The Functional Equivalent Translation of Business Letter(1)

翻译理论之功能对等《翻译理论》课程论文Functional Equivalence: A Comment on the English Version of ASmall Incident姓名：李娇学号：20140307210年级：2014级班级：2班专业：英语翻译任课教师：罗云二零一七年一月Functional Equivalence: A Comment on the English Version of ASmall IncidentAbstract: This article will comment the English version of A Small Incident translated by Yang Xianyi and Dai Naiyi based on the Functional Equivalence. Functional Equivalence theory was put forward by American translation theorist Eugene Nida.Through commenting words equivalence, syntactical equivalence and textual equivalence,w e can learn that Nida's functional equivalence theory has a good guiding influence on translation. 【keywords】Functional Equivalence；Eugene Nida；A Small Incident ；comment1.Brief Introduction of Eugene Nida and His TheoryEugene A. Nida (1914--) is one of the most distinguished contemporary translation theorists in the west. During his past fifty years of study in translation theory and practice, he has achieved great success in this field. His translation theory hasexerted a tremendous influence on the translation studies not only in western countries but also in Asian countries, especially in China. He is generally recognized as the most influential one among all the contemporary translation theorists.Functional equivalence theory was first put forward in 1964. This principle emphasizes the functional equivalence of information instead of the direct formal equivalence in translation so as to keep the meaning and style of the source language functionally equivalent to that of the target language as much as possible. The functional feature of the translation depends on the balance of two relationships, that is, the relationship between the target language receptor and the target text should generally be equivalent to the relationship between the source language receptor and the source text, and it is the two relationships that provide the basis for functional equivalence. Functional equivalence includes four levels: lexical equivalence, syntactical equivalence, textual equivalence and style equivalence.2.Brief Introduction of A Small Incident and the English VersionA Small Incident was writtenby Lu Xun in 1919, during the May 4th Movement. Althoughthe novel only has about 1000 words, its deep meaning makes people think a lot. There are three main characters in the novel: I, rickshaw man, an old woman. The subject of this passage involves three aspects at least: first, the criticism of intellectual to unenlightened masses,which showed by criticizing the old woman in the passage; second, the praise of the intellectual to part of the crowd, which showed by praising the rickshaw man in the passage; third, the self-reflection and new understand ofintellectual, which showed by “my” thoughts in the passage.How to translate properlythat a passage has concise words but deep meaning is the major problem of translators. I choose the English version by Yan Xianyi and Dai Naiyi, because it is a typical functional equivalence Theory-based translation. Dai Naiyi is a British, so her reaction to the translation equal to the target language re ader’s reaction to a gre at degree,and every time, Yang Xianyi will let Dai Naiyi read his translation and modify it to basically realize the functional equivalence of source language and target language./doc/805958643.html,mentsThe basic requirements of translation include：reveal the spirits and presentation of source text；natural presentation、concise form and same readers’ reaction. F rom Nida “ The readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did”(1995:224). Next ,I will comment the translation through words equivalence, syntactical equivalence and textual equivalence.3.1).words equivalenceWords and phrases are the basic meaning units. Strictly speaking, besides some professional technical terms ,there is no complete equivalent words and phrases. A translated sentence firstly depends on the chosen words whether properly or not.let’s look at the translation of the title：S-T：一件小事Yang: A Small IncidentAlthough Lu Xun chose “一件小事’’ as the title, the spirits of the passage are no simple.through out the contrast, readers can feel the enlightenment deeper. According to the explanationof “incident” in OXFORD ADV ANCED LEARNER'S English-Chinese Dictionary，incident:（1）something that happens, especially something unusual or unpleasant.（2）a serious or violent event, such as a crime, an accident or an attack. (3） a disagreement between t wo countries, often involving military forces[7]. According to Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, incident: （1）an event, especially one that is unusual, important, or violent. （2） a serious dis agreement between two countries[8]. According to explanation, incident can express unusual things but without the meaning of small things, so Yang and Dai use small to modify incident that make the contrast of the title and content more prominent.3.2).syntactical equivalenceSyntacticalequivalence is more complicated than lexical equivalence. In English- Chinese translation, singular and plural form is an important and evident problem. Plural meaning in Chinese is not expressed with any evident plural form, which is different in English. Moreover, for different target language, tender, number and tense should be taken into consideration in translation. Thus, translator should be clear about whether such a sentence grammar exists in the target language or not, and be clear about the frequency of such sentence grammar.S-T:风全住了，路上还很静。

The Application of the Functional Equivalence in the Translationof Chinese Tourist Guide1IntroductionTourism has become a prosperous industry all over the world. Since the early 1980s, with the development of the reform and opening-up policy, also thanks to the rich tourism resources —high mountains, great rivers and mysterious culture, China has attracted a large number of foreign tourists. The growth of tourism requires not only the rich tourism resources but also an appropriate language to publicize it. Thus, the translation of Chinese tourist guide is especially important.The translation of Chinese tourist guide serves as a bridge between China and the rest of the world. Approp riate translation can arouse the tourists’ interest, so it will be helpful for publicizing China. However, in the process of translation, owing to the cultural differences between China and the Western countries, there must be some difficulties in understanding the translation. Accordingly, great importance has been attached to the translation of Chinese tourist guide. Many translation theories have been put into practice. Among these theories, Nida’s functional equivalence is regarded as an effective way to overcome barriers in the mutual-understanding.Eugene A. Nida is a distinguished American translation theorist. His translation theory has tremendous influence on the Western as well as Chinesetranslation studies. His functional equivalence, which is developed from dynamic equivalence, was introduced into China in the 1980s.Nida gave a clear definition of “dynamic equivalence”in the book The Theory and Practice of Translation in 1969. In this book, dynamic equivalence is defined as “in terms of the degree to which the receptors of the message in the receptor language respond to it in substantially the same manner as the receptors in the source language” (Toward a Science of Translating 24). In this definition, dynamic equivalence is defined with “receptor’s response” as its nature.In 1986, in his From One Language to Another, he changed the term to “functional equivalence”.But there is not much difference between the two concepts. He adopts the term “functional equivalence” to stress t he concept of function and to avo id misunderstandings of the term “dyna m ic”,which is mistaken by some persons for something in the sense of impact (Language, Culture and Translating 124). Functional equivalence is defined as “The readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it”(From One Language to Another118). In the definition, the readers’ reception and response is reflected.The thesis is composed of four parts. Part one is the introduction. Part two is literature review, in which previous studies on the translation of Chinese tourist guide is introduced. Part three presents some translation techniques from the view of reader’s recepti on and response. The last part is the conclusion.2 Literature ReviewMuch research in the translation of Chinese tourist guide has been conducted with different approaches, such as cultranslation approach, contrastive text analysis approach and functionalist approach.The researchers approaching the translation of Chinese tourist guide from the perspective of cultranslation mainly include Jia Shunhou and Zhang Ning.Jia Shun hou, in his article “On the Cultural Adjustment of the Translation of the Chinese Tourist Materials”(90-92) argues that in translation, translators should focus their attention on transferring the cultural message, and the translated versions should reflect Chinese culture so as to arouse the potential curiosity of the foreign tourists.The transformation of cultural factors is also mentioned by Zhang Ning, in t he article “Cultural Factors in the Translation of the Tourist Materials”(3-5).He believes that attention should be paid to the cultural message in tourist materials and its differences between cultures from the following six aspects: historic anecdotes, religion, landscape gardening, national characteristics, cooking culture and mode of thinking. He also believes that the translation of such materials is to transfer messages in the source text to the target text, so the features of tourist materials should be taken into consideration, with the cultural message transformation as the key point. Besides, some appropriate techniques, such as amplification, analogy, omission as well as adaptation, are also offered.The cultranslation approach regards the translation of Chinese tourist guideas a process of transferring culture. It aims at clearing off obstacles that may lead to inefficiency in cross-cultural communication.Many scholars have carried out their contrastive studies between Chinese and English tourist guide, including Gao Jinling and Ji Aimei. The differences between China and the West in philosophy, aesthetics and way of thinking have great influence on the language structure and style of writing.Aesthetic differences between Chinese and Westerners manifested in tourist guide is highlighted in Gao Jinling’s article “The Translation of Descriptive Touring Materials in Light of Sino-Western Aesthetic Modes” (100-103). He analyzes aesthetic differences between Chinese and Westerners, which mainly focuses on the following aspects: representation vs. expression; abstract concepts vs. concrete concepts; poetic pictures vs. picturesque poetry; rich in images vs. exact in depiction; time-oriented description vs. space oriented description. Based on the analysis, he puts forward his point of view about translation of Chinese tourist guide, which is to reduce subjective descriptions to objective ones.In “A Study of the English Version of Qilu Tourism Culture from the Perspective of Cultranslation and Contractive Text Analysis”, Ji Aimei focuses her research on the contrastive discourse analysis between the English version of Qilu tourism culture and the English tourism publications so as to see the different features of the two kinds of tourism English. She finds that the two kinds of tourism English are different in impersonality, formality, diction andthe way to introduce historical culture involved in tourism.The contrastive text analysis approach, through comparing the language features and style of writing between English and Chinese tourist guide, they all agree that English tourist guide mainly focus on presenting information on the geographical surroundings of tourist attractions and cultural heritage. While Chinese versions pay more attention to the social status of tourism resources and also give prominence to the scenery and humanistic features of scenic spots.The research on the translation of Chinese tourist guide from the functionalist perspective is mainly based on the skopos theory.On the basis of the three rules within the framework of skopos theory, namely, the skopos rule, the coherence rule and the fidelity rule, Chen Gang (30-35) proposes in his book Tourism Translation and Guide-Interpreting three basic criteria for the translation of tourist materials: a) Faithfulness (The translated version should be faithful to the content of the source text which includes historical stories, geographical descriptions, cultural background, etc.);b) Expressiveness (This refers not only to the intertextual coherence of the target text, but also the adaptation to the features of tourism language); c)Elegance(The translated version should preserve the aesthetic element in tourism language). In his point of view, the major principles guiding the English translation of Chinese tourist materials are: to be tourist-oriented and to aim at promoting Chinese culture.Research from the perspective of functionalism adopts skopos theory toguide the translation of Chinese tourist guide. It can be concluded that the translation of Chinese tourist guide should adapt to the English writing style so as to fulfill the vocative and informative functions.As for those studies on the translation of Chinese tourist guide, there are systematic theoretical instructions. However, the target-language reader’s response is not sufficiently emphasized. There is still a long way to establish a complete and satisfactory theoretical framework in this newly developed field. The author of the thesis holds that Nida’s functional equivalence works in guiding the translation of Chinese tourist guide, because Nida’s concept of translating shifts from “the form of message” to “the response to the receptor”(Translating Meaning1), thus avoiding a rigid linguistic translation from the source text to the target text.3 The Application of the Functional Equivalence in the Translation of Chinese Tourist GuideThe translation of Chinese tourist guide plays an important role in pub licizing and promoting Chinese tourism, so it is necessary to adopt different translation techniques to help transferring information to the tourists. In this part, the author analyzes the application of the functional equivalence in the translation of Chinese tourist guide. In order to present information to the target-language readers as much as possible, priority should be given to the reception and response of the target-language readers.3.1 The Importance of the Receptor“Receptor” is the addressee o f the translations who actually reads or listens to the target text after it is produced. Nida attaches great importance to the role of receptor and the relationship between receptor and message by saying, “It is essential that functional equivalence be stated primarily in terms of a comparison of the way in which the original receptors understood and appreciated the text and the way in which receptors of translated text understand and appreciate the translated text.” (Language, Culture and Translating116). “In producing a functional equivalent translation one must be constantly aware of the capacity and motivation of receptors” (Jin Di & Nida 89). In other words, how to translate a tourist guide first depends on whether the target receptors can understand it or not. The receptors of the tourist guide have direct connection with the effect of dissemination of Chinese tourism. If the readers can not understand the translated tourist guide properly, the translation is surely a failure. Therefore, the primary requirement for translation is that the translated version should be understood or accepted by the receptors, for translation is meaningless if it is treated in isolation from the decoding ability of its target receptors (Han Xu 32).It is of great importance to estimate the extent to which receptors correctly understand and appreciate the translated text; what’s more, according to Nida, ideal situation is that the target receptor’s response to the target text should be essentially the same to the original receptors’ response to the original text. Tosome extent, receptors of the tourist guide can be regarded as communicators. They convey what they see and feel to other tourists who have never been to China yet. In fact, they are a bridge between China and the Western countries. Thus the receptor of the translation is of great importance.3.2 Techniques Used in the Translation of Chinese Tourist GuideBased on the essence of the functional equivalence, some translation techniques are used to guide the translation of Chinese tourist. By using these techniques, the translation is adjusted from different perspectives to achieve a roughly equivalent response between the target language readers and the source languages readers.3.2.1 ConversionConversion is an approach to achieve the functional equivalence and increase readability of the translation in order to help the target-language readers comprehend the source text. Considering the target-language reader’s recepti on and response, the translator can convert affirmative sentence into negative sentence or vice versa, or conversion between simple sentence and compound sentence or passive voice and active voice. The following examples will illustrate these methods respectively. Firstly, conversion occurs between the affirmative sentence and the negative sentence.(1)西湖的景色真是美不胜收。

功能派翻译理论介绍（其中中文内容来源于百度百科）20世纪70年代，功能派翻译理论兴起于德国。

其发展经过了以下几个阶段。

第一阶段:凯瑟琳娜·莱斯首次把功能范畴引入翻译批评，将语言功能，语篇类型和翻译策略相联系，发展了以源文与译文功能关系为基础的翻译批评模式，从而提出了功能派理论思想的雏形。

莱斯认为理想的翻译应该是综合性交际翻译，即在概念性内容，语言形式和交际功能方面都与原文对等，但在实践中应该优先考虑的是译本的功能特征。

第二阶段:汉斯·弗米尔(Vermeer)提出了目的论，将翻译研究从原文中心论的束缚中摆脱出来。

该理论认为翻译是以原文为基础的有目的和有结果的行为，这一行为必须经过协商来完成，翻译必须遵循一系列法则，其中目的法则居于首位。

也就是说,译文取决于翻译的目的。

此外,翻译还须遵循“语内连贯法则”和“语际连贯法则”。

前者指译文必须内部连贯，在译文接受者看来是可理解的,后者指译文与原文之间也应该有连贯性。

这三条原则提出后,评判翻译的标准不再是“对等”，而是译本实现预期目标的充分性。

弗米尔还提出了翻译委任的概念，即应该由译者来决定是否，何时，怎样完成翻译任务。

也就是说，译者应该根据不同的翻译目的采用相应的翻译策略，而且有权根据翻译目的决定原文的哪些内容可以保留，哪些需要调整或修改。

弗米尔认为，翻译中的最高法则应该是“目的法则”。

也就是说，翻译的目的不同，翻译时所采取的策略、方法也不同。

换言之，翻译的目的决定了翻译的策略和方法。

第三阶段:贾斯塔·霍茨—曼塔里借鉴交际和行为理论，提出翻译行为理论,进一步发展了功能派翻译理论。

该理论将翻译视作受目的驱使的,以翻译结果为导向的人与人之间的相互作用。

该理论和目的论有颇多共同之处,弗米尔后来也将二者融合。

第四阶段:克里斯汀娜·诺德全面总结和完善功能派理论。

克里斯汀娜·诺德首次用英语系统阐述了翻译中的文本分析所需考虑的内外因素，以及如何在原文功能的基础上制定切合翻译目的的翻译策略。

功能对等理论指导下的商务合同英语翻译Functional Equivalence Theory in English Translation of Business ContractsIntroductionBusiness contracts are essential legal documents that establish and govern agreements between parties involved in commercial transactions. With the increasing globalization of business, the need for accurate translation of these contracts from one language to another has become crucial. The functional equivalence theory provides a guiding framework for achieving accurate and effective translations of business contracts from Chinese to English. This article aims to explore the application of the functional equivalence theory in English translation of business contracts.1. Understanding the Functional Equivalence TheoryThe functional equivalence theory, also known as the skopos theory, is a translation approach that focuses on the purpose or function of a text in the target culture. According to this theory, the translator's primary goal is to produce a translation that fulfills the intended purpose or function of the source text in the target culture. In the context of business contracts, the functional equivalence theory emphasizes the importance of conveying the legal rights, obligations, and intentions of the parties involved accurately and effectively.2. Transfer of Legal ConceptsA crucial aspect of translating business contracts is the transfer of legal concepts from one legal system to another. The functional equivalence theory suggests that the translator should not mechanically replicate the exact legal terminology used in the source text but rather find corresponding legal concepts in the target language. This requires a deep understanding of both legal systems and the ability to identify equivalent legal principles in different cultural and linguistic contexts.3. Structural and Stylistic AdjustmentsIn addition to transferring legal concepts, the functional equivalence theory also encourages structural and stylistic adjustments in the translation process. Business contracts in Chinese may have a different organization and stylistic conventions compared to English contracts. The translator should adapt the structure and style of the translation to align with the norms and expectations of the target language, while ensuring the preservation of the contract's legal content and coherence.4. Clarity and PrecisionOne of the fundamental goals in translating business contracts is to ensure clarity and precision in the expression of legal terms and provisions. The translator should employ clear and concise language and avoid ambiguity or vagueness. The functional equivalence theory emphasizes the importance of using linguistic strategies to convey the intended meaning accurately, taking into account the legal implications of the translated text.5. Cultural SensitivityWhen translating business contracts, cultural sensitivity plays a significant role in ensuring functional equivalence. The contract may contain elements specific to the cultural context of the source language. The translator should be aware of cultural differences and adapt the translation accordingly, while still being faithful to the legal intent of the contract. Cultural adaptation can include modifying certain clauses, addressing cultural norms and practices, and adjusting the tone and style of the translation.ConclusionThe functional equivalence theory offers valuable guidance for English translation of business contracts. By prioritizing the intended purpose and function of the source text, translators can effectively convey the legal rights, obligations, and intentions of the parties involved. This approach involves not only the transfer of legal concepts but also structural and stylistic adjustments, clarity and precision in expression, and cultural sensitivity. Adhering to these principles ensures that the translated contracts accurately reflect the original intent and are legally effective in the target language.。

Chapter four A comparative study of Nida’s theory andJin Di’s theoryJin Di, on the basis of Nida‟s theory, he formulated his own theory of “equivalent effect”.4.1 Jin Di’s Translation TheoryJin Di is renowned for his translation theory of “equivalent effect”and his Chinese version of Ulysses.4.1.1 A survey of Jin’s translation activity and translation studyIn his work In Search of the Principle of Equivalent Effect (1989), he put forward his own theory of “equivalent effect”.4.1.2 Jin’s view on translation before his reception of Nida’s theoryThe gist of his argument was that “translating must meet the requirements of accuracy and smoothness.”“Accuracy” meant the content of the translated text should be consistent with that of the original text.“Smoothness”meant the language of the translated text should conform to the convention of the target language.Accuracy and smoothness in translation were two sides of a coin, and one could not be separated from another.What distinguished Jin from others was that he strongly objected to then the popular idea that “faithfulness should be given priority over smoothness when one of them has to be sacrificed”.Jin mentioned more than once the close relationship between translation accuracy and target readers. He wrote:A translation should be smooth and natural so that target readers do not feel big gaps between the two languages concerned. Accuracy and smoothness as a translation standard are like two sides of a coin, one cannot be separated from the other. If the reader cannot understand the so-called “accurate” translation and do not know what it means, there is of little significance for such “accuracy”. If the translator only pays attention to smoothness in his work, but ignores the consistency between the original text and the translated text, his translation is not legitimate.4.1.3 Jin’s theory of equivalent effect and its relationship with Nida’s theoryIn On Translation: with special reference to Chinese and English, Jin basically adopted Nida‟s “dynamic equivalence”, which was defined in terms of a dynamic relationship, namely, “the relationship of target language receptors to the target language text should be roughly equivalent to the relationship between the original receptors and the original text”.The book mentioned above was acclaimed as “a masterpiece of combination of Nida‟s translation theory with Chinese translation with Chinese translation practice”.Jin argued that Nida‟s theory was intended to guide Bible translation for evangelism, and the ultimate purpose of Bible translating was to make receptors “response to the translated message in action”. Thus, according to Jin, the concept of “response”in Nida‟s theory was not suitable for a theory of general translation. Jinexplained:Although receptors’ response could be used as an important feedback to evaluate how the receptors understand and appreciate the translation to some extent, and the translator could test the quality of his translation according to receptor’s response, such activity occurs only after the translation is completed. Since each receptor’s response and reaction involve a number of subjective and objective personal factors, it is necessary for us to explore these factors in our study of translation process. Hence, in our discussion the term “effect” refers to the impact of the translated message upon the receptors instead of the receptors’ response. (This was the reason why Jin modified Nida’s “dynamic equivalence”, and put forward his o wn theory of “equivalent effect”.等效定义(方式一): the objective of an equivalent effect translation is that although the form of a translated text may be different from that of the original text, the receptor-language reader can obtain a message as substantially the same as the source-language reader does from the original, including main spirit, concrete facts and artistic imagery.分析: in Jin‟s view, only when the three essential factors (“main spirit, “concrete facts”and “artistic imagery”) of the original were successfully reproduced in the receptor language could a translation be termed as a translation of equivalent effect.In short, the delimitation of the concept of “effect”as “impact”instead of “response”, and the emphasis on the reproduction of the three factors constitute Jin‟s theory of “equivalent effect”.In his article, “Translating Spirit”, he borrowed two characters from Y an Fu‟s three-character translation principle and advanced his theory of “faithfulness, expressiveness and spirit” (信，达，神韵). The term “spirit” in Jin‟s theory was used in a broad sense, indicating various artistic styles of literary works.等效定义（方式二）：the three-character principle of “faithfulness, expressiveness and spirit”indicated that faithful representation of the fundamental facts, transference of effect and reproduction of artistic style respectively.In recent years Jin began to put more emphasis on the “reproduction of artistic style”, and tried to develop his theory of “equivalent effect” by making use of Chinese traditional translation theory and classic literary criticism.Jin‟s theory deviated away from Nida‟s theory because Nida‟s theory fails to adequately address the problem of transference of aesthetic values in literary translation; while Jin, having attempted to solve it, has to absorb Chinese traditional translation theory and classic literary criticism, where discussion about stylistic or aesthetic effects and their transference are abundant.4.2 Rethinking Nida’s dynamic equivalence4.2.1 The relationship between dynamic equivalence and the principle of equivalent effectAs early as 1790, Tytler stated that a good translation was once in “which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be distinctly apprehended, and strongly felt, by a native of the country to which thatlanguage belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work”. Tytler was considered the first person who had discussed the issue of equivalent effect in the history of translation theory. But it was E.V. Rieu who first used the expression “the principle of equivalent effect” to discuss translation.Arnold stated that “A translation should affect us in the same way as the original may be supposed to have affected its first hearers”.Jowett expressed that “The translator seeks to produce on his reader an impression similar or nearly similar to that produced by the original”.The reason why Nida‟s theory is also called the principle of “equivalent effect” in the west is that: a translation which attempts to produce a dynamic rather than a formal equivalent is based upon “the principle of equivalent effect”. In such a translation one is not so concerned with matching the receptor-language message with the source-language message, but with the dynamic relationship, that the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message.4.2.2 The scientific basis of dynamic equivalence/functional equivalenceNida borrows the concept of the decoder‟s channel capacity from information theory to explain the acceptability of message by readers in both original communication and translation. And he proves that a dynamic equivalent translation fits the receptor‟s channel capacity so as to decode the translated text with ease and efficiency in his own cultural text.The term “dynamic”implies a scientific basis. The dynamic aspect is about a comparison of two relations, namely, “The relation of target language receptors to the target language text should be roughly equivalent to the relationship between the original receptors and the original text”. Such relationship indicates that translating is not completed unless the translated message is received by the reader in the receptor language in substantially the same manner as the original message is received by the original reader.When “dynamic equivalence”is replaced with “functional equivalence”in order to avoid misunderstandings about the term “dynamic”, Nida, having drawn upon the concept of isomorphs, further justifies “functional equivalence”. Isomorphs are an extension of the semiotic concept of “iconicity” or “matters of likeness”. Functional isomorphs are defined on the basis of the means for accomplishing essentially the same results within different systems.To sum up, “dynamic equivalence”/ “functional equivalence”is based on the principle of “equivalent effect”. What distinguished Nida‟s theory from other principle of equivalent effect was that it had a solid scientific basis, and Nida proved the legitimacy of his theory from insights coming from communication theory and sociosemiotics.4.2.3 The immediate concern of dynamic equivalenceNida further explained “dynamic equivalence”in a way that was directly relevant to Bible translating:It would be wrong to think, however, that the response of the receptors in the second language is merely in terms of comprehension of the information, forcommunication is not merely informative. It must also be expressive and imperative if it is to serve the principal purposes of communications such as those found in the Bible. That is to say, a translation of the Bible must not only provide information which people can understand but must present the message in such a way that people can feel its relevance and can then respond to it in action.4.3 Jin’s role in popularizing Nida’s theory4.3.1 Jin’s contribution to a better understanding of Nida’s theoryJin rightly commented on Nida‟s contribution to the principle of “equivalent effect”:The great contribution Eugene Nida made was to shift the focus the comparison texts, the source-language and the target-language texts, to a comparison of the two communication processes involved. As the message in a communication is carried by means of the text, the new method of comparison does not disregard the importance of the text, but the shift of focus implies the consideration of various linguistic and cultural complication that can affect the receptor s’perception of the message carried by the text.In Jin‟s view, Nida justified the principle of “equivalent effect”from the scientific perspective of information theory, and his “dynamic equivalence” solved the debate over literal translation and free translation among western translation scholars in the past two thousand years.In his writings on the principle of “equivalent effect”, Jin further elaborated on the three important concepts, namely, “receptor”, “effect”and “equivalence”in Nida‟s theory.The translator should take into consideration target readers in translating, for only keeping his readers in mind could he render the original text more satisfactorily into the receptor language.According to Jin, translation equivalence between two texts concerned was not a mechanical equivalence, but a comprehensive one, which required the translator to consider all the factors involved in translating. Translation equivalence was not word-for-word equivalence, but equivalence impacts upon the reader produced by a whole sentence or paragraph in any two languages concerned.He suggested that attempts should be made to narrow the differences so as to achieve the closest effect to the original text as much as possible.Jin‟s another contribution to Nida‟s theory is his attempt to put the theory of “equivalent effect” into his translation of Ylysses, and its success confirms that Nida‟s theory is applicable to literary translation between English and Chinese.4.3.2 Problems with some Jin’s views about Nida’s theoryFirst, Jin misinterprets Nida‟s “readers‟ response”.Second, he has a partial understanding of some aspects of “dynamic equivalence”/ “functional equivalence”.(1)Jin’s misinterpretation of the term “response” in Nida’s theoryThere are four translating procedures in Nida‟s theory, including (1) analysisof the source text, (2) transferring from source to target language, (3) restructuring in the target language, (4) testing the translated text with persons who represented the intended audience.According Nida, if “dynamic equivalence” was used as a translation criterion, the critic must take “readers‟ response” seriously. He explained:In the past most testing of a translation has been undertaken by assigning a bilingual person to compare the source and target texts and to determine the degree of correspondence. The problem with this approach is that the bilingual judge is probably already so familiar with the text and the type of contents that he can understand the text without too much trouble. An adequate evaluation of a translation can only be accomplished by testing the reaction of monolingual persons who are representative of the consistency for whom the translation has been made.It deserves to be mentioned that, in evaluating reader s‟ response to a translation, the critic was not to examine readers‟ response to the content of the original, but the “stylistically awkward, structurally burdensome, linguistically unnatural, and semantically misleading or incomprehensible” formal features.“Reader‟s response”in Nida‟s theory is really treated in a broad sense. Later on, when Nida replaced “dynamic equivalence”with “functional equivalence”, and redefined it at two levels: the minimal level and the maximal level, he avoided using the term “response”.(2) His misinterpretations concerning some aspects of dynamic equivalence/functional equivalenceIn Nida‟theory, a formal equivalent translation “permits the reader to identify himself as fully as possible with a person in the source-language context, and to understand as much as he can of the customs, manner of thought, and means of expression”.A dynamic equivalent translation “aims at complete naturalness of expression, and tries to relate the receptor to modes of behavior relevant within the context of his own culture; it does not insist that he understand the cultural pattern of the source-language context in order to comprehend the message”.In accordance with the principle of “dynamic equivalence”, in order to produce a dynamic equivalent translation, the most important thing for the translator was not to keep the original words, but to communicate effectively the original meaning, so that readers in the receptor language could understand the translation without any difficulty.As a matter of fact, “dynamic equivalence”was not solely built upon Bible translating. The basic translation principles in Nida‟s theory were developed considerably before his work with the Bible translators. In his early years of graduate work and doctoral study at university, he had objected to strict literal translation, and preferred an intelligible and stylistically appropriate translation. Later on, he elaborated his views on translation with examples from Biblical translations. It is a fact that Nida‟s theory is intended to guide Bible translations, but this does not mean that it is determined by Bible translating and only confined to Bible translation.4.4 Difference between Jin’s theory and Nida’s theory4.4.1 Reader-oriented vs. Text-oriented“Dynamic equivalence” pays more attention to the target reader s, while Jin‟s theory of “equivalent effect” attaches more importance to the original text.“Dynamic equivalence”is defined in terms of readers’response. For Nida, to measure “dynamic equivalence”, one should “only rightly compare the equivalence of response”.Jin‟s equivalent effect translation, however, requires reproduction of the “main spirit”, “concrete facts”, “artistic imagery”of the original text. Nida‟s focus on reader s‟ response allows necessary linguistic adjustments.To Yuen Ren Chao, the noted Chinese linguist, whether or not naturalizing translation was adopted should depend on the context. If a figure of speech was the main topic of a discourse (such as “the Lamb of God”in the biblical text), the translator should faithfully reproduce it into the receptor language. If it was used in a casual way, it should be replaced with an idiomatic equivalent in the receptor language.4.4.2 Flexible vs. InflexibleNida‟s “dynamic equivalence”is more flexible than Jin‟theory of “equivalent effect”.A dynamic equivalent translation tends to be a type of free translation, while Jin‟s equivalent effect translation tends to be a literal translation.In an interview Jin himself admitted that his translation was not so flexible as Nida‟s dynamic equivalent translation. He said:The translator is not required to adhere closely to the original text. This is because his theory is to guide Bible translation, and his translation purpose is to make people believe in Christianity. So Nida holds that the most important thing in translating is not word or content, but “receptors’response”, namely, their belief in Christianity. In my opinion, such a view is not suitable for literary translation. What I strive for is “effect”---the impact of the translation upon its readers is similar to the impact of the original text upon its readers.In Jin‟s view, a literary translation must adhere closely to the original text. As long as the three factors of the original text are faithfully reproduced, an equivalent effect can be achieved.4.4.3 Ideal objective vs. realistic goalJin‟s translation objective is ideal while Nida‟s dynamic equivalence is far more than an ideal goal.Jin stated that an equivalent effect translation was “an ideal objective”. Though there was no perfect translation, it was desirable for a serious translator to work at it.He even summarized that “the theory of …equivalent effect‟was an attempt to define the ideal of the non-existent perfect translation and to explore the approach to approximating it in practice.Nida‟s attitudes toward “dynamic equivalence”/ “functional equivalence”were different from phase to phase.(1) In phase one (1959-1964), Nida simply described the features of two basictranslation equivalences and did not point out which was better.Between strict formal equivalence and complete dynamic equivalence, there were “a number of intervening grades, representing various acceptable standards of literary translating”. There were also “varying degrees” of dynamic equivalent translations.A D-E translation did not mean that the more a translation approached the original text, the better it was.If a D-E translation went to extremes, the very freedom of form tended to distort the original message as well.(2) In phase two (1969-1984), Nida discussed “dynamic equivalence”in opposition to “formal correspondence”. During this period, he suggested that “dynamic equivalence”was a good translation, in which the form was restructured to preserve the same meaning, whereas “formal correspondence” and “paraphrase” were bad translation.One can justify two different types of dynamic equivalent translation designed primarily for two rather different purposes. It is safe for us to say that dynamic equivalent translations are not those that are closest to the original text in lexicon and grammar. Rather, depending on the readers for whom the translation is made, there is more than one dynamic equivalent translation.(3)At phase three (1984- ), “functional equivalence” was divided into two levelsof equivalence: the maximal level and the minimal level.The maximal level was an ideal. He claimed that this maximal level of equivalence was “rarely if ever, achieved, except for text having little or no aesthetic value and involving only routine information”. So it was impossible to attain such an objective in literary translation.In brief, a functional equivalent translation was not an ideal goal that the translator must pursue in their work. Rather, it had “different degrees of adequacy”from minimal to maximal level and a good translation always lay somewhere in between the two levels.4.4.4 Reasons for the differences between Jin’s theory and Nida’s theroyThere are mainly two reasons for the differences between Jin‟s theory and Nida‟s theory: (1) Jin‟s theory is, to some extent, very much influenced by traditional Chinese translation theories. (2) Nida‟s theory fails to address the issue of transference of aesthetic elements.(1) Before Jin accepted Nida‟s theory in the late 1970s, he had formed his own views about translation, and taken the combination of “accuracy and smoothness” as the standard of a good translation.The translator‟s objective is to accurately reproduce the content and feeling of the original text in an idiomatic language, but in actual translating it is hard to accomplish it.After he had contact with Nida‟s theory, he tried to find the way out of it from the standpoint of readers and communication theory. He wrote:Accuracy and smoothness in translating are inseparable from target readers. Translating is communicating across two languages. An accurate translation indicates that the message the target reader obtains from the translated text should besubstantially the same as the message the original reader has acquired from the original text. A smooth translation indicates that the target reader can understand the translation and receive the translated message without any difficulty.After Jin advanced his own theory of “equivalent effect” in the 1980s, he was not totally free from the bondage of his former translation standard of “accuracy and smoothness”. He held that an equivalent effect translation was to preserve “accuracy and smoothness” at the same time. This explained why he emphasized the importance of transference of “concrete facts” in his definition of equivalent effect translation.In 1990s, Jin‟s dependence upon Chinese traditional translation theory was more conspicuous. In his article "Translating Spirit", Jin put forward his translation principle of "faithfulness, expressiveness and spirit". He held that to accomplish an equivalent effect translation, the translator should "make the translated text similar to the original text in terms of "faithfulness,expressiveness and spirit".(2) Another reason for the discrepancy between the two theories is the limitations of Nida's theory. "Dynamic equivalence" is not restricted to Bible translation, but it has some limitations in guiding literary translation. This is simply because Nida's immediate concern is to about literary translation, hence it fails to address the transference of formal structures possessing stylistic values and aesthetic effects.Jin Yuelin also states:" Translating sense, which only requires expressiveness and faithfulness, is not an easy thing, and in some cases it is very difficult. Nevertheless,the difficulty is only a technical problem. Translating flavor, however, is quite another matter, for it requires recreation in translating".In Nida's theory ranslating means translating meaning, and his exploration of style or spirit in very inadequate for literary translation. When Jin translated Joyce's Ulysses, he had to face the problem of spirit transference. This is the reason why Jin eventually turns to Chinese traditional theory and classic literary criticism to seek for support for his theory of "equivalent effect".4.5 Comment on Jin's Chinese version of UlyssesIn spite of differences between Jin's theory and Nida's theory, the two theories are essentially the same. In fact, their discrepancies are only a matter of degree rather than a matter of nature.As Jin stated in the translator's note to his Chinese version of Ulysses, his translation objective was "to reproduce the original text as faithfully as possible so that the effect of this Chinese version upon its readers was similar to that of the English text upon its readers".4.5.1 Successful representation of Stream of ConsciousnessUlysses challenges the translator, because Joyce has used extensively "stream of consciousness" throughout his novel, recording the multifarious thoughts and feeling of characters without regard to logical argument or narrative sequence.4.5.2 Successful representation of normal narrativesAlthough Ulysses is distinguished for its unique technique of stream of consciousness, Joyce never hesitates to adopt normal narratives to describe what his characters hear, see and feel.4.5.3 Problems in Jin's Chinese version of Ulysses(1)Some expressions in Jin's rendering are not idiomatic Chinese(2)In handling stream of consciousness, Jin sometimes tends to adhere too closely to the original, with the result that some of his renderings fail to achieve his objective of "equivalent effect".(3)Another major problem with Jin's version lies in his handling of allusions. Allusions are references to well-know persons, things, or events. A writer usually employs allusions on the assumption that his readers share with him a common historical, cultural and literary heritage. When translating allusions, the translator has to face the fact that common readers in the target language may not be familiar with the allusions in another language and culture.Most allusions are not satisfactorily rendered in his version.In short, there are three major problems with Jin's version: (1) less idiomatic language expressions and comparatively awkward styly in some passages, (2) failure to make implicit information explicit in handling some passages of stream of consciousness, (3) literal rendering of most allusion.I think if Jin takes into full consideration average Chinese readers, or follows Nida's "dynamic equivalence" throughout his translating, these problem could have been easily solved.4.5.4 Implications of Jin's translation practice for the applicability of Nida's theory to literary translationJin says that there are three kinds of loyalty in translating:(1)The first is the loyalty to the original text, where the translator adheres closely to the word and sentence structure of the original text and is willing to sacrifice the artistic qualities of the target language for this objective.(2) The second is the loyalty to the target language, where the translator seeks to produce an artistically satisfying text in the target language in accordance with his own artistic standard regardless of the content in the original text.(3) The third is the loyalty to both the writer and the reader, which he upholds.However, sometimes Jin tends to be loyal to the writer and the text, and forgets his intended readers. The unsteadiness in Jin's translation is due to the following factors: 1) Jin does not take into full consideration the average Chinese reader throughout his translation of Ulysses, 2) He has wrongly estimated the intended reader of his version.If Jin follows Nida's theory throughout his translating, he will pay more attention to the acceptability of his readers.If Jin takes a more liberal attitude towards the reproduction of cultural-specific elements in handling allusions and avoids some "translationese" expression, I believe he will more satisfactorily attain his translation objective of "equivalent effect" in his work.Jin's translation of Ulysses convinces us that Nida's theory is applicable to literary translation between Chinese and English though it has some limitations about how to represent the aesthetic values of the original text into another language.。

The Application of Functional Equiva-lence Theory in Scientific Translation：A Case Study of the Translation of Ship-building EnglishZiqi LIUJiangsu University of Science and TechnologyAbstract: Translation of the scientific and technological articles can not simply convey the basic information of the source text literally by means of word to word or phrase to phrase. Instead, the differences on the characteristics and styles of the Chinese and English scientific articles should be noticed during the translation process and acceptable sentence patterns and expressions may be used to adapt to the reading habits of the target language readers. Scientific articles strive to express meaning by economy of the language and simple language is applied to explain professional problems in order to make the article understood. Under the guidance of the functional equivalence theory, this article studies four equivalent paths in the process of translation activity from Chinese to English, which can provide some learning for the people who are doing scientific translations in the field of ship-building English.Key words: Functional Equivalence Theory, Shipbuilding English1. IntroductionThe ultimate goal of translation is to achieve the equivalence between the target text and the source text. However, during the process of intralingual communication or interlingual communication, two languages with total different features cannot be ab-solutely equivalent. What translators can do is to make the target text close to the source text as far as possible, thus achieving the closest equivalent. Besides, the target text should be fluent and natural, smooth and easy to understand, which is similar to the theory put forward by Nida that the target language should be the closest natural equivalent of the source language message (Nida, 2001:91)[1]. The theory implies that, “the equivalent” functions during the delivery of the information of the source text; 134The Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in Scientific Translation: A CaseStudy of the Translation of Shipbuilding English “natural” means the target text should be smooth, fluent and easy to understand; “the closest” means the target text should be infinitely close to the source text both in the aspects of information delivery and writing style.Functional Equivalence consists of four aspects: (1) lexical equivalence; (2) syntax equivalence; (3) textual equivalence; (4) stylistic equivalence. According to Nida's theory, in the process of translation, the translators should regard these four aspects mentioned above as the principles to realize the communication and inter-action between the source language and the target language. Therefore, based on these four aspects, this thesis focuses on the discussion of problems people often come across in the process of translation.2. The Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in the Target Language(1) Lexical EquivalenceAs the minimal language unit which can be individually used, the word is considered as a unified whole connecting voice, meaning and grammar, which possesses some kind of form and expresses some meanings. Therefore, the under-standing and translation of lexical meaning is the foundation of translation activi-ties and the errors in lexical translation are bound to result in the errors in sentence translation.In the scientific translation, scientific terms are the carriers of the scientific information and it plays an important part in the process of information delivery (Fu Y onglin, Tang Y ueqin, 2012: 27)[3]. As we know, scientific articles have the speciality categories, which decides that these articles are strongly terminological ( Feng Zhijie: 1998:26)[2].As the important part of the scientific theory, the termi-nology is of fundamental significance whose semantic is rigorous and single. A lot of terms and professional vocabularies often emerge in the scientific articles, which bring some difficulty to the translation activities. To do the scientific translation well, it is extremely important to correctly translate these terms and professional vocabularies. Only when these vocabularies are accurately conveyed and they are equivalent between the content and form, the target text readers can receive the message which is close to the source text so as to achieve the communicative func-tion.1) The Translation of Shipbuilding TerminologyAs what is mentioned before, this thesis mainly focuses on the professional lexical translation of the ship. To realize the communicative function in the process135Creativity and Innovation Vol.3 No.1 2019of translation activity, we must achieve the equivalence in content and functions, trying to make the target text readers accurately understand what the source text writers want to express. The translation of some words and phrases may fixedly exist in the field of ship, nevertheless, non-professionals can be unfamiliar with them. During the translation activities, we must combine relevant professional knowledge, the context and apply various translation techniques together to finish the translation which is the most closest to the source text rather than follow our inclinations or translate whatever we want.E.g.1: Gourds, rafts and leather bags are original tools which can be used towade in the water.E.g.2: Hollow gourds, rafts and aired hides are original tools which can beused to wade in the water.These two simple sentences include three primitive tools for wading in the water. We can easily know that “Gourds”, “rafts” and “leather bags” in the first sentence have the same meaning with “Hollow gourds”, “rafts” and “aired hiders” in the second sentence. However, according to the context, the “Hollow gourds” is better than “Gourds” in that in ancient times, to add the buoyancy, people had a tendency to empty the “ Gourds“ whose volume could be controlled by people and whose height is around 40-50 centimeters and the belly mean breadth is around 30-50 centimeters. As a matter of fact, the top of the “Gourds“ ought to be cut and the inside of it ought to be emptied and then people used canes to connect them one by one, so the “Gourds” become hollow. Therefore, although there is no specific introduction of the empty “Gourds“, we must add a modifier into it when translat-ing to make its meaning more accurate. The translators have made sure of the ac-curate delivery of semantic meaning, which realizes the principle of “Content first, form second”.Similarly, we use “aired hides” rather than “leather bags” in that according to the context, the tool mentioned in the article for wading in the water is made of the hide of the cows or sheep. “Leather bags” usually refers to the synthetic leather made by human while “hide” refers to the skin of the large animal. Based on the context and basic knowledge, we can know that the tool is made of animals’ skin. Therefore, “hides” is better than “leather bags “in this translation. What’s more, these hides need being filled with air, so we need to add a modifier “aired” in front of the “hides”. Hence the phrase “aired hides” comes.136The Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in Scientific Translation: A CaseStudy of the Translation of Shipbuilding EnglishE.g.3: Hollow gourd waist boatE.g.4: Hollow gourd “waist boat” (people tied the hollow gourd to the waistto cross the water, so it was called waist boat.)E.g.3 and E.g.4 are basically the same but they differ in that the E.g.4 gives a further explanation of the phrase “waist boat“. This is absolutely necessary in that the target readers of this article are all foreigners. If they are simply looking at the phrase “waist boat”, they may feel puzzled or confused that whether it is the boat which looks like the waist or the boat which is tied in the waist. Since the ordinary readers may never have the chance to see this ancient tool by their own and expe-rience the way of wading in the water, it is hard for them to imagine the specific situation. Hence, in order to make sure the accuracy and objectivity of the infor-mation delivery, the translators must add comment to it that” people tied the hollow gourd to the waist to cross the water, so it was called waist boat”, which can help set the explicit limitation and definition for these ambiguous words so that the translators are able to make readers know the relevant information of the source text.2) The Translation of the Culture Proper NounsIn the document of the history about shipbuilding, there is no denying the fact that it has many literal description about the ancient history which may include some words and phrases associated with the Chinese culture. These words and phrases are difficult to find the equivalence in the target language. Therefore, in the process of the translation activities, we must take some techniques and strategies to translate these words and phrases which are strongly connected with Chinese cul-ture.E.g.5: Shih Chi Biography of Xia had recorded that tributes from Y angzhou were transported along the river to the sea and then were taken to the north along the sea. Next, they were brought to Huai River and Si River, at last to central plains. (in today’s Henan Province)As a Chinese geographical concept, “central plains” is literally defined as “a plain in the middle”. Since the area of China experienced endless changes, our country has ensured the territorial scope until modern times. Generally speaking, there are two different kinds of versions: one is the literal translation--central plains, and the other one is to add comments for “central plains”. so we can’t simply take a literal translation when translating this phrase.137Creativity and Innovation Vol.3 No.1 2019It is illustrated in the Great Dictionary of American Heritage that the word “China” has something to do with the Qin Dynasty. And what describes in the fol-lowing is the Xia Dynasty, which is more earlier than Qin Dynasty. Therefore, the translators find that “plains” of the Xia Dynasty mainly refers to the area in Henan, which can naturally be translated into “central plains”. Finally, they can add the comment to signify the position of the province.(2) Syntax EquivalenceThere is a majority of differences between English and Chinese, which can be seen obviously between the sentences and lines. English emphasizes the form while Chinese emphasizes the meaning; English uses more impersonal structures than Chinese does; English uses more passive voice while Chinese uses more active voice; English highlights the static expression while Chinese highlights the dy-namic expression. Various differences between English and Chinese in syntax make request for the syntax translation. To make sure the source text readers and the tar-get text readers achieve almost the same reading experience, the translators should take into consideration the difference of the syntax and translate the sentences into what target text readers are familiar with.The objectivity of the scientific articles decides that there are many non-subject sen-tences in them. Since much information is conveyed in the scientific articles, the scientific articles consist of many long difficult sentences. As a matter of fact, the information in the scientific articles is often strongly professional.The sentences of the scientific English have four major features: the abundant use of the passive voice to make statement objects more objective, the use of long sentences to make statement objects more complete, the use of the special sentence patterns to make the scientific English different from others, and the frequent use of the nouns which can describe the movement and the state. This is best reflected by E.g.6, E.g.7 and E.g.8.E.g.6: It is found that the final weld metal has a high plate dilution.E.g.7: Subsequently it was discovered that by dipping the wire in lime a morestable arc was obtained.E.g.8: The process is more suitable for welding plates in the thickness range of13 to 50 mm with square or vee edge preparations and is therefore used for ship-building purposes in the welding of vertical butts when erecting side shell panels or for the vertical shell butt joints when joining building blocks on the berth or dock. 138The Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in Scientific Translation: A CaseStudy of the Translation of Shipbuilding English(3) Textual EquivalenceText refers to a set of discourses or sentences that are different in lengths, of grammatical utterance and semantically coherent. It has both spoken language and written language ( Fu Y onglin, Tang Y ueqin, 2012: 170)[3]. The text usually focuses on the specific gist and has some logic. The discourses and sentences of the text are connected by means of the logical relationship and structure. In the process of do-ing translation activities, to make the target text more logical, we must clearly un-derstand the gist and structure of the source text. We should make clear the struc-ture of the text from the whole and understand the logical relationship and the con-necting devices from the local. Only in this way can we form the thesis structure and logical coherence in the target text which is equivalent to the source text that can be well-recognized by the target text readers.E.g.9: South China abounds with bamboos, so bamboo rafts were widely used there. First, use fire to bake the bottom of bamboos to make it cocked, and then bind them together with rattan and wild flax. Thus, when paddling it, the resistance will be much smaller, especially when it floats downstream the speed is amazing the bamboo raft in the Taiwan Strait has sail, so it is not very far from now.From the sentence above, we can easily come to the conclusion that the source text concentrates on the description of abundance of bamboos in the south area and the relevant procedures of making bamboo rafts. Generally speaking, in the Chinese text, there is no obvious marking words to explain the procedure of making bamboo rafts but people whose mother tongue is Chinese are easy to understand. It is the bamboo rafts rather than other kinds of rafts such as wooden rafts or leather rafts that are used spread because the south area is rich in bamboo, which provides the convenient condi-tion for making bamboo rafts. Going forward, the procedure of making bamboo rafts is step by step and it is a united procedure. Going ahead, the source text tells us that the rafts drift down the river and the clause “the speed is amazing “gives us the further ex-planation for the resistance mentioned ahead. In the English, the translators should first use a word “so” which implies a kind of causation relationship is used to totally con-vey the message that the bamboo bridge can be made just because of the abundance of bamboo in the south area. What’s more, the words “first” and “and then” tell us the order of making bamboo rafts. Due to the elaborate making procedures, the resistance of the raft is smaller. The word “thus” naturally brings us the consequence while the adverb “especially” is used to further emphasize the quick speed of the rafts drifting down the river. In the process of translation activity, we should clearly understand the relationship between sentences so as to make the message delivered wholly and achieve the textual dynamic equivalence.139Creativity and Innovation Vol.3 No.1 2019(4) Stylistic EquivalenceDifferent English articles may have different styles of writing, consistent with their own expression of spiritual emotions. Therefore, high-quality English transla-tion emphasizes the stylistic equivalence which means that the translators should deeply study the style of the source text to build a bridge between the writer and readers for effective communication and interaction. For example, in the translation of English business letters, we should pay attention to the use of polite words, and fully express the contents of the letter, in order to establish a good relationship be-tween the two cooperative parties to make them deeply feel each other' s sincerity which helps to promote more profound and lasting cooperation. Besides, for the translation of business contracts, translators should pay attention to the economy of language and accurately and completely convey information with simple words and sentences so that readers can understand according to the key words. This is also important for readers to improve their reading efficiency and comfort. In this pro-cess, translators need to carefully consider the contents of the contract and avoid information omissions or misunderstanding which can cause property loss for the company. In addition, the scientific translation lays high emphasis on rigorousness of logical structure. In the field of Western studies, no undetermined argument can be quoted freely, and in many arguments there is usually only “YES” or “NO”. Therefore, in scientific translation activities, we should respect the rigorous scien-tific tradition of Western research and do not add any subjective content with per-sonal emotion in the whole article structure and language style arrangement.3. The Strategies of the Functional Equivalence Theory in Scien-tific Translation(1) Clearly understanding the scientific concepts and transforming the key pointsIn the scientific paper, there are a lot of new and complex scientific concepts which bother people in a way. In this case, the translators need the experts in the field of the science and technology to make clear these complicated concepts in the paper and find key points in these concepts. Finally, they translate these concepts under the guidance of the lexical equivalence theory.(2) Making clear the logical relationship of the source text and translating with different methodsThe complex logical argumentation is frequently used in the English scientific paper. Which we translate between Chinese and English, we can express in differ-ent form. For instance, we can use the chart translation approach. The translators 140The Application of Functional Equivalence Theory in Scientific Translation: A CaseStudy of the Translation of Shipbuilding English can firstly list arguments one by one and associate them with the conclusion by chart which can bring a more vivid experience for readers. Actually, the translators can use the arguments readers are familiar with, which helps them experience the target context on their own.(3) Closely grasping the style of the source textBased on a serious scientific perspective, the scientific articles are equipped with rigorous argument process, precise logical structure, and the strict textual structure. Therefore, in the process of scientific translation, the translators should closely grasp the structure and language style of the source text.4. ConclusionBased on Nida’s functional equivalence theory, this thesis illustrates the prin-ciples of equivalence by the examples of scientific translation of shipbuilding and proposes some translation strategies for people who are doing scientific transla-tions.Works Cited［1］Nida, E.A . “Language and Culture: Context in Translation”. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.［2］Feng “Zhijie, A Guide to C-E Translation for Science” Beijing: China Translation & Publishing Corporation, 1998.［3］Fu Yonglin, “Tang Yueqin, Scientific Translation” Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching And Research Press, 2012.141。

功能翻译术语Acceptibility 可接受性Adaptation 改编；编译Adequacy 在功能翻译理论中，“合适”（德语：Adaquatheit）用以形容译本对翻译纲要所规定的交际目的而言的合适性。

它是与翻译行为过程有关的动态概念。

Adjustment 调整Agent 经纪人Appeal-focused Texts 感染型文本（德文Appellbetonte Texte）Appellative Function 感染性功能（德语为Appellfunktion）：使用言语或非言语交际符号，以使接受者作出一定的答复或反应。

也称为“使役功能” 或“意动功能”。

可进一步分为：说明、劝诱、命令、教学、广告等功能。

感染功能的效果取决于接受者的敏感性、应激性、经验视野和知识水平。

Appellative Texts 感染型文本Assignment 任务：委托给译者的职责，包括工作条件（时间、薪酬等）、原文和（更理想的情况是包括）翻译纲要。

Audio-medial Texts 听觉媒介文本（德文Audio-mediale TextP）Brief 纲要：用于定义翻译行为所服务的交际目的。

理想的翻译纲要明示或暗示以下信息：译文的预期功能、读者、传播媒介、出版时间和地点，必要的话，还包括创作译文或出版译文的动机。

Coherence 连贯（德文Koharenz）Commission 委托（德文Auftrag）Communication Load 传意负荷（又名Information Load［信息负荷］）Communicative Translation 交际翻译Compensation 补偿Contextual Consistency 语境一致［性］Conventions 常规：为人们所默认但不具强制约束力的行为规范，基于常识或建立在“期待”之上，即人们对特定场合中对于应该如何做的“期待” 。

常规见于：常见文本类型或语篇体裁、一般的文体常规、习惯度量法、翻译传统等。