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论文范文3000字通用4篇完整的论文篇一“下面，有请充满活力的运动健将们！”喝着欢快的音乐，脚底踩着鼓点，我们《绳采飞扬》的所有人走上了舞台。
由于我是个门外汉，一上场脑子里除了面就是水，一蹦一蹦的就成了浆糊。
老师平时让我们注意的地方，全都忘了。
其他大部分同学也都是这样。
SO，导致我们整个节目没有发挥出来。
唉，给1、3、5年级的表演失败了。
错误率高达百分之九十九点九啊！只能在给2、4、6年级表演的时候扳回一把了。
无奈！我们这个节目很贴近进小学生的心，他们都知道我们跳的好与不好。
那些舞蹈，他们根本无法品味。
所以，全校对我们这个节目都非常的有兴致。
下午这场表演，一登台，音乐响起。
连同校长，所有的观众全部都站了起来。
他们抻着脖子向前看。
手掌都拍红了，就大声喊一声：“喔——喔——喔”。
现场热闹极了。
不知怎的，同学们忘记紧张。
把这场表演当做平时的练习，全都跳得很好。
就连我，一共四个大绳节目，竟一个都没有断。
真是厉害了。
下场了，台下的观众都又站了起来。
看着下面乌压压一片的人群头脑在晃动着，我们跳绳队的所有队员都把自己内心最美的笑容展现了出来。
完整的论文篇二嘟嘟！一大早被朋友圈刷爆，无非是千篇一律的雪景再配上如出一辙的标题——听说杭州下雪了。
羡慕。
苦恼。
失望。
杭州下雪了？听说。
我只知道温州没下雪。
这个与温州相邻的城市飘起了雪，而温州依旧晴是晴，雨是雨，人们穿着风衣，带着围巾，呼呼哈气，期待着20xx年温州的第一场雪，等着，盼着。
看着每一天太阳从东边升起，西边落下，看着，看着，心中不由大雪纷飞。
这一切，对于每一个温州的孩子来说，都算得上是奢侈。
数数，我想用两只手掰着数，不够再用脚趾头替，可是数到第一个手指后，我便后悔了。
原来，我只在温州看过一次雪，那么少，少的我都不记得雪，究竟是什么样子。
雪，我听过的，我会写的，我知道它是如何如何形成，如何如何落下，如何如何消失。
我用尽所有科学名词形容它，用尽所有华丽的辞藻描绘它——白，很白。
什么叫做论文论文是指对某个特定课题或问题进行研究、调查和分析后所撰写的一篇学术性文稿。
它通常由引言、正文、结论和参考文献等部分构成。
论文的目的是对问题进行深入剖析、独立思考，并阐述作者的观点、研究方法和结果。
一、引言引言是论文的开端，用于引起读者的兴趣并说明研究课题的背景和当前的研究现状。
在引言中，作者应该明确陈述研究目的、研究问题以及研究方法的选择原因，并简要介绍相关理论和前人研究成果。
二、正文正文是论文的核心部分，用于详细阐述和分析研究问题、提出自己的观点和结论，并展示研究过程和研究结果。
在正文中，作者需要逐步展开对问题的分析，从不同角度进行论证，使用合理的实证数据和论据来支持自己的观点。
同时，要注意语句通顺、逻辑清晰、段落过渡自然，以保证全文的可读性和流畅性。
三、结论结论是论文的总结部分，用于对论文研究的主要结果进行归纳和概括，并回答研究问题。
在结论中，作者应该明确指出研究的局限性，并提出进一步研究的方向和建议。
结论要简明扼要，不出现新的观点或信息，以便读者能够快速理解和掌握整个研究的核心内容。
四、参考文献参考文献是论文中引用的相关文献的清单，用于证明论点和提供读者进一步深入了解研究课题的资料。
参考文献应按照一定的格式书写，如APA、MLA或Chicago等，以确保引用规范和学术诚信。
总结：论文是一种系统性的学术研究成果的呈现方式，通常包括引言、正文、结论和参考文献等部分。
在写论文时，作者需要对研究课题进行全面的调查和分析，并使用科学的方法进行研究。
通过合理的论证和充分的实证数据，作者可以阐述自己的观点和结论，为读者提供有价值的学术见解。
同时，正确引用他人的研究成果并列出参考文献是论文写作的重要部分，以确保学术诚信和规范性。
论文是什么1. 引言论文是指研究者根据特定主题深入探索和分析的学术作品。
它不仅仅是为了满足学术要求，更是展示作者深入研究、批判性思维和学术能力的重要成果。
本文将详细介绍论文的定义、特点以及其在学术界和实践中的重要性。
2. 定义论文是学术研究成果的正式记录。
它通常包括问题陈述、研究背景、方法和实验设计、结果分析、讨论和结论等部分。
论文的写作需要严谨的逻辑思维和科学的研究方法，旨在明确阐述作者的观点、结果和贡献。
3. 特点3.1 独立性论文的独立性是指作者对所研究主题进行深入分析和探索的能力。
论文不仅要能够独立思考问题，还要具备自主设计实验、收集数据以及进行数据分析的能力。
独立性是论文与其他学术作品的区别之一。
3.2 学术性论文是学术交流和研究的一种重要形式，应该具备一定的学术性。
学术性体现在论文中必须包含对前人研究工作的综述和引用，以及对研究方法和数据处理等方面的详细描述。
学术性是衡量论文质量的重要指标。
3.3 创新性论文需要具备一定的创新性，即对研究主题有新的见解或提出新的观点。
创新性是考察作者发现和提出新知识的能力，能够推动学科的进步和发展。
3.4 结构化论文的结构应当严谨清晰，具备一定的层次性和逻辑性。
通常论文应包含引言、文献综述、方法、结果与讨论以及结论等部分。
良好的结构能够帮助读者快速把握论文的内容和思路。
3.5 文字表达规范论文的文字表达应当准确、简洁、明确。
避免冗长的叙述和不必要的修辞，使用术语时要准确表达。
文字表达规范对于传达论文思想和结果非常重要。
4. 论文在学术界中的重要性4.1 学术交流论文作为学术交流的主要形式，是学术界学者之间沟通交流的重要途径。
通过发表论文，研究者可以分享自己的研究成果和观点，得到同行学者的评价和建议，进一步提高研究质量。
4.2 知识积累与传承论文的发表对于学科的积累和传承具有重要意义。
通过阅读和引用别人的论文，研究者可以了解最新的研究进展，并在此基础上进行自己的研究。
论文（6篇）论文模板篇一化学论文2200字(一)：化学分析中误差的影响因素及处理措施研究论文关键词：化学分析；误差；影响因素0引言化学分析是十分繁琐的，经过多个步骤的分析与计算才能得出最终的数据结果。
在这一分析过程中，分析方法、试验器具、实验坏境与条件等等因素都有可能对测量结果造成影响，导致分析误差的出现。
1化学分析中的误差主要包括哪些种类1.1过失误差过失误差也被称为粗差，这种化学分析误差的存在是由于工作人员在化学实验与分析的过程出现失误导致的。
常见的过失误差包括加错化学试剂、读错刻度或者用错实验仪器，这些都属于不规范操作，因此所产生的实验数据是无效的。
过失误差通常都是由人为因素导致的，受到的人为主观因素的影响，在化学分析中这种误差是完全可以避免的。
化学实验操作与分析人员只要在操作时严格按照实验规定流程与操作标准来实施，通过科学严谨的操作就可以避免这一误差的出现。
1.2系统误差化学实验分析中的系统误差具有单向性与重复性的特点，就是在同等条件下连续多次进行反复实验测定依然会出现误差。
并且这种误差不是偏高就是偏低，所出现的正负差值还具有一定的规律性，这是由于某一个固定的因素导致了实验系统出现了误差。
化学实验系统误差形成的因素主要包括方法误差、人为误差以及辅助品误差三种。
其中方法误差指的是化学实驗的方法科学性不足，在化学反应的过程中，由于实验是间断性来实施的，或者实验所进行的空间不同以及指示剂选择等造成了误差的出现。
人为误差指的是化学实验的过程中，由于实验人员的操作不规范或未按照标准流程来操作，导致了实验结果的数据与正确数据之间出现的偏差。
辅助品的误差往往集中在容器误差、水和试剂误差两大方面，在化学实验的过程中天平、各种容器等都是十分常见的，也往往是必须品，如果实验容器的刻度不准确或者天平的砝码不准确等都有可能影响实验结果。
此外，在实验中试剂和水之间的比例误差，或者受其他原因的影响而出现误差。
在实际工作中，化学实验分析中的误差由于系统因素所造成的相对较少，并且这些因素是可以进行检定与校正的。
1000字论文（20篇）1000字论文（精选20篇）1000字论文篇1有趣的共振现象唐朝的时候，洛阳的一座寺院里出了一件怪事。
寺院的房间里有一口铜铸的磬，没人敲它，常常自己“嗡嗡”地响起来，这里是什么原因呢?原来，这口磬和饭堂的一口大钟，它们在发声时，每秒种的振动次数——频率正好相同。
每当小和尚敲响大钟时，大钟的振动使得周围的空气也随着振动起来，当声波传到老和尚房内的磬上时，由于磬的频率跟声波频率相同，磬也跟着振动起来。
发出了“嗡嗡”的响声。
这就是发生振动的共振现象，也叫共鸣。
你注意过吧，胡琴的下端都有一个不小的“肚子”——蒙上蛇皮的竹筒。
当你兴致勃勃地拉起胡琴时，琴弦的振动通过蛇皮会引起“肚子”中空气的共鸣，使发出来的琴声不仅响亮，而且音乐丰满，悠扬动听。
人们把这种“肚子”叫做共鸣箱。
你瞧，扬琴、琵琶、提琴、钢琴等乐器，不都有各种形状，大小不一的共鸣箱吗?除了共鸣箱之外，人们利用共振现象来做的好事还不少呢。
建筑工人在造房子的时候，不论是浇灌混凝土的墙壁或地板，为了提高质量，总是一面灌混凝土，一面用振荡器进行震荡，使混凝土由于振荡更紧密、结实。
大街上的行人，车辆的喧闹声，机器的隆隆声——这些连绵不断的噪声不仅影响人们正常生活，还会损害人的听力。
有一种共振性的消声器，是由开有许多小孔的孔板和空腔所构成。
当传来的噪声频率与共振器的固有频率相同时，就会跟小孔内空气柱产生剧烈共振。
这样，声音能在共振时转变为热能，使相当一部分噪声被“吞吃”掉。
此外，粉碎机，测振仪，电振泵等，也都是利用共振现象进行工作的。
但在某些情况下，共振现象也可能造成危害。
例如：当军队过桥的时候，整齐的步伐能产生振动。
如果它的频率接近于桥梁的固有频率，就可能使桥梁共振，以致到了断裂的程度。
因此，部队过桥要用便步。
在我国西北一带，山头终年积雪。
每当春暖花开，山上冰雪融化，雪层会离开原来的地方滑动。
往往一次偶然的大吼声，厚厚的雪层就会因为共振而崩塌下来，因此规定攀登雪山的勘察队员，登山队员不能大声说话。
学术论文范文16篇优秀版本文收集了16篇优秀的学术论文范文，旨在帮助读者理解并掌握撰写学术论文的技巧和要点。
以下是对每篇范文的简要介绍：1. 标题： "论科技对教育的影响"标题： "论科技对教育的影响"本文探讨了科技在教育领域的应用，并对其对教育方式和教育质量的影响进行了分析。
2. 标题： "英语教育的挑战与机遇"标题： "英语教育的挑战与机遇"本文讨论了英语教育面临的一些挑战，并阐述了提升英语教育质量的机遇和策略。
3. 标题： "国际贸易与经济增长"标题： "国际贸易与经济增长"本文研究了国际贸易对经济增长的影响，并分析了全球化背景下的国际贸易格局。
4. 标题： "环境污染与气候变化"标题： "环境污染与气候变化"本文探讨了环境污染与气候变化之间的关系，同时探索了减缓气候变化所需的政策和行动。
5. 标题： "人工智能在医疗领域的应用"标题： "人工智能在医疗领域的应用"本文介绍了人工智能在医疗领域的应用情况，并探讨了其带来的机遇和挑战。
6. 标题： "城市化与社会问题"标题： "城市化与社会问题"本文研究了城市化过程中出现的影响社会问题，并提出了改善城市化进程的建议。
7. 标题： "金融危机的影响与教训"标题： "金融危机的影响与教训"本文分析了过去金融危机对经济的影响，并总结了从中所得到的教训。
8. 标题： "全球健康挑战与应对策略"标题： "全球健康挑战与应对策略"本文探讨了全球范围内面临的健康挑战，并提出了应对这些挑战的策略和方法。
9. 标题： "社交媒体对年轻人的影响"标题： "社交媒体对年轻人的影响"本文研究了社交媒体对年轻人的影响，并讨论了如何合理利用社交媒体的方法。
什么叫做论文论文是一种学术性的写作形式，是研究者在特定领域进行研究、分析和讨论后所撰写的学术文稿。
论文是研究者对于某个具体问题的深入探究和独立思考的结晶，其目的是为了向同行学者、专家和学术界交流研究成果、分享发现，推动学术发展。
论文不仅是科学研究和学术交流的重要方式，也是评估学术成就和学术能力的重要依据。
论文的特点论文具有以下几个特点：学术性论文是学术界重要的学术贡献，需要在特定领域进行深入研究和分析。
研究者需要通过对已有文献的综述、实证研究、理论推导等方法来获得研究数据，并进行严格的逻辑推理和论证。
通过书写论文，研究者能够向同行学者展示自己在特定领域的学术能力和研究成果。
独立性论文是研究者独立进行研究和思考的成果。
研究者需要独立构思研究问题、设计研究方法、收集和分析数据，并得出结论。
通过独立撰写论文，研究者能够展示自己的学术独立性和创造性思维。
深度论文是对特定问题的深入研究和分析，研究者需要通过对相关文献的阅读和综述，深入了解已有研究成果和理论基础。
论文需要在深入研究的基础上，进行理论推导、实证分析等工作，以得出新的研究结论或给出深入的理论阐释。
通过深度研究和综合分析，论文能够为特定领域的学术发展提供新的见解和思考。
结构化论文的结构化是为了使读者能够更好地理解和阅读文稿。
一般来说，论文包括引言、文献综述、研究方法、实证分析、结论等组成部分。
每个部分都有特定的写作要求和目的。
研究者需要根据文献和实证研究结果，有条理地展示自己的研究思路和研究过程，以使读者能够清晰地理解论文的观点和结论。
论文的写作过程通常，论文的写作过程包括以下几个步骤：选题选择一个合适的研究题目是论文写作的第一步。
在选择题目时，研究者需要考虑以下几个方面：感兴趣的领域、已有研究成果的评价和批判、研究问题的实际意义和研究可行性等。
选题的重要性在于确定研究的方向和目标，为后续的研究提供指导。
文献综述在进行研究之前，研究者需要对已有的相关文献进行综述。
语文论文语文论文8篇范文为教学中作为模范的文章，也常常用来指写作的模板。
常常用于文秘写作的参考，也可以作为演讲材料编写前的参考。
那么我们该如何写一篇较为完美的范文呢？这里我整理了一些优秀的范文，希望对大家有所帮助，读书之法，在循序而渐进，熟读而精思，如下是漂亮的编辑给大家找到的语文论文8篇，仅供参考。
语文论文篇一1.创设生活情境“作者胸有境，入境始与亲。
”语文教学应注意从学生角度，创设与文本相宜的生活情境。
这就要求语文教师借助文中插图、多媒体、语言描述等，创设文本描绘的生活情境，再现生动可感的生活场景，调动学生相似的生活体验，让学生身临文境地与文本互动和交融。
如教学苏教版六年级下册《学会合作》时，可以先引导学生就某个难题进行合作探究，然后分别采访合作成功的和不理想的，鼓励他们大胆交流各自的合作体会，从中自然地过渡到文中论点：“学会与他人合作，才能取得更大的成功。
”这样，先将文本主要内容转化为学生的亲身经历，然后引导学生带着真实的体验读、思、议、写等，促使学生更真切、更深刻地理解文本的表达，进而充实学生的课堂生活。
2.链接生活经验每一篇文章都来自于生活，是生活造就了鲜活的文章。
学习任何文章都应尊重实实在在的生活背景。
而理解这个背景的基础是学生生活，不是作者生活、教师生活以及教师对文本的理解。
为此，语文教师要有一颗童心，善于蹲下身子观察学生，了解学生的生活状态和思维习惯，揣摩学生拥有哪些与文本相关的生活经验，考量其中的哪些可以转化为学习本文的资源，借此激活学生相似的经验储备和情感积淀，促使学生带着生活经验理解和感悟文本。
如教学苏教版四年级上册《春联》时，如果一味地讲解春联的相关知识，学生会觉得索然无味；如果从过年的生活经验出发，引导学生回想除夕贴春联、大年初一话春联等生活场景，学生定会兴趣大增。
为此，可以激发学生联想过年的生活场景，描述文中春联所表达的画面，感悟春联蕴含的意境，进而交流自己感兴趣的春联，为不同身份的人选择合适的春联，等等。
什么是论文1. 引言论文是一种学术性的文献形式，以系统性、独立性、创新性为特点。
它是研究者通过对某一特定问题进行深入调查和研究后所得到的结论的总结和表达。
论文在学术界扮演着至关重要的角色，它不仅是学术成果的载体，还是学位授予的重要依据。
本文将介绍论文的定义、特点、目的以及写作方法。
2. 定义论文是指研究者在特定领域内对某一问题进行反复观察、实验、调查，经过深入分析和综合思考后所得到的一份学术性文献。
论文通常包括问题的提出与背景介绍、研究方法与过程、实验结果与分析、结论与建议等内容。
论文的目的是向读者传达作者对特定问题的理解、观点和研究成果。
3. 特点论文具有以下几个特点：3.1 系统性论文需要有清晰的结构和逻辑，研究者通过对问题的系统性研究，提出有关的理论假设、研究目标和方法，从而使读者能够清楚地了解作者的研究过程和思路。
3.2 独立性论文是研究者独立进行的工作成果，表达了研究者自己的观点和思考。
虽然在研究过程中可能借鉴了前人的研究成果，但研究者需要对相关的引用进行准确的标注，确保论文表达的是作者独立的研究成果。
3.3 创新性论文需要在已有的研究基础上提供新的见解、新的理论或新的解决方法。
研究者需要对问题进行深入的分析和思考，发现新的问题和研究方向，从而对学术界作出贡献。
4. 目的论文的目的主要有以下几个方面：4.1 探索问题论文通过对一个特定的问题进行深入研究和调查，旨在探索该问题的本质和特点。
通过论文的撰写，研究者能够更全面地了解问题，并提出解决问题的方法和建议。
4.2 传播知识论文是知识的传播和交流的重要方式之一。
通过论文的发表，研究者可以将自己的研究成果与他人分享，从而推动学术界的进步和发展。
4.3 提升学术声誉论文是评价研究者学术能力和水平的重要依据。
优秀的论文能够提升作者的学术声誉，有助于进一步的学术发展和职业发展。
5. 写作方法撰写一篇论文需要遵循一定的写作方法，以下是一些建议：5.1 确定研究主题和问题首先，研究者需要明确研究主题和问题。
Cultural Differences of Color Words in Mongolianand EnglishINTRODUCTIONAs an important tool for human communication, language tends to reflect abundant cultural modality of relevant ethnic or nation. In other words, language is just like a mirror, which precisely reflects the connotation of culture. However, culture is imparted and transmitted by language. There would not exist culture without language. “Language and culture are mutually in existence (Nida, 39)”.Culture is the environment that people live in, by which every aspect of people’s life is affected and changed with the cultural varying. As people live in the world with abundant colors, to which their feelings are inevitably influenced by their native cultural tradition. The value of color is an organic component of the cultural value. According to the research of linguists and anthropologists, the classification of different national language is always different, because it has close relation to the ecological and the cultural environment of every nation.①For example, the Mongolian who has the most extraordinary and fascinating conquest and domination in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries has a strong preference for using color terms in their daily life. Just take their classification of food for instance, which is expressed by color symbolism: white for dairy products, red for blood and meat, black for tea and soup, yellow for butter, and green for seasonings such as wild onion and rhu barb ( , 93-94). However, as one part of the cultural phrases, the color words not only become a particular field in language study but also tend to show different cultural connotations of each language. Moreover, having rich cultural connotations, color words tend to show an important effect in the study of language and culture.In recent years more and more foreign scholars and writers have begun researching and writing about the legend of Genghis Khan②and his establishment—the largest empire the world ever see. However, as an Mongolian descendant who have been studying English asfirst foreign language in my university, I would like to make a brief introduction to color and color words in the first place, and then attempt to make a comparison and analysis of the associative meanings and usages of the color words between Mongolian and English through a number of specific examples, so that we may have a better understanding of the color words and the cultural differences in both languages, in the hope of helping people to eliminate the barriers in cross-cultural communication, and in the meantime introducing some of our Mongolian culture to foreigners.Chapter I COLOR AND COLOR WORDSColor, a kind of natural phenomenon, is a result of human perception to the outside world. It is a plain fact that we live in a world where color is performing very important roles in all areas and at all levels. Everything around us has a color, a fragrance or a sound. For every person, there is a specific color that fits well and matches his or her personality. For each color, it always has some connotations or symbolic meanings in the eyes of different nation, ethic or even a single person. Originally, color is an abstract concept and a blurry sense. There is a great variety of objects, each of which has specific color word to express the color of certain substance.Color words are an essential part of a language and culture implications. They are used widely in our daily life, and because of the differences between Mongolian and English people in habits, customs, history, religious beliefs, geographical conditions and modes of thinking, Mongolian and English color words tend to show different cultural connotations. So, by giving examples, I would like to make a comparative study on the different associative meanings and usages of color words in both languages in the following chapters.Chapter II COMPARISON OF THE ASSOCIA TIVE MEANINGS OFA FEW BASIC COLOR WORDS2.1 WhiteWhite is always associated with the feeling of immaculacy whether in Mongolian or in English. But the associative meaning in Mongolian is more than that in English. In Mongolian culture, white is the symbol of the suckling milk of lives, holy occupations, good fortune and innocent and kind heart. For example, Mongolian people see dairy products as the holiest of all food and call them as (“white food”). They live in white Mongolian yurt, drink white Koumiss and milk tea. Especially on the day of Naadam Festival (traditional Mongolian sport festival) there will many people gathering and except for competing traditional Mongolian three manly sports, they also exchange (“hada: a long narrow piece of silk with white color used in ceremony”) with friends and guest, dance bowl dance and play (“Horse Head Fiddle: a bowed two-stringed Mongolian instrument”).“white year”). According to the The Mongolians call New Y ear as (twelve—year Mongolian calendar, they call mouse as (“white mouse”) and wear new white clothes on New Y ear Day, with symbolism of good fortune and new start. This is described at length by Marco Polo:It is true that the tartars…make their solemn feast which they name white at the beginning of the year in the month of February, on the kalends, that is, the firstday of the year, by the tartar computation. And the great lord（i.e., Qubilai）and hisclan and all those who are subject to him, throughout their districts, wherever theyare, make of it such a feast as I shall tell you. It is the custom that the khan with allhis subjects dress themselves all in white robes, so that on that day both men andwomen, small and great, when they have the power to do it, are all dressed in newand white clothes and they do it because white dress seems to them lucky and good,and therefore they wear it at the beginning of their year so that they may take theirgood and have joy and comfort all the year (Polo, 222).In English, white is the color of healing, calm and sincerity. Besides purity andinnocence, the color also has the sense of ease, cold and cleanliness. “White hand”means purity and innocence, “white lie” means a well-meaning lie, “white night” means a sleepless night, “white room” means clean room, “white elephant”refers to expensive but useless things and so on.2.2 GreenGreen is the natural color of trees and grass. It has the meaning of being young and inexperienced both in Mongolian and English. In western countries, people may say a person is greenhorn who is new in a job. In Mongolian culture, sometimes the girl wears a green robe when getting married as a symbolism of growth. For the nomads have strong association with the nature, they use green a lot on horses and cattle, for example, （“cattle of green”）means the cattle begin eating new grass in spring, （“be into green”）means the calf begins eating grass.In English people may use green to express feeling sick, a person who has a sick feeling of stomach may say she feels a little green. The British writer William Shakespeare③first used the expression “green-eyed monster” in his play “Othello”, which describes the unpleasant feeling a person has when someone has something he wants (Net 1). A man may suffer from the green-eyed monster if his girlfriend or wife begins going out with someone else. Green is also the color of financial excellence. The color creates an atmosphere of relaxation, meditation, equilibrium, peace and safety.2.3 Y ellowIn western countries, yellow seems to be the symbol of betrayer. For example, in the holy book Bible, the betrayer of Jesus always wears yellow clothes. Besides, yellow has some negative meanings of illness, stagnation, death and coward, because it is the color of autumn, which can remind people of stagnant vision. In western countries, it is also the color of jealousy. It helps to put people on alert. It increases focusing on power, enables communication and gives a feeling of warmth and intimacy.Worthy of mentioning, in English the color also has the meaning of hope or welcoming of somebody’s coming back. There is a lesson in our textbook entitled “Go Home”, whichdescribes a wife of a prisoner, who ties a lot of yellow ribbons around the tree before her house to express her feeling of welcoming her husband’s coming back home. The beautiful story was composed to a song —“Tie a Y ellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree”—and spread throughout the world.However, yellow has positive symbolism of love and kind-heart in Mongolian culture. It is the color of unfading gold, the eternal radiant sun, and the temples and clothes of Lamaism which were transformed to Mongol in Qing dynasty are all in yellow, and it symbolizes that the Buddhist Scripture and benignity will be as prosperous as the everlasting sun. From the time immemorial, yellow has appeared in Mongolian historic works lots of times. It describes the braveness, grittiness, might and weapon of a hero.Besides, Mongolian call butter as (“yellow oil”) which has the meaning of being important and precious. There are Mongolian idioms, such as; , (“a helpful person is yellow oil, a helpless person is black oil”); , (“truth is yellow oil, lie is black oil”).2.4 RedRed is a hot color both in Mongolian and English. It is always associated with happiness, excitement and victory. For instance, in English there is “red-letter days” (important or memorable day), “to paint the town red” (to revelry, quaff and run riot), “roll the red carpet for somebody” (to give a solemn welcome to somebody) and so on. But on most occasions, it has the unfortunate meanings.Red is the color of Mars—the God of War, so in English red is always associated with danger, violence, indignation, blood and war, such as, “red battle”, “red ruin”, “red alert”, “to see red”, “red handed” and so on. B esides, Americans often use red to express heat. They may say they are red hot about something unfair. When they are red hot, they are very angry about something. The small hot tasting peppers found in many Mexican foods are called “red hots” for their color and their fiery taste. Fast loud music is popular with many people. They may say the music is red hot, especially the kind called Dixieland jazz (Net 2).④Although most of the time red can remind Mongolian people of sun and fire which bring people light and warmth, it also has the associative meaning of bareness, baldness, nudeness and directness, such as, (“the situation under the public gaze”), (“face to face ”), (“naked”), (“no weapon in hand”), (“new born child”), (“to scuffle”).Besides, red is also the color of revolution. For instance, the Mongolian sometimes call their hero as (“red hero”) and it is also the name of the capital of Mongolia. They call the place where a revolution wins as (“red district”), the proletarian power as (“red policy”) and so on.2.5 BlueAs blue is the color of sky, it was venerated by Mongolians from the ancient times, which is largely because of their special environment and geographical conditions. The Mongols lived with white clouds in the blue sky, white yurts on broad grassland for a long time and they saw the sky as “sacred eternal blue sky”—the God who bestows happiness to them. They called there historic works as (“blue history”), (“blue annals”), (“blue epic”), hoping that their country will be as everlasting as the blue sky. Besides, we can find many uses of blue in Mongolian culture, for example the decorative pattern on Mongol robe, Mongol ger, carpet or furniture are always in blue or blue and white strips.But in English, blue is a cool color and always has the meaning of depression, melancholy, sadness and obscenity, such as in a blue mood, a blue Monday, blue evil, a blue movie, to make a blue joke and so on. The traditional blues music in the United States is the opposite of red hot music. In the words of the song: “you are not been blue till you have had that mood indigo (Net 3)”. Someone who is blue is very sad. Besides, blue is also the color of the intellect, being a very calming color. Blue can represent the color of a hidden burning love, calm, earnest and deep thought.Chapter III THE DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USAGESConceptual meaning is the basic meaning of words. Owing to different cultural backgrounds, there always exist cultural conflicts in the communication between Mongolian and English. One reason is language itself. Generally, the meaning of both English and Mongolian words are very flexible. They sometimes have two or more than two meanings, so it is difficult to correspond them word for word. The other is mainly the customs and cultural differences. We can see it from the following aspects.3.1 The Same or Similar Concept but Different Color W ordsColor inclination means that the same or similar objects or concept take different color words to describe in two languages. For example, some phrases with the word “red”in Mongolian are not translated into the corresponding word “red”in English, such as Mongolian phrases (“red eyed”) means envy, but in English people say “green with envy” or “green eyed”, (“red sugar”) in Mongolian and “brown sugar” in English, and so on.Besides, in Mongolian yellow is a religious color while purple is used in English to signify the monarch or the bishop, such as “to rise to the purple”, “to born in the purple” and “to marry into purple”.3.2 The Same Color W ord with Same MeaningIt does exist that sometimes English and Mongolian use the same color words, and theirmeanings are the same. Just take the color word “black”for example, there are “ ”and “black board”, “ ”and “black market”, “ ” and“black tea”, “ ” and “black heart”, “ ”and “black bear”, “ ”and “black list”or “black book”in both Mongolian and English, in which the same color words are used to describe same meanings.3.3 The Same Color W ord but Different MeaningsSometimes, it happens that English and Mongolian use the same color words but with different meanings. When using the word “white”for instance, there are expressions “white flag”in English and “ ”in Mongolian, but their meanings are totally different. In Mongolian, it is a commendatory term. When the great Genghis Khan was taken to the throne, he erected white flag, as symbolism of prosperous and thrifty of his empire. On the contrary, “white flag” refers to a sign of accepting defeat or stop fighting in English and it is a derogatory term. Also “ ”in Mongolian means flat way with no barrier, but “white way” in English refers to the road with brilliant ligh t. And“ ” in Mongolian refers to fat meat, while “white meat” in English is the meat that is pale in color when it has been cooked, such as chicken, pork and veal.3.4 Ill-Matched Situation of the Usage of Color W ordsIn some cases, the color words are used in one language but not in another language. For example, some color words are used in English but not in Mongolian. There are many examples of the differences of this usage, such as red-letter day (important day), yellow-bellied (craven), yellow alert (the warning of air raid), a white night (a sleepless night), look black at somebody (look at somebody with great anger), be in a black mood (be depressed) and so on. Green which in English comes from grass, also has many usages. It can be used incorrectly if not knowing that. Such as greenhouse (conservatory), greenroom (the room for performers to rest), greenback (pound), greenhorn (a new or inexperienced person), green thumb (horticultural skill), and so on. Also because of the different living customs,some color words are used only in English: “brown goods” refers to the electric equipments such as TV, camera and sound equipments while “white goods” refers to the equipments with white surface, such as refrigerator, washing machine and so on. In Mongolian there is such uses on classification of food, such as, white for dairy products, red for blood and meat, black for tea and soup, yellow for butter, and green for seasonings such as wild onion and rhu barb( , 133-134).Besides, when describing one’s mood and character, many color words are used in English. There is a typical example:Mr. White is a white (loyal) man. He was looking rather green (does not feel good) the other day. He has been feeling blue (gloomy) today. When I saw him, hewas in a brown mood (worried). I hope he will soon be in the pink (pull himselftogether) again (Samovar, 163).Mongolian people will feel very confused by the above sentences because there is no such usage in Mongolian.In contrast, there also exist such situations in which some color words are used in Mongolian but not in English, such as, zodiac and (“yellow way”), dusk and (“yellow dusk”), beer and (“yellow milk”), butter and (“yellow oil”), alcohol and (“black alcohol”), oneself and (“black life”), heavy labor and (“black work”), daytime and (“black day”), lean meat and (“black meat”), plain boiled water and (“black water”), Chinese cabbage and (“white vegetables”), kind-hearted and (“white heart”), scented tea and (“white tea”), vegetarian and (“white dinner”), rice and (“white rice”), dairy products and (“white products”), charities and (“white did”) and so on.CONCLUSIONDue to different cultural traditions, national customs, religious beliefs, historical and geographical backgrounds, and modes of thinking, every nation has its own distinctive culture. When reflected in languages, the cultural differences will lead to language differences. On the basic of the above discussion, we know that color words in the different languages, because of their different cultural backgrounds, possess different cultural connotations. A variety of color words with the same rational concept in Mongolian and English may have different associative meanings and usages.Thus, in the first part of my paper, I have briefly introduced color and color words. Then, I have compared the differences of the color words from aspects of their associative meanings and usages by taking a number of examples for explanation. As the cross-cultural communication between Mongolian and English-speaking countries becomes increasingly intensive, in the course of English learning, the understanding of the cultural differences of color words in Mongolian and English will greatly contribute to getting a better command of English language, and promoting the cultural communication between Mongolian and English speaking people.Notes:①For a sampling of materials that reflect the range of experiences related to the color words in different countries, see Nida Engene, Language and Culture.②Genghis Khan: Temuujin was born in 1162, the black horse year who united all the scattered Mongolian kingdoms and established a united state—the Mongolian Empire. He assumed the throne in 1206, the red tiger year and passed away in 1227, the red pig year.③William Shakespeare: Was a British writer of plays and poems, who was born in 1564 in England. The father of drama. Some of his most famous plays are Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet.④Dixieland jazz: A kind of jazz music, the first jazz band was ODJB (The Original Dixieland Jazz Band)BIBLIOGRAPHYNida Engene. Language and Culture[M] Beijing: Foreign language Teaching and Research Press40(1989).Net1: Marilyn Christiana.Green: More Than Just a Color[J] VOA Special English.2008.3 Aug, <http:>.Net2: Mike Sullivan. The Color Red [J]VOA Special English. 2006.21 Aug, <http:>.Net3: Warren Scheer. Colors:I am Feeling Very Blue Today [J]VOA Special English.2007.31 March, <http:>.. ,[M] 2001.Polo Marco. The Eastern Parts of the World Described [M] in Yule, Cathay, volⅡ. Samovar Larry. Communication Between Cultures [J] Beijing: Foreign language Teaching and Research Press31(1990).. [M], 2003.。
