第一题：
The proposed IoT architecture from a technical perspective is shown in Fig. 1. It is divided into three layers. The basic layer and their functionalities are summarized as follows: Perception layer: itsmainfunctionistoidentifyobjectsand gather information.Itisformedmainlybysensorsand actuators, monitoringstations(suchascellphone,tabletPC,smart
phone,PDA,etc.),nano-nodes,RFIDtagsandreaders/
https://www.doczj.com/doc/ae7325424.html,work layer:it consists of a converged network made up of wired/wireless privately owned networks, Internet, network administration systems, etc. Its main function is to transmitinformation obtained from the perception layer. Application layer: itisasetofintelligentsolutionsthatapply the IoTtechnologytosatisfytheneedsoftheusers.
2.1. Perception layer
This layer provides context-aware information concerning the environment of disabled people. The components of this layer according to the disability of the person (visually impaired, hearing impaired or physically impaired) are described next.
2.1.1. Visually impaired
The componentsdesignedforthevisuallyimpairedare:(1) body micro-andnano-sensors and (2) RFID-based assistivedevices. Next,
thosecomponentsareintroduced.
2.1.1.1. Bodymicro-andnano-sensors. In Schwiebert etal.(2001), a retinal prosthesis is developedtorestoresomevisionto patients affectedbyretinitispigmentosaandage-related macular degeneration,twodiseasesthatcausedegenerative blindness. Althoughthesedisordersarecharacterizedbythe progressive lossofphotoreceptor(rodandcone)cellsofthe outer retina,theydonotaffecttheinnerretinalganglionnerve cells whichformtheopticnerve(Ye etal.,2010). Consequently,a camera mountedonapairofglassescanbeusedtotransmit image datatoanimplantattachedtotheretina,whichisformed by anarrayofbodymicro-sensors.Thisartificialretina (Schwiebert etal.,2001) useselectricalimpulsestostimulate the appropriateganglioncells,whichconverttheseelectrical impulses intoneurologicalsignals.Thegeneratedresponseis carried viatheopticalnervetothebrain.
Currently, researchersareworkingtodevelopan artificial retina atthenanoscale. Theventure Nano Retina is developing Bio-Retina, abionicretinathatincorporatesseveralnano-sized components inatinyretinalimplant(see Fig. 2). Bio-Retinais designedtoreplacethedamagedphotoreceptorintheeyewiththe equivalentofa5000pixel(second generation)retinal implant. It
transformsnaturallyreceivedlightintoanelectricalsignalthat stimulatestheneurons,whichsendtheimagesreceivedbyBio-Retinato the brain. The implant’s nano-sized components are powered by a special pair of activation eyeglasses. In the next years, as technology evolves, it will be possible to send information concerning the images captured by the artificial retina towards the monitoring station (smart phone) (see Fig. 1), so that new IoT applications to help people with visual impairments in their orientation, identification of faces, etc. will be developed.
2.1.1.2. RFID-basedassistivedevices. An essentialRFID-based application isthe navigation system. Ithelpsblindpeoplefind their wayinanunfamiliararea.RFIDtagsaredistributedthrough the area.Theycanforexamplebeplacedinthecenterofthe sidewalks toorienttheblindpersonandpreventpossiblefalls near theborderofthesidewalk(Saaid etal.,2009).
The RFID cane (see Fig. 1) has a tag reader with an antenna that emits radio waves; the tags respond by sending back their stored data, hence identifying the location of the blind person. The tag reader (RFID cane) transmits via Bluetooth or ZigBee the data read from the RFID tag, which includes the tag ID string (D’Atri et al., 2007). This data is sent from the monitoring station through the network layer to the RFID server of the application layer. The blind
person can record the destination’s name as a voice message using the monitoring station. Directions are received by the monitoring station and played as voice messages (Shiizu et al., 2007).
An obstacle detectionsystem based onanultrasonicsensorcan also beadded(Martin etal.,2009). Thesensorismountedonthe RFID canetoextenditseffectiverangeandperceiveobstaclesthe cane alonewouldnotbeabletodetect(suchasagarbagecanin Fig. 1). Avoicemessageplayedatthemonitoringstationalerts the visuallyimpairedwhenanobstacleisdetected.Amultiple sensor-based shoe-mountedsensorinterfaceisalsodevelopedin Zhang etal.(2010) as asupplementarydevicetothecaneto detect obstacleswithin61cmaheadofthevisuallyimpaired.
A widespread approach for outdoor navigation relies on Global Positioning System (GPS). It does not require tags to work. However, its resolution is limited (few meters) and it cannot work properly indoors. Therefore, some navigation systems for the visually impaired integrate both technologies (RFID and GPS) (Yelamarthi et al., 2010).
Thislayer(see Fig. 1) enablestheaccessofthemonitoringstations to theradiochanneltotransmittheinformationobtainedfromthe perceptionlayer.AlthoughtheInternetprotocolswereoriginally designedforfixednetworks,thereisagrowingneedforthese
protocolstoaccommodatemobilenetworks,asdemonstratedby theuseofmanydifferentwirelessaccesstechnologiesinIoT(EU FP7 ProjectCASAGRAS,2009). Thedifferenttransmissionmediainclude WirelessLocalAreaNetworks(WLANs)(IEEE802.11variants), WorldwideInteroperabilityforMicrowaveAccess(WiMAX)(IEEE 802.16), Bluetooth(IEEE802.15.1), Ultra-wideband(UWB)(IEEE 802.15.4aandECMA-368),ZigBee(IEEE802.15.4),GeneralPacket RadioService(GPRS)andWidebandCodeDivisionMultipleAccess (WCDMA). Wirelessadhocnetworksareagoodoptiontoestablish wirelessandmobilecommunicationswithintheIoT,sincetheydo not relyonapreexistinginfrastructure,theyrequireminimalconfig- https://www.doczj.com/doc/ae7325424.html,workscomposed ofdifferentaccesstechnologiesareknownas heterogeneousnetworks and they should maintain connectivity and service for different applications even with user mobility.
The convergence of heterogeneous networks and applications is possible due to the existence of a single Internet Protocol (IP)- based network. The IP for Smart Object (IPSO) Alliance is a non- profit association of more than 50 members from leading technology, communications and energy companies. They advocate the use of IP networked devices to build the IoT (Dunkels and Vasseur, 2010). They stress that IP is a long-lived and stable
communication technology that supports a wide range of applications, devices and underlying communication technologies. In addition, the end-to-end IP architecture is lightweight, highly scalable and efficient. Furthermore, the authors of Internet ? also recommend the use of the IP protocol to offer the Internet’s interoperability and scalability directly to embedded devices rather than needing gateways for protocol conversion(Gershenfeld and Cohen, 2006).
It is necessary to ensure the connectivity, interoperability and compatibility of heterogeneous networks. The low-power net- working industry, from ZigBee ad hoc control to industrial automation standards (e.g. ISA100), is quickly converging to the use of IP technology (Shelby and Bormann, 2009). In this sense, 6LoWPAN is the name of a working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) that has developed a set of Internet standards, which enable the efficient use of IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs). 6LoWPAN enables resource-limited embedded devices (often battery-powered) in low-power wireless networks to be Internet-connected by simplifying IPv6 (header compression of IPv6 header fields) and taking the nature of wireless networks into account.
The IPv6 protocol stack with 6LoWPAN is shown in Fig. 4. A small
adaptation layer (named the LoWPAN adaptation layer) has been defined in the 6LoWPAN protocol stack (see Fig. 4) to optimize the transmission of IPv6 packets over IEEE 802.15.4 and similar link layers (Shelby and Bormann, 2009). IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard that defines the physical and MAC layers for low-power, low-rate wireless embedded radio communications at 2.4 GHz, 915 MHz and 868 MHz.
The adoption of Internet protocols by wireless embedded devices is challenging due to several reasons (Shelby and Bormann, 2009): Battery-powered wireless devices require low duty cycles, whereas IP is based on always connected devices.
Multicast is not supported natively in IEEE 802.15.4 but it is essential in many IPv6 operations.
Sometimes it is difficult to route traffic in multi-hop wireless mesh networks to achieve the required coverage and cost efficiency.
Low power wireless networks have low bandwidth (20–250 kbit/s) and frame size (IEEE 802.15.4 packets are rather small, 127 bytes maximum at the physical layer, minus MAC/security and adaptation layer overhead). On the otherhand, the minimum datagram size that all hosts must be prepared to accept, for IPv6 is 1280 bytes. IPv6 requires that every link in the Internet has a Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) of 1280 bytes or greater. On any link that
cannot convey a 1280-byte packet in one piece, link-specific fragmentation and reassembly must be provided at a layer below IPv6.
Standard protocols do not perform well in low-power wireless networks. For example, TCP performs very poorly in wireless networks due to its inability to distinguish between packet losses due to congestion and those due to channel error.
2.3. Application layer
This layer(see Fig. 1) providesan operation supportplatform, which canbeaccessedbymonitoringstationsandapplications. It providesimportantfunctionalitiessuchasauthentication, billing, servicemanagement,serviceacceptanceandroutingof packets basedondefinedpolicies.IPMultimediaSubsystem (IMS) isatransportplatformwell-suitedtoperformthese functions (Domingo, 2011), sinceservicescanbeofferedtothe subscribers independentlyoftheaccessmediaused,heterogeneous networkscanbeeasilyintegratedandnewapplications and servicescanberolledoutfasterreusingwelldefinedcommon functions suchasauthentication,serviceprovision,billing,group management andpresence.Thisway,theIoTcanbeuniformly managed.
The Web of Things (WoT) is a vision where smart objects are integrated with the Web. Smart object applications can be built on
top of Representational State Transfer (REST) architectures (Fielding and Taylor). The REST architectural style decouples applications from the services they provide, which can be shared and reused. The key abstractions of information in the REST architecture are resources (e.g. a document or image). Resources in web-based REST systems are identified by Universal Resource Identifiers (URIs). REST-style architectures consist of clients and servers. Clients initiate requests to servers; servers process these requests and return the appropriate responses. Resources are accessed by clients using methods such as GET, PUT, POST and DELETE of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). The resources themselves are conceptually separate from the representations that are returned to the client. For example, the server does not send its database, but rather, perhaps, some HyperText Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML) or Java- Script Object Notation (JSON) that represents some database records depending on the details of the request and the server implementation.
A web service is a software system designed to support inter- operable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. Web services enable the communication between processes applying REST for the manipulation of resources using HTTP, or Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) for sending messages and making Remote
Procedure Calls (RPCs) in a distributed environment.
However, the technologies deployed for web services are not appropriate for constrained networks and devices (Shelby, 2010). The protocols used to realize RESTful web services have several serious problems when applied to constrained networks. HTTP headers are frequently too large and require fragmentation in 6LoWPAN networks (using IEEE 802.15.4). TCP is not well-suited for wireless networks, the HTTP request/response pull model (request initiated by the client) does not work well in sensor networks with very low duty cycles and HTTP, as currently used between modern servers and browsers, has evolved into a highly complex protocol. Therefore, the RESTful web service paradigm needs to be extended. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Constrained REST- ful environments (CoRE) working group has defined a REST based web transfer protocol called Constrained Application Protocol(CoAP) (Shelby et al., 2011). The aim of CoAP is to extend the REST architecture for constrained IoT devices and networks (e.g. 6LoWPAN). It has been designed taking into account the requirements of important Machine-to-Machine (M2M) applica-tions such as energy and building automation. We also think it is appropriate for the IoT applications for people with disabilities. CoAP consists of a subset of REST common with HTTP functionalities,
which have been optimized for M2M applications. CoAP offers features for M2M applications such as very low overhead, multicast support and asynchronous message exchanges.
第二题
3. Application scenarios
Next, several application scenarios of the Internet of Things for handicapped people are introduced. They illustrate the interaction of the different components of the IoT architecture.
3.1. Shopping scenario
In thisscenario,peoplewithvisualimpairmentsshop autonomously asshownin Fig. 6. The blind navigationsystem helps them tofindtheirwayinastore.Thestore’sRFIDsystemcanuse software toguidethevisuallyimpairedinshopping.In Lo′pez-de- Ipin?a etal.(2011), anRFID-tagbasednavigationsystemis proposed. Thesupermarketisdividedintocellscontainingashelf and passagewaycells.RFIDtagsaredistributedthroughthefloor. The tagIDswithinacellaremappedtonavigationinformation such asthetypeofagivencellandthetypesofneighboringcells. The monitoringstation(smartphone)maintainsaBluetooth connection withtheRFIDreader(smartcane)oftheusertokeep track
ofhis/herpositionanytimeusingthemappingoftagIDs with navigationinformation.Thespeechsynthesisandrecognition moduleofthemonitoringstation(smartphone)enablesthe visually impairedpersontosaythesectionofthesupermarket where he/shewantstogo.Theroutetofollowisobtained invoking webservicesthroughaWLANconnectedtotheInternet. As thevisuallyimpairedwalks,routingdirectionsfroman android applicationarereceivedthroughtheheadphoneofthe smart phoneandplayedasvoicemessages.
RFID tags attached to the supermarket products supply pro- duct data such as name, description and price. Sensor enabled RFID tags provide essential data such as temperature or shocks during transportation. The tag reader (RFID cane) transmits the tag ID string to the monitoring station, which forwards it to the RFID server (Krishna et al., 2008). Product information is returned from the RFID database to the monitoring station and played as voice messages. Additional product characteristics can include food composition, caloric intake and specific data related to the user profile such as food allergies and intolerances. Friend’s opinions about the product and price comparison with similar ones can be obtained using social networks. In Krishna et al. (2008), experiments of the RFID system were conducted to study detection range of RFID
readers with respect to different tags and materials (where the tag is installed); it was concluded that theproduct materials did not affect the performance of the RFID readers.
Several practical works have been developed related to this application scenario (Kulyukin and Kutiyanawala, 2010;Lanigan et al., 2007; Narasimhan, 2006; Nicholson et al., 2009; Winlock et al., 2010). In Lanigan et al. (2007) the authors propose Trinetra, a system designed to assist blind people in grocery shopping for product search and identification. As the visually impaired scans a grocery item with a portable barcode or RFID reader, the scanned input is sent via Bluetooth to the user’s smart phone, which checks its cache for a product match. In case of cache miss, the smart phone communicates through GPRS with a remote server or, in case of miss, with a public Universal Product Code (UPC) or RFID database, which converts the barcode or tag into a human- interpretable product name (and related information) and returns it to the smart phone. An onboard text-to-speech software in the smart phone converts the displayed text into speech. The advan- tages of RFID tags compared to barcodes are reprogrammability, ability to contain more product information and ability to read without line-of-sight reading (Narasimhan, 2006). Trinetra was success fully tested at the Carnegie Mellon University’s campus
store.
ShopTalk (Nicholson et al., 2009) is a wearable system to assist visually impaired shoppers. The users get verbal instructions from a handheld computer. Modified Plessey (MSI) barcodes located on the shelves enable navigation within the store. UPC barcodes enable product localization in a store aisle. In a production version, the system would connect to the store’s inventory control database and look up product information. Successful experiments with visually impaired participants were performed at supermarkets.
GroZi (Winlock et al., 2010) focuses on real-time product detection from mobile video in grocery stores. A user compiles a shopping list of products on the website and uploads it on aportable device. Later, the shopper scans a scene in the super- market with a camera. GroZi uses in vitro images of items (images of products taken under ideal lighting and perspective conditions) on the user’s shopping list to detect items in situ (from actual video stream). A hand glove with vibrating motors and the audio of the portable device are used to guide the shopper. The capability of detecting a shopping list’s items is demonstrated with experiments.
Automatic payment can also be performed using RFID. A scanner reads all items in the cart at once, totals them up and charges the customer’s account while adjusting the inventory. RFID credit cards
use a radio frequency to transmit personal financial data. Furthermore, periodic reports and statistics concerning the shopping can be computed and sent periodically from the monitoring server to the monitoring station.
第三题
5. Research challenges
Next, the research challenges to IoT for people with disabilities are introduced.
A keychallenge is customizationforpeoplewithdisabilities. Since handicappedpeoplehavespecialneeds,theIoTshouldbe adapted totheirparticularcircumstances.Smartworkflowsare context-aware processesthatareexecutedpervasively.Theytake context-aware decisionsbasedoncontextinformationofthe environment capturedautomaticallybysensors.Theauthorsin Wieland etal.(2008) describe anarchitecturethatconvertslowlevel context-awareinformationcapturedbysensorsintoinformation atthebusinesslevelusingsmartworkflows.Developers use businessprocessmodelingtoolstodescribesmartworkflow tasks. Prestoisamodel-based(Giner etal.,2010) software architecture
thatcapturestheconceptsthatareinvolvedinthe interaction between physical elements and their digital counter- parts. When the business models are deployed in an execution engine, humans are usually required to perform some tasks in a workflow. Presto’s architecture processes these demands and offers the appropriate mechanisms for users to complete these tasks by enabling their interaction with the physical world. The resulting system is capable of presenting to each participant in the process the services associated with his/her context (physical environment) according to his/her role and current pending tasks. This way, the user is guided through a workflow. For example, if a library member with a monitoring station (PDA) enters the library, Presto shows in the monitoring station the tasks that the user can initiate and complete depending on the available task processors. We propose that if the user is disabled, the list of tasks is received in an appropriate way. For instance, the return boxes of the library automatically detect the returned books by means of RFID. If the disabled person selects the ‘return book’ option, different ways to orient the user towards the closest return box according to his/her disability should be provided (visual or auditory related information, indications for paralytics about how to access the area where the return box is, etc.).
Another significant challenge to the IoT for people withdisabilities is self-management. Itreferstotheprocessbywhichthe IoT manages its own operation without human intervention.For thispurpose,supportfor self-configuration, self-healing,self-optimization and self-protection capabilities isrequired (Haller et al., 2009). Self-configuration is related to the automatic configuration of components; self-healing handles the automatic discovery and correction of faults; self-optimization focuses on the automatic monitoring and control of resources to ensure the optimal functioning with respect to the defined requirements; self-protection tackles the proactive identification and protection from arbitrary attacks. Self-healing is particularly important, since handicapped people usually depend on IoT devices to compensate for their disabilities. Therefore, the detection and elimination of faulty nodes and the design of efficient fault- tolerant algorithms are required.
Standardization is alsoaveryimportantchallenge.Itisnecessary tocreategloballyacceptedstandardstoavoid interoperability problems. 6LoWPANprovideswirelessinternetconnectivityto low-power deviceswithlimitedprocessingcapabilities,sothat they canbeusedintheIoT.Asaresult,withthisstandard, interoperabilityandintegrationwithcurrentheterogeneous
Internet-aware devicesisaccomplishedtoexpandtheIoTfor disabled people.Ontheotherhand,existingmobilityprotocols like MobileIPforIPv6(MIPv6)ormanagementprotocolslike Simple NetworkManagementProtocol(SNMP)cannotbedirectly applied to6LoWPANdevices,sincetheyareinefficientintermsof energy, communicationandcomputationcost(Jara etal.,2010). Therefore, moreresearchtoadaptexistingprotocolsorfindnew solutions isrequired.
Furthermore, enablingpeoplewithdisabilitiestoestablish deeper contactwiththeoutsideworldischallenging.IoTobjects can automaticallysharepictures,commentsandsensordatavia social networks.Forinstance,relativesofadisabledpersonthat belong tothesamesocialnetworkcanobtainreal-timedata about theactivitiesofthehandicappedperson(ifhe/sheis sleeping, eating,leavinghome,hasfallen,etc.).Thisinformation is automaticallysentby‘smartobjects’thatsurroundthedisabled person inhis/herdomesticenvironment(smarthome)(Kranz et al.,2010). Althoughdirectcommunicationwithdevicesvia social networksseemstobeanexcitingandpromisingwayof maintaining socialcontact,thepossibilityof machines flooding social networks with auto-generatedcontentexists.
The amount of traffic in the IoT will rise exponentially once
connections between most objects are established in the nextyears. Scalability is requiredtoguaranteetheproperfunctioningofthe IoT with a very high number of nodes. Senseless communications between ‘things’ should be avoided to favor scalability, since they increase the communication overhead and energy consumption.However, a minimum number of connections between devices should be established for the proper functioning of applications (such as enough tag density and messages to orient a blind person).
In addition, security andprivacyissues are real(Zorzietal.,2010). It isessentialtoguaranteetheprivacyoftheIoTforpeoplewith disabilities,whoareparticularlyvulnerable.TheIoTshouldbe protected againstdistributeddenial-of-serviceattacks,whichcanbe definedastheresultofanyactionthatpreventsanypartoftheIoT from functioningcorrectlyorinatimelymanner.Thevulnerabilities ofapplicationsandsensorsareexploitedtolaunchsuchattacks. Consequently,anefficientsecurityframeworkshouldbedeveloped. Cooperation between devicesintheIoTisalsoindispensable (Zorzi etal.,2010). Scenarioswheremorecapablenodes(monitoring stations)discoverotherresource-restrictednodes, synchronize withoneanotherandhelpeachotherinreliabledata deliveryseemverypromising.Nowadays,mostIoTmassconsumer
applications aremobiledevices-centered,sincemonitoringstations are morelikelytointegratesensing, computingandcommunication capabilities.However,weenvisionthatovertimemoredirectthing-
to-thing connections(between‘things’ thatarecurrentlyconsidered resource-restricted)willbeestablishedascommunication,proces- singcapabilities,technologiesdeployedforwebservicesandenergy harvestingtechniquesevolve.
Finally, weenvisionthattheIoTfordisabledpeople(especially physically disabledindividuals)willevolvedramaticallyinthe following years.Theadvancesofbrain–computerinterfaces(BCIs) made possiblethedevelopmentofprototypessuchasbrain- controlled prostheticdevices,wheelchairs,keyboardsandcom- puter games.InthefollowingyearsBCItechnologieswillbe brought outofthelabandtransformintoreal-worldapplications (Milla′n etal.,2010). Disabledpeoplewillbenefitfromthe advancements inBCItechnologycombinedwithassistivetechnologies in fourbasicapplicationareas(Milla′n etal.,2010): communication andcontrol(Internetbrowsing,e-mails),motor substitution (inparticulargraspingandassistivemobility),entertainment (gaming,musicbrowsing,photobrowsingandvirtual reality) andmotorrecovery.Neurophysiologicalsignals(electroencephalogram, EEG)originatingfromthebrainwillbeusedto control
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 附件1：外文资料翻译译文 传感器新技术的发展 传感器是一种能将物理量、化学量、生物量等转换成电信号的器件。输出信号有不同形式，如电压、电流、频率、脉冲等，能满足信息传输、处理、记录、显示、控制要求，是自动检测系统和自动控制系统中不可缺少的元件。如果把计算机比作大脑，那么传感器则相当于五官，传感器能正确感受被测量并转换成相应输出量，对系统的质量起决定性作用。自动化程度越高，系统对传感器要求越高。在今天的信息时代里，信息产业包括信息采集、传输、处理三部分，即传感技术、通信技术、计算机技术。现代的计算机技术和通信技术由于超大规模集成电路的飞速发展，而已经充分发达后，不仅对传感器的精度、可靠性、响应速度、获取的信息量要求越来越高，还要求其成本低廉且使用方便。显然传统传感器因功能、特性、体积、成本等已难以满足而逐渐被淘汰。世界许多发达国家都在加快对传感器新技术的研究与开发，并且都已取得极大的突破。如今传感器新技术的发展，主要有以下几个方面： 利用物理现象、化学反应、生物效应作为传感器原理，所以研究发现新现象与新效应是传感器技术发展的重要工作，是研究开发新型传感器的基础。日本夏普公司利用超导技术研制成功高温超导磁性传感器，是传感器技术的重大突破，其灵敏度高，仅次于超导量子干涉器件。它的制造工艺远比超导量子干涉器件简单。可用于磁成像技术，有广泛推广价值。 利用抗体和抗原在电极表面上相遇复合时，会引起电极电位的变化，利用这一现象可制出免疫传感器。用这种抗体制成的免疫传感器可对某生物体内是否有这种抗原作检查。如用肝炎病毒抗体可检查某人是否患有肝炎，起到快速、准确作用。美国加州大学巳研制出这类传感器。 传感器材料是传感器技术的重要基础，由于材料科学进步，人们可制造出各种新型传感器。例如用高分子聚合物薄膜制成温度传感器；光导纤维能制成压力、流量、温度、位移等多种传感器；用陶瓷制成压力传感器。
物联网专业英语复习第一部分 单词或词组英译中（10空，共10分）汉语中译英（10空，共10分） 第一单元单词 actuator 执行器 Cyber-Physical System (CPS)信息物理融合系统Cyberspace 网络空间 device processing power 设备处理能力fibre-based network 基于光纤的网络Global Positioning System (GPS) 全球定位系统Internet of Things (IoT) 物联网 Machine to Machine (M2M) 机器对机器nano-technology 纳米技术 quick response (QR)-code reader QR 码阅读器radio frequency identification (RFID)无线射频识别技术 RFID scannerRFID扫描仪 Sensor 传感器 shrinking thing 微小的物体storage capacity 存储空间tag 标签 middleware中间件中间设备paradigm 范例、概念ubiquitous 普遍存在的gateway device 网关设备logistics 物流 in the scenario of … 在…背景下from the point view of … 从…角度convergence 收敛、集合pervasive 普遍存在的domotics 家庭自动化 e-health 电子医疗 in the context 在…方面 with reference to 关于，根据 第二单元单词 3rd-Generation (3G)第三代移动通信技术bluetooth蓝牙 cloud computing云计算 database数据库 embedded software嵌入式软件 enterprise local area network企业局域网EPC Global一个组织（产品电子代码） Fibre to the x (FTTx)光纤入户= Identity authentication身份认证 implant microchip植入芯片 infrared sensor红外传感器 infrared technology红外技术 intelligent processing智能处理 IPv6一种互联网协议 Japanese Ubiquitous ID日本泛在标识Location Based Service (LBS)基于位置的服务logistics management物流管理 serviced-oriented面向服务的Telecommunications Management Network (TMN)电信管理网络 application layer应用层 business layer商业服务层 perception layer感知层 processing layer处理层transport layer传输层 ubiquitous computing普适计算 Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)一种无线局域网络技术ZigBee一种低功耗个域网协议deployment调度、部署 intervention介入 unprecedented空前的 refinement精炼、提炼 concrete具体的 attribute特征、属性 conform to符合、遵照 e-commerce电子商务 assign分配、指定、赋值 diverse多种多样的 connotation内涵 enterprise企业、事业、进取心appropriateness适当、合适 immense巨大的、无穷的 magnitude大小、量级 representative典型的、代表 module模块 literacy读写能力、文化素养 ultra mobile broadband (UMB)超移动宽带mass大规模的，集中的 第三单元 chip芯片integrated综合的、集成的
外文文献： Knowledge of the stepper motor What is a stepper motor： Stepper motor is a kind of electrical pulses into angular displacement of the implementing agency. Popular little lesson: When the driver receives a step pulse signal, it will drive a stepper motor to set the direction of rotation at a fixed angle (and the step angle). You can control the number of pulses to control the angular displacement, so as to achieve accurate positioning purposes; the same time you can control the pulse frequency to control the motor rotation speed and acceleration, to achieve speed control purposes. What kinds of stepper motor sub-： In three stepper motors: permanent magnet (PM), reactive (VR) and hybrid (HB) permanent magnet stepper usually two-phase, torque, and smaller, step angle of 7.5 degrees or the general 15 degrees; reaction step is generally three-phase, can achieve high torque output, step angle of 1.5 degrees is generally, but the noise and vibration are large. 80 countries in Europe and America have been eliminated; hybrid stepper is a mix of permanent magnet and reactive advantages. It consists of two phases and the five-phase: two-phase step angle of 1.8 degrees while the general five-phase step angle of 0.72 degrees generally. The most widely used Stepper Motor. What is to keep the torque (HOLDING TORQUE) How much precision stepper motor? Whether the cumulative： The general accuracy of the stepper motor step angle of 3-5%, and not cumulative.
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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中英文资料对照外文翻译 基于网络共享的无线传感网络设计 摘要：无线传感器网络是近年来的一种新兴发展技术，它在环境监测、农业和公众健康等方面有着广泛的应用。在发展中国家，无线传感器网络技术是一种常用的技术模型。由于无线传感网络的在线监测和高效率的网络传送，使其具有很大的发展前景，然而无线传感网络的发展仍然面临着很大的挑战。其主要挑战包括传感器的可携性、快速性。我们首先讨论了传感器网络的可行性然后描述在解决各种技术性挑战时传感器应产生的便携性。我们还讨论了关于孟加拉国和加利 尼亚州基于无线传感网络的水质的开发和监测。 关键词：无线传感网络、在线监测 1.简介 无线传感器网络，是计算机设备和传感器之间的桥梁，在公共卫生、环境和农业等领域发挥着巨大的作用。一个单一的设备应该有一个处理器，一个无线电和多个传感器。当这些设备在一个领域部署时，传感装置测量这一领域的特殊环境。然后将监测到的数据通过无线电进行传输，再由计算机进行数据分析。这样，无线传感器网络可以对环境中各种变化进行详细的观察。无线传感器网络是能够测量各种现象如在水中的污染物含量，水灌溉流量。比如，最近发生的污染涌流进中国松花江，而松花江又是饮用水的主要来源。通过测定水流量和速度，通过传感器对江水进行实时监测，就能够确定污染桶的数量和流动方向。 不幸的是，人们只是在资源相对丰富这个条件下做文章，无线传感器网络的潜力在很大程度上仍未开发，费用对无线传感器网络是几个主要障碍之一，阻止了其更广阔的发展前景。许多无线传感器网络组件正在趋于便宜化（例如有关计算能力的组件），而传感器本身仍是最昂贵的。正如在在文献[5]中所指出的，成功的技术依赖于
杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目用单片机实现的数字时钟电路设计文献综述题目单片机控制系统系电子工程 专业电子信息科学与技术 姓名郭筱楠 班级08091911 学号08919115 指导教师王维平
单片机控制系统 广义地说，微型计算机控制系统（单片机控制系统）是用于处理信息的，这种被用于处理的信息可以是电话交谈，也可以是仪器的读数或者是一个企业的帐户，但是各种情况下都涉及到相同的主要操作：信息的处理、信息的存储和信息的传递。在常规的电子设计中，这些操作都是以功能平台方式组合起来的，例如计数器，无论是电子计数器还是机械计数器，都要存储当前的数值，并且按要求将该数值增加1。一个系统例如采用计数器的电子钟之类的任一系统要使其存储和处理能力遍布整个系统，因为每个计数器都能存储和处理一些数字。 现如今，以微处理器为基础的系统从常规的处理方法中分离了出来，它将信息的处理，信息的存储和信息的传输三个功能分离形成不同的系统单元。这种主要将系统分成三个主要单元的分离方法是冯-诺依曼在20世纪40年代所设想出来的，并且是针对微计算机的设想。从此以后基本上所有制成的计算机都是用这种结构设计的，尽管他们包含着宽广的物理形式与物理结构，但从根本上来说他们均是具有相同基本设计的计算机。 在以微处理器为基础的系统中，处理是由以微处理器为基础的系统自身完成的。存储是利用存储器电路，而从系统中输入和输出的信息传输则是利用特定的输入/输出（I/O）电路。要在一个以微处理器为基础的时钟中找出执行具有计数功能的一个特殊的硬件组成部分是不可能的，因为时间存储在存储器中，而在固定的时间间隔下由微处理器控制增值。但是，规定系统运转过程的软件却规定了包含实现计数器计数功能的单元部分。由于系统几乎完全由软件所定义，所以对微处理器结构和其辅助电路这种看起来非常抽象的处理方法使其在应用时非常灵活。这种设计过程主要是软件工程，而且在生产软件时，就会遇到产生于常规工程中相似的构造和维护问题。 图1.1 微型计算机的三个组成部分 图1.1显示出了微型计算机中这三个单元在一个微处理器控制系统中是如何按照机器中的信息通信方式而联接起来的。该系统由微处理器控制，微处理器能够对其自身的存储器和输入/输出单元的信息传输进行管理。外部的连接部分与
压力传感器 合理进行压力传感器的误差补偿是其应用的关键。压力传感器主要有偏移量误差、灵敏度误差、线性误差和滞后误差，本文将介绍这四种误差产生的机理和对测试结果的影响，同时将介绍为提高测量精度的压力标定方法以及应用实例。 目前市场上传感器种类丰富多样，这使得设计工程师可以选择系统所需的压力传感器。这些传感器既包括最基本的变换器，也包括更为复杂的带有片上电路的高集成度传感器。由于存在这些差异，设计工程师必须尽可能够补偿压力传感器的测量误差，这是保证传感器满足设计和应用要求的重要步骤。在某些情况下，补偿还能提高传感器在应用中的整体性能。 本文以摩托罗拉公司的压力传感器为例，所涉及的概念适用于各种压力传感器的设计应用。 摩托罗拉公司生产的主流压力传感器是一种单片压阻器件，该器件具有 3 类： 1.基本的或未加补偿标定； 2.有标定并进行温度补偿； 3.有标定、补偿和放大。 偏移量、范围标定以及温度补偿均可以通过薄膜电阻网络实现，这种薄膜电阻网络在封装过程中采用激光修正。 该传感器通常与微控制器结合使用，而微控制器的嵌入软件本身建立了传感器数学模型。微控制器读取了输出电压后，通过模数转换器的变换，该模型可以将电压量转换为压力测量值。传感器最简单的数学模型即为传递函数。该模型可在整个标定过程中进行优化，并且模型的成熟度将随标定点的增加而增加。 从计量学的角度看，测量误差具有相当严格的定义：它表征了测量压力与实际压力之间的差异。而通常无法直接得到实际压力，但可以通过采用适当的压力标准加以估计，计量人员通常采用那些精度比被测设备高出至少 10 倍的仪器作为测量标准。 由于未经标定的系统只能使用典型的灵敏度和偏移值将输出电压转换为压 力，测得的压力将产生如图 1 所示的误差。 这种未经标定的初始误差由以下几个部分组成： a.偏移量误差。由于在整个压力范围内垂直偏移保持恒定，因此变换器扩散和激光调节修正的变化将产生偏移量误差。 b.灵敏度误差，产生误差大小与压力成正比。如果设备的灵敏度高于典型值，灵敏度误差将是压力的递增函数（见图 1）。如果灵敏度低于典型值，那么灵敏度误差将是压力的递减函数。该误差的产生原因在于扩散过程的变化。
文献出处:Marisa D. The application and development of the Internet of things technology [J]. Internet Computing, IEEE, 2015, 12(5): 44-55. 原文 The application and development of the Internet of things technology Marisa D Abstract Internet of things is considered through monitoring, analysis and control of network information technology, the extension of human perception of control ability has huge potential. Iot research work has been carried out. A lot of Iot demonstration system was also developed, and has made remarkable application effect. But at the same time, the current development of the Internet of things is also facing some fundamental problems: the Internet of things has what special requirements must be met? What phase are you in the Internet of things technology? Where is the development direction of Internet of things? It is worthwhile to explore these issues. This paper reviews the development of the Internet, and according to the experience of the development of the Internet, analyzes the present situation of Internet of things and Internet of things present in the "content - machine connected to the local small-scale network stage, its development direction should be connected to open net of numerous small" net ", namely the "Internet of things". Based on this idea, called WInternet Iot design, and introduces the overall architecture, working mode and protocol system, and also discusses the several other issues worthy of further study. Keywords: Internet of things; Pipeline agreement; Cloud calculation; Technology application 1 Introduction In recent years, the development of the Internet of things has been attached great importance to, academia, industry, the government to give great attention to the development of the Internet of things. Internet of things is considered can connect hundreds of millions of physical world objects, through monitoring, analysis and control of network information technology, the extension of human perception control ability has huge potential. Iot research work has been carried out. A lot of Iot
外文文献一单片机简介 单片机是一种集成在电路芯片，是采用超大规模集成电路技术把具有数据处理能力的中央处理器CPU随机存储器RAM、只读存储器ROM、多种I/O口和中断系统、定时器/计时器等功能（可能还包括显示驱动电路、脉宽调制电路、模拟多路转换器、A/D转换器等电路）集成到一块硅片上构成的一个小而完善的计算机系统。单片机也被称为微控制器（Microcontroller），是因为它最早被用在工业控制领域。单片机由芯片内仅有CPU的专用处理器发展而来。最早的设计理念是通过将大量外围设备和CPU集成在一个芯片中，使计算机系统更小，更容易集成进复杂的而对体积要求严格的控制设备当中。INTEL的Z80是最早按照这种思想设计出的处理器，从此以后，单片机和专用处理器的发展便分道扬镳。 二、单片机的发展趋势 现在可以说单片机是百花齐放，百家争鸣的时期，世界上各大芯片制造公司都推出了自己的单片机，从8位、16位到32位，数不胜数，应有尽有，有与主流C51系列兼容的，也有不兼容的，但它们各具特色，互成互补，为单片机的应用提供广阔的天地。 纵观单片机的发展过程，可以预示单片机的发展趋势，大致有： 1.低功耗CMOS MCS-51系列的8031推出时的功耗达630mW，而现在的单片机普遍都在100mW左右，随着对单片机功耗要求越来越低，现在的各个单片机制造商基本都采用了CMOS(互补金属氧化物半导体工艺)。象80C51就采用了HMOS(即高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)和CHMOS(互补高密度金属氧化物半导体工艺)。CMOS虽然功耗较低，但由于其物理特征决定其工作速度不够高，而CHMOS则具备了高速和低功耗的特点，这些特征，更适合于在要求低功耗象电池供电的应用场合。所以这种工艺将是今后一段时期单片机发展的主要途径。 2.微型单片化 现在常规的单片机普遍都是将中央处理器(CPU)、随机存取数据存储(RAM)、只读程序存储器(ROM)、并行和串行通信接口，中断系统、定时电路、时钟电路集成在一块单一的芯片上，增强型的单片机集成了如A/D转换器、PMW(脉宽调制电路)、WDT(看门狗)、有些单片机将LCD(液晶)驱动电路都集成在单一的芯片上，这样 单片机包含的单元电路就更多，功能就越强大。甚至单片机厂商还可以根据用户的要求量身定做，制造出具有． 自己特色的单片机芯片。此外，现在的产品普遍要求体积小、重量轻，这就要求单片机除了功能强和功耗低外，还要求其体积要小。现在的许多单片机都具有多种封装形式，其中SMD(表面封装)越来越受欢迎，使得由单片机构成的系统正朝微型化方向发展。 3.主流与多品种共存 现在虽然单片机的品种繁多，各具特色，但仍以80C51为核心的单片机占主流，兼容其结构和指令系统的有PHILIPS公司的产品，ATMEL公司的产品和中国台湾
外文翻译 DC GENENRATORS 1. INTRODUCTION For all practical purposes, the direct-current generator is only used for special applications and local dc power generation. This limitation is due to the commutator required to rectify the internal generated ac voltage, thereby making largescale dc power generators not feasible. Consequently, all electrical energy produced commercially is generated and distributed in the form of three-phase ac power. The use of solid state converters nowadays makes conversion to dc economical. However, the operating characteristics of dc generators are still important, because most concepts can be applied to all other machines. 2. FIELD WINDING CONNECTIONS The general arrangement of brushes and field winding for a four-pole machine is as shown in Fig.1. The four brushes ride on the commutator. The positive brusher are connected to terminal A1 while the negative brushes are connected to terminal A2 of the machine. As indicated in the sketch, the brushes are positioned approximately midway under the poles. They make contact with coils that have little or no EMF induced in them, since their sides are situated between poles. Figure 1 Sketch of four-pole dc matchine The four excitation or field poles are usually joined in series and their ends brought out to terminals marked F1 and F2. They are connected such that they produce north and south poles alternately. The type of dc generator is characterized by the manner in which the field
物联网安全问题的研究外文文献翻译 毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译 院系: 年级专业: 姓名: 学号: 附件: 指导老师评语: 指导教师签名: 年月日 备注: 1.从所引用的与毕业设计(论文)内容相近的外文文献中选择一篇或一部分进行翻译(不少于3000实词); 2.外文文献翻译的装订分两部分，第一部分为外文文献;第二部分为该外文文献的中文翻译; 3.外文文献正文按毕业设计(论文)格式排版，两部分内容不能联排，用分页符分页。 The Internet of things The Internet of things the Internet of things the Internet of things more and more modules and sensors embedded system to enhance their
ability of communication. The resulting information networks will create new business models, improve business processes, risk and reduce costs Michael cui, marcus method, and Roger Roberts In most organizations, the information spread along the familiar path. Proprietary information is placed in the database and make a analysis in the report and then start the management chain. Information collected from public sources, Internet information collection and information from suppliers to buy. But the forecast information is changing the way: the physical world itself is becoming a kind of information system. In so-called iot, sensors, and micro devices (actuators) is embedded in the physical module from highway to heart pacemakers is through wired or wireless network connections, is often connected to the Internet using the same Internet protocol. The network transmission of data is used for computer analysis. If some modules can sense the environment and can be used for information exchange, so they can become and rapid response to solve the problem of complicated tools. The information revolution in the field of the physical information system is developing continuously, and even some will also be able to work under a single intervention. Pill shape photomicrographic device has successfully through the human digestive tract, and back to the thousands of images to pinpoint the source of the disease. Composed of satellite and ground sensor data acquisition system through the wireless device can detect crop status and connected to the precision agriculture can adjust method for every
Basic knowledge of transducers A transducer is a device which converts the quantity being measured into an optical, mechanical, or-more commonly-electrical signal. The energy-conversion process that takes place is referred to as transduction. Transducers are classified according to the transduction principle involved and the form of the measured. Thus a resistance transducer for measuring displacement is classified as a resistance displacement transducer. Other classification examples are pressure bellows, force diaphragm, pressure flapper-nozzle, and so on. 1、Transducer Elements Although there are exception ,most transducers consist of a sensing element and a conversion or control element. For example, diaphragms,bellows,strain tubes and rings, bourdon tubes, and cantilevers are sensing elements which respond to changes in pressure or force and convert these physical quantities into a displacement. This displacement may then be used to change an electrical parameter such as voltage, resistance, capacitance, or inductance. Such combination of mechanical and electrical elements form electromechanical transducing devices or transducers. Similar combination can be made for other energy input such as thermal. Photo, magnetic and chemical,giving thermoelectric, photoelectric,electromaanetic, and electrochemical transducers respectively. 2、Transducer Sensitivity The relationship between the measured and the transducer output signal is usually obtained by calibration tests and is referred to as the transducer sensitivity K1= output-signal increment / measured increment . In practice, the transducer sensitivity is usually known, and, by measuring the output signal, the input quantity is determined from input= output-signal increment / K1. 3、Characteristics of an Ideal Transducer The high transducer should exhibit the following characteristics a) high fidelity-the transducer output waveform shape be a faithful reproduction of the measured; there should be minimum distortion. b) There should be minimum interference with the quantity being measured; the presence of the transducer should not alter the measured in any way. c) Size. The transducer must be capable of being placed exactly where it is needed.
中原工学院信息商务学院毕业设计(论文)译文专用纸第 1 页 物联网 1．定义内涵 物联网的英文名称为The Internet of Things，简称：IOT。物联网通过传器、射频识别技术、全球定位系统等技术，实时采集任何需要监控、连接、互动的物体或过程，采集其声、光、热、电、力学、化学、生物、位置等各种需要的信息，通过各类可能的网络接入，实现物与物、物与人的泛在链接，实现对物品和过程的智能化感知、识别和管理。物联网是通过智能感知、识别技术与普适计算、泛在网络的融合应用，被称为继计算机、互联网之后世界信息产业发展的第三次浪潮。与其说物联网是网络，不如说物联网是业务和应用，物联网也被视为互联网的应用拓展。因此应用创新是物联网发展的核心，以用户体验为核心的创新2.0是物联网发展的灵魂。 2．“物”的涵义 这里的“物”要满足以下条件才能够被纳入“物联网”的范围： 1．要有相应信息的接收器； 2．要有数据传输通路； 3．要有一定的存储功能； 4．要有CPU； 5．要有操作系统； 6．要有专门的应用程序； 7．要有数据发送器； 8．遵循物联网的通信协议；
9．在世界网络中有可被识别的唯一编号。 3．“中国式”定义 物联网(Internet of Things)指的是将无处不在(Ubiquitous)的末端设备(Devices)和设施(Facilities)，包括具备“内在智能”的传感器、移动终端、工业系统、楼控系统、家庭智能设施、视频监控系统等、和“外在使能”(Enabled)的，如贴上RFID的各种资产(Assets)、携带无线终端的个人与车辆等等“智能化物件或动物”或“智能尘埃”(Mote)，通过各种无线和/或有线的长距离和/或短距离通讯网络实现互联互通(M2M)、应用大集成(Grand Integration)、以及基于云计算的SaaS营运等模式，在内网(Intranet)、专网(Extranet)、和/或互联网(Internet)环境下，采用适当的信息安全保障机制，提供安全可控乃至个性化的实时在线监测、定位追溯、报警联动、调度指挥、预案管理、远程控制、安全防范、远程维保、在线升级、统计报表、决策支持、领导桌面(集中展示的Cockpit Dashboard)等管理和服务功能，实现对“万物”的“高效、节能、安全、环保”的“管、控、营”一体化[1]。 4．欧盟的定义 2009年9月，在北京举办的物联网与企业环境中欧研讨会上，欧盟委员会信息和社会媒体司RFID部门负责人Lorent Ferderix博士给出了欧盟对物联网的定义：物联网是一个动态的全球网络基础设施，它具有基于标准和互操作通信协议的自组织能力，其中物理的和虚拟的“物”具有身份标识、物理属性、虚拟的特性和智能的接口，并与信息网络无缝整合。物联网将与媒体互联网、服务互联网和企业互联网一道，构成未来互联网。 5．变化