宁波大学2014年《924水污染控制工程》考研专业课真题试卷

宁波大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题(B卷) （答案必须写在答题纸上）考试科目: 农业知识综合二科目代码：340 适用专业: 渔业一、营养生理（75分）1、请解释“木桶效应”，该效应对生产实际有何指导意义（10分）？2、什么是EFA？EFA有何生理功能？写出鱼虾所需EFA的种类？（15分）3、写出脂肪自动氧化的步骤，并分析脂肪氧化对水产动物的危害（10分）？4、论述蛋白质，脂肪和糖类三大类营养素的相互作用关系（15分）？5、分析影响维生素稳定性的主要因素有哪些（15分）？6、翻译（10分）Lipid is one of the important nutrients for mollusks, especially at larval and juvenile stages, have also been demonstrated (Delaunay et al., 1991; Marty et al., 1992; Robinson, 1992; Mai et al., 1995). Lipid provides the source of energy, essential fatty acids (EFA) and other lipid classes like phospholipids and sterols and fat-soluble vitamins (Watanabe, 1982). Knowledge of the protein sparing effects of non-protein nutrients such as lipids or carbohydrates are necessary and should be used to reduce feed costs and limit ammonia production (Vergara et al., 1999). Meanwhile, excessive energy in diets can lead to decrease feed consumption (especially protein and other nutrients intake) and reduced growth (Ellis and Reich, 1991). Lipid in mollusk larvae have been used as an index for monitoring their physiological and nutritional status, and potential for successful metamorphosis (Gallager et al., 1986). However, information on the quantitative requirement of dietary lipid and its utilization in mollusk is mainly focus on the abalone. The optimal dietary lipid level of mollusk species, such as Haliotis discus hannai（皱纹盘鲍）(Uki et al., 1985; Mai et al., 1995), Haliotis tuberculata (L) （欧洲疣鲍）(Mai et al., 1995) had been demonstrated.第1 页，共2 页。

《2014浙江大学(zhè jiānɡ dà xué)自动控制(zì dònɡ kònɡ zhì)原理考研(kǎoyán)复习精编》历年(lìnián)考研真题试卷浙江大学(zhè jiānɡ dà xué)2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：自动控制原理编号：845注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。

1、（10分）图1为转动物体，J表示转动惯量，f表示摩擦系数。

若输入为转矩，，输出为角位移，求传递函数。

图1 转动物体2、（10分）求图2所示系统输出的表达式图23、（20分）单位负反馈系统的开环传递函数为，其中、。

试求：（1）闭环系统稳定，K和T应满足的条件；在K-T直角坐标中画出该系统稳定的区域。

（2）若闭环系统处于临界稳定，且振动频率，求K和T的值。

（3）若系统的输入为单位阶跃函数，分析闭环系统的稳态误差。

4、（20分）系统结构如图4所示。

（1）画出系统的根轨迹图，并确定使闭环系统稳定的K值范围；（2）若已知闭环系统的一个极点为，试确定闭环传递函数。

图45、（10分）系统(xìtǒng)动态方框图及开环对数频率特性见图5，求、、、的值。

图56、（10分）已知单位(dānwèi)负反馈系统开环频率特性的极坐标如图6所示，图示曲线(qūxiàn)的开环放大倍数K=500，右半s平面(píngmiàn)内的开环极点P=0，试求：（1）图示系统是否(shì fǒu)稳定，为什么？（2）确定使系统稳定的K值范围。

图67、（10分）是非题（若你认为正确，则在题号后打√，否则打×，每题1分）（1）经过状态反馈后的系统，其能控能观性均不发生改变。

（）（2）若一个可观的n维动态系统其输出矩阵的秩为m，则可设计m维的降维观测器。

高廷耀《水污染控制工程》第4版下册名校考研真题第十五章污水的厌氧生物处理一、填空题1．methanogenesis的中文翻译为：______；堆肥的英文为：______。

[中国科学技术大学2012年研]【答案】产甲烷作用；compost【解析】methanogenesis的中文翻译是产甲烷作用，是厌氧消化的最后阶段。

在该阶段中，产甲烷菌把第一阶段和第二阶段产生的乙酸、H2和CO2等转化为甲烷。

堆肥的英文是compost，堆肥是利用含有肥料成分的动植物遗体和排泄物，加上泥土和矿物质混合堆积，在高温、多湿的条件下，经过发酵腐熟、微生物分解而制成的一种有机肥料。

2．列举3种厌氧生物处理装置：______、______和______。

[宁波大学2015年研]【答案】化粪池；普通厌氧消化池；厌氧生物滤池【解析】在没有分子氧及化合态氧存在的条件下，兼性细菌与厌氧细菌降解和稳定有机物的生物处理方法称为厌氧生物处理。

处理工艺包括化粪池、普通厌氧消化池、厌氧生物滤池、厌氧接触法、升流式厌氧污泥床反应器、厌氧流化床和颗粒污泥膨胀床、厌氧内循环反应器、厌氧折流板反应器、厌氧生物转盘、厌氧序批式反应器、两相厌氧法和分段厌氧处理法等。

3．厌氧消化过程划分为三个连续的阶段，即______、______和______。

[中国科学技术大学2015年研]【答案】水解发酵阶段；产氢产乙酸阶段；产甲烷阶段【解析】厌氧消化分为三个阶段，包括：①水解发酵阶段，在该阶段，复杂的有机物在厌氧菌胞外酶的作用下，首先被分解成简单的有机物，参与这个阶段的水解发酵菌主要是专性厌氧菌和兼性厌氧菌；②产氢产乙酸阶段，在该阶段，产氢产乙酸菌把除乙酸、甲烷、甲醇以外的第一阶段产生的中间产物，如丙酸、丁酸等脂肪酸和醇类等转化成乙酸和氢，并有CO2产生；③产甲烷阶段，在该阶段，产甲烷菌把第一阶段和第二阶段产生的乙酸、H2和CO2等转化为甲烷。

4．厌氧消化通过搅拌使污泥和底物充分混合，搅拌方式有______、______、______。

水污染控制工程部分考研题答案(总9页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--《水污染控制工程》（生物部分）作业1、某曝气池的污泥负荷为 kgBOD 5/（kgMLSS·d），已知Y=，K d =，MLVSS / MLSS=，BOD 5去除率为90%，求污泥泥龄。

1.解： 由于）（d kgMLVSS kgBOD XVQS L S S S K XVS S Q Y s e d e c •⨯===⨯-=--=/8.03.0%90%100)(150000ηθ 所以求得c θ≈2、某城市污水设计流量Q=10000m 3/d ，时变化系数为，进水BOD 5平均浓度为300mg/L ，若用两座完全混合曝气池，BOD 5去除率为90%，求每座曝气池容积和最大需氧量。

取F/M=(kgMLVSS. d)， MLVSS /MLSS=，a=，MLSS=4000mg/L 。

提示：a ——平均转化1kgBOD 5的需氧量，kgO 2/kgBOD 5）时变化系数——最高时供水量与平均时供水量的比值解：)d /m (140004.1100003max =⨯=Q 330max m 13825.0m 276476.040005.030014000===⨯⨯⨯==总总每座曝气池容积）（V V X L S Q V s kg/d11345.0)kg/d (226810%90300140006.0223max 2===⨯⨯⨯⨯==-总总量每座曝气池的最大需氧总最大需氧量O O S aQ O r3、采用活性污泥法处理某废水，废水的BOD 5=450 mg/L ，流量500 m 3/d ，曝气池尺寸为6×6×12m 3。

（1）求废水在曝气池中的停留时间是多少？（2）活性污泥系统的容积负荷与MLSS 的比例是d ，求MLSS 的浓度为多少？（3）已知活性污泥工程的动力学常数为：Y=kgBOD ，Ks=280 mg/LBOD 的去除公式为：d /39.0)(0＝，μμS K Y SXt S S s +=-，求处理后的BOD 5浓度是多少？（4）该活性污泥过程的BOD 5去除率是多少？3、解： （1）d QV 864.0t =＝ （2）Lm g X d XLv d m kgBOD VQS Lv /60.1627/32.0/521.0350=⇒=⋅== （3）S 0＝450 mg/L ，Y=kgBOD ，K s =280 mg/L ，u=d ，t ＝，X= mg/L 根据)(0S Ks Y SXtS S +=-μ，经计算得：S=120 mg/L即处理后的BOD 5浓度为120 mg/L 。

高廷耀《水污染控制工程》第4版下册名校考研真题第九章污水水质和污水出路一、选择题关于氧垂曲线，下列说法不正确的是（）。

[中国地质大学（武汉）2009年研] A．受污点即亏氧量最大点B．曲线下降阶段，耗氧速率＞复氧速率C．曲线上升阶段，耗氧速率＜复氧速率D．曲线末端溶解氧恢复到初始状态【答案】A【解析】污水排入河流前，河水DO处于较高的正常值，污水排入河流后因有机物分解作用耗氧，耗氧速率不断增大并大于大气复氧速率，水中DO逐渐降低；DO降至最低点时，称为临界点，此时耗氧速率等于复氧速率；随后因有机物浓度降低，耗氧速率小于复氧速率，DO开始逐渐回升，并最终恢复初始水平。

A项，亏氧量最大点应为氧垂曲线的临界点处。

二、填空题1．一河流某点上游不远处有生活污染源正在排污，则该点水样测得的各类含氮化合物中，氮主要以______形态存在。

[中国科学技术大学2013年研]【答案】有机氮【解析】生活污染源主要排放生活污水，包括厕所冲洗水、厨房洗涤水、洗衣排水、沐浴排水及其他排水等。

生活污水的主要成分为纤维素、淀粉、糖类、脂肪和蛋白质等有机物质，以及氮、磷、硫等无机盐类及泥砂等杂质，生活污水中还含有多种微生物及病原体。

其中的氮主要以有机氮形式存在。

2．水质指标主要可分为______、______和______三类。

[中国科学技术大学2014年研]【答案】物理指标；化学指标；生物指标【解析】水质指标是指水样中除去水分子外所含杂质的种类和数量，它是描述水质状况的一系列标准。

水质指标包括：①物理指标，如嗅味、温度、浑浊度、透明度、颜色等；②化学指标，如电导率、pH值、硬度、碱度、无机酸度，有毒金属、重金属、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、磷酸盐，总耗氧量、化学耗氧量、生化耗氧量、总有机碳、高锰酸钾指数、酚类，氧气、二氧化碳等；③生物指标，如细菌总数、大肠菌群、藻类等。

3．氧垂曲线的最低点称为______，该点处耗氧速率______复氧速率。

浙江理工大学
2016年硕士学位研究生招生入学考试试题
考试科目：高分子化学代码：924
（请考生在答题纸上答题，在此试题纸上答题无效）
填空题30分，每空1.5分
1．尼龙66的化学名称是，其聚合物结构式分子式是；涤纶聚酯的化学名称是，其聚合物结构式为。

2．官能度指的是。

一般体系将形成，体系将形成缩聚物，体系将形成缩聚物。

3．聚乙烯的缩写是，其聚合物结构式为：；聚氯乙烯缩写是，其聚合物结构式为；PMMA是的缩写，其聚合物结构式为。

4．乳液聚合时一般有，和三相存在。

多项选择题30分，每题6分
1．自由基共聚产物类型可以分为：
A:交替共聚物
B:全同立构共聚物
C:无规共聚物
D:间同立构共聚物
E:嵌段共聚物
F:接枝共聚物
2．下列属于缩合聚合的方法是：
A:熔融聚合
B:本体聚合
C:界面聚合
D:乳液聚合
E:溶液聚合
F:悬浮聚合
3．交替共聚物形成的条件是竞聚率：
A:r1=0
B:r2=0
C:r1=1
D:r2=1
E:r1=∞
F:r2=∞
4．传统自由基聚合的四种方法是：
A:熔融聚合
B:本体聚合
C:界面聚合
D:乳液聚合
E:溶液聚合
F:悬浮聚合
第1页，共2页。

《水污染控制工程》期末考试试卷附答案一、选择题（每小题2分，共20题，共40分）1、下列说法不正确的是（）A.水形成自然循环的外因是太阳辐射和地球引力B.水在社会循环中取用的是径流水源和渗流水源C.生活污染源对环境污染最为严重D,工业污染源属于点源而非面源2、下列不属于水中杂质存在状态的是（）A.悬浮物 B胶体 C溶解物 D沉淀物3、TOD是指（）A.总需氧量 B生化需氧量 C化学需氧量 D总有机碳含量4、下列说法不正确的是（）A.可降解的有机物一部分被微生物氧化，一部分被微生物合成细胞B.BOD是微生物氧化有机物所消耗的氧量与微生物内源呼吸所消耗的氧量之和C.可降解的有机物分解过程分碳化阶段和硝化阶段D.BOD是碳化所需氧量和硝化所需氧量之和5、下列说法不正确的是（）A.COD测定通常采用K2Cr2O7和KMnO7为氧化剂B.COD测定不仅氧化有机物，还氧化无机性还原物质C.COD测定包括了碳化和硝化所需的氧量D.COD测定可用于存在有毒物质的水6、下列说法不正确的是（）A.调节池可以调节废水的流量、浓度、pH值和温度B对角线出水调节池有自动均和的作用C.堰顶溢流出水调节池既能调节水质又能调节水量D. D.外设水泵吸水井调节池既能调节水质又能调节水量7、下列说法不正确的是（）A.格栅用以阻截水中粗大的漂浮物和悬浮物B.格栅的水头损失主要在于自身阻力大C.格栅后的渠底应比格栅前的渠底低10－15 cmD.格栅倾斜50－60o，可增加格栅面积8、颗粒在沉砂池中的沉淀属于（）A自由沉淀 B絮凝沉淀 C拥挤沉淀 D压缩沉淀9、颗粒在污泥浓缩池中（）A自由沉淀 B絮凝沉淀 C拥挤沉淀 D压缩沉淀10、下列说法不正确的是（）A.自由沉淀试验用沉淀柱的有效水深应尽量与实际沉淀池的水深相同B.絮凝沉淀试验用沉淀柱的有效水深应尽量与实际沉淀池的水深相同C.对于自由沉淀E~t曲线和E~u曲线都与试验水深有关D.对于絮凝沉淀E~t曲线和E~u曲线都与试验水深有关11、下列关于各种活性污泥运行方式不正确的是（）A.渐减曝气法克服了普通曝气池供氧与需氧之间的矛盾B.多点进水法比普通曝气池出水水质要高C.吸附再生法采用的污泥回流比比普通曝气池要大D.完全混合法克服了普通曝气池不耐冲击负荷的缺点12、不属于推流式的活性污泥处理系统的是（）A.渐减曝气法B.多点进水法C. 吸附再生法D. 延时曝气法13、氧化沟的运行方式是（）A.平流式B.推流式C.循环混合式D.完全混合式14、不属于机械曝气装置的是（）A.竖管B.叶轮C.转刷D.转碟15、下列哪些装置不算污泥的来源（）A. 初沉池B.曝气池C.二沉池D.混凝池16、介于活性污泥法和生物膜法之间的是（）A.生物滤池B.生物接触氧化池C.生物转盘D.生物流化床17、介于活性污泥法和天然水体自净法之间的是（）A.好氧塘 B .兼性塘 C.厌氧塘 D曝气塘18、厌氧消化中的产甲烷菌是（）A.厌氧菌B.好氧菌C.兼性菌D.中性菌19、厌氧发酵过程中的控制步骤是（）A.酸性发酵阶段B. 碱性发酵阶段C.中性发酵阶段D.兼性发酵阶段20、厌氧发酵的温度升高，消化时间（）A.增大B.减小C.不变D.不能判断二、填空题（每小题2分，共15题，共30分）21、据世界卫生组织报道，全世界80％的疾病与_____有关。

入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上) 考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学Part I Vocabulary and Structure (30 points, 1 point each)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B),C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Thencircle the corresponding letter.1. At last she left her house and got to the airport, only ________ the plane flying away.A. having seenB. to have seenC. to seeD. saw2. Only by shouting at the top of his voice _________.A. he was able to make himself hearB. he was able to make himself heardC. was he able to make himself hearD. was he able to make himself heard3. It was not until midnight ________ the snowcapped peak.A. that they sightedB. that they did not sightC. did they sightD. had they sighted4. Fool ________ Jane is, she could not have done such a thing.A. whoB. asC. thatD. like5. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills ________ people each year than automobileaccidents.A. seven more timesB. seven times moreC. over seven timesD. seven times6. The party, ________ I was the guest of honor, was extremely enjoyable.A. by whichB. for whichC. to whichD. at which7. This missile is designed so that once ________ nothing can be done to retrieve it.A. firedB. being firedC. they firedD. having fired8. We have been told that under no circumstances ________ the telephone in the office for personalaffairs.A. may we useB. we may useC. we could useD. did we use第 1 页共12 页入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上) 考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学9. This traditional entertainment for children in America has never, ________ I know, become popular inChina.A. as muchB. as far asC. to the extent thatD. so long as10.Although the national government has introduced some new laws on this subject, it is the stategovernment which are ________ responsible for pollution control.A. preciselyB. progressivelyC. primarilyD. preliminarily11.Every man in this country has the right to live where he wants to, ______ the color of his skin.A. with the exception ofB. in the light ofC. by virtue ofD. regardless of12.He gave them a lovely bookcase in ________ for their kindness.A. responsibilityB. considerationC. gratitudeD. assistance13.However, at times this balance in nature is ________, resulting in a number of possibly unforeseeneffects.A. troubledB. disturbedC. confusedD. puzzled14.If businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be________ to work hard, with the resultthat tax revenues might actually shrink.A. cultivatedB. regulatedC. motivatedD. innovated15.Not having a good command of English can be a serious __________ preventing you fromachieving your goals.A. obstacleB. faultC. offenseD. distress16.The detective and his assistant have begun to ________ the mysterious murder.A. come throughB. look intoC. make overD. see to17.The police are trying to find out the ________ of the woman killed in the traffic accident.A. evidenceB. recognition第 2 页共12 页入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上) 考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学C. identityD. status18.Their diplomatic principles completely laid bare their ________ for world conquest.A. ambitionB. admirationC. recognitionD. extension19.When the crowd area was ________ by the flood, the government sent food there by helicopter.A. cut awayB. cut downC. cut upD. cut off20.The price of beer ________ from 50 cents to $4 per liter during the summer season.A. alteredB. rangedC. separatedD. differed21.Research shows that there is no________ relationship between how much a person earns andwhether he feels good about life.A. successiveB. creativeC. significantD. elegant22.I went along thinking of nothing ________, only looking at things around me.A. in particularB. in harmonyC. in doubtD. in brief23.The branches could hardly ________ the weight of the fruit.A. retainB. sustainC. maintainD. remain24.The tone of the article the writer’s mood at the time.A. reproducedB. reflectedC. imaginedD. imitated25.Humidity is so intense in some parts of the tropics that Europeans find they are unable to ________it.A. maintainB. persistC. endureD. sustain26.I know I shouldn’t eat chocolate cake when I’m dieting, but I find it hard to resist ________.A. reactionB. expectationC. objectionD. temptation27.The European Union countries were once worried that they would not have _________ supplies of第 3 页共12 页入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学petroleum.A. sufficientB. proficientC. efficientD. potential28.Very few scientists _________ with completely new answers to the world’s problems.A. come toB. come roundC. come onD. come up29.My boss has failed me so many times that I no longer place any _________on what he promises.A. assuranceB. probabilityC. relianceD. morality30.For many patients, institutional care is the most ________ and beneficial form of care.A. persistentB. appropriateC. thoughtfulD. sufficientPart II Reading Comprehension (40 points, 2 points each)Directions: T here are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and circle the corresponding letter.Passage OneQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.There must be few questions on which responsible opinion is so utterly divided as on that of how much sleep we ought to have. There are some who think we can leave the body to regulate these matters for itself. “The answer is easy,” says Dr. A. Burton. “With the right amount of sleep you should wake u p fresh and alert five minutes before the alarm rings.” If he is right many people must be under-sleeping, including myself. But we must remember that some people have a greater inertia than others. This is not meant rudely. They switch on slowly, and they are reluctant to switch off. They are alert at bedtime and sleepy when it is time to get up, and this may have nothing to do with how fatigued their bodies are, or how much sleep they must take to lose their fatigue.Other people feel sure that the present trend is towards too little sleep. To quote one medical opinion, thousands of people drift through life suffering from the effects of too little sleep; the reason is not that they can’t sleep. Like advancing colonists, we do seem to be grasping ever more of the land of第 4 页共12 页入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上) 考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学sleep for our waking needs, pushing the boundary back and reaching, apparently, for a point in our evolution where we will sleep no more. This in itself, of course, need not be a bad thing. What could be disastrous, however, is that we should press too quickly towards this goal, sacrificing sleep only to gain more time in which to jeopardize our civilization by actions and decisions made weak by fatigue. Then, to complete the picture, there are those who believe that most people are persuaded to sleep too much. Dr. H. Roberts, writing in Every Man in Health, asserts: “It may safely be stated that, just as the majority eat too much, so the majority sleep too much.” One can see the point of this also. It would be a pity to retard our development by holding back those people who are gifted enough to work and play well with less than the average amount of sleep, if indeed it does them no harm. If one of the trends of evolution is that more of the life span is to be spent in gainful waking activity, then surely these people are in the van of this advance.31. The author seems to indicate that__________.A. there are many controversial issues like the right amount of sleepB. the right amount of sleep is a topic of much controversy among doctorsC. people are now moving towards solving many controversial issuesD. among many issues the right amount of sleep is the least controversial32. The author disagrees with Dr. Burton because__________.A. some people have to stay up to finish their workB. some people still feel tired with enough sleepC. one would certainly have less sleep as he agesD. few people can wake up feeling fresh and alert33. In the last paragraph the author points out that__________.A. sleeping less is good for the human developmentB. people ought to be persuaded to sleep less than beforeC. those who can sleep less should be encouragedD. it is improper to state that people sleep too little34. We learn from the passage that the author__________.A. favors one of the three opinionsB. comments on three different opinionsC. explains an opinion of his ownD. revises someone else’s opinion第 5 页共12 页入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上) 考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学35. Which of the following is true of the passage?A. People who need more sleep should go to bed early.B. More and more people are now having less sleep.C. If you wake up after the set time, you are under-sleeping.D. More and more people are now giving up sleep for daily work.Passage TwoQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.It is a very plain and elementary truth that the life, the fortune and the happiness of every one of us, and, more or less, of those who are connected with us, do depend upon our knowing something of the rules of a game infinitely more difficult and complicated than chess. It is a game which has been played for untold ages, every man and woman of us being one of the two players in a game of his or her own. The chess board is the world, the pieces are the phenomena of the universe, and the rules of the game are what we call the laws of nature. The player on the other side is hidden from us. We know that his play is always fair, just, and patient. But also we know, to our cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or make the smallest allowance for ignorance. To the man who plays well, the highest stakes are paid, with that sort of overflowing generosity with which the strong shows delight in strength. And one who plays ill is defeated --- without haste, but without mercy.Well, what I mean by education is learning the rules of this mighty game. In other words, education is the instruction of the intellect in the laws of Nature, under which name I include not merely things and their forces, but men and their ways; and the fashioning of the affections and of the will into an earnest and loving desire to move in harmony with those laws. For me, education means neither more or less than this. Anything which professes to call itself education must be tried by this standard, and if it fails to stand the test, I will not call it education, whatever may be the force of authority or of numbers upon the other side.It is important to remember that, in strictness, there is no such thing as an uneducated man. Take an extreme case. Suppose that an adult man, in the full vigor of his faculties, could be suddenly placed in the world, as Adam is said to have been, and then left to do as he might. How long would he be left uneducated? Not five minutes. Nature would begin to teach him, through the eye, the ear, the touch, the properties of objects. Pain and pleasure at his elbow telling him to do this and avoid that; and by slow degrees the man would receive an education, which, if narrow, would be thorough, real, and adequate to his circumstances, though there would be no extras and very few accomplishments.第 6 页共12 页入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上) 考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学36. The author compares chess to human life in that _________.A. the rules of human life is more complicatedB. human life is a game dominated by rulesC. Nature is the hidden player against usD. human life is full of rises and falls37. In human life game, the player on the other side _________.A. is so careful as not to make any mistakesB. is patient enough to catch our mistakesC. never allows ignorance or mistakesD. is neither generous nor stingy38. According to the author, the main purpose of education is to_________.A. know and master the laws of natureB. get familiar with things and forcesC. find men and their ways in natureD. master the way to play life game39. What can NOT be said of the last paragraph?A. Everybody in the world is somewhat educated, but his education is narrow.B. Everybody has received enough education to cope with his surroundings.C. The more one receives education in universities, the more he will achieve.D. Nature is, in fact, a good place for people to educate themselves.40. What does the author want to convey to his readers?A. We must learn to abide by laws of nature.B. It’s important to thoroughly know your player.C. One should seize every opportunity to study.D. Nature has complete control of human beings.Passage ThreeQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.Evolutionary theories. The Belgian George Lemaitre put forward the idea that about 20000 million years ago all the matter in the universe --- enough, he estimated, to make up a hundred thousand million第7 页共12 页入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上) 考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学galaxies-- was all concentrated in one small mass, which h e called the “primeval atom”. This primeval atom exploded for some reason, sending its matter out in all directions, and as the expansion slowed down, a steady state resulted, at which time the galaxies formed. Something then upset the balance and the universe started expanding again, and this is the state in which the universe is now. There are variations on this theory: it may be that there was no steady state. However, basically, evolutionary theories take it that the universe was formed in one place at one point in time and has been expanding ever since. Will the universe continue to expand? It may be that the universe will continue to expand for ever, but some astronomers believe that the expansion will slow down and finally stop. Thereafter the universe will start to contract until all the matter in it is once again concentrated at one point. Possibly the universe may oscillate（摆动）for ever in this fashion, expanding to its maximum and the contracting and over again.The steady-state theory. Developed at Cambridge by Hoyle Gold and Bodi, the steady-state theory maintains that the universe as a whole has always looked the same and always will. As the galaxies expand away from each other, new material is formed in some way between the galaxies and make up new galaxies to replace those which have receded. Thus the general distribution of galaxies remains the same. How matter could be formed in this way is hard to see, but no harder than seeing why it should all form in one place at one time.How can we decide which of these theories is closer to the truth? The method is in principle quite simple. Since the very distant galaxies are thousands of millions of light years away, then we are seeing them as they were thousands of millions of years ago. If the evolutionary theory is correct, the galaxies were closer together in the past than they are now, and so distant galaxies ought to appear to be closer together than nearer ones. According to the steady-state theory there should be no difference.The evidence seems to suggest that there is a difference, that the galaxies were closer together than they are now and so the evolutionary theory is partially confirmed and the steady-state theory --- in its original form at least---must be rejected.41. What do both theories assume to be true?A. The universe is expanding at present.B. New material is continually being formed.C. The universe will finally contract to one mass.D. “A big bang” started the expansion.42. According to Lemaitre, the separate galaxies formed ________.第8 页共12 页入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上) 考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学A. during a pause in the expansion of the universeB. at the time of the primeval atom explosionC. when the universe balance was upsetD. when the expansion came to a stop43. What is the basic difference between the two classes of theories?A. The way galaxies expand away from each other.B. Whether the universe will continue to expand or not.C. The distribution of the galaxies in the universe.D. The place and time of the formation of matter.44. According to Hoyle and his friends at Cambridge ________.A. the explosion occurred much earlier than Lemaitre suggestedB. it is hard to see how matter could be formed in this wayC. the expansion of the universe is not a real oneD. new materia1is continually being created45. We see distant galaxies as they were long, long ago because ________.A. the universe has always looked the sameB. new materials keep coming into existenceC. their light takes so long to reach usD. they are expanding from time to timePassage FourQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Before the 1850s, the United States had a number of small colleges, most of them dating from colonial days. They were small, church connected institutions whose primary concern was to shape the moral character of their students.Throughout Europe, institutions of higher learning had developed, bearing the ancient name of university. In German university was concerned primarily with creating and spreading knowledge, not morals. Between mid-century and the end of the 1800s, more than nine thousand young Americans, dissatisfied with their training at home, went to Germany for advanced study. Some of them return to become presidents of respectable colleges --- Harvard, Yale, Columbia --- and transform them into modern universities. The new presidents broke all ties with the churches and brought in a new kind of第9 页共12 页入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学faculty. Professors were hired for their knowledge of a subject, not because they were of the proper faith and had a strong arm for disciplining students. The new principle was that a university was to create knowledge as well as pass it on, and this called for a faculty composed of teacher-scholars. Drilling and learning by heart were replaced by the German method of lecturing, in which the professor's own research was presented in class. Graduate training leading to the Ph.D., an ancient German degree signifying the highest level of advanced scholarly attainment, was introduced. With the establishment of the seminar system, graduate student learned to question, analyze, and conduct their own research.At the same time, the new university greatly expanded in size and course offerings, breaking completely out of the old, constricted curriculum of mathematics, classics, rhetoric（修辞学）,and music. The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system, by which students were able to choose their own course of study. The notion of major fields of study emerged. The new goal was to make the university relevant to the real pursuits of the world. Paying close attention to the practical needs of society, the new universities trained men and women to work at its tasks, with engineering students being the most characteristic of the new regime（学校体制）. Students were also trained as economists, architects, agriculturists, social welfare workers, and teachers.46. What do you know about American University before the 1850’s?A. They were completely sponsored by the church.B. They laid extreme emp hasis on students’ morals.C. Few of them offered selective courses.D. Their history went back to colonial days.47. Americans went to German to receive higher education in 1800s because __________.A. there were no famous universities in the United States at that timeB. they wanted to acquire knowledge, not just learn how to behaveC. it was very easy for them to get qualified teachers in GermanD. they couldn’t afford the high tuition in the United States48. What can be said of the Germany universities?A. They paid no attention of learning by heart.B. Their teachers have flexible teaching methods.C. They emphasize students’ participation.第10 页共12 页入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上) 考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学D. They attached importance to teachers’ guidance.49. What can we infer from the passage?A. Graduate students should do research on their own.B. Universities should impart knowledge instead of morals.C. Learning by heart is still an important method in universities.D. Universities should offer more and more selective courses.50. What would be the best title for the text?A. Development of American Universities.B. Germany Universities and American Education.C. The Origin of American Education.D. Modern American universities.Part III Translation (15 points)Directions:There are two items in this part. The first is Chinese-English Translation and the second is English-Chinese Translation.Section A (6 points, 1.5 points each)Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets..51. Soon after she reported to work, she faced herself________（面对的是她承担过的最艰难的工作）.52. Obviously ___________（这位发言人要强调的是）the impact of these findings rather than theprocess that led to these findings.53. The new electronic dictionary is sold _______________（比预期低得多的价格）.56. It is said that those who are stressed or working overtime are ____________ （更有可能增加体重）. Section B (9 points)Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.57. I’ve never seen anyone yet who worked for him or was around him for any length of time whowasn’t better off. And I don’t mean just financially, although a lot of people are. It’s just something about him --- coming into contact with Sam Walton just makes you a better person. (4 points)58. Men have generally been assu red that achieving their heart’s desires would be a piece of cake.第11 页共12 页入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学Women, of course, have always believed that we can’t have our cake and eat it too ---the old low-dream diet. Perhaps becoming a superwoman is an impossible dream for me, but life without that kind of fantasy is as unappealing as a diet with no treats. (5 points)Part IV Writing (15 points)Directions: In this part you are required to write a short essay on the topic of Should Family Schooling Exist. You should write at least 140 words following the outline given (in Chinese) below.1. 少数大城市出现了私塾学校；2. 人们对此有不同的看法；3. 你的观点是……第12 页共12 页入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学入学考试试题(B卷)(答案必须写在答题纸上)考试科目: 英语（二外）科目代码：244 适用专业: 日语语言文学。

《地下水污染与防治》试卷环境工程专业2013级姓名：学号：一、地下水污染的主要来源、污染途径及污染特点？（20分）1）地下水污染（ground water pollution）主要指人类活动引起地下水化学成分、物理性质和生物学特性发生改变而使质量下降的现象。

主要来源：通常按照污染物产生的行业类型,可以将地下水污染源分为工业污染源、农业污染源、生活污染源和自然污染源。

①工业污染源工业污染源主要指未经处理的工业“三废”即废气、废水和废渣。

工业废气如二氧化硫、二氧化碳、氮氧化物等物质会对大气产生严重的一次污染,而这些污染物又会随降雨落到地面,随地表径流下渗对地下水造成二次污染;未经处理的工业废水如电镀工业废水、工业酸洗污水、冶炼工业废水、石油化工有机废水等有毒有害废水直接流入或渗入地下水中,造成地下水污染;工业废渣如高炉矿渣、钢渣、粉煤灰、硫铁渣、电石渣、赤泥、洗煤泥、硅铁渣、选矿场尾矿及污水处理厂的淤泥等,由于露天堆放或地下填埋隔水处理不合格,经风吹、雨水淋滤,其中的有毒有害物质随降水直接渗入地下水,或随地表径流往下游迁移过程下渗至地下水中,形成地下水污染。

②农业污染源农业用水占全部用水量的70%以上,污染的影响面广泛。

一是过量施用农药、化肥,残留在土壤中的农药、化肥随雨水淋滤渗入地下,引起地下水污染;二是由于地表水污染严重,农业灌溉使用被污染的地表水,造成污水中的有毒有害物质侵蚀土壤,并下渗到地下水中,造成污染。

③生活污染源随着我国城镇化步伐的加快,生活垃圾与生活污水量激增,由于无害化处理率低,造成对陆地生态环境和水生态环境的严重污染。

我国每年累计产生垃圾达720亿吨,占地约514亿平方米,并以每年占地约3 000万平方米的速度发展,全国已有200多个城市陷入垃圾重围之中。

由于生活垃圾没有进行有效分类,大量有毒物质及危险废弃物与生活垃圾一起混合填埋,以及垃圾填埋处理技术落后、垃圾填埋选址不当等原因,垃圾填埋场的渗漏已经造成地下水的严重污染,成为地下水的主要污染源之一。