DEVELOPMENT OF AN EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE SYSTEM FOR THE DIGITAL MONOPLOTTING

school deficient in literary and reasoning skills.我们需要提高教育质量，这样我们的孩子就不会离开学校文学和推理能力不足的学校。

2.In a society governed by the rule of law, every citizen is subject to possible prosecution if he violates the law.在法治社会里，每个公民如果违法，都可能受到起诉。

3.The pay gap between average workers and top corporate officers has led to pubic ( outrage )as executives receive large packages despite falling share prices.普通员工和公司高管之间的薪酬差距导致了公众的愤怒，因为尽管股价下跌，高管们还是收到了巨额薪酬。

4.The delicious meal appeased our hunger and made us feel warm again after having walked in the snow all day.这顿美味的饭菜使我们在雪地里走了一整天之后，又感到温暖了。

5.The military insists on conformity in many areas, for example, dress and haircut, with the primary objective of promoting group unity.许多地区的军队坚决要求遵守，例如，着装和理发，其首要目标是促进群体团结。

6.My daughter used to play with the dog by taking a(n) strand of its hair and then spending a long time rubbing, combing and twisting it.我女儿以前常拿狗的一股头发玩，然后花很长时间搓、梳、扭它。

数字化实验有别于传统实验，是应用传感器技术、计算机技术、网络通信技术及其他数字信息技术，采集、记录、储存、分析、显示、传递、评价实验数据的实验形式。

数字化实验于20世纪80年代起源于美国，当时被称为MBL（Micro -computer -Based Labs），后又称为Probeware 和Lab probe。

国内数字化实验出现的时间较晚，目前一般称作DIS（Digital Information Sys -tem）。

伴随着信息技术的不断进步，数字化实验仍在蓬勃发展，基于数字化实验的教学也成为备受关注的研究热点。

教育部《关于加强和改进中小学实验教学的意见》指出，要促进传统实验教学与现代新兴科技有机融合，加强实验教学与编程教育、创客教育、人工智能教育的融合。

数字化实验正是这种融合的主要方向之一。

回顾数字化实验的发展脉络，展望数字化实验的发展动向，有助于为数字化背景下的实验教学改革提供导向，推动科学教育的信息化进程。

一、数据来源与研究方法本研究以ERIC 和WOS 数据库为数据来源，以 MBL、Microcomputer -based lab、Probe -ware、Sensor experiment、Lab probe、PASCO 等为关键词进行主题检索，得到1985—2020年共计700余条文献题录，再将两个数据库的题录导入Endnote 软件进行人工数据清洗，在剔除无关、重复文献后得到258条有效文献题录。

知识图谱是近年来兴起的文献可视化分析技术。

本研究选择荷兰莱顿大学科技研究中心开发的VOSviewer 软件为可视化分析工具，用Endnote 软件将有效文献转换数据格式后导入文 | 刘作志 万 勇国外数字化实验教学研究的回顾与展望——基于VOSviewer 可视化分析VOSviewer，进行了关键词共现分析。

由于现有知识图谱分析技术仍有诸多不足，尤其是对中小样本往往难以做出有意义的关键词聚类，因此，本研究结合VOSviewer 共现强度统计，人工聚类高频关键词，并进行了二次共现分析。

Absolute stabilityA system description that reveals whether a system is stable or not stable without consideration of other system attributes such as degree of stability. 312ActuatorThe device that causes the process to provide the output; the devices that provides the motive power to the process.All-pass networkA nonminimum phase system that passes all frequences with equal gain.BandwidthThe frequency at which the frequency response has declined 3dB from its low-frequency value.Block diagramUnidirectional, operational block that represents the transfer functions of the elements of the system.AutomationThe control of an industrial process by automatic means.Bode plotThe logarithm of magnitude of the transfer function is plotted versus the logarithm of \omiga, the frequency. The phase, \phi , of the transfer function is separately plotted versus the logarithm of the frequency.Canonical formA fundamental or basic form of the state variable model representation, including diagonal canonical form, Jordan canonical form.Characteristic equationThe relation formed by equating to zero the denominator of a transfer function.Closed loop feedback controlA system that uses a measurement of the output and compares it with the desired output.Closed loop transfer functionA ratio of the output signal to input signal for an interconnection of systems when all the feedback or feedforward loops have been closed or otherwise accounted for .Generally obtained by block diagram or signal flow graph reduction.CompensatorAn additional component or circuit that is inserted into the system to equalize or compensate for the performance deficiency.ComponentsThe parts,subsystems,or subassemblies that comprise a total system.Control systemAn interconnection of components forming a system configuration that will provide a desired response.Controllability matrixA linear system is controllable if and only if the controllable matrix Wc has full rank. For single input single output linear systems the system is controllable if and only if the determinantof the controllability matrix is nonzero.Controllable systemA system with unconstrained control input u that transfers any initial state x(0) to any other state x(t).DesignThe process of conceiving or inventing the forms, parts, and details of a system to achieve a reasoned purpose.DetectableA system in which the states that are unobservable are naturally stable.Differential equationAn equation including differentials of a function.Digital control systemA control system using digital signals and digital computer to control a process.Discrete time approximationAn approximation used to obtain the time response of a system based on the division of the time into small increments \delta t.Disturbance signalAn unwanted input signal that affects the system's output signal.Error signalThe difference between the desired output and actual output.EstimationThe difference between the actual state and the estimated state.Feedback signalA measure of the output of the system used as feedback tom control the system.Final valueThe value that output achieves after all the response have faded. Also referred to as the steady state.Frequency responseThe steady state response of a system to a sinusoidal inputsignal.Laplace transformA transformation of a function f(t) from the time domain into the complex frequency.Linear approximationAn approximate model that results in linear relationship between the output and the input of the device.Linear quadratic regulatorAn optimal controller designed to minimize the quadratic performance index.LinearizedMade linear or placed in a linear form.LocusA path or trajectory that is traced out as a parameter is changed.Mathematical modelsDescriptions of the behavior of a system using mathematics.Matrix exponential functionAn important matrix function defined as e^At=I+At+(At)^2+... that plays a role in in solution of linear constant coefficient differential equations.Minimum phaseAll the zeros of a transfer function lie in the left side of the s-plane.Negative feedbackThe output signal is fed back so that is subtracts from the input signal.Observability matrixA linear system is observable if and only if the observability matrix W o has full rank.Observable systemA system with an output that possesses a component due to each state variable.ObserverA dynamic system used to estimate the state of another dynamic system given knowledge of the system input and measurements of system outputs.Open loop control systemA system that utilizes a device to control the process without using feedback.Optimal control systemA system whose parameters are adjusted so that the performance index reaches an extremum value.OptimizationThe adjustment of the parameters to achieve the most favorable or advantageous design.Output equationThe algebraic equation that relates state vector x, and the input u, to the outputs y, through the relationship y=Cx+Du.OvershotThe amount of the system output response proceeds beyond the desired response.Parameter designA method of selecting one or two parameters using the root locus method.Peak timeThe time for a system to respond to a step input and rise to a peak response.Performance indexA quantitative measure of the performance of a system.Physical variablesThe state variables representing the physical variables of the system.PID controllerA widely used controller used in industry of the form G(s)=Kp+Ki/s+Kds.Pole placementA design methodology wherein the objective is to place the eigenvalues of the closed loop system in desired regions of the complex plane.PolesThe roots of the denominator polynomial(i.e. The roots of the characteristic equation) of the transfer function.Positive feedbackThe output signal is fed back so that it adds to the input signal.Reference inputThe input to a control system often representing the desired output.RobotA programmable computer integrated with a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator used for a variety of tasks.Robust controlA system that exhibits the desired performance in the presenceof significant plant uncertainty.Robust stability criterionA test for robustness with respect to multiplicative perturbations in which stability is guaranteed if |M|<|1+1/G|.Root locusThe locus or path of the roots traced out on the s plane as a parameter is changed.Routh Hurwitz criterionA criterion for determining the stability of a system by examing the characteristic equation of the transfer function.Sampled dataData obtained for the system variables only at discrete intervals, data obtained once every sampling period.SimulationA model of system used to investigate the behavior of a system by utilizing actual input signal.StabilityA performance measure of a system; a system is stable if all the poles of the transfer function have negative real parts.StabilizableA system in which the states that are not controllable are naturally stable.State differential equationThe differential equation for the state vector: x=Ax+bu.State transition matrix\phi (t), The matrix exponential function that describes the unforced response of the system.State variablesThe set of variables that describe the system.State vectorThe vector matrix containing all n state variable; x1, x2, ..., xn.State space representationA time domain model comprised of the state differential equation, x=Ax+Bu, y=Cx+Du.State variable feedbackWhen the control signal for the process is a direct function of all the state variables.Steady stateThe value that after all the transient constituents of the response have faded. Also referred to as final state.SynthesisThe process by which new physical configurations of are created. The combining of separate elements or devices to form a coherent whole.SystemAn interconnection of elements and devices for a desired purpose.Time delayA pure time delay, T so that events occurring at time t at onepoint in the system occurs at another point in the system at a later time (t+T).Time demainThe mathematical domain that incorporates the time response and the description of a system in terms of time t.Time varying control systemA system for which one or more parameters may varying with time.TradeoffThe need to make a judgment about how much compromise is made between conflicting criteria.Transfer functionUnder zero initial conditions, the ratio the Laplace transform of the output variables to the Laplace transform of the input variable.Transient responseThe constituent of the system response that disappears withtime.Unit impulseA test input consisting of an impulse of infinite amplitude and zero width, and having an area of unity, used to determine the impulse response.Zero order holdA mathematical model of a sample and data hold operation whose input output transfer function is represented byG=(1-e^-ts)/s.ZerosThe roots of numerator polynomial of the transfer function..。

课程名称英文翻译自然辩证法natural dialectics英语english language数理统计numeral statistic/numerical statistic人工智能及其体系结构artificial intelligence & its architecture高级数理逻辑advanced numerical logic高级程序设计语言的设计与实现advanced programming language s de sign & implementation软件工程基础foundation of software engineering专业英语specialized english计算机网络computer network高级计算机体系结构advanced computer architectureibm汇编及高级语言的接口ibm assembly & its interfaces with advanc ed programming languages分布式计算机系统distributed computer system / distributed system计算机网络实验computer network experiment高等代数elementary algebra数学分析mathematical analysis中共党史history of the chinese communist party算法语言algorithmic language体育physical education英语english language力学实验mechanics-practical德育moral educationpascal语言pascal language政治经济学political economics电学实验electrical experiment数字逻辑mathematical logic普通物理general physics计算方法computing method离散数学discrete mathematics汇编原理principles of assembly概率与统计probability & statistics数据结构data structure哲学philosophy微机原理principles of microcomputer编译方法compilation method系统结构system structure操作系统原理principles of operating system 文献检索documentation retrieval数据库概论introduction to database网络原理principles of network人工智能artificial intelligence算法分析algorithm analysis毕业论文graduation thesisadvanced computational fluid dynamics 高等计算流体力学advanced mathematics 高等数学advanced numerical analysis 高等数值分析algorithmic language 算法语言analogical electronics 模拟电子电路artificial intelligence programming 人工智能程序设计audit 审计学automatic control system 自动控制系统automatic control theory 自动控制理论auto-measurement technique 自动检测技术basis of software technique 软件技术基础calculus 微积分catalysis principles 催化原理chemical engineering document retrieval 化工文献检索circuitry 电子线路college english 大学英语college english test (band 4) cet-4college english test (band 6) cet-6college physics 大学物理communication fundamentals 通信原理comparative economics 比较经济学complex analysis 复变函数论computational method 计算方法computer graphics 图形学原理computer organization 计算机组成原理computer architecture 计算机系统结构computer interface technology 计算机接口技术contract law 合同法cost accounting 成本会计circuit measurement technology 电路测试技术database principles 数据库原理design & analysis system 系统分析与设计developmental economics 发展经济学discrete mathematics 离散数学digital electronics 数字电子电路digital image processing 数字图像处理digital signal processing 数字信号处理econometrics 经济计量学economical efficiency analysis for chemical technology 化工技术经济分析economy of capitalism 资本主义经济electromagnetic fields & magnetic waves 电磁场与电磁波electrical engineering practice 电工实习enterprise accounting 企业会计学equations of mathematical physics 数理方程experiment of college physics 物理实验experiment of microcomputer 微机实验experiment in electronic circuitry 电子线路实验fiber optical communication system 光纤通讯系统finance 财政学financial accounting 财务会计fine arts 美术functions of a complex variable 单复变函数functions of complex variables 复变函数functions of complex variables & integral transformations 复变函数与积分变换fundamentals of law 法律基础fuzzy mathematics 模糊数学general physics 普通物理graduation project(thesis) 毕业设计（论文）graph theory 图论heat transfer theory 传热学history of chinese revolution 中国革命史industrial economics 工业经济学information searches 情报检索integral transformation 积分变换intelligent robot(s); intelligence robot 智能机器人international business administration 国际企业管理international clearance 国际结算international finance 国际金融international relation 国际关系international trade 国际贸易introduction to chinese tradition 中国传统文化introduction to modern science & technology 当代科技概论introduction to reliability technology 可靠性技术导论java language programming java 程序设计lab of general physics 普通物理实验linear algebra 线性代数management accounting 管理会计学management information system 管理信息系统mechanic design 机械设计mechanical graphing 机械制图merchandise advertisement 商品广告学metalworking practice 金工实习microcomputer control technology 微机控制技术microeconomics & macroeconomics 西方经济学microwave technique 微波技术military theory 军事理论modern communication system 现代通信系统modern enterprise system 现代企业制度monetary banking 货币银行学motor elements and power supply 电机电器与供电moving communication 移动通讯music 音乐network technology 网络技术numeric calculation 数值计算oil application and addition agent 油品应用及添加剂operation & control of national economy 国民经济运行与调控operational research 运筹学optimum control 最优控制petroleum chemistry 石油化学petroleum engineering technique 石油化工工艺学philosophy 哲学physical education 体育political economics 政治经济学principle of compiling 编译原理primary circuit （反应堆）一回路principle of communication 通讯原理principle of marxism 马克思主义原理principle of mechanics 机械原理principle of microcomputer 微机原理principle of sensing device 传感器原理principle of single chip computer 单片机原理principles of management 管理学原理probability theory & stochastic process 概率论与随机过程procedure control 过程控制programming with pascal language pascal语言编程programming with c language c语言编程property evaluation 工业资产评估public relation 公共关系学pulse & numerical circuitry 脉冲与数字电路refinery heat transfer equipment 炼厂传热设备satellite communications 卫星通信semiconductor converting technology 半导体变流技术set theory 集合论signal & linear system 信号与线性系统social research 社会调查software engineering 软件工程spc exchange fundamentals 程控交换原理specialty english 专业英语statistics 统计学stock investment 证券投资学strategic management for industrial enterprises 工业企业战略管理technological economics 技术经济学television operation 电视原理theory of circuitry 电路理论turbulent flow simulation and application 湍流模拟及其应用visual c++ programming visual c++程序设计windows nt operating system principles windows nt操作系统原理word processing 数据处理上文已完。

专业英语9-14单元复习试题及答案一、Translate the following words into English.1. 频谱2. 激光束3. 热核的4. 数字模拟转换器5. 数据库6. 地球外的7. 阻碍8. 兼容性9. 征兆10. 分开11. 数字信号处理器12. 一致13. 基带14. 单色光的15. 卵石二、Translate the following words and expressions into Chinese.1. functional accelerator2. acquisition time3. low pass4. hold time5. anti-aliasing filter6. quantization level7. sampling interval8. full scale range9. dynamic range10. signal-to-noise ratio 11. bus interfaces 12. wireless infrastructure 13. field-programmable14. spectral inversion 15. price/performance ratio 16. under sampling 17. zero order hold18. glue logic 19. power dissipation 20. sample and hold circuit三、Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the list given below.The first essential step in analog-to-digital (A/D) is to sample an analog signal. This step is performed by a sample and hold circuit, which samples at regular intervals called . The length of the sampling interval is the same as the sampling period , and the reciprocal of the is the sampling frequency f s. According to the Nyquist theorem, a signal with a maximum frequency of W Hz (called a band-limited signal) must be at least 2W samples per second to ensure accurate recording. When this minimum is not respected, called aliasing occurs.R ①sampling intervals ②distortion ③conversion ④sampling period ⑤sampled四、Comprehension. choose the best answer according to this passage.Previously in this chapter, we’ve discussed how data elements (characters, fields, and records) c an be organized in files. In file-oriented systems, each file is independent and contains all the information necessary to process the records in that file. In a database, the data is organized in multiple related files. Because these files are related, us er can access data in multiple files at one time. A database management system (DBMS) is the software that allows the user to create, maintain, and report the data and file relationships. By contrast, a file management system is software that allows the user to create, maintain, and access one file at a time.There are problems with traditional data management. Many result from viewing applications independently. For example, consider payroll. Most organizations prepare their payrolls by computer because using a machine instead of a small army of clerks saves money. Thus, the firm develops a payroll program to process a payroll file. Inventory, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and general ledger analysis are similar applications, so the firm develops program, and inventory file, an accounts receivable program, an accounts receivable file, and so on. Each program is independent, and each processes its own independent data file.The solution to these problems is often organizing the data as a single, integrated database.How does the use of a centralized database solve the data redundancy problem? All data are collected and stored in a single place; consequently, there is one and only one copy of any given data element. When the value of an element (an address, for example) changes, the single database copy is corrected. Any program requiring access to this data element gets the same value, because there is only one value.1.In file-oriented systems, each file is independent and contains all the information necessary to processthe in that file.A. elementsB. recordsC. dataD. software2. A database management system (DBMS) is the software that allows the user to create, maintain, and reportthe and file relationships.A. softwareB. elementsC. dataD. records3. The firm develops an inventory program to process .A. data fileB. an accounts receivable fileC. a payroll fileD. an inventory file4.The solution to these problems is .A. changing the programB. using a machine instead of a small army of clerksC. often organizing the data as a single, integrated database.D. having such items in one instead of many locations5. Any program requiring access to this data element gets the same , because there is only onevalue.A. programB. valueC. dataD. copy五、T ell whether the following statements are true(T) or false(F) according to the passageHow should you think of the laser? Think of it simply as a tool. One that uses light instead of mechanical energy. And a tool that allows its user to control the form and amount of energy directed at a particular place. The laser can cut through a two-inch-thick sheet of steel or detect a single atom. It can perform a task as dramatic as igniting a thermonuclear fusion reaction or as seemingly mundane as drilling a hole in a baby-bottle nipple.A laser is a device that produces a very special kind of light. Y ou can think of it as a super flashlight. But the beam that comes out of a laser differs from the light that comes out of a flashlight in four basic ways: Laser light is intense. Y et only a few lasers are powerful. That’s not the contradiction you might think.. Intensity is a measure of power per unit area, and even a laser that emits only a few milli-watts can produce a lot of intensity in a beam that’s only a millimeter in diameter.Laser beams are narrow and will not spread out like ordinary light beams. This quality is called directionality.Laser light is coherent. This means that all the light waves coming out of a laser are lined up with each other.Lasers produce light of only one color. Or, to say it in a more technical way, the light is monochromatic. Ordinary light combines all the colors of visible light (i.e., the spectrum). Mixed together, they come out white. Laser beams have been produced in every color of the rainbow (red is the most common laser color), as well as in many kinds of invisible light, but each laser can emit one color and one color only.1. The laser can cut through a two-inch-thick sheet of steel or detect a single atom.（）2. The flashlight can perform a task as seemingly mundane as drilling a hole in a baby-bottle nipple.（）3. All the light waves coming out of a flashlight are lined up with each other.（）4. Laser beams are narrow and will not spread out like ordinary light beams.（）5. Ordinary light combines all the colors of visible light . （）六、T ranslate the following sentences into Chinese.1.The low pass filter, called the anti-aliasing filter, removes all frequencies above half the selected sampling rate.2. The A/D converter chooses a quantization level for each analog sample. An N-bit converter chooses among 2N possible quantization levels. The larger the number of levels, the smaller the quantization errors, calculated as the difference between the quantized level and the true sample level.3. Once digital signal processing is complete, digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion must occur. This process begins by converting each digital code into an analog voltage that is proportional in size to the number represented by the code.4. For example, signals whose frequencies are restricted to a narrow band of high frequencies can be sampled ata rate similar to twice the width of the band instead of twice the maximum frequency.5. The images of each frequency f present in a sampled signal appear, through sampling, at the infinite number of frequencies kf s±f Hz.6. After a brief acquisition time, during which a sample is acquired, the sample and hold circuit holds the sample steady for the remainder of the sampling interval. This hold time is needed to allow time for an A/D converter to generate a digital code that best corresponds to the analog sample.答案一、1. spectrum 2. laser beam 3. thermonuclear4.digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion5. database6. extraterrestrialImpediment 8. compatibility 9. Premonition 10. asunder11、digital signal processor 12、Consistency 13. baseband14. Monochromatic 15. Pebble二、1. 性能加速器 2. 采集时间 3. 低通 4. 保持时间 5. 抗混叠滤波器6.量化电平7. 采样间隔8. 满量程范围9. 动态范围10.信噪比二、总线接口12. 无线基础设施13. 现场可编程的14.频谱反转15.性能价格比16. 欠采样17. 零阶保持18. 互联逻辑19. 功率耗散20. 采样保持电路三、 1. ③ 2. ① 3. ④ 4. ⑤ 5. ②四、1. B 2. C 3. D. 4. C 5. B五、1. T 2. F 3. F. 4. T 5. T六、1、（课本P112倒数第二段倒数第二行）2、（课本P113第二段）3、（课本P113倒数第二段）4、（课本P113倒数第一段第五行）5、（课本P113倒数第一段）6、（课本P112倒数第一段）。

Advanced Computational Fluid Dynamics 高等计算流体力学Advanced Mathematics 高等数学Advanced Numerical Analysis 高等数值分析Algorithmic Language 算法语言Analogical Electronics 模拟电子电路Artificial Intelligence Programming 人工智能程序设计Audit 审计学Automatic Control System 自动控制系统Automatic Control Theory 自动控制理论Auto-Measurement Technique 自动检测技术Basis of Software Technique 软件技术基础Calculus 微积分Catalysis Principles 催化原理Chemical Engineering Document Retrieval 化工文献检索Circuitry 电子线路College English 大学英语College English Test (Band 4) CET-4College English Test (Band 6) CET-6College Physics 大学物理Communication Fundamentals 通信原理Comparative Economics 比较经济学Complex Analysis 复变函数论Computational Method 计算方法Computer Graphics 图形学原理computer organization 计算机组成原理computer architecture 计算机系统结构Computer Interface Technology 计算机接口技术Contract Law 合同法Cost Accounting 成本会计Circuit Measurement Technology 电路测试技术Database Principles 数据库原理Design & Analysis System 系统分析与设计Developmental Economics 发展经济学discrete mathematics 离散数学Digital Electronics 数字电子电路Digital Image Processing 数字图像处理Digital Signal Processing 数字信号处理Econometrics 经济计量学Economical Efficiency Analysis for Chemical Technology 化工技术经济分析Economy of Capitalism 资本主义经济Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves 电磁场与电磁波Electrical Engineering Practice 电工实习Enterprise Accounting 企业会计学Equations of Mathematical Physics 数理方程Experiment of College Physics 物理实验Experiment of Microcomputer 微机实验Experiment in Electronic Circuitry 电子线路实验Fiber Optical Communication System 光纤通讯系统Finance 财政学Financial Accounting 财务会计Fine Arts 美术Functions of a Complex Variable 单复变函数Functions of Complex Variables 复变函数Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformations 复变函数与积分变换Fundamentals of Law 法律基础Fuzzy Mathematics 模糊数学General Physics 普通物理Graduation Project(Thesis) 毕业设计（论文）Graph theory 图论Heat Transfer Theory 传热学History of Chinese Revolution 中国革命史Industrial Economics 工业经济学Information Searches 情报检索Integral Transformation 积分变换Intelligent robot(s); Intelligence robot 智能机器人International Business Administration 国际企业管理International Clearance 国际结算International Finance 国际金融International Relation 国际关系International Trade 国际贸易Introduction to Chinese Tradition 中国传统文化Introduction to Modern Science & Technology 当代科技概论Introduction to Reliability Technology 可靠性技术导论Java Language Programming Java 程序设计Lab of General Physics 普通物理实验Linear Algebra 线性代数Management Accounting 管理会计学Management Information System 管理信息系统Mechanic Design 机械设计Mechanical Graphing 机械制图Merchandise Advertisement 商品广告学Metalworking Practice 金工实习Microcomputer Control Technology 微机控制技术Microeconomics & Macroeconomics 西方经济学Microwave Technique 微波技术Military Theory 军事理论Modern Communication System 现代通信系统Modern Enterprise System 现代企业制度Monetary Banking 货币银行学Motor Elements and Power Supply 电机电器与供电Moving Communication 移动通讯Music 音乐Network Technology 网络技术Numeric Calculation 数值计算Oil Application and Addition Agent 油品应用及添加剂Operation & Control of National Economy 国民经济运行与调控Operational Research 运筹学Optimum Control 最优控制Petroleum Chemistry 石油化学Petroleum Engineering Technique 石油化工工艺学Philosophy 哲学Physical Education 体育Political Economics 政治经济学principle of compiling 编译原理Primary Circuit （反应堆）一回路Principle of Communication 通讯原理Principle of Marxism 马克思主义原理Principle of Mechanics 机械原理Principle of Microcomputer 微机原理Principle of Sensing Device 传感器原理Principle of Single Chip Computer 单片机原理Principles of Management 管理学原理Probability Theory & Stochastic Process 概率论与随机过程Procedure Control 过程控制Programming with Pascal Language Pascal语言编程Programming with C Language C语言编程Property Evaluation 工业资产评估Public Relation 公共关系学Pulse & Numerical Circuitry 脉冲与数字电路Refinery Heat Transfer Equipment 炼厂传热设备Satellite Communications 卫星通信Semiconductor Converting Technology 半导体变流技术Set Theory 集合论Signal & Linear System 信号与线性系统Social Research 社会调查software engineering 软件工程SPC Exchange Fundamentals 程控交换原理Specialty English 专业英语Statistics 统计学Stock Investment 证券投资学Strategic Management for Industrial Enterprises 工业企业战略管理Technological Economics 技术经济学Television Operation 电视原理Theory of Circuitry 电路理论Turbulent Flow Simulation and Application 湍流模拟及其应用Visual C++ Programming Visual C++程序设计Windows NT Operating System Principles Windows NT操作系统原理Word Processing 数据处理生物物理学Biophysics真空冷冻干燥技术Vacuum Freezing & Drying Technology16位微机16 Digit MicrocomputerALGOL语言ALGOL LanguageBASIC 语言BASIC LanguageBASIC 语言及应用BASIC Language & ApplicationC 语言C LanguageCAD 概论Introduction to CADCAD/CAM CAD/CAMCOBOL语言COBOL LanguageCOBOL语言程序设计COBOL Language Program DesigningC与UNIX环境C Language & Unix EnvironmentC语言与生物医学信息处理C Language & Biomedical Information Processing dBASE Ⅲ课程设计C ourse Exercise in dBASE ⅢFORTRAN语言FORTRAN LanguageIBM-PC/XT Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PC/XTIBM-PC微机原理Fundamentals of Microcomputer IBM-PCLSI设计基础Basic of LSI DesigningPASCAL大型作业PASCAL Wide Range WorkingPASCAL课程设计Course Exercise in PASCALX射线与电镜X-ray & Electric MicroscopeZ-80汇编语言程序设计Z-80 Pragramming in Assembly Languages板壳理论Plate Theory板壳力学Plate Mechanics半波实验Semiwave Experiment半导体变流技术Semiconductor Converting Technology半导体材料Semiconductor Materials半导体测量Measurement of Semiconductors半导体瓷敏元件Semiconductor Porcelain-Sensitive Elements半导体光电子学Semiconductor Optic Electronics半导体化学Semiconductor Chemistry半导体激光器Semiconductor Laser Unit半导体集成电路Semiconductor Integrated Circuitry半导体理论Semiconductive Theory半导体器件Semiconductor Devices半导体器件工艺原理Technological Fundamentals of Semiconductor Device半导体物理Semiconductor Physics半导体专业Semiconduction Specialty半导体专业实验Specialty Experiment of Semiconductor薄膜光学Film Optics报告文学专题Special Subject On Reportage报刊编辑学Newspaper & Magazine Editing报纸编辑学Newspaper Editing泵与风机Pumps and Fans泵与水机Pumps & Water Turbines毕业设计Graduation Thesis编译方法Methods of Compiling编译技术Technique of Compiling编译原理Fundamentals of Compiling变电站的微机检测与控制Computer Testing & Control in Transformer Substation变分法与张量Calculus of Variations & Tensor变分学Calculus of Variations变质量系统热力学与新型回转压Variable Quality System Thermal Mechanics & Neo-Ro 表面活性物质Surface Reactive Materials并行算法Parallel Algorithmic波谱学Wave Spectrum材料的力学性能测试Measurement of Material Mechanical Performance材料力学Mechanics of Materials财务成本管理Financial Cost Management财政学Public Finance财政与金融Finance & Banking财政与信贷Finance & Credit操作系统Disk Operating System操作系统课程设计Course Design in Disk Operating System操作系统原理Fundamentals of Disk Operating System策波测量技术Technique of Whip Wave Measurement测量原理与仪器设计Measurement Fundamentals & Meter Design测试技术Testing Technology测试与信号变换处理Testing & Signal Transformation Processing产业经济学Industrial Economy产业组织学Industrial Organization Technoooligy场论Field Theory常微分方程Ordinary Differentical Equations超导磁体及应用Superconductive Magnet & Application超导及应用Superconductive & Application超精微细加工Super-Precision & Minuteness Processing城市规划原理Fundamentals of City Planning城市社会学Urban Sociology成组技术Grouping Technique齿轮啮合原理Principles of Gear Connection冲击测量及误差Punching Measurement & Error冲压工艺Sheet Metal Forming Technology抽象代数Abstract Algebra传动概论Introduction to Transmission传感器与检测技术Sensors & Testing Technology传感器原理Fundamentals of Sensors传感器原理及应用Fundamentals of Sensors & Application传热学Heat Transfer传坳概论Introduction to Pass Col船舶操纵Ship Controling船舶电力系统Ship Electrical Power System船舶电力系统课程设计Course Exercise in Ship Electrical Power System 船舶电气传动自动化Ship Electrified Transmission Automation船舶电站Ship Power Station船舶动力装置Ship Power Equipment船舶概论Introduction to Ships船舶焊接与材料Welding & Materials on Ship船舶机械控制技术Mechanic Control Technology for Ships船舶机械拖动Ship Mechamic Towage船舶建筑美学Artistic Designing of Ships船舶结构力学Structual Mechamics for Ships船舶结构与制图Ship Structure & Graphing船舶静力学Ship Statics船舶强度与结构设计Designing Ship Intensity & Structure船舶设计原理Principles of Ship Designing船舶推进Ship Propeling船舶摇摆Ship Swaying船舶阻力Ship Resistance船体建造工艺Ship-Building Technology船体结构Ship Structure船体结构图Ship Structure Graphing船体振动学Ship Vibration创造心理学Creativity Psychology磁测量技术Magnetic Measurement Technology磁传感器Magnetic Sensor磁存储设备设计原理Fundamental Design of Magnetic Memory Equipment 磁记录技术Magnetographic Technology磁记录物理Magnetographic Physics磁路设计与场计算Magnetic Path Designing & Magnetic Field Calculati磁盘控制器Magnetic Disk Controler磁性材料Magnetic Materials磁性测量Magnetic Measurement磁性物理Magnetophysics磁原理及应用Principles of Catalyzation & Application大电流测量Super-Current Measurement大电源测量Super-Power Measurement大机组协调控制Coordination & Control of Generator Networks大跨度房屋结构Large-Span House structure大型锅炉概况Introduction to Large-V olume Boilers大型火电机组控制Control of Large Thermal Power Generator Networks大学德语College German大学俄语College Russian大学法语College French大学日语College Japanese大学英语College English大学语文College Chinese大众传播学Mass Media代用运放电路Simulated Transmittal Circuit单片机原理Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers单片机原理及应用Fundamentals of Mono-Chip Computers & Applications 弹性力学Theory of Elastic Mechanics当代国际关系Contemporary International Relationship当代国外社会思维评价Evaluation of Contemporary Foreign Social Thought 当代文学Contemporary Literature当代文学专题Topics on Contemporary Literature当代西方哲学Contemporary Western Philosophy当代戏剧与电影Contemporary Drama & Films党史History of the Party导波光学Wave Guiding Optics等离子体工程Plasma Engineering低频电子线路Low Frequency Electric Circuit低温传热学Cryo Conduction低温固体物理Cryo Solid Physics低温技术原理与装置Fundamentals of Cryo Technology & Equipment低温技术中的微机原理Priciples of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温绝热Cryo Heat Insulation低温气体制冷机Cryo Gas Refrigerator低温热管Cryo Heat Tube低温设备Cryo Equipment低温生物冻干技术Biological Cryo Freezing Drying Technology低温实验技术Cryo Experimentation Technology低温物理导论Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概论Cryo Physic Concepts低温物理概念Cryo Physic Concepts低温仪表及测试Cryo Meters & Measurement低温原理Cryo Fundamentals低温中的微机应用Application of Microcomputer in Cryo Technology低温装置Cryo Equipment低噪声电子电路Low-Noise Electric Circuit低噪声电子设计Low-Noise Electronic Designing低噪声放大与弱检Low-Noise Increasing & Decreasing低噪声与弱信号检测Detection of Low Noise & Weak Signals地理Geography第二次世界大战史History of World War II电测量技术Electric Measurement Technology电厂计算机控制系统Computer Control System in Power Plants电磁测量实验技术Electromagnetic Measurement Experiment & Technology电磁场计算机Electromagnetic Field Computers电磁场理论Theory of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场数值计算Numerical Calculation of Electromagnetic Fields电磁场与电磁波Electromagnetic Fields & Magnetic Waves电磁场与微波技术Electromagnetic Fields & Micro-Wave Technology电磁场中的数值方法Numerical Methods in Electromagnetic Fields电磁场中的数值计算Numerical Calculation in Electromagnetic Fields电磁学Electromagnetics电动力学Electrodynamics电镀Plating电分析化学Electro-Analytical Chemistry电工测试技术基础Testing Technology of Electrical Engineering电工产品学Electrotechnical Products电工电子技术基础Electrical Technology & Electrical Engineering电工电子学Electronics in Electrical Engineering电工基础Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础理论Fundamental Theory of Electrical Engineering电工基础实验Basic Experiment in Electrical Engineering电工技术Electrotechnics电工技术基础Fundamentals of Electrotechnics电工实习Electrical Engineering Practice电工实验技术基础Experiment Technology of Electrical Engineering电工学Electrical Engineering电工与电机控制Electrical Engineering & Motor Control电弧电接触Electrical Arc Contact电弧焊及电渣焊Electric Arc Welding & Electroslag Welding电化学测试技术Electrochemical Measurement Technology电化学工程Electrochemical Engineering电化学工艺学Electrochemical Technology电机测试技术Motor Measuring Technology电机电磁场的分析与计算Analysis & Calculation of Electrical Motor & Electromagne tic Fields电机电器与供电Motor Elements and Power Supply电机课程设计Course Exercise in Electric Engine电机绕组理论Theory of Motor Winding电机绕组理论及应用Theory & Application of Motor Winding电机设计Design of Electrical Motor电机瞬变过程Electrical Motor Change Processes电机学Electrical Motor电机学及控制电机Electrical Machinery Control & Technology电机与拖动Electrical Machinery & Towage电机原理Principle of Electric Engine电机原理与拖动Principles of Electrical Machinery & Towage电机专题Lectures on Electric Engine电接触与电弧Electrical Contact & Electrical Arc电介质物理Dielectric Physics电镜Electronic Speculum电力电子电路Power Electronic Circuit电力电子电器Power Electronic Equipment电力电子器件Power Electronic Devices电力电子学Power Electronics电力工程Electrical Power Engineering电力生产技术Technology of Electrical Power Generation电力生产优化管理Optimal Management of Electrical Power Generation电力拖动基础Fundamentals for Electrical Towage电力拖动控制系统Electrical Towage Control Systems电力系统Power Systems电力系统电源最优化规划Optimal Planning of Power Source in a Power System 电力系统短路Power System Shortcuts电力系统分析Power System Analysis电力系统规划Power System Planning电力系统过电压Hyper-V oltage of Power Systems电力系统继电保护原理Power System Relay Protection电力系统经济分析Economical Analysis of Power Systems电力系统经济运行Economical Operation of Power Systems电力系统可靠性Power System Reliability电力系统可靠性分析Power System Reliability Analysis电力系统无功补偿及应用Non-Work Compensation in Power Systems & Applicati 电力系统谐波Harmonious Waves in Power Systems电力系统优化技术Optimal Technology of Power Systems电力系统优化设计Optimal Designing of Power Systems电力系统远动Operation of Electric Systems电力系统远动技术Operation Technique of Electric Systems电力系统运行Operation of Electric Systems电力系统自动化Automation of Electric Systems电力系统自动装置Power System Automation Equipment电路测试技术Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术基础Fundamentals of Circuit Measurement Technology电路测试技术及实验Circuit Measurement Technology & Experiments电路分析基础Basis of Circuit Analysis电路分析基础实验Basic Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路分析实验Experiment on Circuit Analysis电路和电子技术Circuit and Electronic Technique电路理论Theory of Circuit电路理论基础Fundamental Theory of Circuit电路理论实验Experiments in Theory of Circuct电路设计与测试技术Circuit Designing & Measurement Technology电器学Electrical Appliances电器与控制Electrical Appliances & Control电气控制技术Electrical Control Technology电视接收技术Television Reception Technology电视节目Television Programs电视节目制作Television Program Designing电视新技术New Television Technology电视原理Principles of Television电网调度自动化Automation of Electric Network Management电影艺术Art of Film Making电站微机检测控制Computerized Measurement & Control of Power Station电子材料与元件测试技术Measuring Technology of Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件Electronic Material and Element电子材料元件测量Electronic Material and Element Measurement电子测量与实验技术Technology of Electronic Measurement & Experiment电子测试Electronic Testing电子测试技术Electronic Testing Technology电子测试技术与实验Electronic Testing Technology & Experiment电子机械运动控制技术Technology of Electronic Mechanic Movement Control电子技术Technology of Electronics电子技术腐蚀测试中的应用Application of Electronic Technology in Erosion Measurement 电子技术基础Basic Electronic Technology电子技术基础与实验Basic Electronic Technology & Experiment电子技术课程设计Course Exercise in Electronic Technology电子技术实验Experiment in Electronic Technology电子理论实验Experiment in Electronic Theory电子显微分析Electronic Micro-Analysis电子显微镜Electronic Microscope电子线路Electronic Circuit电子线路设计与测试技术Electronic Circuit Design & Measurement Technology电子线路实验Experiment in Electronic Circuit电子照相技术Electronic Photographing Technology雕塑艺术欣赏Appreciation of Sculptural Art调节装置Regulation Equipment动态规划Dynamic Programming动态无损检测Dynamic Non-Destruction Measurement动态信号分析与仪器Dynamic Signal Analysis & Apparatus锻压工艺Forging Technology锻压机械液压传动Hydraulic Transmission in Forging Machinery锻压加热设备Forging Heating Equipment锻压设备专题Lectures on Forging Press Equipments锻压系统动力学Dynamics of Forging System锻造工艺Forging Technology断裂力学Fracture Mechanics对外贸易概论Introduction to International Trade多层网络方法Multi-Layer Network Technology多目标优化方法Multipurpose Optimal Method多项距阵Multi-Nominal Matrix多元统计分析Multi-Variate Statistical Analysis发电厂Power Plant发电厂电气部分Electric Elements of Power Plants法律基础Fundamentals of Law法学概论An Introduction to Science of Law法学基础Fundamentals of Science of Law翻译Translation翻译理论与技巧Theory & Skills of Translation泛函分析Functional Analysis房屋建筑学Architectural Design & Construction非电量测量Non-Electricity Measurement非金属材料Non-Metal Materials非线性采样系统Non-Linear Sampling System非线性光学Non-Linear Optics非线性规划Non-Linear Programming非线性振荡Non-Linear Ocsillation非线性振动Non-Linear Vibration沸腾燃烧Boiling Combustion分析化学Analytical Chemistry分析化学实验Analytical Chemistry Experiment分析力学Analytical Mechanics风机调节Fan Regulation风机调节.使用.运转Regulation,Application & Operation of Fans风机三元流动理论与设计Tri-Variate Movement Theory & Design of Fans风能利用Wind Power Utilization腐蚀电化学实验Experiment in Erosive Electrochemistry复变函数Complex Variables Functions复变函数与积分变换Functions of Complex Variables & Integral Transformation 复合材料力学Compound Material Mechanics傅里叶光学Fourier Optics概率论Probability Theory概率论与数理统计Probability Theory & Mathematical Statistics概率论与随机过程Probability Theory & Stochastic Process钢笔画Pen Drawing钢的热处理Heat-Treatment of Steel钢结构Steel Structure钢筋混凝土Reinforced Concrete钢筋混凝土及砖石结构Reinforced Concrete & Brick Structure钢砼结构Reinforced Concrete Structure高层建筑基础设计Designing bases of High Rising Buildings高层建筑结构设计Designing Structures of High Rising Buildings高等材料力学Advanced Material Mechanics高等代数Advanced Algebra高等教育管理Higher Education Management高等教育史History of Higher Education高等教育学Higher Education高等数学Advanced Mathematics高电压技术High-V oltage Technology高电压测试技术High-V oltage Test Technology高分子材料High Polymer Material高分子材料及加工High Polymer Material & Processing高分子化学High Polymer Chemistry高分子化学实验High Polymer Chemistry Experiment高分子物理High Polymer Physics高分子物理实验High Polymer Physics Experiment高级英语听说Advanced English Listening & Speaking高能密束焊High Energy-Dense Beam Welding高频电路High-Frequency Circuit高频电子技术High-Frequency Electronic Technology高频电子线路High-Frequency Electronic Circuit高压测量技术High-V oltage Measurement Technology高压测试技术High-V oltage Testing Technology高压电场的数值计算Numerical Calculation in High-V oltage Electronic Field 高压电器High-Voltage Electrical Appliances高压绝缘High-Voltage Insulation高压实验High-Voltage Experimentation高压试验技术High-V oltage Experimentation Technology工程材料的力学性能测试Mechanic Testing of Engineering Materials工程材料及热处理Engineering Material and Heat Treatment工程材料学Engineering Materials工程测量Engineering Surveying工程测试技术Engineering Testing Technique工程测试实验Experiment on Engineering Testing工程测试信息Information of Engineering Testing工程动力学Engineering Dynamics工程概论Introduction to Engineering工程概预算Project Budget工程经济学Engineering Economics工程静力学Engineering Statics工程力学Engineering Mechanics工程热力学Engineering Thermodynamics工程项目评估Engineering Project Evaluation工程优化方法Engineering Optimizational Method工程运动学Engineering Kinematics工程造价管理Engineering Cost Management工程制图Graphing of Engineering工业分析Industrial Analysis工业锅炉Industrial Boiler工业会计学Industrial Accounting工业机器人Industrial Robot工业技术基础Basic Industrial Technology工业建筑设计原理Principles of Industrial Building Design工业经济理论Industrial Economic Theory工业经济学Industrial Economics工业企业财务管理Industrial Enterprise Financial Management工业企业财务会计Accounting in Industrial Enterprises工业企业管理Industrial Enterprise Management工业企业经营管理Industrial Enterprise Adminstrative Management 工业社会学Industrial Sociology工业心理学Industrial Psychology工业窑炉Industrial Stoves工艺过程自动化Technics Process Automation公差Common Difference公差技术测量Technical Measurement with Common Difference公差与配合Common Difference & Cooperation公共关系学Public Relations公文写作Document Writing古代汉语Ancient Chinese古典文学作品选读Selected Readings in Classical Literature固体激光Solid State Laser固体激光器件Solid Laser Elements固体激光与电源Solid State Laser & Power Unit固体物理Solid State Physics管理概论Introduction to Management管理经济学Management Economics管理数学Management Mathematics管理系统模拟Management System Simulation管理心理学Management Psychology管理信息系统Management Information Systems光波导理论Light Wave Guide Theory光电技术Photoelectric Technology光电信号处理Photoelectric Signal Processing光电信号与系统分析Photoelectric Signal & Systematic Analysis光辐射探测技术Ray Radiation Detection Technology光谱Spectrum光谱分析Spectral Analysis光谱学Spectroscopy光纤传感Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器基础Fundamentals of Fibre Optical Sensors光纤传感器及应用Fibre Optical Sensors & Applications光纤光学课程设计Course Design of Fibre Optical光纤技术实验Experiments in Fibre Optical Technology光纤通信基础Basis of Fibre Optical Communication光学Optics光学测量Optical Measurement光学分析法Optical Analysis Method光学计量仪器设计Optical Instrument Gauge Designing光学检测Optical Detection光学设计Optical Design光学信息导论Introduction of Optical Information光学仪器设计Optical Instrument Designing光学仪器与计量仪器设计Optical Instrument & Gauge Instrument Designing 光学仪器装配与校正Optical Instrument Installation & Adjustment广播编辑学Broadcast Editing广播新闻Broadcast Journalism广播新闻采写Broadcast Journalism Collection & Composition广告学Advertisement锅炉燃烧理论Theory of Boiler Combustion锅炉热交换传热强化Boiler Heat Exchange, Conduction & Intensification锅炉原理Principles of Boiler国际金融International Finance国际经济法International Economic Law国际贸易International Trade国际贸易地理International Trade Geography国际贸易实务International Trade Affairs国际市场学International Marketing国际市场营销International Marketing国民经济计划National Economical Planning国外社会学理论Overseas Theories of Sociology过程(控制)调节装置Process(Control) Adjustment Device过程调节系统Process Adjustment System过程控制Process Control过程控制系统Process Control System海洋测量Ocean Surveying海洋工程概论Introduction to Ocean Engineering函数分析Functional Analysis焊接方法Welding Method焊接方法及设备Welding Method & Equipment焊接检验Welding Testing焊接结构Welding Structure焊接金相Welding Fractography焊接金相分析Welding Fractography Analysis焊接冶金Welding Metallurgy焊接原理Fundamentals of Welding焊接原理及工艺Fundamentals of Welding & Technology焊接自动化Automation of Welding汉语Chinese汉语与写作Chinese & Composition汉语语法研究Research on Chinese Grammar汉字信息处理技术Technology of Chinese Information Processing毫微秒脉冲技术Millimicrosecond Pusle Technique核动力技术Nuclear Power Technology合唱与指挥Chorus & Conduction合金钢Alloy Steel宏观经济学Macro-Economics宏微观经济学Macro Micro Economics红外CCD Infrared CCD红外电荷耦合器Infrared Electric Charge Coupler红外探测器Infrared Detectors红外物理Infrared Physics红外物理与技术Infrared Physics & Technology红外系统Infrared System红外系统电信号处理Processing Electric Signals from Infrared Systems厚薄膜集成电路Thick & Thin Film Integrated Circuit弧焊电源Arc Welding Power弧焊原理Arc Welding Principles互换性技术测量基础Basic Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性技术测量Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性与技术测量Elementary Technology of Exchangeability Measurement互换性与技术测量实验Experiment of Exchangeability Measurement Technology 画法几何及机械制图Descriptive Geometry & Mechanical Graphing画法几何与阴影透视Descriptive Geometry, Shadow and Perspective化工基础Elementary Chemical Industry化工仪表与自动化Chemical Meters & Automation化工原理Principles of Chemical Industry化学Chemistry化学反应工程Chemical Reaction Engineering化学分离Chemical Decomposition化学工程基础Elementary Chemical Engineering化学计量学Chemical Measurement化学文献Chemical Literature化学文献及查阅方法Chemical Literature & Consulting Method化学粘结剂Chemical Felter环境保护理论基础Basic Theory of Environmental Protection环境化学Environomental Chemistry环境行为概论Introduction to Environmental Behavior换热器Thermal Transducer回旧分析与试验设计Tempering Analysis and Experiment Design回转式压缩机Rotary Compressor回转压缩机数学模型Mathematical Modeling of Rotary Compressors会计学Accountancy会计与财务分析Accountancy & Financial Analysis会计与设备分析Accountancy & Equipment Analysis会计原理及外贸会计Principles of Accountancy & Foreign Trade Accountancy 会计原理与工业会计Principles of Accountancy & Industrial Accountancy活力学Energy Theory活塞膨胀机Piston Expander活塞式制冷压缩机Piston Refrigerant Compreessor活塞式压缩机Piston Compressor活塞式压缩机基础设计Basic Design of Piston Compressor活塞压缩机结构强度Structural Intensity of Piston Compressor活赛压机气流脉动Gas Pulsation of Piston Pressor货币银行学Currency Banking基本电路理论Basis Theory of Circuit基础写作Fundamental Course of Composition机床电路Machine Tool Circuit机床电器Machine Tool Electric Appliance机床电气控制Electrical Control of Machinery Tools机床动力学Machine Tool Dynamics机床设计Machine Tool design机床数字控制Digital Control of Machine Tool机床液压传动Machinery Tool Hydraulic Transmission机电传动Mechanical & Electrical Transmission机电传动控制Mechanical & electrical Transmission Control机电耦合系统Mechanical & Electrical Combination System机电系统计算机仿真Computer Simulation of Mechanic/Electrical Systems机电一体化Mechanical & Electrical Integration机构学Structuring机器人Robot机器人控制技术Robot Control Technology机械产品学Mechanic Products机械产品造型设计Shape Design of Mechanical Products机械工程控制基础Basic Mechanic Engineering Control机械加工自动化Automation in Mechanical Working机械可靠性Mechanical Reliability机械零件Mechanical Elements机械零件设计Course Exercise in Machinery Elements Design机械零件设计基础Basis of Machinery Elements Design机械设计Mechanical Designing机械设计基础Basis of Mechanical Designing机械设计课程设计Course Exercise in Mechanical Design机械设计原理Principle of Mechanical Designing机械式信息传输机构Mechanical Information Transmission Device机械原理Principle of Mechanics机械原理和机械零件Mechanism & Machinery机械原理及机械设计Mechanical Designing机械原理及应用Mechanical Principle & Mechanical Applications机械原理课程设计Course Exercise of Mechanical Principle机械原理与机械零件Mechanical Principle and Mechanical Elements机械原理与机械设计Mechanical Principle and Mechanical Design机械噪声控制Control of Mechanical Noise机械制造概论Introduction to Mechanical Manufacture机械制造工艺学Technology of Mechanical Manufacture机械制造基础Fundamental of Mechanical Manufacture机械制造基础(金属工艺学) Fundamental Course of Mechanic Manufacturing (Meta 机械制造系统自动化Automation of Mechanical Manufacture System机械制造中计算机控制Computer Control in Mechanical Manufacture机制工艺及夹具Mechanical Technology and Clamps积分变换Integral Transformation积分变换及数理方程Integral Transformation & Mathematical Equations积分变换控制工程Integral Transformation Control Engineering积分变换与动力工程Integral Transforms & Dynamic Engineering激光电源Laser Power Devices激光焊Laser Welding激光基础Basis of Laser激光技术Laser Technology激光加工Laser Processing激光器件Laser Devices激光器件与电源Laser Devices & Power Source激光原理Principles of Laser激光原理与技术Laser Principles & Technology极限分析Limit Analysis集合论与代数结构Set Theory & Algebraical Structure技术管理Technological Management技术经济Technological Economy技术经济学Technological Economics。

Evaluation of an Authentic Examination System (AES)for Programming CoursesTorbj?rn Jonsson, Pouria Loghmani and Simin Nadjm-TehraniDepartment of Computer and Information ScienceLink?ping University, Sweden{torjo,poulo,simin}@ida.liu.seAbstractThis paper describes our experience with an authentic examination system for programming courses. We briefly describe the architecture of the system, and present results of evaluating the system in real examination situations. Some of the factors studied in detail are the on-line interactions between the students and examiners, the response times and their effects on the pressure experienced by student, the acceptance of the method among the students, and whether the examination form is gender-neutral. IntroductionAs experienced teachers in programming courses we have noticed the drawbacks in the traditional examination form used in programming courses. The students learn to program via laboratory exercises, but the final evaluation of their abilities and the grading of the examination are in a form that uses paper and pen instead of computers. Considering that the student will never use this mode for producing a program through the professional life, we consider this to be not a suitable method.At the Department of Computer Science at Link?ping University 12 fundamental programming courses for approximately 1000 students in different educational programs are taught annually. This paper deals with a new pedagogical view in these programming courses, which can be applied to any programming language, type of student and educational program. The idea is based on extensive studies around different examination forms, where individual grading, efficient and useful feedback and the authenticity of the examination form are used as basic criteria for the choice of examination method. We believe that the choice of method together with the added efficiency in the assessment process improves the quality of our study programmes. In particular, we believe that it will change the examination process from a summative to a normative assessment occasion [1].For a number of years we have experimented with testing the students via computer-aided examinations in some pilot courses - an authentic examination form for this type of course. However, this examination form has not become more widespread due to insufficient support for thecomputer environment necessary for this kind of examination. During the past year a new authentic examination system (AES) has been developed, where all the students and the examining teachers are connected to the same system. The process, including communication and grading, is supported by this environment. In this paper we describe the examination system and our initial evaluations of this system in a number of relatively large examination sessions. The courses in question covered programming in Ada and were taken by first and second year students.During the past year we have evaluated the AES. The instruments used for the evaluation consisted of questionnaires filled by 231 students over a period of 3 months and 4examinations.The paper is organised as follows. In section 1 we describe why the type of examination we propose is the most appropriate for programming courses and compare to some related systems. Section 2 includes a brief technical description of the examination systems, including its architectural design. In section 3 we describe how the computer system, that manages the examination process on-line, has to be augmented by rules set up in each particular course. Section 4 covers our evaluation methods and is followed by evaluation results in section 5. Section 6 concludes the paper.1 Examination formsEvery examination method has specific characteristics that make it more or less appropriate to a particular course setting. H?kan Oswaldsson studied the range of possible examination forms for a typical programming course prior to the development of the current examination system in our department [5]. While several modes of examination can be considered as effective means for enhanced learning (e.g. home assignments, oral examinations following a design assignment, etc), there are not many examination types that combine the need for a summative assessment, with adequate feedback to induce learning. Combined with the large number of students that we are currently teaching, design of an ideal examination setting is a truly challenging task.The work by Dawson-Howe is an early attempt to bring computer support into the process of programming assignment evaluation and administration [2]. The need for automated examination systems has become more pertinent during the late 90's with the advent of distance and life long learning. For example, at the Open University in UK there have been attempts to exchange student assignments , and their (subsequent) correction and asses sment by examiners via MS Word documents [8]. However, the available reports (e.g. the work by Price and Petre) concentrate on the ease of administration for course assignment and grading, rather than the pedagogical feedback in an on-line authentic examination. In recent years several authors report on automatic assessment systems, mostly concentrating on presentation of the technical aspects of the system and the results of the students in terms of grading [4, 5, 7, 8]. While we share the aspiration of these research teams and conduct similar studies, our focus has been on the formal evaluation of how the students perceived the examination environment. In addition we have studied how they were affected by factors specific to authentic examinations, how the system performance and the examiners' on-line behaviour affects the perceived load on the student, and other such aspects.Student accountsTeacher accountsExamsExamination ProcessingMessagingStatisticsThe AES design is divided into multiple tiers: the Client tier, the Middle tier (consisting of one or more sub-tiers), and the Backend tier (see figure 2.1). Partitioning the design into tiers allows us to choose the appropriate technology for a given situation. Multiple technologies can even be used to provide the same service in different situations. Forexample, HTML pages, JSP pages, and stand-alone applications can all be used in the client tier.Enterprise Beans MessageDrivenBeansClient Tier Middle Tier Backend Tier2 Technical description of the AESAES has been developed using the J2EE platform. This represents a single standard for implementing and deploying complex enterprise applications. Having been designed through an open process, J2EE meets a wide range of enterprise application requirements, including distribution-specific mechanisms such as messaging system, scalability and modularity.The clients are based on the Model-View-Controller (MVC) application architecture, which separates three distinct forms of functionality within the application: The Model represents the structure of the data in the application, as well as application-specific operation on data.The View accesses data from the model and specifies how that data should be presented. Views in the AES consist of stand-alone applications that provide view functionality.The Controller translates user actions on the model and selects the appropriate view based on user preferences.The AES is designed as a set of loosely coupled modules, which are tightly coupled internally. Grouping functionality into modules provides integration between classes that cooperate, yet decouples classes that refer to each other occasionally. Modular design supports the design goal that software will be reusable. Each module has an interface that defines the module's functional requirements and provides a place where later components may be integrated. The AES includes modules for:Figure 2.1: The AES design.Each of the three tiers plays a specific role in the design.The Client tier is responsible for presenting data to the user, interacting with the user, and communicating with the other tiers of the system. In this case the Client tier is the only part of the system visible to the user. The AES Client tier consists mainly of a stand-alone application that communicates with the other tiers through well-defined interfaces. A message-oriented approach based on JMS (Java Messaging System) has been chosen to take care of the communication between the Client tier and the Middle tier.The Middle tier is responsible for any processing involving Enterprise JavaBeans. Enterprise JavaBeans are software components that extend servers to perform application specific functionality. The interface between these components and their containers is defined in the Enterprise JavaBeans specification. The containers provide services to the Enterprise JavaBeans instances they contain, such as controlling transactions, managing security, thread or other resource pooling, and handling persistence, among other high-level system tasks.The Backend tier is the system information infrastructure. This tier includes one or more relational database management systems and potentially other information assets thatcould be useful, e.g. the central university course results administration system (LADOK). The EIS tier also enforces security and offers scalability. The Backend tier provides a layer of software that maps existing data andapplication resources into the design of AES in an implementation-neutral way.The system is separated into five different functional layers, each with its own responsibilities and its own API. These layers are physically split across the three different tiers. The persistence layer, for example, provides the mechanisms necessary to permanently save object state.It provides basic CRUD (create, read, update, delete) services and also deals with the object-to-relational mapping issues. This leads to a more flexible and maintainable system, e.g. layers can be changed with no effect on other layers, as long as the API remains constant.3 Examination set-upThe examination system is only one part of the examination process. The second part is the set-up (the rules) we have for the students. We have tried a few set-ups over a number of years (using a prototype for the system for 5-6 years).3.1 The first set-upThe first version allowed the students to write the programs using a computer instead of writing on paper. We found this method to be an improvement because we did not have to read "illegible" texts and the submitted solutions could be tested afterwards. Grades were based on the number of correctly solved exercises.A problem with this set -up was that all the grading still had to be done after the exam was finished. Most of the students waited to send in the solutions until the last minute of the exam.3.2 The second set-upOur intention was to have an examination where the students should have a response from the examiner(s) within a few minutes and where grades were given to the students when they left the exam. We also intended to provide the student with the possibility of getting a response for each exercise within a few minutes, so they could correct a nearly correct solution.The second set-up (which we use today) is based on both number of correctly solved exercises and the amount of time taken to solve them. A number of deadlines are given. If the student wants a high grade he/she has to solve a number of exercises within a pre-specified time limit.The current examination process follows a few steps:1. The student sends an examination request for an exercise to the examiner(s).2. The examiners can return one of the following results.Passed - the solution is correct.Incomplete - the solution has errors, and must be corrected. It's possible to make a new attempt later.·Fail - the solution is incorrect and the student is not allowed to continue to work on this exercise.3. Every examination attempt and the result will contribute to the final exam grade, and the student is informed of his/her current grade. If the student submits a new examination request on an additional exercise he/she can reach a higher grade.This examination process is built into our current AES, but the rules (time limits etc.) can be changed for separate courses. This makes the system flexible.Time limits and gradingIn the courses this system was tested there were three exercises in each exam and the requirements for different grades were:For the grade 5 (excellent) the student must complete:o 3 exercises correct in 3 hours oro 2 exercises correct in 2 hoursFor the grade 4 (very good) the student must complete:o 2 exercises correct in 3 hours oro 1 exercise correct in 1.5 hoursFor the grade 3 (passed) the student must complete:o 1 exercise correct in 4 hoursThe above set-up together with the AES support gives us the opportunity to grade the students during the exam. Students who have solved an exercise are informed of the grade they have reached. If they are satisfied with that grade they can leave the exam (many students leave after one to two hours when they have grade 4 or 5).Student q uestionsIn an ordinary computer-aided exam, a number of questions are submitted by the students , where the answer can either be classified as personal or as interesting for all students. The examiner can decide if he/she will send the answer to the whole group of students or just to a specific student. The number of questions seems to be relatively constant during the exam (approximately 2-5 questions per 5 minutes). Most questions are sent in during the beginning of the exam, which can be explained by the fact that the students ask about specific things pertaining to the exercises and that there are more students in the beginning of the exam.Submission/approval attemptsIn an ordinary computer-aided exam we have a large number of examination requests from the students. As we can see in figure 3.1 we have a relatively high frequency in the period from 30 minutes to 3 hours. After that, most of the students leave (they can't get a higher grade than 3 after that time).Around the deadlines we can see that the examination attempts appear more often, but not significantly more often. Still, the increase of examination requests leads to more work for the examiners. This can result in an increase in the response time (waiting time for the student).4 Evaluation methodsThe development of the current system started in summer 2001 and continued through winter 2001/2002. When we began testing this system we wanted as a test example a course with a large number of students. One of our introductory courses in programming has around 270 students each year, so that was our first choice. Approximately 180 of these students are Industrial Management Engineering students and the rest are Technical Biology students. Our statistics are based on their first examination in this course, which took place in March 2002.We also used a retake exam in this course to do a new study with a new set of questions. This evaluation was done in May 2002.In these two studies, students filled in questionnaires directly after the exam. The finalquestionnaire had two parts. The first part was mainly questions where answers are in free text format. The second part included questions with scaled answers (grade on to five, disagree - agree, worse - better). The first part was used in three evaluations. The more extensive questionnaire with two parts was used only for the last evaluation (i.e. for the two last exams). The appendix shows the final questionnaire.Both types of questionnaires were anonymous and the questionnaires were filled in after the grading was done for the exams. The students had already received their grades when they filled in the questionnaires. We believe that this provides a measure of objectivity on the student side.We also used the log files from the AES for the exams to get statistical trends about grades, gender, response times for questions respectively approval attempts among others (see section 5).5 Evaluation resultsUnfortunately almost all students had no previous experience with paper based programming examinations, so the replies could not be used for comparisons with that examination form. However, we used the response to study other questions in detail (specially the part related to the time/stress factor).First, how often the students sent in a request (questions or approval attempts), and how long the time for a response was? Secondly, how well was the examination system accepted by the students? A third question was a comparison by grades between the genders.The response rate of the questionnaires was quite good. We had four exams during the evaluation period with the following response rates:Exam 1: 76 answers of 112 students (67.8 %) Exam 2: 87 answers of 105 students (82.8 %) Exam 3: 50 answers of 66 students (75.7 %) Exam 4: 18 answers of 22 students (81.8 %)The first three questionnaires were done at the first examination occasion for the students and the fourth one was done in a retake examination where all the students were students with no grade from an earlier exam.5.1 Events during an examinationThe number of events, questions and examination requests , spread over an examination session of 4 hours can be an interesting metric to look at. The major negative factor that was indicated in the questionnaires was the feeling of time pressure or stress. 17% of the free text answers had some connection to this factor. From a technical point of view we were also interested in finding that the capacity of the system was adequate. Therefore we have summarised the number of interactions taking place in every exam.Figure 5.1: Student events (questions and examination requests) during an exam.In figure 5.1 we can see that the number of questions is higher in the beginning of an examination, but we have question events over the whole examination time.The number of examination requests is relative to time. There were a few requests in the first half an hour and that the first two hours are busy for the examiners. The request rate is quite high when we reach the time limits for the grades (especially the 4 hour limit). From a technical point of view the system performance under the above loads has been adequate. To study the student experience of stress due to waiting time we havecalculated the average waiting for the answer to a question and an approval of an examination request respectively. W e have also looked at the extreme values.It turns out that for a question the shortest answering time was 30 seconds and the longest 6 minutes. The corresponding figures for approval attempts were 1 minute and 10 minutes respectively. The first type of interaction took 2 minutes and 42 seconds, and the second type 3 minutes and 31 seconds on average for one particular exam.The student responses , from the questionnaires, on this amount of time is that it is acceptable to wait a minute ortwo for an answer on a question and that a few minutes waiting for a result on an examination request is all right.Based on this view we conclude that waiting time is not a contributing factor to the stress experienced by the students.5.2 Acceptance by studentsThe student responses indicated an overwhelming support for this examination form.94.5% of the students who returned the questionnaire preferred this examination form toa traditional paper and pencil exam.Many free text answers referred to the examination form being close to a realistic scenario and were positive about the possibility to compile and test (a total number of 94 such comments).In the exam where quantitative questions about the examination form were added to the questionnaire, 16 of 17 students answered that this form was closer to a realistic situation compared to other examination forms. The majority of students considered themselves to be anonymous with respect to examiners during the exam.5.3 Grade comparisons (male-female)We have made a comparison of grades in the first examination between the male end female groups of the students in a course. The numbers we use are normalised so we can compare the figures directly.As shown in figure 5.2, the grades for the female students are on average lower than the grades for the male students . We were interested in this metric to find out whether the Figure 5.2: Grades related to gender of students.examination form is gender-neutral. As it turns out we cannot draw this conclusion. However, one possible explanation is that most of the students who have programmed prior to taking the course are male.Another aspect of the differences in grades could be that we have two different groups of students in this course where the group with a large proportion of female students (Technical Biology) reads the course during their first year and the other group is reading the course during theirsecond year. The students in the second year are likely to have better study habits and are more experienced and have more theoretical knowledge.A third aspect is that the group with a higher ratio of female students only has this programming course as obligatory in the whole educational programme. The other group of students has more courses in programming afterwards and are possibly more motivated to study and reach higher grades in this course.This question is an obvious point for further study.6 Conclusions and ongoing workThis paper has summarized an early experience with an authentic examination system for programming courses. The current formal evaluations of the examination system and the examination setting has provided us with a number of insights on the effectiveness of the system as a tool for learning and for assessment. While the initial evaluations are positive and point towards the success of this examination method for majority of the students, the input from the students opens up new directions for research, and new ideas on how to improve the environment.Future directions of work are the integration of a new automatic correction system into our on-line and off-line student evaluations, and the exposing of the environment to larger number of students, specially those that already have paper and pencil exam exp eriences.References[1]J. Biggs, Teaching for Quality Learning at University, Open University Press, 1999.[2]K.M. Dawson-Howe. Automatic Submission and Administration of Programming Assignments. SIGCSE Bulletin, 27(4), December 1995.[3]J. English, Experience with a computer -Assisted Formal Programming Examination, Proceedings of ITiCSE 2002, p51-54.[4]C. Higgins, P. Symeonidis, and A. Tsintsifas, The Marking System for CourseMaster, Proceedings of ITiCSE 2002, p46-50.[5]L. Malmi, A. Korhonen, and R. Saikkonen, Experiences in Automatic Assessment on Mass Courses and Issues for Designing Virtual Courses, Proceedings of ITiCSE 2002, p 55-59.[6]H. Oswaldsson, Development of an examination system. Masters Thesis LiTH-IDA-Ex-00/73, Dept. of Computer and Information Science, Link?ping University, September 2000.[7]A. Pardo, A Multi-Agent Platform for Automatic Assignment Management, Proceedings of ITiCSE 2002, p60 -p64.[8]B. Price and M. Petre, Teaching Programming through Paperless Assignments: an empirical evaluation of instructor feedback. Technical report, Open University, January 2001.Appendix: Example questionnairePrevious exam typesHave you ever taken a written exam in a programming course before?Is this the first time you have taken a computer-based exam?Would you prefer a regular written exam instead?Classify comparison to traditional paper exams: Worse Equal BetterPossibility to ask questions during the exam Possibility to redo a question during the exam Possibility to learn something during the exam Anonymity of exam correction Testing critical thinking, not just memorisation Possibility to test and evaluate your own programs Disturbances during the examI can show my best side in theoretical questions I can show my best side in practial questions The examination form is not gender-biasedThe exam time in relation to the number of problems Stress level before the examStress level during the examStress level after the examUnsure as to if you have correctly answered a problem or notUnsure about what grade you have receivedThe exam environment is similar to a real situation The exam generally reflects the course contentAbout computer-based exam: Disagree - Agree (grade 1-5)The exam form made it easy to ask questions during the examI received answers to my questions quicklyThe result from my solution submission was returned quicklyI could see immediately whether or not I had passed the examI learned something about the subject during the courseI felt my anonymity was ensuredTesting my program helped me in solving the exam questionsThe responses I received after asking a question and/or submitting a solution helped me understand the problem betterThe exam rules: Disagree - Agree (grade 1-5)I felt relaxed before the exam I felt relaxed during the exam I felt relaxed after the exam It was helpful to be allowed to correct rejected solutions during the examIt was helpful to get my test result back immediately The cutoff for a 3 (1 correct solution, 4 h) is acceptableThe cutoff for a 4 (1 correct solution, 1.5h / 2 correct solutions, 3 h) is acceptableThe cutoff for a 5 (2 correct solutions, 2h / 3 correct solutions, 3 h) is acceptableIt was helpful to have access to the course literature during the examThe interface: Hard - Easy (grade 1-5)What was it like to communicate using the interface? How did you like the presentation of grades etc.? What was it like to ask a question?What was it like to submit a solution?Stability (classify within the following intervals):How many times did you need help in understanding how the system works? >9 4-9 0-3How many times did a system-interaction window accidently get lost? >9 4-9 0-3How many times did the system crash? >2 1-2 0Miscellaneous (Free text answers)Is there any information you think is missing from the exam system? Please explain. Other comments对程序课程的一个可靠的考试系统的评估Torbjörn Jonsson, Pouria Loghmani and Simin Nadjm-TehraniDepartment of Computer and Information ScienceLinköping University, Sweden{torjo,poulo,simin}@ida.liu.se摘要：本文是我们对程序课程的一个可靠的考试系统的经验描述。

计算机毕业设计初稿英文回答：Computer Science Capstone Design Project Initial Draft.Introduction:In this document, I present the initial draft of my capstone design project for my undergraduate degree in Computer Science. The project aims to develop a novel approach to address a specific problem or challenge within the field. Through the project, I will demonstrate my technical skills, problem-solving abilities, and understanding of contemporary computing technologies.Project Overview:The capstone project will focus on the development of a system that leverages artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to enhance the user experience of onlineshopping platforms. Specifically, the system will employ machine learning algorithms to analyze user preferences and behavior, enabling personalized product recommendations and tailored shopping experiences.System Design:The proposed system comprises three major components:1. Data Collection and Preprocessing: The system will collect data from various sources, including user browsing history, search queries, and purchase records. This data will be preprocessed and transformed into a structured format suitable for analysis.2. Machine Learning Models: The system will employ a range of machine learning models, including collaborative filtering, matrix factorization, and deep neural networks, to analyze the collected data. These models will identify patterns and extract insights that will be used for personalization.3. Recommendation Engine: The system will utilize the insights gained from machine learning models to generate personalized product recommendations for each user. These recommendations will be presented within the online shopping platform, offering users a more relevant and engaging shopping experience.Evaluation Plan:The evaluation of the system will involve conducting both quantitative and qualitative assessments. Quantitative measures will include metrics such as accuracy, precision, and recall of the recommendation engine. Qualitative assessments will focus on user satisfaction and perceived improvement in the shopping experience.Timeline:The project will be completed over a period of six months, with the following key milestones:Month 1: Data collection and preprocessing.Month 2: Machine learning model development.Month 3: Recommendation engine implementation.Month 4: User evaluation and data analysis.Month 5: Final report and presentation.Conclusion:The capstone design project will provide me with an opportunity to apply my knowledge and skills to develop a novel and impactful solution to a real-world problem. The project will contribute to the field of AI-powered recommender systems and enhance the user experience of online shopping platforms.中文回答：计算机毕业设计初稿。