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跨文化交际案例分析（帮我分析一下这两个案例）1，第一个案例用“power distance（权力距离）”来解释。
大部分个人主义文化同时也是“小权力距离”文化。
这样文化背景的人往往认为人人生来平等。
通过自己的努力，人人都有机会向权力中心接近并有可能成为权力中心。
这样的文化往往称作草根文化。
白手起家打天下的人备受尊敬和推崇，一个人的出身并不决定他/她的命运。
比如林肯。
（另，参考电影“当幸福来敲门的主题”）。
在这样的文化里，往往没有因为年龄，辈分，上下级的区别而使交际双方对对方区别对待。
而大部分集体主义文化同时也属于“大权力距离文化”。
这样文化背景的人往往认为：“人生来分为三六九等，一部分人做领导，一部分人注定被领导”。
这就导致了人们对一些被认为权力上，金钱上，年龄上等方面有优势的人区分对待。
中国文化即是集体主义文化，又是“大权力距离文化。
”美国文化即是个人主义文化，又是“小权力距离”文化。
根据LZ提供的案例，这是一个中国人在美国或者其他个人主义文化里发生的故事。
,2，第二个案例用时间导向和个人/集体来解释。
美国文化是个人主义文化，这样的文化强调的是群体内成员之间的相互独立性。
于是即便亲戚朋友之间也很少见到借入和借出金钱等物质基础。
大部分家长要求子女在成年后搬出去住，大部分子女成年后不愿意和父母同住也是这个原因。
孩子的零花钱也需要自己挣，父母即便有多个孩子要抚养，仍然会为自己的社交圈子，私生活等留下充足的时间等等。
这样的文化高度赞赏独立完成任务的能力。
中国文化是集体主义文化，这样的文化强调的是群体内各个成员之间的相互依赖性。
互相帮助是这种文化所赞赏的。
这样的文化往往以和谐为首要目的（参考阴阳调和的概念在中国几千年来的重要性。
）父母对孩子的全身心投入是无可厚非的。
（参考高考移民这种现象。
）这样的文化高度强调社交能力的重要性。
另外，美国是将来指向型文化，将来的代表人是年轻人，所以这种文化背景的人往往对“老”这个字眼很敏感。
42外国电影评论Forein Films Review电影《当幸福来敲门》海报世界各民族、各国度都有其特有的文化模式，由于人类行为的差异性，决定着人类社会价值与文化价值的演变。
文化、政治与经济共同组成一种社会系统，在沟通与交流过程中，人类多少会有遵循社会规律的意识，同时礼仪与风俗形成的本质因素是事物形成过程所需要的时间，在此过程中，各地区或者民族文化模式逐渐定型。
[1]作为西方文化中一个重要分支，美国文化逐渐成为典型的西方文化标志，而美国文化模式的中心始终是个人主义，作为一种文化信仰，美国基督文化在群众中广泛深入，而体现美国政治的则是共和主义。
从根本上说，美国文化模式的形成并非一朝一夕，其是由于美国价值取向与历史背景的独特性，并在不断发展与进步的道路中汲取与淬炼。
曾获得奥斯卡奖与金杯奖提名的《当幸福来敲门》，其成功之处一方面取决于其巧妙的电影情节和无处不体现着主人公奋斗的精神，另一方面它也是美国文化模式的真实体现，将美国文化价值观完美地嵌入在电影情节发展中，充分体现着中西文化价值观的差异性。
一、《当幸福来敲门》梗概美国著名电影《当幸福来敲门》由真实故事改编，讲述一位名为克里斯·加纳成为成功者前的奋斗经历。
加纳先前是一名从事医学器材推销的销售人员，同时也是一位为了家庭不停地努力与奋斗的上层人士，然而，辛勤的工作并没有给儿子与妻子带来幸福生活，加纳花光了所有积蓄购置了医学器材，却几乎没人买，最终妻子离开了他，加纳只好带着儿子四处奔波，一个偶然的机会使加纳成为一名证券企业实习生，证券投资一直是加纳的梦想，但是，实习6个月，加纳没有得到一分工资，此时的他已身无分文，无力交付房租，加纳只得带着儿子去住收留所与地铁站的厕所。
然而，在奔波中，加纳始终没有忘记学习，他靠自身在销售中积累的经验与数字天赋，最终在实习生中脱颖而出，晋升为一名投资专家，可以说，在追寻幸福的路途中，加纳不仅是坚持者，同时也是一名成功者。
电影《当幸福来敲门》中的“美国梦”文化《当幸福来敲门》是一部由意大利导演加·玛莱克执导，由威尔·史密斯主演的励志电影。
该片讲述了一个穷困潦倒的单亲父亲克里斯·加纳（饰演者威尔·史密斯饰）在艰难的生活中，凭借着坚韧和勇气，最终获得成功的故事。
影片通过讲述一个在美国社会中奋斗的故事，让观众对美国特有的“美国梦”文化有了更深刻的了解。
“美国梦”是美国社会的一个重要文化现象，它代表着美国人的追求和渴望。
在《当幸福来敲门》中，主人公克里斯·加纳就是一个充分体现了“美国梦”的人物。
他从一个贫困的单亲父亲，通过不懈努力，最终成为一名成功的股票经纪人，实现了自己的梦想。
影片通过克里斯的艰辛奋斗，展现了美国社会中对个人努力和勇气的肯定，以及对成功与美好生活的向往。
影片中展现了美国社会的机会平等。
克里斯·加纳从一开始就是一个经济困难的家庭，他不仅要独自抚养儿子，还要应对日益加重的经济压力。
在美国社会中，每个人都有机会通过自己的努力实现成功。
在影片中，克里斯凭借着顽强的意志和不屈不挠的毅力，成功地通过了证券经纪人的考试，最终获得了一份高薪的工作。
这展现了美国社会中对个人奋斗和努力的肯定，以及对机会平等的追求。
影片中呈现了美国社会对成功的崇尚和追求。
在美国社会中，成功是每个人都向往的事物，它代表了个人的价值和社会地位。
在影片中，克里斯·加纳的成功不仅仅是经济上的获得，更是对自己价值的肯定和对家庭责任的履行。
在他经历了无数次的挫折和困难之后，最终获得了成功，这种对成功的执着和追求展示了美国社会中的一种价值观。
影片中也展现了美国社会中对美好生活的向往。
在影片中，克里斯·加纳一直向往着一个更好的生活，他为此付出了巨大的努力和牺牲。
这种对美好生活的向往贯穿了整个影片，它代表了美国社会中对幸福和美满生活的向往。
美国梦不仅是一种追求经济成功的理念，更是对幸福和美好生活的向往，这种向往激励着每个人不断努力与奋斗。
影片《当幸福来敲门》的文化阐释美国文化在世界范围内非常盛行的原因不仅在于美国这个国家在世界上的地位，而且还因为美国文化本身的力量与魅力。
在我们接触、探索美国文化的多种途径中，电影是最为迅速、便捷的途径。
对于美国文化的扩散和认知，电影的作用功不可没。
电影承载着美国文化中的价值观，是美国文化的象征，是一个时代或一个群体文化领域的集体体现。
一、个人主义美国人相信“天助自助者”。
不同于中国文化中所谓的“个人主义”，在美国文化中个人主义没有贬义成分。
个人主义长期以来被美国人所珍视。
美国人崇拜勤奋和通过个人努力取得的成功。
他们尊重那些用自己的方式奋斗，几乎没有任何来自外界的帮助而获得的成功。
自强和独立是美国作为整体的人格特征。
从幼儿教育到事业的努力，这种文化价值渗透在他们生活中的各个方面。
个人主义是美国文化价值观的核心和本质。
在这部影片中，我们可以看到体现在主要人物克里斯身上的个人主义。
克里斯是一个自信、坦诚、热情积极的人。
当他被妻子抛弃，他没有抱怨。
没有任何人的帮助，他相信他仍然可以成功。
一系列的不幸发生在他身上：机器被偷了；无法支付出租车费；被客户拒绝了无数次；没有住的地方。
所有这些看似普通人难以忍受的事件发生在这个意志坚强的人身上。
他的确是心烦意乱，有时困惑，但他知道他唯一能做的就是继续面对明天的自己。
他的儿子克里斯托弗是克里斯的精神支柱。
关于个人主义有一点我们应该注意。
克里斯经历了许多磨难，但他从不要求别人的帮助。
当他把钱用完了，根据我们的逻辑，他可以寻求许多人的帮助：他在工作上的朋友，包括他的上司。
我们坚信，如果他能向那些人解释他的情况，他们会或多或少地帮助他走出财务困境。
但他不依赖别人，就像一个典型的美国英雄，靠自己打败所有的敌人。
所以他向他的朋友要回当初借给他的十四美元，当所有的机器都卖光了，没有其他的方式来赚钱，他决定用卖血的方式继续维持生活。
这是美国文化中的个人主义的典型。
一路上努力争取自由，平等和福利，美国人强调个人的努力，极大地实现自己的个人价值的能力。
从美国文化模式角度分析电影《当幸福来敲门》本文对美国电影《当幸福来敲门》作了简介，并从美国主流文化模式的四个维度——个人主义、平等、物质主义、进步和改变对其进行了分析。
认为，通过欣赏美国经典电影，我们可以了解美国的历史、社会、经济、政治、教育、艺术、宗教等等，可以优化我们的知识结构，增强文化意识，提高对不同文化的敏感性和宽容以及处理文化差异的灵活性，还可以提高我们的跨文化交际能力如语言能力、语用能力、认知能力和情感能力。
标签：美国文化模式；美国电影；《当幸福来敲门》；进步与改变一、电影简介《当幸福来敲门》是一部经典的美国传记电影。
影片讲述的是旧金山一位濒临破产、老婆离家的落魄业务员的故事：克里斯·加德纳代理了一个医疗器械，他的主要工作就是到处推销医疗器械。
每一天他都拎着扫描仪穿梭于街头，四处去推销。
可推销工作并不是那么顺畅。
他每一天一早出门，但每一天晚上都会空着钱囊回家。
他有妻子和一个儿子，妻子在工厂一天要干16个小时的工作，日子过得比较困苦，常常受到房租、车子罚款、税金等各种经济压力。
克里斯一个偶然的机会看到做股票经纪人的一群人工作都很开心，他决心要成为股票经纪人。
可他只有高中学历且没有任何经验，即使是交了申请表也是遥遥无期。
于是他主动出击去找那个考官期望能达成心愿。
而正是他的发奋使自我如愿以偿。
他得到了面试的机会。
面试通过后，他开始了无薪实习期，但他没有收入。
妻子看着他无法从困境中走出，离开了他。
当妻子琳达弃他而去后，他独自抚养儿子，为自己和他五岁的儿子打拼未来。
尽管挫折一个接一个、困难接踵而至，他都没有放弃，他追求成功和愉悦的信念不变。
天真的儿子对父亲也是非常相信的，虽然总是跟父亲不停的四处奔波却从未抱怨，还会给疲惫的父亲讲笑话，他不止一次的告诉父亲，“I trust you.”“Y ou are a good father.”这给困难中的父亲是多么大的慰藉啊。
凭着这份执着，他拼命工作，发奋把握每一次机会，真诚对待他的顾客，最终他迎来了愉悦的曙光。
电影《当幸福来敲门》中的“美国梦”文化《当幸福来敲门》是一部由美国电影导演加布里尔·穆奇诺执导，由威尔·史密斯主演的电影。
该片讲述了一个真实故事改编而成的美国励志传记电影，讲述了一位家庭困境中的父亲如何逆境而上，为了给孩子们创造更好的生活而努力奋斗的故事。
电影中穿插着美国梦文化的元素，展示了美国社会中不同人群对于美国梦的理解和追逐，体现了美国梦文化在当代社会中的普遍影响力和深远意义。
电影中的美国梦文化体现在主人公克里斯·加纳的人生追求上。
克里斯是一个普通的家庭父亲，由于工作和经济困难而导致家庭生活困难重重。
他对于自己和孩子们的未来有着不动摇的信念和坚定的追求。
他始终相信只要自己肯努力拼搏，坚持不懈，就一定能够实现自己的美国梦。
他不断地努力工作，不断地接受挑战，最终通过自己的努力和智慧，成功地实现了自己的美国梦，改变了家庭的命运。
他的奋斗精神和对美国梦的追求，展现了美国励志精神和美国梦文化的内涵。
电影中的美国梦文化体现在美国社会的机会平等和社会成就上。
克里斯虽然起初身份低微，但是他并没有因此而灰心丧气，相反却更加坚信在美国这片土地上，只要通过自己的努力和奋斗，就一定能够实现自己的梦想。
电影中通过展现克里斯在不同职场上的奋斗历程，让观众深刻感受到了美国社会对于个人努力和奋斗的认可和尊重。
在美国，不论一个人的出身如何，只要有才华和勤奋，就一定能够获得成就并实现自己的美国梦。
这种机会平等和社会成就的文化氛围，是美国梦文化的核心内涵之一。
电影中的美国梦文化还体现在对于家庭幸福和社会贡献的理解上。
在电影中，克里斯是一个对家庭有着深厚感情和责任心的父亲，他的一切努力都是为了给孩子们创造更美好的生活。
他始终相信只要家庭幸福和美满，就是真正的美国梦。
电影也展现了克里斯在艰苦生活中的善良和乐观，他在困境中从不放弃对他人的帮助和支持，体现了美国梦文化中对于社会贡献和公益事业的重视。
这种对于家庭幸福和社会贡献的理解，完美地诠释了美国梦文化的人文关怀和社会责任。
从《当幸福来敲门》分析美国文化价值观从《当幸福来敲门》分析美国文化价值观美国好莱坞电影有着成熟的类型片制作模式，其中剧情类的电影制作工艺最为称道。
《当幸福来敲门》就是典型的体现“美国梦”的剧情类电影之一，凭借着制作工艺的精良和影片宣传的良好运作，该片获得了全球范围内的好口碑和高票房。
电影《当幸福来敲门》所讲述的内容较为寻常，是任何美国梦的影片都会涉及的题材和故事，无非是小人物的奋斗史和发迹史，但是它却体现了在那个后工业化的美国社会中典型的美国或西方的文化价值观与行为趋向。
本文将从电影的故事、艺术等角度切入，分析电影的精神内核。
一、影片《当幸福来敲门》的故事艺术（一）开端——贫寒的出身《当幸福来敲门》是一出典型的好莱坞励志故事，讲述了一个美国梦的故事。
电影的剧情本身有着现实基础，即美国的著名黑人投资专家克里斯·加德纳的个人自传式故事。
电影的主人公也就是克里斯·加德纳（威尔·史密斯饰演）。
故事发生于1981年的美国经济低谷期，那时美国处于生产过剩造成的经济危机中，是人类历史上后现代化进程的开始，因而具有十分广泛的现实和历史意义。
电影中我们可以看到克里斯生活的旧金山一片荒凉和萧索，许多人流离失所、无家可归，大量的人们没有工作，主人公克里斯更是面临着残酷的生存挑战：他是一名没有大学学历的黑人，一直从事着小成本的医疗器械推销工作，每天挣不了几个钱，自己还有妻子和儿子需要抚养，生活异常潦倒。
妻子因为无法忍受艰苦的生活，离开了克里斯，只剩下孤苦伶仃的5岁的儿子与他相依为命。
（二）发展——不断的挫折克里斯费尽周折、辗转反侧，听说了投资产业并没有对大学学历的硬性需求，于是便去尝试，终于获得了一家证券投资公司的实习机会，但是六个月的漫长实习期，二十个人的竞争，还是没有薪水的工作反而逼得克里斯的生活更加艰苦，他为了儿子和自己以后的生活，必须要通过实习获得正式工作的机会，然而又要考虑眼下的艰苦生活。
试析《当幸福来敲门》中的美国文化价值观试析《当幸福来敲门》中的美国文化价值观《当幸福来敲门》（The Pursuit of Happyness）是2006年上映的一部美国电影，改编自克里斯·加纳（Chris Gardner）的真实经历。
影片讲述了主人公克里斯在困境中坚持不懈、追逐自己的幸福的故事。
作为一部反映美国社会和文化的电影，我们可以通过分析该影片中的情节、角色和对话，来试析其中的美国文化价值观。
首先，自由是美国文化的核心价值观之一。
在影片中，克里斯一直追求自由。
作为一个失业又负债累累的父亲，他希望通过建立自己的公司实现自由，摆脱贫困。
影片一开始，他被描绘成一个富有创业精神的人，努力寻找合适的机会来实现梦想。
克里斯通过买卖股票来解决经济问题，这也代表了美国文化中自由市场经济的核心。
影片强调了个人自由和努力工作的重要性。
其次，公平与机会平等是美国文化价值观的重要组成部分。
克里斯在经济上陷入困境后，不断地寻找工作机会，力图改变自己的命运。
即使面临种种挫折和困难，克里斯也从不放弃。
他通过申请实习职位，来提高自己的经济状况和社会地位。
整个电影中，克里斯所面对的挑战和困境都反映了美国社会中的竞争机制和追求个人理想和成功的价值观。
影片中还体现了美国文化中的家庭价值观。
尽管面临经济和生活的压力，克里斯一直坚守作为一个父亲和丈夫的责任。
他尽全力照顾自己的儿子，并给他营造出一片安全和关爱的环境。
影片中，克里斯的坚持和努力，不仅为他自己赢得了成功，也为他的儿子树立了一个榜样，教育他价值努力工作和为自己的梦想而奋斗。
此外，影片也涉及到了个人成长和自我实现的美国文化价值观。
克里斯通过经历了一系列的困境和挫折，不仅获得了经济成功，更重要的是从中学到了许多宝贵的人生经验。
从一个不起眼的实习生起步，克里斯逐渐成长为一个成功的企业家。
他在困难中坚持、努力工作，并最终实现了自己的梦想。
这反映了美国文化中强调个人成长和实现自我价值的精神。
影片《当幸福来敲门》折射的美国文化价值观
周莉芬
【期刊名称】《长沙铁道学院学报（社会科学版）》
【年(卷),期】2012(013)002
【摘要】美国有着自身独特的文化价值观,而其影视作品更是直观的反映了其文化精髓。
本文试图通过影片《当幸福来敲门》来探讨美国文化价值的核心及其宗教渊源,更深入理解美国影片中所反映的历史、文化背景,提高跨文化理解力。
【总页数】2页(P57-58)
【作者】周莉芬
【作者单位】江苏广播电视大学武进学院,江苏常州213149
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G0
【相关文献】
1.试析《当幸福来敲门》中的美国文化价值观 [J], 常帅
2.解析影片《当幸福来敲门》的文化价值观 [J], 李佳秋
3.美国文化价值观在影片《当幸福来敲门》中的体现 [J], 韩敏
4.美国电影《当幸福来敲门》的文化价值观 [J], 王盈盈
5.幸福从未远去——电影《当幸福来敲门》折射出的美国家庭教育理念 [J], 邹萌因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
当幸福来敲门一、剧情简介已近而立之年的克里斯•加德纳(威尔•史密斯)，早已经厌烦了作为一个普普通通的医疗器械推销员的职业。
如今，则面临着来自家庭、社会等等的压力。
况且，从他自己内心出发，克里斯•加德纳也不甘心这样庸碌一生而终。
于是，克里斯•加德纳终于不顾妻子的反对，在这一年下定了转行的决心。
投入到奉献颇高却也回报不斐的股票行业。
并准备凭借自己的灵活头脑大展拳脚一番。
然而，瞬息万变的股票业的风险岂是经验单薄的克里斯•加德纳可以应付的。
他的成功梦很快就遭受了沉重的打击——多年来积累的家底被迅速耗尽，连自己的房子也被银行抵押，伤痛的妻子琳达更是甩手离去。
留下加德纳只有五岁的儿子克里斯托弗与其共同艰难度日。
除了可爱的小儿子加德纳一无所有。
从此，小克里斯托弗便跟着爸爸开始了颠沛流离的漂泊生活。
最潦倒时，父子俩甚至要跑到火车站的澡堂里捱过漫长的黑夜。
但如此惨淡的磨难却从未摧毁父子间的亲情与他们的信念，在小儿子的不断鼓励下，加德纳愈发地坚强起来，并迸发出了惊人的斗志。
在历经多次挫折之后，终于再次拥有了属于自己的事业——一家以自己名字命名的证券公司。
终于从一个穷困潦倒、济济无名的投资经纪人变成了世人瞩目、人人景仰的百万富翁。
二、文化分析1.个人主义--------美国文化价值观念的核心美国的个人主义是以个人为本位的人生哲学，确认认识价值的主题，相信每个人都具有价值，高度重视个人的自支配，自我控制，自我发展，可以说个人主义是美国文化价值观念的本质和核心，他推动着人么追去富庶自由和机会均等，无论他何种肤色，无论他贫穷和默默无闻，只要他勤奋苦干，便能够有朝一日到达成功的天堂个人主义在美国盛行，但是其中包括很多美国文化。
例如人们的自信，努力，拼搏，奋斗等等。
在电影《当幸福来敲门》中，美国人的坦率，真挚，热情，自信，向上都在主人公克里斯身上得到体现。
克里斯有了目标就会不顾一切，不放过任何一点机会推销和表现自己，不卑不亢全力以赴，从不放弃自己的理想。
浅析《当幸福来敲门》所体现的美国文化价值观浅析《当幸福来敲门》所体现的美国文化价值观摘要：美国文化有其独特的价值观，而了解美国文化价值观，就一定得了解其必要的载体——美国电影。
透过美国电影，可以帮助我们解读独特的美国文化特征，顿悟其特有的价值观等很多方面的内容。
本文试图通过分析美国好莱坞经典电影《当幸福来敲门》来探讨美国的主流文化价值观，以便使更多的英语爱好者以及广大的学习者能够了解美国的文化及其蕴含的整个族群价值观的取向。
关键词：《当幸福来敲门》；美国文化价值观；历史和文化；个人主义；宗教信仰引言在美国电影之中，很多都是以“美国梦”或者“世界梦”来展现美国文化价值观念的，除了其精彩的故事情节和大制造以外,透过影片中的人物性格我们常常可以得以窥探关于美国文化价值观的实际存在感的一些内容，这也是美国大片在全球范围之内大获成功的重要原因。
所谓的价值观，是指一个人对周围的客观事物的意义、重要性的总评价和总看法。
中国和美国因为文化背景的不同，在价值观上的表达上有着巨大的差异，电影作为流动在胶片上的社会文化，自然成为我们探寻美国这个国家各个方面的最佳途径，不同文化国度的影视题材所传达的文化价值观不同,不同的影视文化信息又反过来反映和强化各自的价值观,所以我们能从电影中感受到美国这个国家主流的文化价值观。
而美国主流文化价值观中的个人主义、英雄主义、宗教情结和对自在的追求等都在电影《当幸福来敲门》中主人公一步步打败生活艰辛和内心纠结的状态达到事业新高度的过程中得到淋漓尽致的表现。
一、《当幸福来敲门》主要内容美国好莱坞经典大片《当幸福来敲门》讲述的不是一个虚拟的故事，它改编自美国著名黑人投资专家克里斯?加纳的同名自传。
25年前，这个无家可归的男人为了他的儿子和信心拼命努力，从噩梦般的困苦中一步一步地走向胜利，最终成为了著名投资专家。
故事发生在1981年的美国旧金山，此时美国正处于经济萧条时期，电影里的Chris是一个十足的穷人，他永远交不起房租，总是被房东赶来赶去。
身份协商：分析《当幸福来敲门》中的跨文化现象［Abstract］Ting-Toomey’s Identity Negotiation Theory, comparatively new as it were, has not yet received enough attention from scholars at home, but it does provide us with a different perspective in the study of intercultural phenomena. As a new attempt, this paper tries to analyze the intercultural phenomena represented in The Pursuit of Happyness under the guidance of Identity Negotiation Theory. In the movie, Chris Gardener, a black American, manages to establish a satisfactory identity in the multicultural society by negotiating his identities on and on. Identity negotiation in the movie is studied from three perspectives as follows: security and vulnerability, inclusion and differentiation, and then connection and autonomy.［Key words］intercultural communication,Identity Negotiation Theory,self-identification,negotiationI. IntroductionIt’s an “i” in “happiness”. There’s no “y” in “happiness”. It’s an “i”.(quoted from the movie The Pursuit of Happyness)In the movie The Pursuit of Happyness, the correction of the misspelling of “happiness” by the protagonist indicates the theme, namely, in the process of pursuing happiness there is no “why” (y), but “I” (i).Who am I? Where am I from? Where can I reach? What should I do? As a black American, Chris Gardner, the protagonist who struggles on the bottom of the social pile, is seeking for his own identity all the way. His pursuit of happiness is virtually the pursuit of his self-identification. By negotiating his identity unceasingly, the black salesman finally works out who he is and what he can do for his family and himself.Among the papers, the authorI has collected so far, none notices the essence of identity negotiation in this movie. Ting-Toomey’s Identity Negotiation Theory, comparatively new as it were, has not yet received enough attention from scholars at home, but it does provide us with a different perspective in the study of intercultural phenomena.As a new attempt, this paper tries to analyze the intercultural phenomena represented in The Pursuit of Happyness under the guidance of Ting-Toomey’s Identity Negotiation Theory, which provides a new perspective for the study of intercultural communication. In the following parts, relative information about the theory will be introduced, and then some further analysis of identity negotiation in the movie will be made in light of the theory.Ⅱ. About Identity Negotiation TheoryIdentities provide expectations for behavior and motivateindividuals’behavior. (Ting-Toomey, 2007) Identity gives people a sense of who they are and to some extent satisfies a demand for some degree of stability and security. It is enacted in every human interaction.The construction of identity is a dynamic process in which communicators continually negotiate with each other. (Zhang Xun, 2010) Stella Ting-Toomey, a well-known professor of Human Communication Studies at California State University, applied the concept of Identity Negotiation on the field of intercultural communication, and she argued that identity negotiation is the precondition for successful intercultural communication.Identity Negotiation Theory emphasizes that identity is the explanatory mechanism for the intercultural communication process. Identity is viewed as “reflective self-images constructed, experienced, and communicated by the individuals within a culture and in a particular interaction s ituation”. (Ting-Toomey, 2007) And the concept negotiation refers to “a transactional interaction process whereby individuals in an intercultural situation attempt to assert, define, modify, challenge, and/or support their own and other’s desired self-imag es” (Ting-Toomey, 2007). That is to say, the communicators always attempt to evoke their own desired identities in the interaction; while at the same time, they also attempt to challenge or support the others’identities. Identity negotiationis a mutual communication activity.Ting-Toomey emphasized that “the effective identity negotiation process between two interactants in a novel communication episode” is an important basis for intercultural communication competence. The theory assumes that human beings in all cultures desire both positive group-based and positive person-based identities in any type of communicative situation. It mainly studies how we can enhance identity understanding, respect and mutual positive evaluations.Ⅲ. Identity negotiation in The Pursuit of HappynessPeople’s identity is not decided by blood, but is a product of interaction in the society. Identity in its simplest form represents the way each one of us understands and relates to the world that surrounds us.The two-minute shot at the beginning of the movie presents audiences with a lively picture of America, the camera focusing on people with different colors — white, yellow, brown and black, and on people from different social classes —white collars, businessmen, a beggar, a street musician, etc. Several scenes of streets in full shots portray America as composed of diverse ethnic groups with various lifestyles. It proves beyond doubt that the United States, as “a nation of nations”, is typified by its complicated racial structure and interracial relations.Black people in the United States are always sensitive to their identity in the society. All kinds of racism in American society encourage the breakdown of their traditional values, and they have to struggle with the so-called high-class culture. They are often confronted with such question as: Who am I? What can I do here? Am I a member of this place? These questions are quite thorny when they try to make a proper evaluation of their identity. The past and the reality make it difficult for black Americans to define their identity. The complexity and uncertainty of their identity puts them in a dilemma that they getinto trouble with what kind of people they should be and how should they develop themselves. The consolidation of a new identity in a multi-cultural society inevitably asks for persistent negotiation while in intercultural communication.An important determinant of the outcome of the identity negotiation process is the efforts of targets to bring perceivers to see them as they see themselves. (Swann, 1987) The positive or negative consequences of the identity negotiation process, ultimately, affect the development of quality intergroup and interpersonal relationships. (Jackson, 2005)Identity negotiation lying in the movie The Pursuit of Happyness will be studied from three perspectives as follows: security and vulnerability, inclusion and differentiation, and then connection andautonomy.3.1 Security and vulnerabilitySelf-identification involves security and vulnerability. (Ting-Toomey, 2007) Identity security refers to “the degree of emotional safety concerning one’s sense of both group-based membership and person-based identities in a particular cultural setting”. And identity vulnerability refers to “the degre e of anxiousness or ambivalence in regard to group-based and person-based identity issues”.According to Ting-Toomey’s Identity Negotiation Theory, the more secure individuals’self-identifications are, the more they are open to interacting with members of other cultures.Chris Gardner, the father of a boy, struggles in the lowest ladder of the society. He can only afford an informal and non-professional daycare open for children of different ethnic groups in China Town instead of a relatively formal school. Though he scarcely earns enough money to make ends meet, he always tries his best to protect his son and give him a sense of security, from which we can perceive his positive pursuit of security. The following is a proof:I met my father for the first time when I was 28 years old. And I made up my mind as a young kid that when I had children my childrenwere gonna know who their father was.In addition, in daily communication with others, Chris behaves politely, actively, optimistically, positively and energetically, from which we can see he is always ready for and open to interacting with different members in this multicultural society. In spite of some temporary vulnerability, Chris is a man with strong identity security.Less secure people are quite different. Linda, Chris Gardner’s wife, is a typical example of that. According to Ting-Toomey, the more vulnerable individuals feel, the more anxiety they experience in these interactions. Confronted with hardships of life, Linda usually appears to be indignant, satirical and anxious. When Chris asks her to take their son from the daycare later that day, she bursts into a quarrel with him, turns away from him, and refuses to get their son for the reason that she has to work double shifts to earn more money to pay for their bills and rents. Fed up with her routine life and the cumbersome burden to support her family, she can not help but choose to flee away. She intends to head for New York for a new start, far away from present plights like money shortage and heavy workload. However, is there a great and bright future waiting ahead of her? I rather doubt it. Her vulnerability gets in her way above all.To a great extent, individuals’vulnerability is affected by theirneeds for security. People experience identity insecurity or identity vulnerability “because of a perceived threat or fear in a culturally estranged environment”. (Ting-Toomey, 2007) Linda’s indignation and anxiety all originate from her inner vulnerability. She always makes herself easily exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed emotionally. Deep in her heart, she does not believe that her family will one day live a happy and affluent life. Perhaps she even dares not to imagine that picture.3.2 Inclusion and differentiationIdentity inclusion is conceptualized as the degree of perceived nearness (i.e., emotional, psychological, and spatial proximity) to our in-groups and out-groups, while identity differentiation is defined as the degree of remoteness (i.e.,emotional, psychological, and spatial distance) we perceive in regulating our group-based boundary with either in-group or out-group members. (Ting-Toomey, 2007)Individuals always try to balance self, others, and group memberships. On the way to sell scanners, Chris stops to ask the owner of a luxurious car about his occupation and gets a reply that he is a stockbroker. “Had to go to college to be a stockbroker?” he asks.Fortunately, the stockbroker’s answer, impartial and honest, kindles the flame of hope in Chris’s heart —“You don’t have to. Have to be good with numbers and good with people.” This answer immediately shorten the distance between the two men, no color bar and no racial pride or inferiority that Chris plays a joke on the white man humorously.They all looked so damn happy to me. Why couldn’t I look like that?Chris considers himself to be an equal with all those well-dressed men and women. He is positive to believe that he is one of them and has the same right to pursue happiness. According to Identity Negotiation Theory, the more individuals need inclusion, the more they value in-group and relational boundaries. That is the case in Chris. In the following development of the movie, we can find many clues which clearly tell his strong inclination for interactions with others. His belief of being included within the dominant group is a kind of positive identity negotiation which promotes his self-identification to a great degree. When negotiating his own identity, Chris’s sense of identity inclusion suppresses the sense of identity differentiation, which surely paves the way for an effective identity negotiation.The more individuals need differentiation, the more distance they place between the self and others. (Ting-Toomey, 2007) When Chris tellsLinda that he wants to go to a brokerage firm for a job like stockbroker, Linda, instead of encouraging and supporting her husband, turns up her nose at Chris and speaks sarcastically, “Not an astronaut?” She imposes an impassable gulf between her group and other groups by her own. She does not confide in her husband’s ability to get a job as decent as stockbroker, let alone to be a successful man. Giving too much emphasis to the differences between so-called upper class and her people, Linda groups herself automatically to the underprivileged group. In terms of intercultural communication, her identity differentiation plays a rather negative role.3.3 Connection and autonomyIdentity autonomy-connection is defined as an interpersonal relationship boundary regulation issue (e.g., from an autonomy-privacy lens to a relational connection lens). (Ting-Toomey, 2007)We can see in Chris Gardener bothidentity autonomy and identity connection in the course of his identity negotiation.One the one hand, Chris is an independent man who always keeps the initiative in his own hands. Going through the interviews with his witty remarks, Chris begins to work as one of the internees in the stockbrokerage without income, having to compete with other internees for the only one position as a formal clerk. Even after being hit by a car, he insistently goes on to work with one of his shoes losing in the street. Indeed he is intruding on a new field of stock with great risks, but he remains to be independent and self-reliant.Chris also tries to instill the sense of autonomy into his son’s mind. When teaching his son how to reach for dreams, Chris tells him, “Don’t ever let somebody tell you … you can’t do something. Not even me. You got a dream … you gotta protect it. People can’t do something themselves… they wanna tell you you can’t do it. If you want something, go get it.” He asks his son to take ground upon his own dream, to be autonomic.On the other hand, Chris applies identity connection in his work. In order to sell those scanners, he visits a lot of doctors and does his best to establish a friendly and sincere relationship with them. During the competitive internship, he phones his potential clients one by one even with no time to drink or go to the bathroom because he has to do in six hours what the other internees do in nine. He keeps interacting with strangers from different walks of life. Shrewd as he is to notice one big client’s hobby, Chris, taking his son together, pretends to head for a football game, the very one the big client is going to watch with his son.Things move on as Chris had expected that he manages to make a friend with the important client and also gets to know more potential clients at the football stadium. It can not be denied that Chris has a good communicative competence. His tactful communication strategy makes him feel like a duck to water in his connection with other people.Ⅳ. ConclusionNo one is born with a self-identity. Rather, identity is something that evolves over time. People enter their social interactions with certain goals in mind and try to establish mutual identities that enable them to attain these goals. The interaction proceeds smoothly until people have achieved their goals. Only people who are open-minded and who want to engage in the intercultural communication can competently fulfill the task of negotiating mutually satisfactory identities.Chris Gardener is the perfect example of a person moving towards superiority through the feeling of inferiority. What he wants is a better material life and spiritual contentment as well. Chris is highly motivated to verify his self-identification, and this motivation acts as a stimulus to the identity negotiation process. With knowledge, mindfulness and identity negotiation skills, the three components which are essential to one’s intercultural identity competence from the point of view of Ting-Toomey, Chris Gardener manages to establish a satisfactory identityin the multicultural society.From the above analysis on the identity negotiation in The Pursuit of Happyness, we can see that a better understanding of Ting-Toomey’s Identity Negotiation Theory may shed some new light on the study of intercultural communication. What’s more, in practical terms, the theory will help when people are faced with conflicts of different cultures. Admittedly, my analysis in this paper is not sufficient enough, and there is much room for further improvement.【References 】［1］Jane Jakson. 2005. Intercultural Contact and Sojourner Adjustment: an Identity Negotiation Perspective［D］.第六届中国跨文化交际研究会年会.[2] Stella Ting-Toomey. 2007. 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2016年11月上青春岁月23老区改建时可以把保障性住房布局在毗邻地块，政府提供简单培训，帮助居民就业。
新城区规划时可以在保障性住房小区配置完善的公共设施、基础设施，确定合理配建比，预留产业用地。
【参考文献】[1] 吕 艳, 扈文秀. 保障性住房建设方式及选址问题研究[J]. 西安财经学院学报, 2010,23(5):35-39.[2] 陈泓冰, 林 超. 基于GIS 的保障性住房选址的决策因素分析[J]. 测绘与空间地理信息, 2014,10:003.[3] 陈双阳. 南京保障性住房空间分布特征及成因初探[J]. 城乡治理与规划改革, 2014.【作者简介】毛颖，硕士研究生学历，四川旅游学院艺术系教师。
谢科，硕士研究生学历，四川旅游学院艺术系风景园林教研室主任、副教授。
>>（上接第22页）《当幸福来敲门》是一部美国经典电影。
影片中的主人公克里斯・加纳生活在美国的底层，是一名医疗器械推销员。
由于他在产品投资上的失败，导致生活窘迫，不仅妻子离弃了他，还落得无家可归。
克里斯・加纳需要照顾儿子，也并没有因此而放弃自己的梦想，他勤奋努力地与自己不幸的命运抗争，最终使得自己的梦想得以实现。
影片中所表达的价值观与中国的价值观的不同之处是值得思考的问题。
一、美国价值观中对个人主义的崇尚《当幸福来敲门》中，克里斯・加纳对儿子的培养方式是言传身教。
当他和儿子一块玩篮球，问及儿子的理想的时候，儿子就告诉他自己希望将来能当一名职业的篮球运动员。
当克里斯・加纳听到这些的时候，就鼓励儿子：“You have a dream，you got to protect it”。
（你又自己的理想，就要用通过自己的行动努力实现自己的理想。
）克里斯・加纳不仅是对儿子这样教诲的，自己也是这样做的。
为了鼓励儿子不要在遇到困难的时候气馁，就告诉儿子说：“People can’t do something themselves，they want tell you can’t do it。
电影《当幸福来敲门》中的“美国梦”文化电影《当幸福来敲门》讲述了一个美国家庭的生活故事，主人公克里斯·加纳（由威尔·史密斯饰演）在生活中不断追求美国梦的故事。
影片中揭示了美国梦文化在现实生活中的影响和作用。
美国梦是对美国社会普遍存在的一种理想化和向往的现象，它代表了自由、独立和成功的追求。
本文将从影片中的角色塑造、家庭价值观和社会环境等方面探讨美国梦文化在电影《当幸福来敲门》中的体现。
影片中的主人公克里斯·加纳是一个典型的追求美国梦的形象。
他是一个拥有大学学历的家庭主夫，却因为生活困难而被迫和儿子克里斯托夫一起在出租车里生活。
在经历了种种困难后，克里斯憧憬着能够成为一名股票经纪人，最终通过自己的努力成功实现了这一目标。
他的故事无疑代表了许多美国人对美国梦的追求和向往。
这种通过自身的奋斗和努力实现自我价值的信念，正是美国梦的核心。
影片中的社会环境也是美国梦文化的重要组成部分。
影片中展现了社会中的贫富差距和社会分化现象，正是美国梦文化的另一面。
克里斯·加纳在经历了种种困难和挫折后，终于通过自己的努力获得了成功，这种对个人奋斗和努力实现成功的信念也是美国梦文化的重要内容。
影片也揭示了在当代美国社会中，贫富差距日益扩大，社会分化日益加剧的现象。
这种社会现实与美国梦文化的理想之间的矛盾，凸显了美国梦在现实生活中的种种难题和挑战。
电影《当幸福来敲门》通过克里斯·加纳的故事，生动展现了美国梦文化在现实生活中的影响和作用。
美国梦文化代表了个人自由、独立和成功的追求，正如影片中的主人公克里斯·加纳一样，不断努力，坚持追求自己的梦想。
影片通过对美国梦文化的深刻描绘，向人们展现了美国梦在当代社会中的多重内涵和价值。
美国梦文化也反映了当代社会中的许多现实问题和挑战，这些问题和挑战需要我们共同面对和思考。
相信通过对这一文化现象的深入探讨和理解，我们可以更好地把握当代社会的发展脉搏，为实现更美好的未来共同努力。
《当幸福来敲门》主题探究美国文化有其独特的价值。
要理解美国的文化价值观，就必须了解其必要的载体——美国电影。
通过美国电影，我们可以帮助我们解读美国文化的独特特征，揭示其独特的价值观等诸多方面。
本文试图通过对好莱坞经典电影《幸福敲门》的分析，探讨美国的主流文化价值观，让更多的英国影迷和学生了解美国文化和整个民族的价值观。
一、《当幸福来敲门》主要内容本片的主要内容完全可以看到作为美国建国二百多年来所追求的核心价值观——个人主义和对美国梦的追求。
何谓美国梦，它就是一种理想，就是我们可以通过不懈的努力在美国实现更美好的生活，即人们必须通过自己的努力、勇气、创造力和决心走向繁荣，而不是依靠特定的社会阶层和其他人的帮助。
美国是一个极其自由的国家，政府的作用非常有限，这使得美国的社会流动性非常大。
任何人都可以通过自己的努力达到顶峰。
或许你觉得这种情节太常见了，很普遍。
几年前，一部国产电影《中国拍档》也走出了这一模式，它英文翻译是《美国梦在中国》，它显示了好莱坞类型电影的渗透深度。
在这样的环境下，我们不禁要想一想，为什么美国梦的类型片经久不衰，没有小说故事还能受到大众的欢迎？究其原因，这类电影触及了一个社会和文化的核心，即文化价值观或行为趋势。
在美国，他帮助大量美国人发现，他们所生活的时代确实有很多广阔的空间可以开拓，在这个空间里，他们可以实现自己的理想，成为鼓舞人心的代表。
在其他国家，它是观众了解美国和“美国梦”的窗口。
透过这扇窗户，我们也可以看到当下美国的文化价值，就像中国的搭档一样，甚至可以变成当地乌托邦式的幻想。
二、引言中“当幸福敲门”所体现的美国文化价值观提到了对美国梦的具体解读，而这种独特氛围的形成需要人们在这里生活了100年的思维和行为方式的引导，也就是说，美国独特的文化氛围。
文化既是一种社会现象，也是一种历史现象。
它是社会历史的积淀。
它包括信仰、价值观、风俗习惯和知识。
它是人们行为的指南，价值观是其核心。
电影《当幸福来敲门》中的美国文化解读作者：王晓侠来源：《青年文学家》2012年第15期摘要：本文探析了美国电影《当幸福来敲门》中所体现的美国文化，分析了美国的多元文化，宗教文化，美国梦，婚姻家庭状况，体育热等文化，有助于我们更加深刻地理解美国文化。
关键词：《当幸福来敲门》；美国文化；美国梦；多元文化作者简介：王晓侠（1976-），女，陕西韩城人，陕西科技大学外国语与传播学院讲师，主要研究方向：课程与教学及影视文化。
[中图分类号]：I106.35 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139(2012)-15-0243-02电影是文化的一面镜子，是通过一幅幅流动的画面和生活场景来传达某一特定文化的重要途径。
美国电影是美国文化在银幕上的重要表达方式之一，是宣扬美国人的价值观和展现美国文化的重要途径。
电影《当幸福来敲门》全面展示了美国独特的文化。
一、电影《当幸福来敲门》简介美国电影《当幸福来敲门》取材真实故事。
故事的主角就是当今美国黑人投资专家Chris Gardner。
电影成功诠释出一位濒临破产、老婆离家的落魄业务员，刻苦耐劳地善尽单亲责任，奋发向上成为股市交易员，最后成为知名的金融投资家的励志故事。
已近而立之年的克里斯·加德纳（威尔·史密斯饰演），在28岁的时候才第一次见到自己的父亲，所以当时他下定决心在有了孩子之后，要给孩子做一个好爸爸。
但他事业不顺，生活潦倒，只能每天奔波于各大医院，靠卖骨密度扫描仪为生。
在他偶然间认识到做证券经纪人并不一定需要大学生文凭，而只要懂数字和人际关系就可以做到后，就主动去找维特证券的经理Jay Twistle。
凭借自己的执著和非凡的妙语，以及高超的魔方技巧，克里斯得到了一个实习的机会。
但是实习生有20人，他们必须无薪工作六个月，最后只能有一个人录用，这对克里斯来说实在是难上加难。
这时，妻子因为不能忍受穷苦的生活，独自去了纽约，克里斯和儿子也因为极度的贫穷而失去了自己的住所，过着东奔西跑的生活。
身份协商：分析《当幸福来敲门》中的跨文化现象［Abstract］Ting-Toomey’s Identity Negotiation Theory, comparatively new as it were, has not yet received enough attention from scholars at home, but it does provide us with a different perspective in the study of intercultural phenomena. As a new attempt, this paper tries to analyze the intercultural phenomena represented in The Pursuit of Happyness under the guidance of Identity Negotiation Theory. In the movie, Chris Gardener, a black American, manages to establish a satisfactory identity in the multicultural society by negotiating his identities on and on. Identity negotiation in the movie is studied from three perspectives as follows: security and vulnerability, inclusion and differentiation, and then connection and autonomy.［Key words］intercultural communication,Identity Negotiation Theory,self-identification,negotiationI. IntroductionIt’s an “i” in “happiness”. There’s no “y” in “happiness”. It’s an “i”.(quoted from the movie The Pursuit of Happyness)In the movie The Pursuit of Happyness, the correction of the misspelling of “happiness” by the protagonist indicates the theme, namely, in the process of pursuing happiness there is no “why” (y), but “I” (i).Who am I? Where am I from? Where can I reach? What should I do? As a black American, Chris Gardner, the protagonist who struggles on the bottom of the social pile, is seeking for his own identity all the way. His pursuit of happiness is virtually the pursuit of his self-identification. By negotiating his identity unceasingly, the black salesman finally works out who he is and what he can do for his family and himself.Among the papers, the authorI has collected so far, none notices the essence of identity negotiation in this movie. Ting-Toomey’s Identity Negotiation Theory, comparatively new as it were, has not yet received enough attention from scholars at home, but it does provide us with a different perspective in the study of intercultural phenomena.As a new attempt, this paper tries to analyze the intercultural phenomena represented in The Pursuit of Happyness under the guidance of Ting-Toomey’s Identity Negotiation Theory, which provides a new perspective for the study of intercultural communication. In the following parts, relative information about the theory will be introduced, and then some further analysis of identity negotiation in the movie will be made in light of the theory.Ⅱ. About Identity Negotiation TheoryIdentities provide expectations for behavior and motivateindividuals’behavior. (Ting-Toomey, 2007) Identity gives people a sense of who they are and to some extent satisfies a demand for some degree of stability and security. It is enacted in every human interaction.The construction of identity is a dynamic process in which communicators continually negotiate with each other. (Zhang Xun, 2010) Stella Ting-Toomey, a well-known professor of Human Communication Studies at California State University, applied the concept of Identity Negotiation on the field of intercultural communication, and she argued that identity negotiation is the precondition for successful intercultural communication.Identity Negotiation Theory emphasizes that identity is the explanatory mechanism for the intercultural communication process. Identity is viewed as “reflective self-images constructed, experienced, and communicated by the individuals within a culture and in a particular interaction s ituation”. (Ting-Toomey, 2007) And the concept negotiation refers to “a transactional interaction process whereby individuals in an intercultural situation attempt to assert, define, modify, challenge, and/or support their own and other’s desired self-imag es” (Ting-Toomey, 2007). That is to say, the communicators always attempt to evoke their own desired identities in the interaction; while at the same time, they also attempt to challenge or support the others’identities. Identity negotiationis a mutual communication activity.Ting-Toomey emphasized that “the effective identity negotiation process between two interactants in a novel communication episode” is an important basis for intercultural communication competence. The theory assumes that human beings in all cultures desire both positive group-based and positive person-based identities in any type of communicative situation. It mainly studies how we can enhance identity understanding, respect and mutual positive evaluations.Ⅲ. Identity negotiation in The Pursuit of HappynessPeople’s identity is not decided by blood, but is a product of interaction in the society. Identity in its simplest form represents the way each one of us understands and relates to the world that surrounds us.The two-minute shot at the beginning of the movie presents audiences with a lively picture of America, the camera focusing on people with different colors — white, yellow, brown and black, and on people from different social classes —white collars, businessmen, a beggar, a street musician, etc. Several scenes of streets in full shots portray America as composed of diverse ethnic groups with various lifestyles. It proves beyond doubt that the United States, as “a nation of nations”, is typified by its complicated racial structure and interracial relations.Black people in the United States are always sensitive to their identity in the society. All kinds of racism in American society encourage the breakdown of their traditional values, and they have to struggle with the so-called high-class culture. They are often confronted with such question as: Who am I? What can I do here? Am I a member of this place? These questions are quite thorny when they try to make a proper evaluation of their identity. The past and the reality make it difficult for black Americans to define their identity. The complexity and uncertainty of their identity puts them in a dilemma that they getinto trouble with what kind of people they should be and how should they develop themselves. The consolidation of a new identity in a multi-cultural society inevitably asks for persistent negotiation while in intercultural communication.An important determinant of the outcome of the identity negotiation process is the efforts of targets to bring perceivers to see them as they see themselves. (Swann, 1987) The positive or negative consequences of the identity negotiation process, ultimately, affect the development of quality intergroup and interpersonal relationships. (Jackson, 2005)Identity negotiation lying in the movie The Pursuit of Happyness will be studied from three perspectives as follows: security and vulnerability, inclusion and differentiation, and then connection andautonomy.3.1 Security and vulnerabilitySelf-identification involves security and vulnerability. (Ting-Toomey, 2007) Identity security refers to “the degree of emotional safety concerning one’s sense of both group-based membership and person-based identities in a particular cultural setting”. And identity vulnerability refers to “the degre e of anxiousness or ambivalence in regard to group-based and person-based identity issues”.According to Ting-Toomey’s Identity Negotiation Theory, the more secure individuals’self-identifications are, the more they are open to interacting with members of other cultures.Chris Gardner, the father of a boy, struggles in the lowest ladder of the society. He can only afford an informal and non-professional daycare open for children of different ethnic groups in China Town instead of a relatively formal school. Though he scarcely earns enough money to make ends meet, he always tries his best to protect his son and give him a sense of security, from which we can perceive his positive pursuit of security. The following is a proof:I met my father for the first time when I was 28 years old. And I made up my mind as a young kid that when I had children my childrenwere gonna know who their father was.In addition, in daily communication with others, Chris behaves politely, actively, optimistically, positively and energetically, from which we can see he is always ready for and open to interacting with different members in this multicultural society. In spite of some temporary vulnerability, Chris is a man with strong identity security.Less secure people are quite different. Linda, Chris Gardner’s wife, is a typical example of that. According to Ting-Toomey, the more vulnerable individuals feel, the more anxiety they experience in these interactions. Confronted with hardships of life, Linda usually appears to be indignant, satirical and anxious. When Chris asks her to take their son from the daycare later that day, she bursts into a quarrel with him, turns away from him, and refuses to get their son for the reason that she has to work double shifts to earn more money to pay for their bills and rents. Fed up with her routine life and the cumbersome burden to support her family, she can not help but choose to flee away. She intends to head for New York for a new start, far away from present plights like money shortage and heavy workload. However, is there a great and bright future waiting ahead of her? I rather doubt it. Her vulnerability gets in her way above all.To a great extent, individuals’vulnerability is affected by theirneeds for security. People experience identity insecurity or identity vulnerability “because of a perceived threat or fear in a culturally estranged environment”. (Ting-Toomey, 2007) Linda’s indignation and anxiety all originate from her inner vulnerability. She always makes herself easily exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed emotionally. Deep in her heart, she does not believe that her family will one day live a happy and affluent life. Perhaps she even dares not to imagine that picture.3.2 Inclusion and differentiationIdentity inclusion is conceptualized as the degree of perceived nearness (i.e., emotional, psychological, and spatial proximity) to our in-groups and out-groups, while identity differentiation is defined as the degree of remoteness (i.e.,emotional, psychological, and spatial distance) we perceive in regulating our group-based boundary with either in-group or out-group members. (Ting-Toomey, 2007)Individuals always try to balance self, others, and group memberships. On the way to sell scanners, Chris stops to ask the owner of a luxurious car about his occupation and gets a reply that he is a stockbroker. “Had to go to college to be a stockbroker?” he asks.Fortunately, the stockbroker’s answer, impartial and honest, kindles the flame of hope in Chris’s heart —“You don’t have to. Have to be good with numbers and good with people.” This answer immediately shorten the distance between the two men, no color bar and no racial pride or inferiority that Chris plays a joke on the white man humorously.They all looked so damn happy to me. Why couldn’t I look like that?Chris considers himself to be an equal with all those well-dressed men and women. He is positive to believe that he is one of them and has the same right to pursue happiness. According to Identity Negotiation Theory, the more individuals need inclusion, the more they value in-group and relational boundaries. That is the case in Chris. In the following development of the movie, we can find many clues which clearly tell his strong inclination for interactions with others. His belief of being included within the dominant group is a kind of positive identity negotiation which promotes his self-identification to a great degree. When negotiating his own identity, Chris’s sense of identity inclusion suppresses the sense of identity differentiation, which surely paves the way for an effective identity negotiation.The more individuals need differentiation, the more distance they place between the self and others. (Ting-Toomey, 2007) When Chris tellsLinda that he wants to go to a brokerage firm for a job like stockbroker, Linda, instead of encouraging and supporting her husband, turns up her nose at Chris and speaks sarcastically, “Not an astronaut?” She imposes an impassable gulf between her group and other groups by her own. She does not confide in her husband’s ability to get a job as decent as stockbroker, let alone to be a successful man. Giving too much emphasis to the differences between so-called upper class and her people, Linda groups herself automatically to the underprivileged group. In terms of intercultural communication, her identity differentiation plays a rather negative role.3.3 Connection and autonomyIdentity autonomy-connection is defined as an interpersonal relationship boundary regulation issue (e.g., from an autonomy-privacy lens to a relational connection lens). (Ting-Toomey, 2007)We can see in Chris Gardener bothidentity autonomy and identity connection in the course of his identity negotiation.One the one hand, Chris is an independent man who always keeps the initiative in his own hands. Going through the interviews with his witty remarks, Chris begins to work as one of the internees in the stockbrokerage without income, having to compete with other internees for the only one position as a formal clerk. Even after being hit by a car, he insistently goes on to work with one of his shoes losing in the street. Indeed he is intruding on a new field of stock with great risks, but he remains to be independent and self-reliant.Chris also tries to instill the sense of autonomy into his son’s mind. When teaching his son how to reach for dreams, Chris tells him, “Don’t ever let somebody tell you … you can’t do something. Not even me. You got a dream … you gotta protect it. People can’t do something themselves… they wanna tell you you can’t do it. If you want something, go get it.” He asks his son to take ground upon his own dream, to be autonomic.On the other hand, Chris applies identity connection in his work. In order to sell those scanners, he visits a lot of doctors and does his best to establish a friendly and sincere relationship with them. During the competitive internship, he phones his potential clients one by one even with no time to drink or go to the bathroom because he has to do in six hours what the other internees do in nine. He keeps interacting with strangers from different walks of life. Shrewd as he is to notice one big client’s hobby, Chris, taking his son together, pretends to head for a football game, the very one the big client is going to watch with his son.Things move on as Chris had expected that he manages to make a friend with the important client and also gets to know more potential clients at the football stadium. It can not be denied that Chris has a good communicative competence. His tactful communication strategy makes him feel like a duck to water in his connection with other people.Ⅳ. ConclusionNo one is born with a self-identity. Rather, identity is something that evolves over time. People enter their social interactions with certain goals in mind and try to establish mutual identities that enable them to attain these goals. The interaction proceeds smoothly until people have achieved their goals. Only people who are open-minded and who want to engage in the intercultural communication can competently fulfill the task of negotiating mutually satisfactory identities.Chris Gardener is the perfect example of a person moving towards superiority through the feeling of inferiority. What he wants is a better material life and spiritual contentment as well. Chris is highly motivated to verify his self-identification, and this motivation acts as a stimulus to the identity negotiation process. With knowledge, mindfulness and identity negotiation skills, the three components which are essential to one’s intercultural identity competence from the point of view of Ting-Toomey, Chris Gardener manages to establish a satisfactory identityin the multicultural society.From the above analysis on the identity negotiation in The Pursuit of Happyness, we can see that a better understanding of Ting-Toomey’s Identity Negotiation Theory may shed some new light on the study of intercultural communication. What’s more, in practical terms, the theory will help when people are faced with conflicts of different cultures. Admittedly, my analysis in this paper is not sufficient enough, and there is much room for further improvement.【References 】［1］Jane Jakson. 2005. Intercultural Contact and Sojourner Adjustment: an Identity Negotiation Perspective［D］.第六届中国跨文化交际研究会年会.[2] Stella Ting-Toomey. 2007. Communicating across Cultures［M］.上海外语教育出版社.[3] 谷小娟，李艺.语言与身份构建：相关文献回顾［J］.外语学刊，2007(139).[4] 任育新.身份认同：面子和礼貌研究的新视角——《语用学杂志》2007年4月专刊评述［J］.外语教育，2008(00).[5] 陶家俊.身份认同导论［J］.外国文学，2004(2).[6] 严明.跨文化交际理论研究［M］.黑龙江大学出版社，2009.[7] 张珣.身份和跨文化交际［J］.赤峰学院学报（汉文哲学社会科学版），2010，31（2）.[8] 张莹瑞，佐斌.社会认同理论及其发展［J］.心理科学进展，2006，14（1）.。
