中银国际 中国电力及新能源深度研究报告-英文

電子行業實用英語Chapter 1Application classification电子行业英语应用分类1.標識用語標識用語批指在企業內部的建築事物、設備或其他場所用英語所作的各種標識。

常用词汇Communication n.通讯，交流conference n.会议consumer n.消费者Device n.装置，设备entrance n. 入口，进入exit n.出口Park n.停车场vt.停车photo n.照片report n.报告，报表v. 汇报Sensitive adj.敏感的，灵敏的Chapter 2Basic Application 電子行業英語基本運用Unit 1 Brief introduction of electronic industry 電子行業簡介下面將就有關公司、工廠以及企業等的多種表達方式列舉如下：公司概況公司(或工廠)基本狀況描述2.經營理念，與企業經營理念相關的常用語Unit2 Description of department 職能部門名稱Unit3 Description of positions人员职务名称人員称谓職位可用position 來表述，title 也用來表示某人的職位或頭。

公司中一些常見的職務名稱見下表：Unit 4 E-Mail System 電子郵件與電子郵件相關的常用語電子郵件常用稱謂書寫E-mail時，對對主的稱謂常采用以下格式；1.用dear加英文名的方式，如Dear Frank，這樣的格式。

用dear加英文的方式稱呼對方並不代表關系親密。

2.用hi加上英文名的方式，如Hi Frank，這樣的格式。

用Hi加英文名的方式稱呼對方並不代表態度傲慢。

3.日本人書寫E-MAIL時，常在英文名後加san來表示對他人的敬稱。

例如：比爾先生用Bill san來表述。

在日文裡，san屬於中性詞。

二、書寫電子郵件時的注意事項1.標題要言簡意賅，直接切入主題例如：以“貴公司產品有大量不良”作為標題時，存在的問題為標題太過籠統。

AI辅助写作Centralized Photovoltaic Power Station Project ProspectusProject Name: Centralized Photovoltaic Power Station ProjectProject Location: XXXXXXXProject Scale: Total installed capacity of XXX MWpProject Total Investment: Approximately XXX billion yuanProject Background:With the transformation of the global energy structure, clean energy has become the development trend of energy in the future. Photovoltaic power generation, as an important part of clean energy, has broad development prospects.The centralized photovoltaic power station project adheres to the national energy strategy, implements the national renewable energy policy, and utilizes the advantages of the region's excellent solar resources and land conditions to build a large-scale photovoltaic power station for power generation. The project can provide clean and renewable electricity for the local grid, improve the ratio of renewable energy in the electricity mix, reduce carbon emissions, and protect the environment.The purpose of the project is to develop renewable energy and protect the environment, while providing economic benefits for the local area. The project will be implemented in stages, with a planned construction area of XXX square kilometers and a planned installed capacity of XXX MWp. The first phase of the project will be built with an installed capacity of XXX MWp, followed by subsequent stages with an additional installed capacity of XXX MWp each.The project team has extensive experience in photovoltaic power generation and has a solid foundation in technology, engineering, operation, and management. The design of the project adheres to the principles of high efficiency, low cost, and environmental protection, and uses advanced photovoltaic modules and inverters to ensure high power generation efficiency and low operating costs. The project will adopt a comprehensive resource management approach, carry out landscaping and water conservation treatment in the project area, and implement waste management and recycling measures to minimize environmental impact.The project is of great significance to promote renewable energy development, protect the environment, and promote economic development. It is expected to become a national demonstration project for renewable energy development and an important foundation for promoting clean energy in the region.。

AA．B．C极密度继电器（第二报警值）Density relay For A。

B.C. pole （2th alarm value)A．B．C极密度继电器(第一报警值) Density relay For A。

B.C. pole （first alarm value）A．B．C极主储压器漏氮指示器Indicator for N2 leakage from the main accumulator of A.B。

C。

pole安（培) ampere (A)安全边界safety boundaries安全标志safety mark安全标准safety standard安全操作规程safety operation specifications安全措施safety measure / safety action安全电压safety voltage安全阀relief valve / safety valve安全阀打开Safety valve opening安全防护技术要求safeguarding specifications安全分析报告safety analysis report安全工程(学）safety engineering安全工作压力safe working pressure安全管理safety management安全技术措施safety technical steps (measurement))安全技术规程safety technical regulation安全距离safe distance安全可靠运行safe and reliable operation安全认证safety certification安全色safety color安全设[措］施maintenance prevention安全生产safety in production安全特低电压safety extra—low voltage安全限度safe limit安全性safety安全要求safety requirement安全裕度safety margin安全运行safe and reliable operation / safe operation安全责任制system of safety responsibility安全注意事项safety precautions安匝ampere-turns安装erection / mounting / installation安装垫mounting pad安装费用installation cost安装和使用条件condition of installation and use安装和维护erection and maintenance安装结构mounting structure安装结构或间距mounting structure or spacing安装竣工检验final installation inspection安装孔fixing hole安装面mounting face安装平面mounting plane安装使用说明书instructions for installation & operation安装说明mounting instruction安装条件mounting conditions安装图assembly drawing安装有…… be installed / be fitted with氨气检漏ammonia sniffing鞍型端子saddle terminal按钮push—button按钮开关push button actuator按生产要素分配distribution based on production factors 按照in accordance with （to）/ according to按指数衰减的直流恢复电压exponentially decaying d.c. recovery voltage盎斯—英寸ounce—inch凹坑pit奥氏体austeniteB八小时工作制8—hour duty巴(表压）bar （gauge pressure）扒钉anti—cheking iron扒渣dross trap拔模斜度draft把...拆开take apart把M安装在N上fit M on N把M套在N上fit M over N把M装（插）进N fit M into N把手handle坝址dam site白班dayshift白点fish eye / flake白金white gold白金电极platinum electrode白口铁white cast iron白口铸铁white cast iron白铁皮white iron白噪声white noise百分比抽样检验percent sampling inspection and test 百分数percentage百分数导电率percent conductivity百分阻抗percentage impedance摆动wobble摆动焊welding with weaving；weave bead welding 摆动振动wagging vibration摆脱电流let—go current扳手wrench / spanner斑点spot搬运handling板材sheets板规（靠模）plate gauge （shaping plate)板坯slab板条箱（包装用）crate板牙screw plate / die-block半波half-wave / half-cycle / loop半波持续时间loop duration半成品semi-finished product半打（六个）half a dozen半导体semiconductor半导体层semiconducting layer半干法semi-dry method半个正弦波 a half sine wave半个周波one—half cycle半极half a pole半控half control半年度检验semiannual inspection and test半衰期half—life半小时half an hour半硬钢half-hard steel半圆棒half round bar半自动semi-automatic半自动的semi-automatic半自动焊semi—automatic welding伴随accompany棒料billet棒形绝缘子rod insulator包封encapsulating包封胶encapsulating compound包覆导体clad conductor包含体inclusion body包括include / comprise / contain包络线envelope curve包铅金属lead coated metal包税区bonded area包装package / packing包装标志packing mark包装标准packing standard包装箱packing box / packaging case饱和saturation饱和磁化强度saturation magnetization饱和度degree of saturation饱和效应saturation effect饱和因数saturation factor保持hold保持继电器keep relay保持经济适度快速增长maintain an appropriate rapid economic growth保持在合闸位置be held in closed position保持至少5分钟at least maintain for 5 min保护电抗器protective reactor保护电力间隙protection power gap保护电路protective circuit保护断路器back—up circuit breaker / protection circuit breaker保护范围protective range保护火花间隙protective spark gap保护继电器protective relay保护开关back-up switch / protection switch保护水平protection level保护用互感器protective transformer保护装置protective equipment （device)保护装置的保护水平protection level of a protective device保护装置的保护因数protection factor of a protective device保留垫板fusible (permanent）backing保留指数retention index保税区bonded area保温材料adiabator / thermal insulation material保温层lagging / thermal insulation保温加热器temperature-keeping heater保温冒口insulated feeder保温温度holding temperature保险insurance保险阀lock valve保险公司insurance company保险丝fuse / fuse wire保证ensure / assure / guarantee保证国家的长治久安guarantee China’s long-term stability 保证社会公共需要guarantee social needs报废riscard / refuse / scrap报废品scrapped product报告report报告编号reference of report number报警alarm报批for approval爆裂rupture爆破片bursting disks爆破片的误爆破unintentional rupture of bursting disk爆破压力rupture pressure爆炸性气体explosive gases杯状纵磁结构cup-shaped axial magnetic structure备份backup备件spare parts备料场charging area / charge make—up area备忘录memorandum （—book)备用prepared for use备用的辅助开关spare auxiliary switch备用面板blank panel备有…… be fitted with… / be equipped with …备注Remarks背板sheet backing背点ant-apex 背对背电容器组back-to-back capacitor bank背景情况background背景噪声background noise背景噪声水平background noise level背砂backing sand背压力back pressure背压式汽轮机back-pressure turbine倍频器frequency doubler被覆层coating layer / coat / coating被覆线coated wire被审核方auditee被试断路器the test circuit breaker焙烧baking本图This drawing本图对应断路器处于下列状态This diagram corresponds to the following conditions：本图供用户作液压柜-断路器本体（密度继电器、储压器漏氮指示器、接线盒)之间电缆联接参考用。

【川财研究】钢铁行业周报：钢铁产能置换新规发布国内外 国补政策终落地，燃料电池迎黄金发展证券研究报告所属部门 । 行业公司部报告类别 । 行业月报所属行业 । 制造/电力设备及新能源 报告时间 । 2020/10/8分析师 黄博 证书编号： S1100519090001 **************** 分析师张天楠证书编号：S1100520070001 ********************* 川财研究所 北京 西城区平安里西大街28号中海国际中心15楼，100034 上海 陆家嘴环路1000号恒生大厦11楼，200120 深圳 福田区福华一路6号免税商务大厦32层，518000 成都 中国（四川）自由贸易试验区成都市高新区交子大道177号中海国际中心B 座17楼，610041——电力设备及新能源行业月报（20201008）❖ 月报观点：国补政策终落地，燃料电池迎黄金发展 9月21日，财政部等五部委正式联合发布《关于开展燃料电池汽车示范应用的通知》，示范期暂定为四年。

示范期间，五部门将采取“以奖代补”方式，对入围示范的城市群按照其目标完成情况给予奖励。

示范城市群应聚焦技术创新，找准应用场景，构建完整的产业链。

本次以城市群为载体、依托产业链开展示范应用一是有利于推动各地产业互补、企业强强联合，合力构建完整产业链；二是促进国内统一市场的形成和发展，加快推动形成燃料电池汽车产业国内循环，逐步实现关键核心技术突破；三是依托国内产业链，加快关键零部件产业化应用，鼓励整车和动力系统配套企业依托国内产业链，主动使用实现突破的关键零部件。

在国补政策出台后，各省市相继相应政策号召，出台相应燃料电池支持政策。

近期，四川发布《四川省氢能产业发展规划（2021-2025年）》、武汉发布《武汉市氢能产业突破发展行动方案》、佛山市发布《佛山市燃料电池汽车市级财政补贴资金管理办法》、岳阳市发布《岳阳市加氢站建设管理暂行办法》，预计未来将会有更多的地方政策出台，氢能产业商业化应用将加快落地，建议关注：1）具备规模优势和资源优势，全产业链布局的企业；2）掌握核心环节技术，有望推动燃料电池产业链国产化进程的企业。

Page1 Production of Electrical Energy（电能生产）1 English textFrom referenceHydrogen can be recovered by fermentation of organic material rich in carbohydrates, but much of the organic matter remains in the form of acetate and butyrate. An alternative to methane production from this organic matter is the direct generation of electricity in a microbial fuel cell (MFC). Electricity generation using a single-chambered MFC was examined using acetate or butyrate. Power generated with acetate (800 mg/L) (506 mW/m2 or 12.7 mW/L) was up to 66% higher than that fed with butyrate (1000 mg/L) (305 mW/m2 or 7.6 mW/L), demonstrating that acetate is a preferred aqueous substrate for electricity generation in MFCs. Power output as a function of substrate concentration was well described by saturation kinetics, although maximum power densities varied with the circuit load. Maximum power densities and half-saturation constants were Pmax = 661 mW/m2 and Ks = 141 mg/L for acetate (218 Ω) and Pmax = 349 mW/m2 and Ks = 93 mg/L f or butyrate (1000 Ω). Similar open circuit potentials were obtained in using acetate (798 mV) or butyrate (795 mV). Current densities measured for stable power output were higher for acetate (2.2 A/m2) than those measured in MFCs using butyrate (0.77 A/m2). Cyclic voltammograms suggested that the main mechanism of power production in these batch tests was by direct transfer of electrons to the electrode by bacteria growing on the electrode and not by bacteria-produced mediators. Coulombic efficiencies and overall energy recovery were 10?31 and 3?7% for acetate and 8?15 and 2?5% for butyrate, indicating substantial electron and energy losses to processes other than electricity generation. These results demonstrate that electricity generation is possible from soluble fermentation end products such as acetate and butyrate, but energy recoveries should be increased to improve the overall process performance.Keywords：electricity generation，acetate，butyrate，energyPage2 Electrical energy transmission（电能输送）2 English textFrom referenceThe economic theory of electricity transmission pricing is now well-known. The first-best price of electricity at each point on a network (node) equals the marginal cost of providing electricity at that node. The electricity must not only be generated, but it must also be delivered to that node, taking account of transmission constraints and electrical losses. If transmission constraints are binding, so that the amount of power flowing through a line is at the limit which safety allows, then cheap but distant generation may have to be replaced with more expensive local generation, in order to reduce power flows. In the constrained area, the optimal price of electricity rises to the marginal cost of the local generation, or to the level needed to ration demand to the amount of electricity available. Even if there are no constraints, some power will be lost in the transmission system (dissipated as heat), and prices should reflect the fact that it is more expensive to provide electricity at the far end of a heavily loaded line than close to a power station. Transmission Congestion Contracts (Hogan, 1992) could be used to hedge spatial price differentials, and to help coordinate investment. These principles are well-known, but few electricity systems have adopted them. New Zealand and a small number of US power pools have markets which are based upon nodal spot prices, but almost every other country in the world uses a simplified system of transmission pricing. Nodes may be grouped together into zones, and the price differentials between zones are calculated from simplified models. Other systems still see transmission as an “overhead” cost, and use simple “wheeling rates” to calculate payments if one company imports power from a second over the lines of a third. These payments are typically based upon the volume of the flow and the length of its contracted route (theMW-mile approach), and frequently ignore the fact that any transaction in an interconnected system will affect power flows on all the other networks in that system. A special issue of Utilities Policy (1997) discusses the pricing rules adopted in eight electricity systems, assessing them against economic and political criteria. One common theme is that these rules tend to produce lower price differentials than would be associated with optimal spot prices.How important are the differences between the relatively simple rules adopted in practice, and the prices which an optimal system would produce? One of the main economic functions of a price system is to signal the opportunity cost of alternative courses of action. On the demand side, an agent should buy something if it is valued at more than its price, while a supplier should produce it if this can be done for less than its price. If buyers and suppliers face the same prices, their independent decisions will ensure that the value of output at the margin is just equal to its marginal cost, which is optimal. If prices are above marginal costs, then too little of a good will be consumed and produced, while too much will be produced if prices are below marginal costs.1 The wrong prices can also lead to inefficient “bypass” as agents have an incentive to leave the market, and arrange deals at prices closer to their costs.2 This paper takes a simplified model of a transmission system, calculates optimal prices and quantities, and compares the outcome with those that simpler rules wouldproduce. The model has thirteen nodes, with demand at every node and generation atmost of them. The amounts of generation and demand, and the links between nodes, are intended as a simplified version of the transmission system in England and Wales. The profits earned by generators, and consumer surplus (the total amount consumers would be willing to pay for their consumption, less the amount which they do pay) can be calculated at each node for each pricing rule. Our main comparator is total welfare, equal to the sum of consumer surplus and profits.Keywords：electricity transmission；The economic theory; differences; NodePage 3 Protective relays(继电器)3 English textFrom reference1The function of protective relaying is to cause the prompt removal from service of any element of a power system when it suffers a short circuit, or when it starts to operate in any abnormal manner that might cause damage or otherwise interfere with the effective operation of the rest of the system. The relaying equipment is aided in this task by circuit breakers that are capable of disconnecting the faulty element when they are called upon to do so by the relaying equipment.Circuit breakers are generally located so that each generator, transformer, bus, transmission line, etc., can be completely disconnected from the rest of the system. These circuit breakers must have sufficient capacity so that they can carry momentarily the maximum short-circuit current that can flow through them, and then interrupt this current; they must also withstand closing in on such a short circuit and then interrupting it according to certain prescribed standards.3 Fusing is employed where protective relays and circuit breakers are not economically justifiable. Although the principal function of protective relaying is to mitigate the effects of short circuits, other abnormal operating conditions arise that also require the services of protective relaying. This is particularly true of generators and motors. A secondary function of protective relaying is to provide indication of the location and type of failure. Such data not only assist in expediting repair but also, by comparison with human observation and automatic oscillograph records, they provide means for analyzing the effectiveness of the fault-prevention and mitigation features including the protective relaying itself.Keywords：protective relaying；function；transformer；transmission line；Circuit breakersFrom reference 2Some relays have adjustable time delay, and others are "instantaneous" or "high speed." The term "instantaneous" means "having no intentional time delay" and is applied to relays thatoperate in a minimum time of approximately 0.1 second. The term "high speed" connotes operation in less than approximately 0.1 second and usually in 0.05 second or less. The operating time of high-speed relays is usually expressed in cycles based on the power-system frequency; for example, "one cycle" would be /60 second in a 60-cycle 1 system. Originally, only the term "instantaneous" was used, but, as relay speed was increased, the term "high speed" was felt to be necessary in order to differentiate such relays from the earlier, slower types. This book will use the term "instantaneous" for general reference to either instantaneous or high-speed relays, reserving the term "high-speed" for use only when the terminology is significant.Occasionally, a supplementary auxiliary relay having fixed time delay may be used when a certain delay is required that is entirely independent of the magnitude of the actuating quantity in the protective relay.Time delay is obtained in induction-type relays by a "drag magnet," which is a permanent magnet arranged so that the relay rotor cuts the flux between the poles of the magnet, as shown in Fig. 4. This produces a retarding effect on motion of the rotor in either direction. In other relays, various mechanical devices have been used, including dash pots, bellows, and escapement mechanisms. The terminology for expressing the shape of the curve of operating time versus the actuating quantity has also been affected by developments throughout the years. Originally, only the terms "definite time" and "inverse time" were used. An inverse-time curve is one in which the operating time becomes less as the magnitude of the actuating quantity is increased, as shown in Fig. 5. The more pronounced the effect is, the more inverse is the curve said to be. Actually, all time curves are inverse to a greater or lesser degree. They are most inverse near the pickup value and become less inverse as the actuating quantity is increased. A definite-time curve would strictly be one in which the operating time was unaffected by the magnitude of the actuating quantity, but actually the terminology is applied to a curve that becomes substantially definite slightly above the pickup value of the relay, as shown in Fig. 5.As a consequence of trying to give names to curves of different degrees of inverseness, we now have "inverse," "very inverse," and "extremely inverse." Although the terminology may be somewhat confusing, each curve has its field of usefulness, and one skilled in the use of these relays has only to compare the shapes of the curves to know which is best for a given application. This book will use the term "inverse" for general reference toany of the inverse curves, reserving the other terms for use only when the terminology is significant. Thus far, we have gained a rough picture of protective relays in general and have learned some of the language of the profession. References to complete standards pertaining to circuit elements and terminology are given in the bibliography at the end of this chapter.1 With this preparation, we shall now consider the fundamental relay types.Here we shall consider plunger-type and attracted-armature-type a-c or d-c relays that are actuated from either a single current or voltage source.Keywords：instantaneous；operating time；permanent maqnet; voltage sourcePage 4 Motor（电动机）4 English textFrom reference1We do get asked for some strange things sometimes: Vauxhall Vectra fans may recall the original launch TV advert which for a few seconds featured on-screen, a large multi-dialled clock, which was supposed to show time speeding forward to catch up with the leap into the future made by the new Vectra. Others might have suggested it was simply counting down the hours towards a cambelt failure....The clock was a stage prop designed and built for the advert by a London model-making company. It now resides in a North London flat as a rather unusual coffee table. Unfortunately the expensive variable speed-regulated motors used to drive the three dials on the clock face were reclaimed by the production company and so despite the complex gearing system installed, it did not run. A rather odd telephone call from the owner revealed that he was looking for some way to get it going again at minimum cost. He had seen an advert in a hobby magazine for C167 starter kits and wondered if there were some examples around of how to control the speed of a DC motor. Being helpful types and major fans of the Vectra (no chance), we came up with a solution based on a recycled Phytec miniMODULE167, a 12v DC motor, a fan, an infra-red LED, a photodiode and some simple C code.The objective was to make the clock run in "real time", accurate enough to keep good time for the duration of the average dinner party but be able to run at high speed (as inthe advert) on demand to impress the guests, just after the traditional serving of peppermint Rennies. The result was a simple Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller for a 12v permanent magnet DC motor. PID is very widely used in industrial control systems and something we get asked for examples of very frequently. Strangely, a trawl of the Web revealed no C-coded examples of any sort so we decided to do it from scratch. To make the clock run at a constant speed, here 600rpm, some form of accurate speed regulator mechanism was required. This would ensure that over time, the average motor speed would be constant. The nature of the clock mechanism was that the load on the motor varies. For example, as the various hands move, small load peaks occur which tend to disturb the runningspeed. The drag and motor efficiency were also subject to change, particularly as a result of temperature. A more appropriate motor drive mechanism to have used in this type of application would have been a stepper motor but most requests we get are for the control of conventional motors plus a reasonable DC motor just happened to be in the parts bin at the time....Keywords：Speed regulating motor；Photodiode；fan；PID;From reference 2The closed-loop controller is a very common means of keeping motor speed at the required "setpoint" under varying load conditions. It is also able to keep the speed at the setpoint value where for example, the setpoint is ramping up or down at a defined rate. The essential addition to the previous system is a means for the current speed to be measured. In the example, a three bladed vane was attached to the motor shaft. An infra-red LED was obscured from the view of a photodiode by the vane blades so that a series of pulses with a frequency proportional to motor speed is now available.In this "closed loop" speed controller, a signal proportional to the motor speed is fed back into the input where it is subtracted from the setpoint to produce an error signal. This error signal is then used to work out what the magnitude of controller output should be to make the motor run at the required setpoint speed. For example, if the error speed is positive, the motor is running too fast so that the controller output should be reduced and vice-versa. The clever part is how the output drive is worked out....At first sight it might be imagined that something simple like "if the error speed is negative, multiply it by some scale factor (usually known as "gain") and set the output drive to this level", i.e. the voltage applied to the motor is proportional to the error speed. In practice, this approach is only partially successful for the following reason: if the motor is at the setpoint speed under no load there is no error speed so the motor free runs. If a load is applied, the motor slows down so that a positive error speed is produced. The output increases by a proportional amount to try and restore the speed. However, as the motor speed recovers, theerror reduces and so therefore does the drive level. The result is that the motor speed will stabilise at some speed below the setpoint at which the load is balanced by the error speed x the gain. If the gain is very high so that even the smallest change in motor speed causes a significant change in drive level, the motor speed may oscillate or "hunt" slightly . This basic strategy is known as "proportional control" and on its own has only limited use as it can never force the motor to run exactly at the setpoint speed. The next improvement is to introduce a correction to the output which will keep adding or subtracting a small amount to the output until the motor reaches the setpoint, at which point no further changes are made. In fact a similar effect can be had by keeping a running total of the error speed speeds observed for instance, every 25ms and multiplying this by another gain before adding the result the proportional correction found above. This new term is based on what is effectively the integral of the error speed. Thus far we have a scheme where there are two mechanisms trying to correct the motor speed which constitutes a PI (proportional-integral) controller. The proportional term is a fast-acting correction which will make a change in the output as quickly as the error arises. The integral takes a finite time to act but has the ability to remove all the steady-state speed error. A further refinement uses the rate of change of error speed to apply an additional correction to the output drive. This means that a rapid motor deceleration would be counteracted by an increase in drive level for aslong as the fall in speed continues. This final component is the "derivative" term and it is a useful means of increasing the short-term stability of the motor speed. A controller incorporating all three strategies is the well-known Proportional-Integral-Derivative, or "PID" controller. For best performance, the proportional and integral gains need careful tuning. For example, too much integral gain and the control will tend to over-correct for any speed error resulting in oscillation about the setpoint speed. Several well-known mathematical techniques are available to calculate optimal gain values, given knowledge of the combined characteristics of the motor and load, i.e. the "transfer function". However, some simple rules of thumb and a little experimentation can yield satisfactory results in practical applications.。

目录1光伏:景气旺盛，需求无忧2风电：陆海并举，前景光明3电网设备：关注电网投资结构光伏：估值处于3年来中枢水平图：光伏指数（801735.SL）3年来PE-Band（左图）、PB-Band（右图）资料来源：同花顺、南京证券研究所⚫PE估值：截至2022年6月20日，光伏板块PE（TTM）为55.41倍，处于三年来的42%分位。

⚫PB估值：截至2022年6月20日，光伏板块PB（MRQ）为7.62倍，处于三年来的60%分位。

⚫整体来看，光伏板块估值处于近三年的中枢水平，比较合理。

光伏：国内外需求旺盛，化石能源价格暴涨刺激光伏需求图：国内光伏月度并网量（左图）、组件月度出口（右图）资料来源：中电联、盖锡咨询、南京证券研究所⚫国内：2022年3-5月，光伏装机同比增速分别为12.98%、109.71%和141.34%，均高于2021年同期的增速。

⚫出口：2022年出口同比增速处于近三年的高点，表明海外需求旺盛。

光伏：国内外需求旺盛，化石能源价格暴涨刺激光伏需求图：欧洲天然气TTF现货价（美元/百万英热，左图）、欧洲可再生能源PPA价格（欧元/兆瓦时，右图）资料来源：Level Ten Energy、中东欧能源观察、南京证券研究所⚫欧洲：俄乌战争的爆发进一步加剧了欧洲的能源紧缺局势，天然气现货价格是2020年同期的10-20倍。

⚫欧洲：受此影响，欧洲的可再生能源购电协议价格（PPA价格）水涨船高，欧洲市场能接受较高的组件价格。

光伏：国内外政策继续保障光伏装机需求⚫欧洲：①俄乌战争迫使欧盟考虑未来俄欧能源脱钩；②积极发展可再生能源符合全球气候变暖大背景下的政治正确。

上半年欧盟委员会公布Repower EU能源计划，计划到2025年将光伏发电能力翻一番，2030年光伏累计装机量达到600GW。

⚫美国：①拜登6月宣布美国进入用电安全紧急状态，并向商务部部长授予额外权限，豁免未来24个月内（或在紧急状态结束前）从东南亚四国（柬埔寨、马来西亚、泰国、越南）进口的光伏电池、组件关税。

Protection Strategies for Medium Voltage Direct Current Microgridat a Remote Area Mine Site偏远地区矿场的中压直流微电网的保护策略摘要: 文章介绍了在一个偏远地区中压直流电(MVDC)微型智能电网的保护策略。

微型智能电网的运行是为了给敏感负载提供大功率的电能质量和可靠性，同时提高采矿设备的能源效率。

MVDC微型智能电网，当地各种分布式能源资源(各级)已经被使用其中包括光伏(PV)数组、风力涡轮机、燃料电池堆栈，能量存储系统和移动柴油发电机。

对于输电线路保护，采用通信为基础的并且带有固体电子继电器的差动保护方案来隔离MVDC微电网的故障部分。

这进一步强化了直流过电流保护作为备份。

早期的研究工作忽视了直流系统的后备保护。

此外,以沟通为基础的直流方向过电流保护继电器被同时用于电源和负载保护来支持双向功率流。

MA TLAB / Simulink建模和仿真结果被提出和讨论来说明该系统的可靠性和安全性。

关键词：电路故障，延迟，分布式发电，能量存储，微网，矿业，过电流保护，电压控制，风力涡轮机I.INTRODUCTION引文矿点往往在偏远地方的矿产资源丰富，但很少有一个庞大而完善的电网基础设施。

但是，必须有一个安全的和可靠的电力供应对于有效和可靠地运行的开采作业是很重要的。

最近的技术发展趋势表明，在中压直流（MVDC ）系统方向的兴趣在不断增加，同时在一些刊物上也可以获得。

这导致了各种电力设备制造商推出新的产品进入市场，例如引用。

在不久的将来，许多其它MVDC系统有望成为可能。

因此，当务之急是以全面的方式在用于工业电力系统MVDC系统的保护问题进行了研究。

本文提出了MVDC微电网为偏远地区矿场提供可靠和安全的电力供应保护策略。

安装在位于较远主电网长期输电线路被公认为是昂贵的。

因此，本文探讨了一种利用当地现有的能源资源的微电网孤岛MVDC的可行性。

电厂相关词汇中英翻译6KV 公用配电屏6kv station board6KV配电屏6kv unit boardZ型拉筋zig-zag rod安培A: ampere氨ammonia按钮push button按钮pushbutton按钮触点push contact按时间顺序的chronological半导体semiconductor半径的、辐射状的radial饱和水saturated water保护和跳闸protection and trip报警器annunciator备用back-up备用provision备用reserve比特、位bit闭环closed loop避雷器surge diverter变电站substation变送器converter变送器transmitter变压器transformer并网synchronization并行接口parallel interface波特率baud rate不导电的、绝缘的dielectric不断电电源Uninterruptible power supply(UPS)不连续的discrete采样器pick-ups操作机构mechanism操作台the front pedestal侧墙side wall测试仪表instrument叉型叶根multifork root长久的permanent长期停机prolong outage厂环plant-loop厂用变unit transformer超导体superconductor超高压EHV :extra-high voltage成组的、成批的batch持续时间duration尺寸dimension充电器charger冲动式汽轮机impulse turbine冲击耐受电压impulse withstand voltage除盐水demineralized water除氧器deaeratorD.A传送、运输transport串（行接）口serial interface串行存取serial access吹灰器sootblower吹扫blow/purge垂直的Vertical磁场作用the action of a magnetic field磁导率permeability次烟煤subbituminous枞树形叶根fir-tree root错误检验和恢复error checking and recovery 错误指示器error detector大规模集成电路large scale integrate circuit 大修overhaul单向流动single-flow氮nitrogen导纳conductance导体conductor导叶Vane低压厂用变sub-distribution transformer低压缸low pressure cylinder/casing(LP)点火light/ignite点火器igniter电厂power plant电磁Solenoid电导率conductibility电动操纵的motor-operated电动机控制中心MMC: motor control center 电动机启动装置motor starter电动液压的electro-hydraulic电感电流inductive current电抗reactance电缆cable电流互感器CT :current transformer电气设备electrical equipment/apparatus电容capacitance电容电流capacitive current电容器capacitor电枢armature电网grid电网network电涡流式检测器eddy current proximity detector 电压互感器PT: potential /voltage transformer电压转换器electric pressure converter电压自由触点volt free contact电源power supplies电站（水）power station电阻resistance吊耳lug调节、调制Modulation调速器governor调制解调modulation-demodulation顶点apex顶棚管roof tube定位orientation定子stator定子机座stator frame动稳定dynamic stability动叶片moving blades/ blading独立存在的autonomous独立的free standing端子、接线柱instrument terminal端子箱、出线盒terminal box断路器circuit breaker锻造casting对称度symmetry对流烟道convection pass多功能处理器Multi Function Process(MFP)多项式order polynomial额定负荷ECR:economic continuous rating二极管diode二进制单元binary cell二进制的binary二进制计数器binary counter发电机generator发光二极管LED反动式汽轮机reaction turbine反馈feed back反相显示reverse video沸腾boil分辨率resolution分层（级）的hierarchical分隔墙division wall分接头tap分接头绕组tapping winding分散控制系统distribute control system(DCS) 分析基air dry分压器diverter粉状燃料ground coal /pulverized fuel风道duct风箱wind box伏特V: volt符号字符character幅度amplitude辅助的auxiliary负压燃烧suction firing附属部分annex复制的、备用的duplicate副励磁机pilot exciter改造alteration干式电缆dry -core cable干燥基dry感抗inductance感应的inductive高级的、先进的sophisticated高压缸high pressure cylinder/casing(HP)隔板diaphragm隔间bay隔离开关disconnecter给煤机coal feeder给煤机转速信号feeder speed跟随shadow工程单位engineering unit工业分析proximate analysis工业锅炉industrial boiler公差tolerance公用锅炉utility boiler公用系统common service system鼓风机forced draft fan固定碳fixed carbon关合电流making current管板tube sheet管道pipe管排tube bundle管形的tubular管子tube管座tube seat光电photo-electric光洁度finish硅silicon锅炉boiler/steam generator锅炉自动控制Automatic Boiler Controls 过程处理单元Process Control Unit (PCU) 过冷水subcooled water过量空气excess air过热器superheater毫伏millivolt褐煤brown coal/lignite横向的transverse后端、末端rear end户内的indoor滑环Slipping化石燃料fossil fuel还原气氛reducing condition/atmosphere 环状的annular灰分ash挥发分volatile机柜cubical机座frame级间漏汽interstage leakage集控室central control room (CCR)记录、日志log架空的overhead架空输电线overhead transmission line间隙clearance兼容性、相容性compatibility监测monitoring监督管理supervise监控方式monitor mode监控器monitor/monitor unit减温器Attemperator检验calibration交流电alternating current接口interface节点node截止阀stop/emergency valve紧急的应力emergency stress经由Via静叶片stationary blades/ blading绝缘galvanic isolation绝缘子insulator开断interruption开断电流breaking current开关switcher开关柜switch cabinet开关柜Switchgear开关组switch block开环open loop开环open-cycle可编程逻辑控制器programmable logic controller(PLC)可编程只读存储器programmable read only memory(PROM) 可靠性reliability可燃基dry and ash free可视通讯visual communication空气断路器air circuit breaker空气绝缘的air-insulated空气预热器air preheater控制按钮control button(knob)控制精度control accuracy控制屏the operations panel控制器controller控制室the control room控制台control console(desk)控制线圈search coil控制仪表系统control and instrumentation(C&I)控制作用control action浪涌surge冷端补偿cold junction compensation励磁excite励磁机exciter例外报告exception report联氨hydrazine联锁interlock联锁触点interlocking contact联锁开关系统interlocking switch system联锁信号interlocking signal联箱header联轴器coupling裂纹crack/cracking临界压力critical pressure令牌token流量flow rate流量计flow meter硫sulfur/sulphur六氟化硫sulphur hexa fluoride露点the dew point temperature炉膛furnace螺钉screw毛胚blank毛胚roll媒介、介质medium煤coal煤粉燃烧器PF burner/pulverized fuel burner 密度热电阻density RTD灭弧quench模块workhouse模拟量analogue模拟图Mimic模拟子模块ASM模数转换Analogue to Digital conversion膜式壁membrane panel/wall磨煤机pulverizer/mill母线busbar/bus内部的internally内缸inner casing能共存的、兼容的compatible能量管接头energy stud/stub凝结condensate欧姆ohm排污管blowdown pipe盘车装置turning gear配电distribution配电盘、屏、板panel膨胀expansion疲劳、软化fatigue偏心度eccentricity平方根square root平面plane平直度alignment齐纳二极管Zener diode启备变start up/standby transformer /启动start up启动控制阀pneumatic pilot valve气态gaseous汽包steam drum汽封片gland segment/packing汽缸cylinder汽机监视仪表turbine supervisory instrument(TIS) 汽轮机turbine汽泡户外的bubble outdoor汽水混合物steam-water -mixture千伏kilo-volt前后墙front/rear wall /强迫循环forced/pumped circulation切除、切断、脱扣trip氢hydrogen求出的数量evaluate全功能组件complete functional set全貌、总的看法overview燃料烟道fuel /flue /燃烧器burner扰动intervetion/disturbing/bump绕组winding热电厂thermal power plant热电偶thermocouple热电偶thermocouple热工仪表thermodynamic instrumentation热量加热heat /热效率thermal efficiency热应力分析thermal stress analysis容量capacity熔断blow熔断器fuse冗余测试redundancy testing冗余的redundancy冗余位redundancy bit蠕变creep散热片cooling fin上半部the top half蛇形管serpentine tube设备、工具facility省煤器economizer湿蒸汽wet-steam十二进制duodecimal十进制的decimal十六进制hexadecimal石油oil使分流shunt使完整integration视频visual frequency视像扫描器visual scanner试运行Commission试运行commissioning operation疏水Drain疏水管drain pipe树脂浇注变压器cast resin transformer 数字显示digit display数字信号digit signal双层缸结构double shell structure双列端子排two-tier terminals双向流动double-flow双重的固态dual solid水water水电站hydraulic power plant水分moisture水冷壁furnace tube水平的horizontal水平接合面the horizontal joint水位water level水位计gauge glass水压实验hydrostatic test水蒸气steam/water vapor酸洗acid cleaning算法algorithms榫头tenon探针probe碳carbon天然气natural gas条形bar条形图bargraph铁素体mill铁芯core停机shut down停运outage通道、信道channel同类的peer推力轴承thrust bearing瓦特W: watt外缸outer casing网络接口子模块INNIS微型调速器microgovernor围带shroud/shrouding温度temperature文件缓冲器archive buffer稳定性stabilization稳态steady-state无烟煤anthracite物品、元件item误差率error rate误动作malfunction熄灭、灭火extinction铣制forging系统scheme: system下半部the bottom half线圈coil线性差动变压器linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) 线性化linearization相变phase change相互interconnection相互隔离isolate相同的Uniform :the same消耗consumption销钉dowel协调的harmonious协调控制系统coordination control system(CCS)信号调节signal conditioning星型palm terminal星型连接connected in star形凹槽notch V压力pressure压力表pressure meter烟道flue烟煤bituminous烟气flue gas烟气热风器gas air header氧oxygen氧化气氛oxidized condition/atmosphere叶顶tip叶根root叶轮impeller/wheel/disk液态liquid一氧化碳monoxide一组suite仪表量程instrument range仪表灵敏度instrument sensitivity仪表校正instrument correction仪器盘instrument board仪器仪表板facia/fascia引风机induced draft fan应用基as received永久磁铁permanent magnet油浸式电缆oiled-cable油枕expansion tank有载调压的load tap-changing元素分析ultimate analysis原煤斗coal bunker圆形的circular圆柱形的cylindrical圆锥形的conical运行操作operation /运行工况operation condition再热器reheater兆伏安MV A: mega volt-ampere真空断路器vacuum contactor振动Vibration蒸发evaporate蒸汽热风器steam air header整流rectify正压燃烧pressure firing支持轴承journal bearing执行机构actuator直观显示元件visual display unit (VDU)直观显示终端visual (inquiry)display terminal 直流电阻D.C. resistance质量quality中心度、同心度concentricity中心线centerline中性点neutral point中压缸intermediate pressure cylinder/casing(IP) 终端、端子terminal终端设备terminal device重力gravity周围的circumferential轴shaft轴承座bearing house轴承座pedestal轴承座pedestal轴环collar轴瓦bearing pad轴向的axial主变generator transformer主要辅机major pant item主蒸汽live steam煮炉Boil out铸造governing valve转存dump转换开关inverter转接器、接头、adapter转子Rotor转子rotor锥体cone锥体pyramid子模块slave module子系统sub system自动控制系统automatic control system 自然循环natural/thermal circulation总线接口模块bus interface module(BIM) 纵向的longitudinal阻波器trap组态configure最新发展水平的state-of the-art最优控制optimum control。

Effects of sulfonated polyether-etherketone (SPEEK)and composite membranes on the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC)performanceErce S x engu ¨l a ,Hu ¨lya Erdener a ,R.Gu ¨ltekin Akay a ,Hayrettin Yu ¨cel a ,Nurcan Bac¸b ,_Inc _I Erog ˘lu a ,*a Chemical Engineering Department,Middle East Technical University,06531Ankara,TurkeybChemical Engineering Department,Yeditepe University,34755Istanbul,Turkeya r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received 8March 2008Received in revised form 20August 2008Accepted 22August 2008Available online 5November 2008Keywords:PEM fuel cells SPEEKComposite membrane Zeolite betaMembrane electrode assembly (MEA)a b s t r a c tSulfonated polyether-etherketone (SPEEK)has a potential for proton exchange fuel cell applications.However,its conductivity and thermohydrolytic stability should be improved.In this study the proton conductivity was improved by addition of an aluminosilicate,zeolite beta.Moreover,thermohydrolytic stability was improved by blending poly-ether-sulfone (PES).Sulfonated polymers were characterized by posite membranes prepared were characterized by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)for their proton conductivity.Degree of sulfonation (DS)values calculated from H-NMR results,and both proton conductivity and thermohydrolytic stability was found to strongly depend on DS.Therefore,DS values were controlled time in the range of 55–75%by controlling the reaction time.Zeolite beta fillers at different SiO 2/Al 2O 3ratios (20,30,40,50)were synthesized and characterized by XRD,EDX,TGA,and SEM.The proton conductivity of plain SPEEK membrane (DS ¼68%)was 0.06S/cm at 60 C and the conductivity of the composite membrane containing of zeolite beta filled SPEEK was found to increase to 0.13S/cm.Among the zeolite Beta/SPEEK composite membranes the best conductivity results were achieved with zeolite beta having a SiO 2/Al 2O 3ratio of 50at 10wt%loading.Single fuel cell tests performed at different operating temperatures indicated that SPES/SPEEK membrane is more stable hydrodynamically and also performed better than pristine SPEEK membranes which swell excessively.Membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs)were prepared by gas diffusion layer (GDL)spraying method.The highest performance of 400mA/cm 2was obtained for SPEEK membrane (DS 56%)at 0.6V for a H 2–O 2/PEMFC working at 1atm and 70 C.At the same conditions Nafion Ò112gave 660mA/cm 2.It was observed that the operating temperature can be increased up to 90 C with polymer blends containing poly-ether-sulfone (PES).ª2008International Association for Hydrogen Energy.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rightsreserved.1.IntroductionThe increased interest in the potential use of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)is due to the factthat they can offer high efficiencies with almost zero emis-sion of pollutant gases.Moreover,the quick start-up times and high flexibility to load changes are other advantages.The PEMFC,which uses hydrogen and oxygen (or air)as reactant*Corresponding author .Tel.:þ903122102609;fax:þ903122102600.E-mail address:ieroglu@.tr (_Inc _I Erog˘lu).A v a i l a b l e a t w w w.s c i e n c e d i r e c t.c o mj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /h e0360-3199/$–see front matter ª2008International Association for Hydrogen Energy.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.08.066i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 34(2009)4645–4652gases,is particularly attractive due to high power outputs delivered at low operating temperatures(50–80 C)and pres-sures(1–3atm).The electrochemical reaction occurs in the membrane electrode assembly(MEA),which is considered to be the heart of PEMFC[1].When hydrogen gas is fed to the anode side of the cell,it separates into its protons and elec-trons.The protons are conducted through the membrane electrolyte whereas the free electrons produced at the anode move through an external circuit to the cathode.At the cathode side,oxygen gas combines with the electrons and protons.Thefinal products of such a cell are electric power, water,and heat.They are ideally suited for transportation and other appli-cations.PEM fuel cell stacks operating on hydrogen can be 40–50%electrically efficient and80%system efficient if the heat recovery is included.The research and development of PEM fuel cell stacks based on different materials,structures and fabricating methods are going on[2–4].05pThe key component of PEMFC is the membrane which enables proton transfer between anode and cathode.Current applications prefer NafionÒ(DuPont)which belongs to the perflourosulfonic acid(PFSA)family[5].However,there are two significant drawbacks associated with the use of Nafion membrane.First,the cost of NafionÒmembrane is still too high for commercial applications.Second,it is not possible to operate at high temperatures with NafionÒ.High temperature operation is useful for enhanced reaction kinetics and reduced catalyst poisoning by fuel impurities.Therefore,efforts are concentrated on developing alternate membranes that are capable of operating at higher temperatures.Phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole is one of the most successful elec-trolyte membranes[6].Other,the most popular candidates are polyaromatic hydrocarbon polymers,especially PEEK,due to its high thermal and mechanical stability,low price and improvable proton conductivity via post-sulfonation. Although,it is improvable,the conductivity of SPEEK membrane is still lower than that of NafionÒ.Its proton conductivity depends on the degree of sulfonation(DS). However,the mechanical properties tend to deteriorate as the DS increases.Highly sulfonated polymers will swell signifi-cantly at high temperature and humidity[7].2.Experimental2.1.Zeolite synthesis and characterizationZeolite beta crystals were synthesized hydrothermally according to the batch composition2.2Na2O:1.0Al2O3:x SiO2: 4.6(TEA)2O:440H2O at various SiO2/Al2O3ratios[8].In hydrothermal synthesis,an alkaline precursor solution was prepared by dissolving sodium aluminate(52.9wt%Al2O3, 45.3wt%Na2O,Riedel de Hae¨n)in deionized water prior to addition of the structure directing agent,tetraethyl ammo-nium hydroxide(TEAOH)solution(20or35wt%in water, Aldrich).The silica precursor solution,mainly composed of colloidal silica(SiO2),(Ludox40wt%suspension in water, Sigma–Aldrich),was added to the alumina precursor solution and gelation was observed.This gel was poured into Teflon-lined steel autoclaves were kept at constant temperature (150 C)under autogenously pressure for a reaction period of 5–15days.The autoclaves were then taken out of the oven, cooled,filtered,and the zeolite product was dried at80 C. Zeolite beta was calcined at550 C,and then converted into more proton conductive Hþform after acid treatment with 95–98wt%H2SO4(Merck).Synthesized zeolite beta samples were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction(XRD)to confirm beta structure,Thermogravimetric Analysis(TGA)for its thermal stability,Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis(EDX)to compare theoretical Si/Al ratio with that in synthesized form,and Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM)for crystal morphology and average particle size.2.2.Polymer sulfonation2.2.1.Sulfonation of PEEK polymerPEEK polymer was obtained as pellets(Polyoxy-1,4-pheney-leneoxy-1,4-pheneyelene carbonyl-1,4-phenylene,Aldrich, Mw¼20,800).PEEK pellets were ground to reduce the disso-lution time of the polymer and dried at100 C in vacuum oven prior to post-sulfonation.In the post-sulfonation reaction,the polymer was dissolved in H2SO4to give a dark,viscous solu-tion then the degree of sulfonation(DS)was controlled by changing the reaction times at a constant temperature(50 C) [9].Reaction was stopped by pouring the polymer solution in icy-water and white polymer strings were obtained.The decanted polymer strings were washed with deionized water and dried in vacuum oven.2.2.2.Sulfonation of PES polymerPES polymer cannot be easily sulfonated as PEEK in H2SO4. Therefore chlorosulfonic acid(CSA)was used in the sulfona-tion reaction.The polymer wasfirst dissolved in H2SO4 (usually1/10w/v)then a predetermined amount of CSA was added drop wise into the solution.Reactions were carried out at around5 C by using ice-cold water around reaction vessel to prevent cross linking and decomposition of the polymer chains which may occur above20 C.At the end of the pre-determined reaction time solution was poured into cold ice-water and the precipitate wasfiltered and washed until excess acid is removed and dried at90 C.2.2.3.Determination of DS by H-NMRThe H-NMR spectra were obtained by using Bruker Biospin NMR spectrometer with a resonance frequency of300MHz. Samples were prepared by dissolving10–20mg polymer in DMSO-d6.The degree of sulfonation,DS,was determined by integration of distinct aromatic signals determined quantita-tively by using H-NMR spectroscopy.In H-NMR the presence of sulfonic acid group’s results in a0.25ppm down-field shift of the hydrogen H E compared to H C,H D in the hydroquinone ring[10].The nomenclature of the aromatic protons for the SPEEK repeat unit is given in Scheme1below.The presence of sulfonic acid groups in the structure causes a distinct signal for protons at E position.Estimates for the H E content which is equal to the sulfonic acid group content can be done according to the intensity of this signal[10].The H-NMR signal for sulfonic acid group is difficult since the proton is labile.The ratio of peak area of distinct H E signalsðA HEÞand integrated areas of the signalsi n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y34(2009)4645–4652 4646corresponding to all the other aromatic hydrogen’s ðA H AA 0BB 0CD Þare expressed as:n 12À2n¼A H EPA H AA 0BB 0CD ð0 n 1Þ(1)DS ¼n Â100%(2)2.3.Membrane castingThe SPEEK polymer was dissolved in n-n,dimethyl-acet-amide (DMAc,Merck)and stirred overnight with magneticstirrer.Then,zeolite H þ-beta was added to the solution at certain quantities.The solution was mixed under ultrasonic mixing overnight and then drop-casted onto petri dishes.The membranes were dried in vacuum oven at 60–120 C for 24h.For blend membranes,proportional amounts of sulfonated PEEK and PES polymers were dissolved in DMAc to give a 10wt%polymer solution.The solution was stirred by magnetic stirrer overnight prior to mixing in ultrasonic water bath to obtain a homogenous solution.After mixing,the homogenous solution was cast onto Petri dishes and dried from 60 C to 120 C in 24h.2.4.Proton conductivity analysisThe proton conductivity of the membranes was measured by AC Electrochemical Impedance (EIS)technique over a frequency range of 1–300kHz with an oscillating voltage using GAMRY PCL40Potentiostat system.All measurements were performed in longitudinal direction,under water vapor atmosphere at 100%relative humidity with a 4probe EIS as a function of temperature.The specimens were prepared as 1Â5cm membrane strips and sandwiched into a Teflon Òconductivity cell with Pt electrodes (Fig.1).The specimen and the electrodes were fixed by nuts and bolts.The conductivity,s ,of samples in longitu-dinal direction was calculated in Siemens per cm from the impedance data by using Eq.(3);s ¼L RWd(3)where;L is the distance between the electrodes,W is the width of the membrane,d is the thickness of the membraneand R is the low intersect of the high-frequency semi-circle on a complex impedance plane with the Re(Z )axis.Proton conductivity measurements were performed in a closed jar with water at the bottom in a temperature controlled bath with mechanical stirrer.The temperature and relative humidity (RH)of the vapor inside the jar were measured with a thermocouple and RH meter.Conductivities were measured several times at each temperature until they were constant.2.5.MEA preparationMEAs were prepared from the membranes cast,which resul-ted in good proton conductivities during electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses.Gas diffusion layer (GDL)Spraying technique was applied for the preparation of MEAs [10].In the first step,catalyst ink,which is comprised of 20wt%Pt on Vulcan XC-72catalyst (E-Tek),5wt%Nafion Òsolution (Ion Power Inc),distilled water,and 2-propanol,were prepared and mixed in ultrasonic bath for 2h.In order to clean and increase the proton conductivity of the membranes,they were conditioned by boiling in 0.5M H 2SO 4solution and distilled water at 80 C.In order to coat the GDLs with catalyst layer,the anode and cathode side GDLs were fixed on a paper frame.The catalyst ink was sprayed until the desired catalyst loading (0.4mgPt/cm 2for both anode and cathode sides)was achieved.The catalyst loading was controlled by just weighing the GDLs at different times.After the GDLs were loaded with catalyst,they were kept in oven at 80 C for 1h in order to completely remove the liquid components of catalyst ink.Then,they were weighed again.To complete the MEA,the GDLs were hot pressed to the membrane at 130 C [11].2.6.Performance testsPerformances of fabricated MEAs were measured via the PEMFC test station built at METU Fuel CellTechnologyScheme 1–Aromatic protons of PEEK andSPEEK.Fig.1–Proton conductivity cell.i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 34(2009)4645–46524647Laboratory.A single cell PEMFC (Electrochem FC05-01SP-REF)having 5cm 2active area was used in the experiments.The external load was applied by means of an electronic load (Dynaload ÒRBL488),which can be controlled either manually or by the computer.The current and voltage of the cell were monitored and logged throughout the operation of the cell by fuel cell testing software (FCPower Òv.2.1.102Fideris).The fabricated MEA was placed in the test cell and the bolts were tightened with a torque 1.7Nm on each bolt.The cell temper-ature was adjusted and the temperatures of the humidifiers and gas transfer lines were set 10 C above the cell tempera-ture.After the preset temperatures were achieved,hydrogen and oxygen are supplied to the cell at a rate of 0.1slpm.The cell was operated at 0.5V until it came to steady state.After steady state was achieved,starting from the OCV value,the current–voltage data was logged by changing the load.3.Results3.1.Zeolite beta characterizationThe XRD pattern of zeolite beta that was hydrothermally synthesized at SiO 2/Al 2O 3ratio of 20is given in Fig.2a.The characteristic peaks of zeolite beta were observed at 2q w 7.8 and 2q w 22.4 as stated in literature [12].The morphology of the zeolites was explored with SEM and the average particle size distribution was found to be around 1micron as shown in SEM Picture below (Fig.2b).Another important characteristicof zeolite beta is its high thermal stability.Thermogravimetric Analyses of zeolite beta crystals showed that the first weight loss was around 465 C as given in Fig.2c and it demonstrates the removal of the structure directing agent (SDA)from the zeolite structure.Thus,zeolite crystals were calcined at higher temperatures to remove SDA completely.The thermal decomposition temperature of zeolite beta particles was around 850 C,this means that the zeolite beta particles are stable up to this temperature.Hence,they are suitable for fuel cell applications.As a result of the EDX analysis it was found that the Si/Al ratio in the structure of the as synthesized zeolite Na-Beta is close to the value of Si/Al ratio in the batch solution (theo-retical)(Table 1).3.2.Sulfonated polymer characterizationsDegree of sulfonation (DS)values of the sulfonated polymers was determined by using H-NMR data as described intheFig.2–(a)XRD pattern of as synthesized zeolite beta (SiO 2/Al 2O 3[20)(b)SEM micrograph of as synthesized zeolite beta (c)TGA of as synthesized zeolite beta.i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 34(2009)4645–46524648experimental section.The signal around7.6ppm chemical shifts corresponds to the aromatic proton H E and its area relative to the other aromatic protons shows the extent of DS (data are not given).The degree of sulfonation is directly related to the reaction time,temperature and the amount of the sulfonation agent used.At higher temperatures the reaction kinetics is enhanced thus higher degrees of sulfonation are achieved. PEEK sulfonation proceeds very slow at room temperature and takes several days to reach a DS above50%.However at around50 C this time decreases to several hours as shown in Fig.3which is consistent with the literature[13].DS of PES was determined similarly as reported in the literature[14].Since sulfonation of PES is more difficult than that of PEEK because of the electrophilic sulfone linkage,DS was around20%.Therefore,conductivity of SPES samples was lower than SPEEK.Since swelling and thermohydrolytic stability strongly depends on DS,SPES membranes showed better stability and low swelling.These properties can becombined by blending these compatible polymers.3.3.Proton conductivity of composite membranesThe objective of introducing zeolite particles into the polymer matrix was to enhance the proton transfer through the membrane by retaining water within the membrane and to create water mediated pathways while contributing their own proton conductivity.The hydrophilic zeolite particles improved the water retention property of the SPEEK membranes.Above60 C,the composite membranes absor-bed too much water and swelling problem was observed above this temperature(Fig.4).Thus,the proton conductivity analyses of composite membranes were limited up to this temperature.The proton conductivities of plain and composite membranes were measured at room temperature before and after treatment with1M HCl.Acid treatment was performed after the casting process,and all the membranes were kept in 1M HCl for2h for complete protonation.Acid treated membranes always result in higher conductivities naturally since all the available ion exchange sites are saturated with protons(–SO3H).All membranes were washed and hydrated with deionized water prior to measurement.As shown in Fig.5,the membranes with higher DS were resulted in better proton conductivities.Proton transfer enhances by increasing the number of acid sites enhances the proton transfer.Moreover,the effect of acid treatment on proton conductivity was explored in Fig.5and improved proton conductivities were observed after the acid treatment of the membranes.Thus,the membranes were treated with 1M HCl and washed with distilled water prior to proton conductivity measurements.Another important observation that could be made in Fig.5is the effect of zeolite particles. The composite membranes containing zeolite Beta have shown improved proton conductivities,for instance,0.11S/ cm was achieved for the composite membranes with74%DS after acid treatment.This is a promising result,since it is comparable with the conductivity of Nafion112membrane (0.1S/cm).Fig.3–Degree of sulfonation with respect to time ofsulfonationreaction.Fig.4–Water uptake capacities of plain and compositeSPEEKmembranes.Fig.5–Proton conductivity of plain and compositemembranes(with10wt%zeolite loading)at roomtemperature and fully hydrated state.i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y34(2009)4645–46524649In order to overcome the swelling problems observed in the pure and composite SPEEK membranes,SPEEK polymer was blended with a more hydrophobic polymer,namely sulfonated poly-ether-sulfone (SPES).The PES polymer was post-sulfonated and blended with SPEEK polymer at pre-determined proportions before membrane casting.However,owing to the poor proton transfer mechanism of SPES poly-mer,lower conductivities were obtained for blend membranes compared to the pure and composite SPEEK membranes.The proton conductivity measurements of pure SPEEK,SPES and blend membranes are given in Fig.6.So a trade-off between mechanical strength and conductivity exists for these blends.3.4.Performance testsFirst of all,the effect of using different catalyst ink solutions on the membrane performance is explored.The MEAs could be either prepared by using Nafion Òsolution or the original SPEEK solution [15].The comparison of two MEAs prepared by both Nafion Òand SPEEK solutions are given in Fig.7.It is apparent that the utilization of Nafion Òsolution in the catalyst ink resulted inhigher performance.Thus,Nafion Òsolution is utilized in the preparation of all MEAs.Second,the effect of operating temperatures on the performances of MEAs prepared by using SPEEK membranes (DS 56%)was examined and the results are given in Fig.8.It was observed that SPEEK based MEAs were not stable at high temperatures and they have punctured above 90 C.The best operating temperature of SPEEK based MEAs was found to be 70 C as demonstrated in Fig.9.The thermal stability of the membranes could be improved by blending with SPES poly-mer.It was noticed that,after the incorporation of 10wt%SPES into SPEEK membrane,the cell operating temperature could be increased up to 90 C without any damage to the membrane.As shown in Fig.9,the highest power output could be obtained at 80 C for SPES–SPEEK blend membranes.In order to understand the effect of sulfonation level on membrane performance,MEAs were prepared by using two membranes with different DS and the test results are displayed in Fig.10.It was not surprising to observe higher performance results for the MEA prepared by using the membrane at higher DS,since the proton transfer facilitates more easily with increased sulfonic acid groupcontents.Fig.6–Proton conductivities of plain and blendmembranes.Fig.7–Comparison of Nafion Òsolution and SPEEK solution for SPEEK based MEAs (cell temperature 708C).Fig.8–Effect of operating temperature on the performance of SPEEK (DS 56%)basedMEAs.Fig.9–Effect of sulfonation level on the performance of SPEEK based MEAs (cell temperature 708C).i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 34(2009)4645–46524650Another important parameter affecting the MEA’s perfor-mance is membrane treatment.Since the proton transfer mechanism of both SPEEK and SPES membranes depend on the acidic character of the membranes,the acid treatment influences the membrane performance.The performance curves of both untreated and acid treated SPEEK based MEAs are given in Fig.11.The acid treated membrane showed almost threefold higher power density compared to the untreated membrane.The fuel cell performance of SPEEK membrane was compared with the performance of Nafion Òmembrane as given in Fig.12.The current density of plain SPEEK membrane (DS 56%)was 400mA/cm 2at 0.6V,whereas that of Nafion Ò112membrane was 660mA/cm 2under the same conditions.Although SPEEK membrane possesses lower fuel cell perfor-mance in comparison to the Nafion membrane,the result is promising when the relatively low cost of SPEEK membrane is considered.Moreover,the composite membrane SPEEK-Laponite exhibited better performance than the pure SPEEK membrane [9].Composite membranes prepared with inor-ganic additives such as silica,zeolite 4A and zeolite beta increase the proton conductivity and fuel cell performances of both Nafion Òand SPES-40polymer membrane [16].It should be emphasized that the same technique of MEA fabrication,cell assembling and operating conditions were used in the present work.The significant difference of the obtained performances can be caused by various factors.One of them is the difference in the thickness of the membranes [17].Proton transfer mechanisms are also quite different in Nafion Òand SPEEK membranes.Degree of hydration is the factor that influences the proton conductivity of a membrane.The hydration is dependent on the phase separation between the hydrophobic polymer backbone and hydrophilic side chains [18].Nafion Òand SPEEK polymers both exhibit phase separated domains consisting of an extremely hydrophobic backbone which gives morphological stability and extremely hydrophilic side chains [18].Higher performances could be obtained for the membranes with higher DS values and for composite membranes.4.ConclusionThe development of alternative membranes at relatively low cost for fuel cell applications requires target properties such as suitable thermal and chemical stability,mechanical strength,comparable proton conductivity and fuel cell performance with the commercial PEM fuel cell membranes.In this study,zeolite beta composite membranes and blend membranes were developed.The proton conductivity of SPEEK was improved by addition of an aluminosilicate,zeolite beta.Also thermohydrolytic stability was improved by blending poly-ether-sulfone (PES).The proton conductivity of plain SPEEK membrane (DS ¼68%)was 0.06S/cm at 60 C and the conductivity of the composite membrane consisting of zeolite beta fillers into SPEEK was further increased to 0.13S/cm.Among the zeolite beta/SPEEK composite membranes the best conductivity results were achieved with zeolite beta having a SiO 2/Al 2O 3ratio of 50at 10wt%loading.Single fuel cell tests performed at different operating temperatures indicated that SPES/SPEEK membrane ismoreFig.11–Effect of acid treatment on the performance of SPEEK (DS 56%)based MEAs (cell temperature 708C).Fig.12–The comparison of performances of Nafion Òand SPEEKmembranes.Fig.10–Effect of operating temperature on the performance of blend membranes.i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 34(2009)4645–46524651stable hydrodynamically and also performed better than pristine SPEEK membranes which swell excessively. Membrane electrode assemblies(MEAs)were prepared by gas diffusion layer(GDL)spraying method.The highest perfor-mance,which is400mA/cm2,was obtained for SPEEK membrane(DS56%)at0.6V for a H2–O2/PEMFC working at 1atm and70 C.At the same conditions NafionÒ112gave 660mA/cm2.It was observed that the operating temperature can be increased up to90 C with polymer blends containing poly-ether-sulfone(PES).AcknowledgementsThis study was supported by Turkish Scientific and Research Counsel with Project104M364and Turkish State Planning Organization Grant BAP-08-11-DPT2005K120600.r e f e r e n c e s[1]Barbir F.PEM fuel cells theory and practice.ElsevierAcademic Press;2005.[2]Corbo P,Migliardini F,Veneri O.Performance investigation of2.4kW PEM fuel cell stack in vehicles.International Journalof Hydrogen Energy2007;32:4340–9.[3]Hu M,Sui S,Zhu X,Yu Q,Cao G,Hong X,et al.A10kW classPEM fuel cell stack based on the catalyst-coated membrane (CCM)method.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy2006;31:1010–8.[4]Yan X,Hou M,Sun L,Liang D,Shen Q,Xu H,et al.ACimpedance characteristics of a2kW PEM fuel cell stackunder different operating conditions and load changes.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy2007;32:4358–64.[5]Bıyıkog˘lu A.Review of proton exchange membrane fuel cellmodels.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy2005;30: 1181–212.[6]Li Q,He R,Jensen JO,Bjerrum NJ.PBI-based polymermembranes for high temperature fuel cells–preparation,characterization and fuel cell demonstration.Fuel Cells2004;4(3):147–59.[7]Xing DM,Li BY,Liu FQ,Fu YZ,Zhang HM.Characterization ofsulfonated poly(ether ether ketone)/polytetrafluoroethylene composite membrane for fuel cell applications.Fuel Cells2005;5(3):406–11.[8]Akata B,Yilmaz B,Jirapnogphan SS,Warzywoda J,Sacco Jr A.Characterization of zeolite beta grown in microgravity.Microporous and Mezoporous Materials2004;71:1–9.[9]Chang JH,Park JH,Park G-G,Kim C-S,Park O-O.Proton-conducting composite membranes derived from sulfonated hydrocarbon and inorganic materials.Journal of PowerSources2003;124:18–25.[10]Zaidi SMJ,Michailenko SD,Robertson GP,Guiver MD,Kaliaguine S.Proton conducting composite membranes from polyether ether ketone and heteropolyacids for fuel cellapplications.Journal of Membrane Science2000;173:17–34.[11]Bayrakc¸eken A,Erkan S,Tu¨rker L,Erog˘lu_I.Effects ofmembrane electrode assembly components on protonexchange membrane fuel cell performance.InternationalJournal of Hydrogen Energy2008;33(1):165–70.[12]Holmberg BA,Hwang S-J,Davis ME,Yan Y.Synthesis andproton conductivity of sulfonic acid functionalized zeolitebeta nanocrystals.Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 2005;80:347–56.[13]Huang RYM,Shao P,Burns CM,Feng X.Sulfonation ofpolyetherether–ketone(PEEK):kinetic study andcharacterization.Journal of Applied Polymer Science2001;82: 2651–60.[14]Guan R,Zou H,Lu D,Gong C,Liu Y.Polyethersulfonesulfonated by chlorosulfonic acid and its membranecharacteristics.European Polymer Journal2005;41:1554–60.[15]S x engu¨l E,Erkan S,Erog˘lu_I,Bac¸N.Effect of gas diffusion layercharacteristics and addition of pore forming agents on theperformance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.Chemical Engineering Communications,2008;196(1–2):161–70.[16]Bac N,Nadirler S,Ma C,Mukerjee S.Inorganic–organiccomposite membranes for fuel cell applications.In:Proceedings international hydrogen energy congress andexhibition IHEC2005Istanbul,Turkey;2005.[17]Grigoriev SA,Lyutikova EK,Martemianov S,Fateev VN.Onthe possibility of replacement of Pt by Pd in a hydrogenelectrode of PEM fuel cells.International Journal of Hydrogen Energy2007;32:4438–42.[18]Hogarth M,Glipa X.High temperature membranes for solidpolymer fuel cells.Johnson Matthey Technology Center;2001 [Crown Copyright].i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y34(2009)4645–4652 4652。