the chartered burghers of the earliest towns. From these burgesses the first elements of the bourgeoisie were developed.The discovery of America, the rounding of the Cape, opened up fresh ground for the rising bourgeoisie. The East-Indian and Chinese markets, the colonization of America, trade with the colonies, the increase in the means of exchange and in commodities generally, gave to commerce, to navigation, to industry, an impulse never before known, and thereby, to the revolutionary element in the tottering feudal society, a rapid development.The feudal system of industry, under which industrial production was monopolize by closed guilds, now no longer sufficed for the growing wants of the new markets. The manufacturing system took its place. The guild-masters were pushed on one side by the manufacturing middle class; division of labor between the different corporate guilds vanished in the face of division of labor in each single workshop.Meantime the markets kept ever Rowing, the demand ever rising. Even manufacture no longer sufficed. Thereupon, steam and machinery revolutionized。

2015年北航翻译硕士考研真题及答案历年真题是最权威的，最直接了解各专业考研的复习资料，考生要重视和挖掘其潜在价值，尤其是现在正是冲刺复习阶段，模拟题和真题大家都要多练多总结，下面分享北航2015年翻译硕士考研真题及答案，方便考生使用。

北航2015年翻译硕士考研真题及答案第一部分：将下列术语翻译成中文。

1.back-translationpensationpetence4.cultural substitution5.CAT6.Descriptive Translation Studies7.Documentary Translation8.E.L.T9.Logos10.patronage11.resistancy12.sight translation13.target language14.terminology15.undertranslation第二部分：将下列术语翻译成英文。

(本題共15分，每一题1分)。

1.翻译方向2.翻译体3.语内翻译4.多语语料库5,选译6.配字幕7.注音8.翻译单位9.可译性10.耳语传译11.借用12.信息型文本13.译前编辑14.逐词翻译15.动态对等第三部分：英译汉(本题共60分，第1段20分5第2段25分3第3段15分)。

1、Since1989Mayor Richard Daley has presided over the planting of more than300,000 trees,which he says not only please the eye but“reduce noise5air pollution and summer heat”Twenty-one underatilized acres around the city have been turned into72community gardens and parks.The renovation of Soldier Field on the lakefront will include17acres of new parkland.The largest park project,the Calumet Open Space Reserve on the far Southeast Side,is4,000acres of prairies，wetlands and forests.The city contracts with an organization called the Christian Industrial League,which hires many down-and-out persons’to wash stress and water plants.And the organization is building a greenhouse that will sell flowers in winter.2、Bhagwati says“Unions In poor countries face a lose-lose situation’Higher standards are apt to raise the poorer nations9costs of production,crippling those nations’competitiveness.If the standards are not implemented，those nations’exports are punished with sanctions.So for the unions in rich countries,the moralization of trade is win-win.Time was,protectionists were mostly on the right,protecting corporations in the name of nationalism.Now most are on the left5where the vocabulary of victimization prevails.The left’s agenda-—expanding government at the expense of markets in the allocation of wealth and opportunity—makes economic autarky a temptation.The same mind-set also opposes challenges to government monopolies such as public education and Social Security.3、Man-adapted physically as well as culturally to the new surroundings Into which he moved.Those who stayed in or moved to equatorial climates developed dark skin to protect them from the rays of the sun.Those who moved to colder climates developed light skin to take advantage of the sunlight for the synthesis of vitamin D.People in cold dry climates became stocky,to conserve heat.People in hot dry climates tended to become tall and thin，to dissipate heat.第四部分：汉译英(本题共60分，每段20分)。

2015考研英语模拟题及答案：阅读理解（三）要想提高英语阅读能力，就必须做大量的习题!考研英语频道为大家提供2015考研英语模拟题及答案：阅读理解(三)，更多考研英语模拟题尽在!2015考研英语模拟题及答案：阅读理解(三)When a new movementin art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what itsadvocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable theirprinciples may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may beregarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is ratherdifficult, fo r whatever Futurist poetry may be―even admitting thatthe theory on which it is based may be right―it can hardly beclassed as Literature。

This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, pastconditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in aworld of noise and violence and speed. Consequently, our feelings, thoughts andemotions have undergone a corresponding change. This speeding up of life, saysthe Futurist, requires a new form of expression. We must speed up ourliterature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. We must pour out a largestream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, orfinite verbs. Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitatethem; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the samepage, and shorten or lengthen words at will。

2015年华南理工大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年华南理工大学357英语翻译基础考研真题及详解Part Ⅰ. Directions: Translate the following items into their target language respectively. If the original is in English, its target language is Chinese. If the original is in Chinese, its target language is English. Two points are given for each correct item.(60 points)1. It’s been a nail-biting couple of weeks waiting for my results.【答案】这两个星期等结果，弄得我坐卧不安。

2. Dear me, those girls were even as nervous as brick.【答案】我的天哪，那些姑娘们居然一点儿也不紧张。

3. These constant changes in the weather beat me.【答案】天气这样变化无常，令人大惑不解。

4. He gave up the sword for the plough.【答案】他解甲归农了。

5. I could have laughed to read her thoughts.【答案】知道她的想法之后，我差点笑出声来。

6. It is essential that the mechanic or technician understand well the characteristicsof battery circuits and cells.【答案】重要的是，技术人员要深入了解电池电路的特性。

2015年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试管理类专业硕士学位联考（英语二）模拟试题三Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Britons in their late 30s and early 40s are 1 than any other age group, suffering from loneliness and depression as work and relationship pressures 2 their toll, according to a 3 on Wednesday.The research, 4 relationship advice charity Relate, found a fifth of those 5 35 to 44 wished they had a better relationship with their family, 6 nearly a third saying these relationships would improve if they could work 7 hours.."Traditionally we 8 the midlife 9 with people in their late 40s to 50s, but the report reveals that this period could be reaching people earlier than we would expect," said Claire Tyler, chief executive of Relate."It's when life gets really hard -- you're starting a family, pressure at work can be 10 and money worries can be 11 crippling."Relate found that 22 percent of 35 to 44-year-olds had suffered depression because of a bad 12 , and 40 percent had been cheated on by a partner.The survey of 2,004 adults showed that, across all age groups, money worries and unemployment were the biggest strain on people's relationships with their partners, while communication problems, working long hours and the 13 of housework also 14 pressure on couples.The ways in which people communicate with their friends and family have changed with the growth of modern technology, the survey found, with emails and 15 messages more popular than face-to-face communication for 16 in touch with friends.A quarter of parents said they used social networking 17 such as Facebook and MySpace to keep in contact with their children, while one in 10 parents said they had no face to face contact with their children at all.Relationships with dads have 18 suffered from changes to family 19 , the charity said, with a third of dads who are divorced or 20 never seeing their children, compared to 10 percent of mums.1. A. happier B. unhappier C. more pleasant D. less pleasant2. A. make B. exert C. take D. get3. A. survey B. investigation C. archive D. document4. A. of B. at C. in D. by5. A. aging B. aged C. of D. yeared6. A. with B. while C. when D. where7. A. little B. less C. few D. fewer8. A. connected B. linked C. associated D. obsessed9. A. tragedy B. comedy C. ridicule D. crisis10. A. big B. profound C. immense D. thorough11. A. more B. increasingly C. approximately D. usually12. A. partnership B. relationship C. marriage D. friendship13. A. shares B. cooperating C. division D. conviction14. A. made B. took C. exerted D. got15. A. oral B. written C. text D. printed16. A. staying B. maintaining C. holding D. withholding17. A. places B. sites C. spots D. locations18. A. specially B. consequently C. constantly D. particularly19. A. organization B. composition C. institution D. structure20.A. married B. singled C. widowed D. separatedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C, or D. mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1There are few more sobering online activities than entering data into college-tuition calculators and gasping as the Web spits back a six-figure sum. But economists say families about to go into debt to fund four years of partying, as well as studying, can console themselves with the knowledge that college is an investment that, unlike many bank stocks, should yield huge dividends.A 2008 study by two Harvard economists notes that the "labor-market premium to skill"—or the amount college graduates earned that’s greater than what high-school graduate earned—decreased for much of the 20th century, but has come back with a vengeance since the 1980s. In 2005, The typical full-time year-round U.S. worker with a four-year college degree earned $50,900, 62% more than the $31,500 earned by a worker with only a high-school diploma. There’s no question that going to college is a smart economic choice. But a look at the strange variations in tuition reveals that the choice about which college to attend doesn’t come down merely to dollars and cents. Does going to Columbia University (tuition, room and board $49,260 in 2007-08) yield a 40% greater return than attending the University of Colorado at Boulder as an out-of-state student ($35,542)? Probably not. Does being an out-of-state student at the University of Colorado at Boulder yield twice the amount of income as being an in-state student ($17,380) there? Not likely.No, in this consumerist age, most buyers aren’t evaluating col lege as an investment, but rather as a consumer product—like a car or clothes or a house. And with such purchases, price is only one of many crucial factors to consider.As with automobiles, consumers in today’s college marketplace have vast choices, and people search for the one that gives them the most comfort and satisfaction in line with their budgets. This accounts for the willingness of people to pay more for different types of experiences (such as attending a private liberal-arts college or going to an out-of-state public school that has a great marine-biology program). And just as two auto purchasers might spend an equal amount of moneyon very different cars, college students (or, more accurately, their parents) often show a willingness to pay essentially the same price for vastly different products. So which is it? Is college an investment product like a stock or a consumer product like a car? In keeping with the automotive world’s hottest consumer trend, maybe it’s best to characterize it as a hyb rid (混合动力汽车); an expensive consumer product that, over time, will pay rich dividends.21. What’s the opinion of economists about going to college?A．Huge amounts of money is being wasted on campus socializing.B．It doesn’t pay to run into debt to receive a college education.C．College education is rewarding in spite of the startling costs.D．Going to college doesn’t necessarily bring the expected returns.22. The two Harvard economists note in their study that, for much of the 20th century, ________. A．enrollment kept decreasing in virtually all American colleges and universitiesB．the labor market preferred high-school to college graduatesC．competition for university admissions was far more fierce than todayD．the gap between the earnings of college and high-school graduates narrowed23. Students who attend an in-state college or university can ________.A．save more on tuitionB．receive a better educationC．take more liberal-arts coursesD．avoid traveling long distances24. In this consumerist age, most parents ________.A．regard college education as a wise investmentB．place a premium on the prestige of the CollegeC．think it crucial to send their children to collegeD．consider college education a consumer product25. What is the chief consideration when students choose a college today?A．Their employment prospects after graduation.B．A satisfying experience within their budgets.C．Its facilities and learning environment.D．Its ranking among similar institutions.Text 2Hormone levels and hence our moods may be affected by the weather. Gloomy weather can cause depression, but sunshine appears to raise the spirits. In Britain, for example, the dull weather of winter drastically cuts down the amount of sunlight that is experienced, which strongly affects some people. They become so depressed and lacking in energy that their work and social life are affected. This condition has been given the name SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder). Sufferers can fight back by making the most of any sunlight in winter and by spending a few hours each day under special, full-spectrum lamps. These provide more ultraviolet and blue-green light than ordinary fluorescent and tungsten lights. Some Russian scientists claim that children learn better after being exposed to ultraviolet light. In warm countries, hours of work are often arranged so that workers can take a break, or even a siesta, during the hottest part of the day. Scientists are working to discover the links between the weather and human beings’ moods and performance.It is generally believed that tempers grow shorter in hot, muggy weather. There is no doubt thatcrimes against the person rise in the summer, when the weather is hotter, and fall in the winter when the weather is colder. Research in the United States has shown a relationship between temperature and street riots. The frequency of riots rises dramatically as the weather gets warmer, hitting a peak around 27-30℃. But is this effect really due to a mood change caused by the heat? Some scientists argue that trouble starts more often in hot weather merely because there are more people in the street when the weather is good.Psychologists have also studied how being cold affects performance. Researchers compared divers working in icy cold water at 5℃with others in water at 20℃(about swimming pool temperature). The colder water made the divers worse at simple arithmetic and other mental tasks. But significantly, their performance was impaired as soon as they were put into the cold water-- before their bodies had time to cool down. This suggests that the low temperature did not slow down mental functioning directly, but the feeling of cold distracted the divers from their tasks. Psychologists have conducted studies showing that people become less skeptical and more optimistic when the weather is sunny. However, this apparently does not just depend on the temperature. An American psychologist studied customers in a temperature-controlled restaurant. They gave bigger tips when the sun was shining and smaller tips when it wasn't, even though the temperature in the restaurant was the same. A link between weather and mood is made believable by the evidence for a connection between behavior and the length of the daylight hours. This in turn might involve the level of a hormone called melatonin, produced in the pineal gland in the brain. The amount of melatonin falls with greater exposure to daylight. Research shows that melatonin plays an important part in the seasonal behavior of certain animals. For example, food consumption of stags increases during the winter, reaching a peak in February / March. It falls again to a low point in May, then rises to a peak in September, before dropping to another minimum in November. Theses changes seem to be triggered by varying melatonin levels.26. Why did the divers perform less well in colder conditions?A. They were less able to concentrate.B. Their body temperature fell too quickly.C. Their mental functions were immediately affected by the cold.D. They were used to swimming pool conditions.27. The number of daylight hours ______.A. affects the performance of workers in restaurantsB. influences animal feeding habitsC. makes animals more activeD. prepares humans for having greater leisure time28. Human irritability may be influenced by ______.A. how nervous and aggressive people areB. reaction to certain weather phenomenaC. the number of ions being generated by weatherD. the attitude of people to thunderstorms29. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the text?A. It is advisable for SAD sufferers to exposed to more sunlight.B. The increasing number of street riots can be attributed to rising temperature.C. Man’s performance can be impaired by low temperature because it makes human mindswork less efficiently.D. The amount of customers’ tips is affected by the weather.30. From the passage we can conclude that ______.A. cold weather can increase crimes against the personB. cool temperature can ruin the performance of the personC. certain temperature can slow down mental functions of all animalsD. certain weather can affect the mood of all animalsText 3A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend towards "directed" or "programmed" research, i.e. research whose scope and objectives are predetermined by private or government organizations rather than researchers themselves. Any scientist working for such organizations and investigation in a given field therefore tends to do so in accordance with a plan or program designed beforehand.At the beginning of the century, however, the situation was quite different. At that time there were no industrial research organizations in the modern sense: the laboratory unit consisted of a few scientists at the most, assisted by one or two technicians, often working with inadequate equipment in unsuitable rooms. Nevertheless, the scientist was free to choose any subject for investigation he liked, since there was no predetermined program to which he had to conform.As the century developed, the increasing magnitude and complexity of the problems to be solved and the growing interconnection of different disciplines made it impossible, in many cases, for the individual scientist to deal with the huge mass of new data, techniques and equipment that were required for carrying out research accurately and efficiently. The increasing scale and scope of the experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques in industrial processes led to the setting up of research groups or teams using highly complicated equipment in elaborately-designed laboratories. Owing to the large sums of money involved, it was then felt essential to direct these human and material resources into specific channels with clearly-defined objectives. In this way, it was considered that the quickest and most practical results could be obtained. This, then, was programmed research.One of the effects of this organized and standardized investigation is to cause the scientist to become increasingly involved in applied research, especially in the branches of science which seem most likely to have industrial applications. Since private industry and even government departments tend to concentrate on immediate results and show comparatively little interest in long-range investigations, there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to the applied field, where there are more jobs available, frequently more highly-paid and with better technical facilities than jobs connected with pure research in a university.Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this system, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for the future of science--not only pure sciences, but applied science as well.31. In the past there was no "directed" research because ______.A. no government would prefer itB. there were no industrial research organizationC. scientists were allowed complete freedom to do the research they want toD. insufficient equipment and instruments were available32. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?A. In programmed research scientists has a supposed program to go by.B. Government departments apply programmed research on an increasing scale nowadays.C. Applied science and pure science rely on each other.D. Private industrial departments are not a little interested in long-term research.33. All of the following are factors to help cause the shift from pure to applied science expect____.A. private industry and government departments’ concentrationB. better research conditionsC. emphasis on practical application of quick research resultsD. programmed research34. How is the situation likely to affect the future of science?A. Applied and pure science will simultaneously advance rapidly.B. Pure science will be much stimulated by applied science.C. Applied science and pure science will be separately independent.D. The future of both applied science and pure science will be threatened.35. The best title for this passage is likely to be ______.A. Tendency towards programmed research and its effectsB. Danger posed by the programmed researchC. Separation of pure and applied sciencesD. Industrial research tends to be more appliedText 4It is well known that animals are affected by human noise pollution. For example, dark-eyed junco birds that live in cities sing both louder and with a different song than their countryside counterparts. However, human noise pollution is not contained to cities, and even our oceans are filled with the noise from ships, motorboats and jet skis.Most research into human noise pollution has looked at how animals deal with communicating when there’s more noise than what they’re used to. However, noise can disrupt more than j ust an animal’s ability to communicate. Have you ever been in a bar, and had trouble enjoying your food, just because the music was too obnoxious? Or, if you happen to like pounding beats with your pizza, what about when you’re in a restaurant and an elect ric piano version of a Celine Dion song comes on and it makes you feel so physically sick that it’s hard to digest your soup.While these aren’t exactly the kind of problems that other animals face, having human-made noise might impair animals’ ability t o find food by stressing it out, making it less hungry, or more directly through interfering with the animal’s ability to detect its food.A recent study compared the effects of human noise on two fishes: three-spined sticklebacks and European minnows. The researchers played a recording of ships to the fish while they were foraging to see how their behaviour differed from when they foraged with a playback of silence. When being played the sound of ships, both species of fish ate less of their food (the waterflea, Daphnia) and were startled more often than when they had quiet. However, it seems that the noise disrupted the behaviour of the sticklebacks and minnows in different ways.When the sticklebacks were played the ship noise, they made more errors while they were foraging, whereas the minnows were just less motivated overall to feed.If a fish has this kind of disruption to its feeding it can mean that it then eats more when it isquiet, or spends more time foraging overall. This can in turn increase its chances of being eaten by a predator, if it is forced to search for food during the time or in the areas that predators hunt.In an unexpected twist to this tale, anthropogenic noise (for example, of ships), can actually affect the behaviour of the invertebrate prey (like the waterflea prey of these fish) as well as the fish themselves. Such noise can make invertebrates like these waterfleas more alert to danger, and, therefore, harder to catch by their predators. However, in the current study at least, the sticklebacks seemed to be making more errors to do with attacking non-food items instead of the waterfleas rather than the waterfleas being better at escaping them.As this experiment was carried out in the lab, it’s not clear how reliably it translates to natural conditions. For example, it is possible that fish that are constantly exposed to anthropogenic noise habituate to it and “learn to live with it.” Studies in the future will need to address how wild fish populations deal with the anthropogenic noise they are exposed to, and whether it alters their behaviour in a negative way.36. Which of the following is the topic of the passage?A. Experiments on anthropogenic noiseB. Animals’ different responses to anthropogenic noiseC. Effects of human noise on animalsD. Influences of human noise on fishes37. Why does the author cite the man’s examples in the last two sentences of paragraph two?A. To show how animals communicate in the presence of human noise.B. To show how human noise disrupts animals’ ability to communicate.C. To show how much noise pollution human beings have caused to animals.D. To show how seriously human noise has interfered animals’ life.38. According to the recent study, what can be the most serious consequence when the fishes are affected by human noise?A. They are more likely to be captured and killed.B. They will eat less food since they are startled more often.C. They will have little interest in finding food for themselves.D. The noise will disrupt the behaviors of the two fishes differently.39. Judging from the context, which of the following animals may be positively affected by anthropogenic noise?A. SticklebacksB. WaterfleasC. MinnowsD. Predators40. Why does the author think further research is necessary?A. Because the research findings are not reliable.B. Because the research findings are applicable to natural conditions.C. Because wild fish may have already get accustomed to human noise.D. Because wild fish’s behavior may be alter ed in a negative way by human noise.Part BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)More Americans are cohabiting--living together out of wedlock--than ever. Some expertsapplaud the practice, but others warn playing house doesn’t always lead to marital bliss. At one time in America, living together out of wedlock was scandalous. Unmarried couples who "shacked up" were said to be "living in sin." Indeed, cohabitation was illegal throughout the country until about 1970. (It remains illegal in 12 states, although the laws are rarely, if ever, enforced.) Today, statistics tell a different tale. The number of unwed couples living together has risen to a new high--more than 4.1 million as of March 1997, according to the Census Bureau. That figure was up from 3.96 million couples the previous year and represents a quantum leap from the 430,000 cohabiting couples counted in 1960.The bureau found that cohabiting is most popular in the 24-to-35 age group, accounting for 1.6 million such couples. Cohabitants say they live together primarily to solidify their love and commitment to each other, studies report. Most intend to marry; only 13 percent of cohabitants don’t expect to make their relationship legal. But the reality for many couples is different: Moving in doesn’t lead to"happily ever after."Forty percent of cohabitants never make it to the altar. Of the 60 percent who do marry, more than half divorce within 10 years (compared with 30 percent of married couples who didn’t live together first).Cohabiting partners are more unfaithful and fight more often than married couples, according to research by the Howard Center for Family, Religion and Society. Other studies have come to equally dour conclusions.Still, experts predict the number of cohabiting couples is likely to grow. As the children of the baby boomers come of age, they’re likely to defer marriage, as did their parents. This will lead to more cohabitation and nontraditional families. Analyst Robert Knight of the Family Research Council agrees the trend will hold for the near future. Until people discover that living together has pitfalls, it won’t wane in popularity, says Knight, author of Age of Consent: The Rise of Relativism and Corruption of Popular Culture. Cohabiting has been portrayed with"careful neutrality"in the media, and Hollywood celebrities who move in and out of each other's homes set the standard.But Warren Farrell, the San Diego-based author of Why Men Are the Way They Are, argues that living together is a good idea for a short period. "To make the jump from dating, when we put our best foot forward, to being married"--without showing each other the "shadow side of ourselves"--is to treat marriage frivolously, he says.Section III Translation46.Directions: In this section there is a passage in English. Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)As a growing number of states turn to gambling as a source of additional revenue, compulsive gambling is on the rise. “For most people who gamble, it is a social and recreational activity that does not incur long-lasting damage,” says Dr. Timothy Fong, an addiction expert based in Los Angeles. “But for about 2 percent of the population, they have this psychiatric disorder called gambling addiction th at can severely impact their lives in permanently harmful ways.”Dr. Fong says his office often gets a flurry of calls early in the week following a weekend of sports betting, casino visits, poker games, lottery scratching or Internet gambling. “We think o f gambling addiction as a silent killer,” he says, because it is often masked by medical complaints like insomnia, depression or stomach problems. “Fortunately, we now have treatments that are pretty effective in stopping the gambling and taking away the s uffering.”Section IV WritingPart A47. Directions: Suppose your cousin, Li Qiang, has been admitted into the Physics Department of Boston University in the US. Write him a letter to1) Congratulate him on his success;2) Offer him suggestions on his study and life abroad.You should write about 100 words on ANSERE SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Zhang Wei " instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B48.Directions: For this part, you are to write a composition on the topic: The Problem of Ageing Population in China. You should write at least 150 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese). Please refer to the table below. (15 points)1. 中国即将面临人口的老龄化问题;2. 人口老龄化将会带来的问题；3. 应该采取什么措施。