英语词汇学复习提纲

English LexicologyChapter 1 Introduction1. V ocabulary(1) The total number of words that make up a language.(2) All the words used in a particular historical period.(3) All the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.2. Importance of V ocabulary(1) An extensive vocabulary aids expressions and communication.(2) V ocabulary size has been directly linked to reading comprehension.(3) Linguistic vocabulary is synonymous with thinking vocabulary.(4) A person may be judged by others based on his or her vocabulary.3. LexicologyThe literal meaning is the “science of the word”. It is a branch of linguistics which deals with English words, their origin, meaning, historical development, morphological structures, semantic structures, sense relations, idioms, formation and application.4. WordA word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. (TB:p2)5. Sound and Meaning (TB:p3)There is no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself. The relation between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary or conventional.6. Sound and FormThe written form of English is, therefore, an imperfect representation of the phonemic elements of the spoken language. What causes the differences between sound and form?(1)The English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not employ thesystem of one single letter to stand for one sound.(2) The early scribes deliberately changed spelling of words for easier recognition.(3) Dictionaries help to fix the spelling of words, which means the stabilization of spelling, meanwhile, sounds continue to change.(4) English has borrowed many words from other languages, which may not have been assimilated. Some borrowings do not conform to the rules of English pronunciation and spelling, such as:7. Classification of Words(1)Criterion : by use frequency: Basic word stock ＆Non-basic vocabulary(2) Criterion: by notion: Content words ＆Functional words(3) Criterion : by origin: Native words ＆Borrowed words(4) Criterion: by morphology: Simple words, Compounds ＆Derived words, etc. 8. Features of Basic Word Stock(1)All national character (2) Stability (3) Productivity (4) Polysemy(5)Collocability9. Content and Functional WordsContent words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary and the number is ever growing, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. Functional words are stable and take a very small part of the vocabulary, i.e. prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles10. Native and Borrowed WordsNative words are not native, but words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words.Chapter 2 Development of English Vocabulary1. Indo-European Language FamilyThere are main three branches in Indo-European language family: Germantic branch, Latin branch and Slavic branch.2. Historical Influence(1) Britons: The early inhabitants of the island we now call Britain were Britons, a tribe of Celts. Their language were dialects of a small branch of the Indo-European language family— Celtic.(2) The Roman conquest: In BC 55-54 Britain was invaded by the Roman conqueror, Julius Caesar. During the 400 years of Roman occupation, the official language of government was Latin.(3) The English conquest: At the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.Historical Influence(4) The Danish invasion: King Alfred the Great (849-901) succeeded in driving the Danes off with force. Laying down his sword, Alfred set himself to the task of encouraging education and literature.(5) The Norman Conquest: The French-speaking Normans Duke William came in 1066. When Norman and English intermingled, many terms emloyed by Normans were adopted into English language.3. Historical Phases(1) Old English (450-1160): Old English was a highly inflected language. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs had complex systems of endings or vowelschanges or both, which differ greatly from the language that we use today.Historical Phases(2)Middle English (1150-1500): The Middle English period was one of great changes,changes more extensive and fundamental than those that had taken place at any time before and since.(3)Modern English (1500 up to now): This period may be divided into two parts: the Early Modern English (1500-1700) and the Late Modern English (1700- now).Early Modern English: The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek on English was great.Late Modern English: With the rapid development of modern science and technology; social economic and political changes; the influence of other cultures and languages, new words today sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time.4. Foreign Elements in English V ocabularyEnglish vocabulary owns most of its words from foreign language, in which Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian stand out as the major contributors. Other languages have also done their part, such as Italian, German, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese and Celtic, etc.5. Characteristics of English Language(1) Receptivity, Adaptability and Heterogeneity(2) Simplicity of inflection(3)Relatively Fixed Word-order6. Modes of V ocabulary Development: Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change and borrowing.Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words1. MorphemeIt is the smallest meaningful unit of language, consisting of a word or part of a word that can‟t be divided without losing its meaning.2. MorphologyIt is the study of the morphemes of a language and of the way in which they are joined together to make words.3. Types of Morphemes(1) Free and Bound MorphemesMorphemes that can exist as individual words are free morphemes. Others which function only as a word part are bound morphemes.(2) Derivational and Inflectional MorphemesMorphemes which are used to derive new words are known as derivational morphemes because when these morphemes are conjoined, new words are derived.(TB:P47)Inflectional morphemes, in contrast, indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers.4. Morpheme and Word-formationIn morphology, words can be analyzed into morphemes, however, morphemes are conventionally labeled root, stem, base and affix in word-formation.5. Root, Stem and Base: What are the differences within them?Root is a basic form of a wor d which can‟t be f urther analyzed without total loss of identity. Root cannot be further divided and carries the fundamental meaning.Stem refers to the part after moving inflectional markers.Base is the part that can take affix of any kinds (derivational and inflectional). Chapter 4 Word Formation1. The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on word formation. The most productive are affixation(30%-40%), compounding(28%-30%) and conversion(26%). The rest of the new words come from shortening(8%-10%), blending(1%-5%) and other means.(P54)2. Affixation (or derivation) is generally defined as the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to roots to supply grammatical or lexical information. The morphological structure of an English word: (prefix) + root + (suffix)3. Prefixation: The process of adding a prefix to the root is called prefixation. English prefixes usually do not change the word class. Types of Prefix (TB:P55)4. Suffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix to the tail end of a stem, which usually changes the lexical category of the stem. Types of Suffix. Similar to the exception to the prefixes, some suffixes do change or modify the meaning without changing the lexical categories.5. Compounds: The process of combining two or more than two existing words together to form new lexical items is called compounding.6. Characteristics of Compounds(1) According to orthographic criterion, compounds are written in three ways:1) solid 2) hyphenated 3) open(2) Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first element and a secondary stress on the second element.(3) Semantically, compoun ds can often be identified as “having a meaning which may be related to but can not simply be inferred from the meaning of its parts.7. Conversion is a main type of word-formation shifting the base to a different word class with no change of form. Converted words are often short, vivid and expressive,8. Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.9. Clipping refers to a word-formation process which involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.10. Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letter of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase, and initialisms are pronounced letter by letter.11. Acronymy: The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.12. Words From Proper NameIt refers to the coinage of common words from proper names. They come from all sources, from names of scientists, politicians and statesmen, trademarks, names of places, literature, TV films, movies, book titles etc.13. Analogy: A new word or a new phrase is coined by an analogy between a newly created one and an existing corresponding one.Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis1. Word MeaningGenerally speaking, a word is the combination of word-formation and its meaning. …Form‟ refers to both its pronunciation and spelling. …Meaning‟ is what the form stands for. Word meaning can be defined as a reciprocal relation between form and referent.2. Semantic TriangleConcept is the general idea or meaning which is associated with a word or symbol in a person‟s mind.Reference is the relationship between language and the world. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional.3. Motivation of MeaningMotivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning, which is divided into 4 types. They are phonetic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation.(1) Phonetic Motivation (or Onomatopoeic motivation) explains the words whose sounds suggest their meaning, because these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noise.(2) Morphological motivation (or grammatical motivation) concerns the words whose morphological structures suggest the meaning, such as, the meaning of a derived wordor a compound is based on the meaning of the word-building.(3) Semantic motivation is the mental associations based on the conceptual meaning of a word, i.e. the figurative sense of a word suggested by the literal sense.(4) Etymological motivation explains the words whose meanings are closely associated with their origins, i.e. the meanings of the words suggested by their sources.(5) Motivation by Analogy: Words are created in imitation of other words4. Types of Meaning(1) Grammatical & Lexical MeaningGrammatical meaning indicates all the inflectional forms of words, such as singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and so on. Lexical meaning is the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary. This component of meaning is identical in all the forms of the word.(2) Conceptual & Associative MeaningConceptual meaning is meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Associative meaning is a supplement to the conceptual meaning, which is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, etc.(3) Connotative Meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.(4)Stylistic Meaning: Apart from conceptual meanings, many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different styles.(5) Affective Meaning expresses the speaker‟s attitude towards the person or thing in question. This meaning can be conveyed simply by the choice of the right words.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative and pejorative. Words of positive overtones are used to show appreciation or the attitude of approval; those of negative connotations imply disapproval, contempt or criticism.5. Word Meaning and ContextWord meaning depends upon context. The context determines which meaning out of all the possible meanings is to be attached to the word. Generally speaking, when used literally, words have their original meaning; when used figuratively, words have symbolic meaning.6. Components of word meaningAll lexical items can be analyzed into a set of semantic features or semantic components which may be universal. This semantic theory is called Componential Analysis (CA), such as:horse, cat, machine, chair [+/-animate]water, gas, stone, tree [+/-count]sit, cry, read, give [+/-transitive]road, house, thought, philosophy [+/-concrete]Chapter 6 Sense Relations1. Sense RelationsWords are arbitrary symbols and are independent identities so far as spelling and pronunciation are concerned. Sense relations means all words are related in one way or another. In light of sense relations, words can be classified semantically.2. Types of Sense Relations(1)Polysemy(2) Hyponymy---semantic inclusion(3) Synonymy---semantic similarity(4) Antonymy---semantic opposition(5) Homonymy3. PolysemyWhen a word is first coined, it is always the case that it has only one meaning (monosemic). But in the course of development, the same symbol may be used to express new meanings. The result is polysemy, which shows the economy and efficiency of human languages.4. Meanings of Polysemy(1) A word has two or more meanings in which one is the basic, original meaning (Primary meaning), and the others are derived from the basic meaning (Secondary meaning).(2) It is possible that a word is endowed with different word classes, such as noun, adj., verb.5. Diachronic and SynchronicDiachronic approach is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one word. Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in one historical period of time.6. Concatenation is a process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually from its primary meaning by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the meaning that is finally developed and the primary meaning.7. Radiation is a process in which the primary meaning stands in the center, and the derived meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. All the derived meanings can be traced back to the primary meaning.8. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. It refers to the relationship which obtains between the general lexical item (superordinate) and the specific lexical items (subordinate). (TB:p137)9. Function of HyponymyThe hyponyms (or specific words) can make our speech and writing more vivid and expressive, while using too much general terms can result in vagueness and triteness. In reading comprehension, cohesion by hyponymy is an important key.10. Synonymy is a relationship of …sameness of meaning‟ that may hold between two words. And synonym refers to a word that means the same as another.11. Discrimination of Synonyms(1) Difference in denotation(2) Difference in connotation(3) Difference in collocation(4) Difference in distribution12. Antonymy is a relationship of …meaning opposition‟ that may hold between two words. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.13. Types of Antonyms(1) Contraries: Antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremesCharacteristics of Contraries1) The denial of one is not necessarily the assertion of the other.2) They can be modified by very and have comparative and superlative forms.3) The cover term is often used in daily life.(2)Complementaries are forms of antonyms which truly represent oppositeness of meaning.(3)Converses: This third type consists of relational opposites, which indicate a reciprocal social relationship that one of them cannot be used without suggesting the other.(4) Semantic Incompatible is a relationship of …meaning opposition‟ that may hold among several words.14. Function of AntonymyAntonyms are often used to form antithesis to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting ideas together, and many great writers are fond of using antonyms to serve their stylistic purposes.15. Homonymy is the relation between two words that are spelled or pronounced in the same way but differ in meaning. Homonyms are often employed to create puns for desired effect of humor or irony for stylistic purposes.16. Semantic Field refers to the phenomenon that vocabulary is an integrated system interrelated in sense and can be divided semantically into related sets or fields. Most languages share same semantic fields, such as time, space, age, kinship, food, color, emotion…17. Application of Semantic Field(1) A very large number of lexemes can be grouped together into fields and subfields in a fairly clear-cut way.(2) It has proved helpful to present learners with sets of related lexemes, rather than with a series of randomly chosen items.(3) Psychology has also shown that young children learn much of their vocabulary by bringing lexemes together in this way.Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning1. Types of Change(1) Extension of Meaning (2) Narrowing of Meaning(3) Elevation of Meaning (4) Degradation of Meaning(5) Transference of Meaning (6) Euphemism2. Extension of MeaningIt is also called generalization. It‟s a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.3. Narrowing of MeaningIt is the opposite of widening, is a process by which a word or wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.4. Elevation of MeaningElevation is the process by which words rise from humble beginning to positions of importance.5. Degradation of MeaningA process whereby words of good origin fall into ill manner or non-affective words come to used in pejorative sense.6. Transference of MeaningWords which were used to refer to one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.7. Euphemism is the substitution of a word of more pleasant connotation for one of unpleasant connotation, such as death, toilet etc.8. Causes of Change(1)Extra-linguistic Factors1) Historical reason 2) Social reason 3) Psychological reason(2) Linguistic Factors: The change of meaning may be caused by internal factors within the language system, which occurs mainly in two ways: Ellipsis, Analogy Chapter 8 Meaning and Context1. ContextIn a narrow sense, it consists of the lexical items that come immediately before and after any word in an act of communication. In a broad sense, it refers to the whole passage, whole book, entire social or cultural setting.2. Types of Context(1) Linguistic Context refers to words, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, or whole books in which a word appears.1) Lexical context refers to the items combined with a given polysemous word.2) Grammatical context: In some cases, the meaning of a polysemous word may be determined by the grammatical structure (not specific words) in which it occurs. (2) Extra-linguistic Context refers to a particular time, space, or culture in which a word appears.1) Situational context: the actual situation in which communication occurs.2) Cultural context: the social and cultural background.3. The Role of Context(1) Elimination of ambiguity: condition whereby any linguistic form has two or more interpretations.1) Lexical ambiguity: caused by polysemy. 2) Structural ambiguity3) Implied meaning 4) Meaning of the omitted parts(2) Indication of referents(3) Providing clues for inference of meaning: In many cases, when a new word appears for the first time, the author generally manages to give hints, which might help the readers to grasp the concept or comprehend the idea.。

Chapter 1 Lexicology and WordsWhat is lexicology?Lexicology = study of words / the lexiconIt is closely related to morphology, semantics, etymology and lexicography.Morphology: the study of the forms of words and their components.Semantics: the study of meaning.Etymology: the study of the whole history of words.Lexicography: the writing and compilation of dictionariesWhat is a word?A Word is an uninterruptible unit of structure consisting of one or more morphemes; a unit of sound and meaning.The total stock of English words is structured and organized in a systematic way.→word class; semantic field.⏹Word class: closed class (grammatical or function words):preposition, pronoun,determiner（限定词: the, every..）, conjunction, auxiliary verb(助动词)；open class(lexical words): noun, adjective, verb, adverb.⏹Lexical words and grammatical words⏹Semantic (or lexical) field: semantic field of color terms, kinship terms, military ranksand vehicles; semantic field analysis used in the descriptions of vocabulary in dictionaries like Roget‟s Thesaurus& Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English(McArthur) & Longman dictionary of Scientific Usage & Longman Language Activator . Componential analysis: a method for establishing semantic field(e.g. the meaning of woman: [+human],[+adult],[+female]Chapter 2—Some basic concepts and Word MeaningsMorpheme: the smallest meaningful unit in a language;(e.g. moralizers is composed of 4 morphemes: moral+lize+er+s.)A morpheme may be: A complete word; a word form such as an affix(e–able); a combining form(bio-, geo-)⏹Free morpheme:lexical morpheme: ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs, the words which carry the “content”of messages we convey, e.g. boy, house, tiger, sad, long, sincere, open, look, follow, bread.functional morpheme: consists largely of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronouns, e.g. and, but, when, because, on, near, in, the, that, it.⏹Bound morpheme(prefix or suffix):Derivational morpheme: used to make new words in the language. e.g. (-ness, -ly, -ish, ment, re-, pre-, ex-, pre-, dis-, co-, un-); good—goodness, fool—foolish, bad—badly, pay—payment Inflectional morpheme: indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. e.g. –ed, -s, -ing, -er, -est, -‟s. In English, all inflectional morphemes are suffixes.Morph/allomorphLexeme(lexical item): The base form of a word;A unit of lexical meaning (Crystal, 1995); An abstract vocabulary item;The headwords in a dictionary;May consist of one word or more than one word;Stem: the word to which inflectional affixes are added and which carries the basic meaning of the resulting complex word; e.g. work, worker.A stem may consist of one or more morphemes; Root: A stem consisting of a single morpheme is labeled as root; e.g. work.⏹Roots which are capable of standing independently are called free morphemes/roots;⏹Roots which are incapable of occurring independently are called boundmorphemes/roots.7 types of Word Meaning⏹Conceptual meaning概念义(or denotative meaning, cognitive meaning) [meanings indictionaries]⏹Connotative meaning隐含义: the communicative value of an expression by virtue ofwhat is refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content.Politician&statesman, colors, kitty&cat.⏹Social meaning: Information about the speaker, such as their background or theirrelationship to the hearer.E.g., if Jo says wee instead of little, it may communicate to you that she’s Scottish; AmE /BrE differences and other dialectal or accent differences; terms of address etc; Mummy, dogie—child.⏹Affective meaning: Information about the speaker’s attitude toward the subject that’scommunicated by the words s/he’s chosen or the way s/he says theme.g. strong-willed vs. pig-headed; slim vs. skinny; Bob vs. Bobby⏹Reflective meaning: the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning,when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense.E.g. words which have a taboo meaning(intercourse)⏹Collocative meaning: consists of the associations a word acquires on account of themeanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.Pretty+woman, flower, garden, village vs handsome+man, car, vessel, overcoat, typewriter; cow+wander vs man+stroll; tremble with fear vs quiver with excitement;highly: important, intelligent, profitable, recommended, sensitive;a bit, a little: drunk, jealous, unkind;wide awake, fully awake, sound asleep, far apart⏹Thematic meaning: mainly a matter of choice btw alternative grammatical constructionsMrs Bessie Smith donated the first prize.The first prize was donated by Mrs Bessie Smith.Polysemy一词多义: One lexical item that has more than one sense. Bank, eat, court, watch, dart, stuff.Homonymy同形异义: More than one lexical item that just coincidentally sound/look the same.⏹Complete homonymy (bat, pupil, , firm, bear, grave, stick, jam, steep, fleet, pad, stem)⏹Homophone = same sound(to/ two, right/rite/write, root/route, knows/nose )⏹Homograph = same spelling (wind, lead,)◆How to distinguish polysemy and homonymy?Whether the senses are related;Whether they come from the same source;Whether under one headword in a dictionary;Ambiguity & VaguenessChapter 3 The origin of English WordsEnglish belongs to West Germanic branch of Indo-European family.Historical development of English vocabulary and characteristics of each period.⏹The Old English period (450 -1066)✧OE: the speech of the earliest Germanic inhabitants of Britain;The first OE manuscripts (around 700): glossaries of Latin words translated into OE, and a few early inscriptions and poems;Most important literary work: the heroic poem Beowulf (written around 1000);✧ 1.A frequent use of coinages known as ‗kennings‘[古英语中的隐喻语] (vivid figurativedescriptions often involving compounds);2. Preference for expressions that are synonymous;3. The absence of a wide-ranging vocabulary of loanwords force people to rely more onword-formation process based on native elements4. The introduction of a number of ‗loan translation‘;5. Grammatical relationships in OE were expressed mainly by the use of inflectionalendings;6. OE is believed to contain about 24,000 different lexical items.⏹The Middle English period (1066 -1500)✧Norman Conquest;✧Extensive changes:In grammar, Eng. changed from a highly inflected language to an analytical one.In vocabulary, Eng. was characterized by the loss of a large part of the OE word-stock and the addition of thousands of words from French and Latin.⏹The Early Modern English period (1500 -1800)✧Transitional period from Middle Eng. to Modern English;✧Printing revolution marked its beginning;✧Eng. vocabulary grew very fast through extensive borrowing and expansion ofword-formation patterns;✧ A great many semantic changes, as old words acquire new meanings.◆Two most important influencesWilliam Shakespeare; James Bible of 1611◆Two dictionariesDictionary of Hard Words (1604), Dictionary of the English Language (1775)⏹The Modern English period (1800-present)✧The unprecedented growth of scientific vocabulary;The assertion of American Eng. as a dominant variety of the lang.;The emergence of other varieties known as ‗New Englishes‘.Types of meaning change(7)⏹Metaphor隐喻: using a word to refer to sthng it doesn‘t literally denote, but that hassome kind of similarity to the literal meaningHead-- …body part above the neck‟ > …a person in charge‟baby --…infant‟ > …loved one‟⏹Metonymy转喻: using a word to refer to something that is associated with its literaldenotation.Downing Street ‗place where the PM lives‘ > ‗the PM‘crown ‗an item of headwear worn by a monarch‘ > ‗the monarch‘, ‗the sovereignty of the monarch‘⏹Synecdoche提喻: using a part to refer to the whole (or vice versa):All hands on deck! - ‗man, sailor‘I got a new motor - ‗car‘⏹Broadening (/generalisation)扩大: a word refers to a more inclusive category:manage ‗to handle a horse‘ > ‗to handle anything‘bullish ‗causing or associated with a rise in prices‘ > ‗optimistic‘⏹Narrowing (/specialisation)缩小: a word refers to a less inclusive category:accident ‗an event‘ > ‗unintended/injurious event‘undertaker ‗someone who undertakes‘ > ‗mortician‘⏹Amelioration (/elevation)升格: the mng of a word becomes more positivenice ‗ignorant, stupid‘ > ‗pleasant‘fond ‗foolish‘ > ‗appreciative‘⏹Pejoration (/degradation)降格: the mng of a word becomes more negativesinister < ‗left(-handed)‘mistress < ‗a woman in a position of power‘--an adulterous womanChapter 4 Word Formation✧Inflection and derivationInflection refers to a general grammatical process which combines words and affixes toproduce alternative grammatical forms of words.new word by means of the addition of an affix to a stem. lexical process.✧Inflectional affixes and derivational affixes p58Inflectional affixes: (only suffixes: plural marker –s, possessive marker ‗s, comparative and superlative markers –er and –est, tense markers –s and –ed, present participle –ing…) (regular and irregular)Derivational affixes: (class-changing slow-ly and class-maintaining child-hood)prefix: re-, de-, in-, im-, un-, pre-, dis-suffix: -ish, -ous, -ary, -ful, -er, -ence, -y, -ly, -ate, -able, -ation, -ure, -dom, -ful, -ment, -en,I doesn‘t change the word class and grammatical category while d changes.Prefixes and suffixesTypes of Word Formation (6)⏹Derivation派生法: using derivational affixes:final+ize, teach+er, sex+ism, eco+tourism, trans+atlantic⏹Compounding复合法: putting existing wds together:couch+potato, lap+topCompounds: stems consisting of more than one rootOrthographic treatment of compounds: bedside, black market, car-wash✧Three features of compound:●Phonological feature: (nominal compounds) A single primary stress; lack of juncture;e.g. ‗blackbird vs black bird;hardcover vs hard cover;greenhouse vs green house;redcoat vs red coatstonewall vs stone wall●Syntactic feature: Single lexical unit, specific syntactic features●Semantic feature: specialized meaningse.g. blackboard, dustbin, redcoat, stonewall, cathouse, turncoat, mother wit, Indian paper,dog days✧4 types of compound:An endocentric compound: consists of a head and its modifier (doghouse);A exocentric compound: does not have a head (white-collar, must-have)A copulative compound: two semantic heads(bittersweet, sleepwalk)An appositional compound: two attributes which classify the compound.(actor-director, maidservant)⏹Conversion（词类）转化法: a change in word class without the addition of an affix.✧ A change within the same class; e.g. some beer/sugar/tea→two beers/sugars/teas; vi →vt✧ A change from one class to another: n→v; v→n; adj.→n; adj.→v p67⏹Blending拼缀法: combining parts of two words to form a third word which containssome of the meaning of each part.smog (smoke + fog), motel (motor + hotel),Eurovision (European + television)brunch, chunnel, dawk, slanguage, bit, psywar, paratroops, guestimate●Four types [69]⏹Back formation逆生法:removal of perceived affixes (related to notion of folketymology):to edit < editor (cf. to accelerate > accelerat-or)；to automate < automation；to beg < beggar；to lase < laser (n.)；to drowse < drowsy (adj.)；to housekeep < housekeeper⏹Shortening缩略法✧Clipping截短–the process by which a word is shortened without a change in meaningor function. lab (laboratory); plane (aeroplane); flu (influenza)Three major types of clippings: fore clipping, hind clipping, midclipping[71]✧Initialisms:●Alphabetism首字母缩略词/abbreviations- spelt out as letters :o OTT < over the topo DIY < do it yourself●Acronyms首字母拼音词– using initial letters of a phrase to form a word, pronounced aswords:o scuba < Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatuso NATO < North Atlantic Treaty OrganisationChapter 5 Sense RelationsSynonymy同义关系：sameness⏹Strict (or absolute) synonymy: gorse=furze⏹Loose synonymy (Distinguishing synonyms): E.g. mislay ≈lose; foggy ≈misty; mob ≈crowd, find/discover; forest/woods.Antonymy反义关系：oppositeness⏹Complementary antonyms (also called contradictory antonyms, binary antonyms)互补词: In an either/or relation of oppositenessE.g. asleep/awake; dead/alive (of e.g. animal); remember/forget; win/lose; open/shut;hit/miss (a target); pass/fail (a test)⏹Gradable antonyms可分级反义词: a more/less relation, 多为形容词E.g. cheap/expensive, rich/poor, fast/slow, sweet/sour, young/old, beautiful/ugly,tall/short, wide/narrow, clever/stupid, near/far, interesting/boring, love/hate⏹Converse antonyms (also called reciprocal antonyms, relational opposites) 对立词：two-way contrasts that are interdependente.g. precede/follow, buy/sell, lend/borrow, give/receive, speak/listen, rent/let,employer /employee, husband/wife, parent/child, debtor/creditor, teacher/pupil, above/below, before/afterHyponymy下义关系：subtype relation⏹Hyponym（下义词）= ‗type of’Robin is a hyponym of bird.⏹Hypernym / superordinate（上义词）= refers to the larger categoryBird is the hypernym of robin, penguin, and pigeon.Meronymy局部—整体关系：part/whole relation⏹Meronym = ‗part of‘：Arm is a meronym of chair.⏹Holonym = ‘whole of’：Chair is a holonym of arm, back, and seat.Collocation搭配关系components are not freely interchangeable; certain restrictions; (differ from free combinations); e.g. decide on a boat⏹Grammatical collocation: e.g. rely of, afraid of, good at, angry with, approve of, adhereto, admiration for, allegiance to, amazement at…⏹Lexical collocation: e.g. run a business/ a company/ a school/ a gym, make a decision,put forward a strong argument…Major relations: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, meronymy—paradigmatic ‘sense relations’[纵聚合关系的]Collocation—syntagmatic meaning relation[横组合关系的]Chapter 6 Idioms, Multiword Verbs and ProverbsIdiom: a group of words with a meaning of its own that is different from the meanings of each separate word put together.Characteristics of English idioms⏹Semantic featuresMany idioms have dual meanings: literal and idiomatic meaning; Some literal meanings go against the logic of thinking and life; A great number of idiomatic meanings come from figurativeness. (simile and metaphor)let the cat out of the bag/spill the beans说漏了嘴，泄漏秘密; under the weather身体不适; take in欺骗; have an axe to grind另有企图；know the ropes 懂行；了解情况；as blindas a bat;⏹Structural features: structural stability / syntactic frozenness;to smell a rat觉得可疑; to see red突然大怒; to kick the bucketClassification of English idioms⏹Idioms verbal in nature: v. + particleface the music; spill the beans; beat about the bush; bark up the wrong tree攻击错了目标; burn the candle at both ends过分地耗费精力; have a head on one‟s shoulder有见识; poke one‟s nose into; get wind of风闻; go easy从容不迫; come clean全盘招出; sit pretty 处于极为有利的条件；过舒服的生活；成功⏹Idioms nominal in natureblue chip优值股票; narrow escape九死一生; white elephant无用而累赘apple of的东西; an discord争端，祸根; a snake in the grass; the lion’s share; Achilles’heel致使弱点; Penelope’s web永远完不成的任务; wear and tear磨损; flesh and blood; brain trust智囊团; sheet anchor最后的/主要的靠山;⏹Idioms adjectival in naturehigh and mighty趾高气扬; cut and dried呆板的; on edge; on the go忙个不停; up in the air十分激动；气愤; wet behind the ears缺乏经验的; as cool as a cucumber; as slippery as an eel;⏹Idioms adverbial in natureheart and soul; tooth and nail竭尽全力地; in a breeze轻而易举地; behind the scenes秘密地; between the devil and the deep blue sea进退维谷; through thick and thin不顾艰难险阻Multiword verb：Units in which the main verb occurs with one or two particles(not, to, up, out…);⏹Classification of multiword verbs;✧Prepositional verbs介词动词: v.+prep+(n). Call for, look for, ask for, refer to, gointo, come by, attend to, burn for, bump into, depend on, enter upon, work under.✧Phrasal verbs短语动词: v.+adv. Bring up, look up, give in, sit down, blow up, boilover, drop in, end up, play around, stand up, take off…✧Phrasal-prepositional verbs短语介词动词: v.+adv.+prep. Check up on, get awaywith, stand up for, walk away with, put up with, keep out of, look down on, look up to…Proverb: short well-known statements that give practical advice about life; they capture the shared beliefs or collective wisdom of a society.Chapter 7 English DictionariesPrescriptive dictionary and descriptive dictionary; historical dictionary;⏹Prescriptive = s aying how the lg ‗should‘ be used.⏹Descriptive = recording the language exactly as it is used. E.g. W3Three important dictionaries⏹The Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson; (prescriptivism)⏹OED; (historical principle)The greatest of all unabridged Eng. Ds.;The only Eng. D compiled totally from its own citation files;⏹Webster‟s New International Dictionary; (descriptive principle)English corpora;CollinsGeneral-purpose dictionary and specialized dictionary; learner‘s dictionary⏹General-purpose dictionary✧Desk size(=college Ds in the USA),e.g. Collins English Dictionary, LongmanDictionary of the English Language, the New Oxford Dictionary of English;[中型词典，案头词典]✧Concise size, e.g. the Concise Oxford Dictionary, Collins Concise English Dictionary,Longman Concise English Dictionary; [简明词典]✧Pocket size, e.g. the Pocket Oxford Dictionary, etc. [袖珍词典]⏹specialized dictionary: restricted to one variety(e.g. a dialect, technical jargon, slang) ortype of entry word(e.g. verbs, adjectives…)Etymological Dictionary of English Language; Webster‟s Dictionary of Synonyms;Oxford Dictionary of Current Idiomatic English; An English Pronouncing Dictionary (Daniel Jones); A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English (John S. Kenyon) Roget‟s International Thesaurus; A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (Henry Watson Fowler);⏹Learner‘s Dictionaries✧Learner‘s Ds for native speakers, e.g. Chamber‟s Student‟s Dictionary; CollinsCOBUILD Learner‟s Dictionary;✧Learner‘s Ds for ESL students, e.g.Oxford Advanced Learner‟s Dictionary of Current English (1st edn. 1948; 3rd edn. 1974;7th edn. 2005) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (1978, 1987, 1995, 2003, 2009) Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary; Collins COBUILD English Learner‟s Dictionary; Cambridge International Dictionary of English ; Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners.Monolingual dictionary and bilingual dictionary;⏹Monolingual dictionary: the language of description is the same as the language beingdescribed.⏹bilingual dictionary: give information about equivalences between two languages.Chapter 8 Words in ContextDialect: Dialect: a variety of a language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language‘s speakers; e.g. regional dialect, social dialect.⏹regional dialect✧Same word, different meaningpants, cupboard, public school, cracker, faculty;✧Same object, different wordspost-graduate [graduate]; staff [faculty]; lorry [truck]; bonnet [hood]; petrol [gas]; sweets [candy]; tin [can];✧Words only used in Br. or Am. EngBr. duke, marquis, count, viscount, baron, knight;Am. canyon, everglades, gopher, sagebrush;⏹Social dialect: Varieties of language used by groups defined according to class,education, age, sex, and a number of other social parameters.E.g. old people talk about it “icebox and wireless”; but don‟t know what is “totallystoked”; women tend to “use sort of, kind of, isn‟t it? don‟t you?”Register:a form of language appropriate to a specific situation; a variety of language distinguished according to context, which consists of the field of discourse, the relations between participants, and the mode of discourse.Word choice is a feature among registers.e.g. Tone refers to ―the interval between the first two degrees of a major scale‖ in music,to ―a musical pitch of the voice that serves to change the meaning of a word‖in linguistics, to ―the color of a photograph‖ in photography, and to ― the state of the body with respect to the health and vigor of it s functions‖ in physiology.Style: (formal, informal and colloquial)Slang: used by a specific social group;E.g. spaced out飘飘然的, right on好极了，你说得对, hang-up大难题, rip-off偷窃，索要高价, cool, hot, rave, ecstasy, crib, posse支持者, grass, pot, rap, cool, dig, stoned, bread, split, suck, gork, dis;underworld slang, e.g. crack, payola, C-note, G-man, sawbuck; con, brek, burn, screw;particularly rich in certain domain, such as violence, crime, drugs, sex;Taboo：a strong social prohibition against words, objects, actions, or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group or community.Euphemism：a mild, comforting, or evasive expression that takes the place of one that is taboo, negative, offensive, or too direct. P122E.g. Gosh God,terminate kill, pass water/relieve oneself/urinate Piss, pass away, departed his life die, chest and limb breast and leg, heavens hell, bless it damn it, developing backward/underdeveloped countries, visually impaired blind.Jargon: the language peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group; functions as a technical or specialized language; allow its users to talk precisely about technical issues in a given field;Linguistic jargon, e.g. lexeme, morpheme, case, lexicon;Jargon of ‗computerese‘, e.g. modem, bit, byte; ROM, RAM, CPU;‗Green‘ jargon, e.g. lead-free, meat-free, zero-emission vehicle, eco-friendly, eco-tourism;Sports jargonReligious language。

（0057）《词汇学》复习大纲Chapter One Introduction1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed with at least examples.):Lexicology (p. 1)V ocabulary (p. 1)Morphology (p. 1)Etymology (p. 2)Semantics (p. 2)Stylistics (p. 2)Phonetics (p.2)2. Some fundamental ideas (the five points in section 1.3.2)1) The vocabulary of any language never remains stable, but is constantlychanging, growing and decaying, together with the development of humansociety.2) The word is the principal and basic unit of the language. The word is astructural and semantic entity within the language system.3) The word is a two-facet unit possessing both form and content.4) Structurally words are inseparable lexical units taking shape in a definitesystem of grammatical forms and syntactic characteristics, whichdistinguishes them both from morphemes and words groups.5) Two approaches of investigations lexicology. The synchronic approach isconcerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists are given time, forinstance, at the present time. The Diachronic approach deals with the changesand the development of vocabulary in the course of time. The twoapproaches should be interconnected and interdependent.3. The Division of the History of English1) The Old English (Anglo-Saxon) periodDuration: roughly from 450-1150The three characteristics of Old English (page 7-8)(1) pronunciation difference; (2) Teutonic vocabulary; (3) full of inflectional2) The Middle English periodDuration: 1150-1500The three Characteristics of Middle English (page 8)(1) resemblance to Old English; (2) borrowing and loss in vocabulary; (3) less inflectional3) The Modern English period (page 8)Early Modern English (1500-1700)Late Modern English (Since 1700)Chapter Two Sources of English Vocabulary1. The naive elements of English V ocabulary1) The nine characteristics of the native element (pp. 10-11)a. all-national characterb. great stabilityc. mono-syllabic wordsd. Great word-forming abilitye. wide collocabilityf. plurality of meaningsg. high frequency valueh. stylistically neutral2. The foreign elements of English V ocabulary (pp. 11-26)1) The three ways of the foreign elements entering into the Englishvocabulary (p. 12)a. through oral speechb. through written speechc. through invaders2) Classification of the foreign borrowings (or, the four types of foreignelements in English vocabulary) (pp. 12-13)a. aliens ;b. denizens;c. translation loan;d. semantic loan3) Some useful Latin phrases and abbreviationsvice versa, per cent, per cap., persona non grata; a.m., p.m., i.e., e.g., c.f.,viz.4) doublets, hybrids and international words in English (pp. 26-30)5) The three types of assimilated words: completely assimilated words,partly assimilated words and non-assimilated words. (pp. 32-33) Chapter Three Word-Building1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):morpheme, free morpheme, bound morpheme, root, stem2. Ways of word-building (attentions should also be paid to the examplesappearing the ways of word-building)1) affixation (pp. 39-51)2) conversion (pp.51-55)3) compounding (pp.55-59)4) backformation (pp. 59-60)5) shortening (pp. 60-63)6) blending (pp. 63-64)7) imitation (p. 64)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Four Semantics1. definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):polysemy (p. 72), homonymy (p. 77), perfect homonym (p. 77), homograph(p. 78), homophone p. 78), synonym (p. 80), antonym (p. 86),2. important points1) the relation between a word and its meaning (p. 70)2) the relation between words and concepts (p. 70-71)3) the meaning of “nice” (p. 72)4) types of synonyms (pp. 83-84)5) the origin of synonyms (p. 84)6) the example words of antonym (pp. 86-88)7) ways of coining neologism (p. 91)8) the exercises of Chapter Four (pp. 94-100)Chapter Five Change of Meaning1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):extension of meaning (p. 101), narrowing of meaning (p. 102), degradationof meaning (p. 104), metonymy (p. 114), synecdoche (p. 116), oxymoron (p.119)2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Six English Idioms1. Characteristics of English idioms (four points) (pp. 124-128)2. Characteristics of phrasal verbs (three points) (pp. 133-134)3. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Seven Varieties of English1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):slang (p. 149), jargon (p. 149),2.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam!Chapter Eight American English1. Characteristics of American English (pp. 158-162)2. Differences between British English and American English (pp. 162-164)3.All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Nine Application and Comprehension1. Attention should be paid to the example words given in this chapter2. All the exercises of this chapter are possible sources for the final exam! Chapter Ten English Lexicography1. Definitions (In the final exam, all definitions should be completed withexamples.):monolingual dictionary (p. 185), bilingual dictionary (p. 185), encyclopedia(p. 186), encyclopedic dictionary (p. 186).（0057）《词汇学》样题Part I Definition (20 points)Directions: Defining the following terms with examples.1. aliens2. homophone3. jargon4. compounding5. bilingual dictionaryPart II True or False Decision (15 points)Directions: Decide whether the following statements are T (true) or F (false).1.Every word has two aspects: the outer aspect —written form and the inner aspect —sound.2.Some affixes are free morphemes while some others are bound morphemes.3.Old English is a language of full inflections.4.“Popular words” mainly refer to words of French origin in the English language.5.Strictly speaking, in the English language, there are no two words which are absolutelyidentical in meaning6.We should put our hands on the deck, when we hear “All hands on deck” on a boat.7.In the word “modify”, the root is “mod”, the stem is “modi” and the suffix is “-fy”.8.Most of the affixes are derived from Old English, or from Latin and Greek.9.In the compound word “blood test”, the second part, i.e. “test”, indicates the action upon thefirst part.10.Absolute synonyms can be found in ordinary life, e.g. begin —commence.11.Simile, metaphor and personification are figures of speech based on resemblances.12.Phonologically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on the first elementand secondary stress on the second element.13.Actual meaning refers to the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary.14.Most of the English words are polysemic.15.American English is characterized by creativeness but not conservativeness in usage.Part III Multiple Choice (15 points)Directions: There are 15 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are 4 wordsor phrases marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one word or phrase that correctly completes the sentence.1. The word “question” is a word borrowed from .A. LatinB. FrenchC. GreekD. Scandinavian2. He is wise enough to see all these fine pretensions.A. outB. toC. throughD. over3. You should remember that the building is a war memorial and speak more .A. respectivelyB. respectablyC. respectfullyD. respected4. The crown jewels are kept in the Tower of London.A. valuedB. valuelessC. invaluableD. usable5. When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretched out on the canvas, shouts and cheersfrom it.A. broke upB. broke forthC. broke throughD. break upon6. The scientists realized it would be too to ship all people in one boatbecause it was fragile.A. boldB. daringC. riskyD. dangerous7. The energy gained from the sun can then be used during the night to enable the necessarychemical reactions to in his body.A. precedeB. proceedC. progressD. practise8. There is a of vegetables in Shanghai at the moment because of the coldweather.A. shortageB. wantC. needD. desire9. When the Victorians had family reunions, the hosts went their way to entertainthe guests.A. in forB. overC. out ofD. back on10. Having pushed her son, Eve gave him a dismissive towards the car.A. pushB. pullC. drawD. drag11. Which of the following usually appears in poems?A. horseB. steedC. gee-geeD. nag12. Which of the following words is INCORROCT in word formation?A. unhorseB. unmannedC. unfrostD. unhappy13. Which of the following is formed by blending?A. popB. sightseeC. copterD. boatel14. The antonym of “fresh” in “fresh bread” is ________.A. staleB. stuffyC. fadedD. tired15. I will take you to a most interesting ________ of nineteenth century.A. wonderB. exhibitionC. expositionD. displayPart IV Translation (10 points)Directions: Translating the following sentences into Chinese.1.The sea has smoothed down.2.Kissinger got the plans and helicoptered to Camp David.3.He commanded a fleet of thirty sails.4.Strike while the iron is hot.5.Most of the city families have a fridge.Part V Answer the following questions with examples (20 points)1.What are the relations between a word and its meaning? (6 points)2.What are the classifications of Homonyms? (6 points)3.What are the characteristic features of English idioms? (8 points)]（0057）《词汇学》样题答案Part I Definition (20 points)1.aliensAliens are words borrowed from a foreign language without any change of the foreign sound and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin. For examples, “coup d‟état”, “résumé”, “régime”, etc. are all Aliens of French borrowings.2.homophonesHomophones are words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. sun, son;piece and peace; etc.3.jargonJargon are terms peculiar to a class, sect, trade or profession. For example, when the chemist says “Chlorophyll makes food by photosynthesis.”he is talking jargon, which in plain language means “green leaves build up food with the help of light”.poundingCompounding is the word forming process by which tow or even more words are joined to form a new entity. For example, “darkroom (meaning …a room used for photographic processing‟) is formed by joining “dark” and “room” into a new word.5. bilingual dictionaryA bilingual dictionary involves two languages. The main entries are generally defined orexplained in the same language with translations as Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English with Chinese Translation, etc.Part II True or False Decision (15 points)1~15. FFTTT 6~10 FTTTF 11~15TTFTFPart III Multiple Choice (15 points)1~5 ACCCB 6~10 CBACA 11~15 BCDABPart IV Translation (10 points)1.大海已经平静下来了。

《英语词汇学》复习资料1Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.1.The 1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated intothe English language.3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can bedealt with from two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.4.“Mal-”in “maltreat”is a 4 prefix, while “inter-”in “interstate”is a 5prefix.5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English languageof 6 endings, and a language of 7 endings.6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggesttheir meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, andthe later has two components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or12 .9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.10.14 is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or aword plus a part of another word.11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-culturalgroups, and outsiders can hardly understand it.12.“Pretty”and “handsome”share the same 16 meaning，but differ in 17meaning.13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into itsminimal components which are also known as semantic features..14.Radiation and 19 are the two coinages which the development of wordmeaning follows from monosemy to polysemy.15.20 deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more specificword is included in that of another more general word.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true”and F for “false”.1.Homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a wordof the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.2.Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, sothey have strong productivity.3.“Can-opener” used as slang to mean “all-purpose key”.4.Native words are neutral in style.5.The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, theFar East, and India.6.Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary,particularly in earlier times.7.The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is morpheme.8.Stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.9.Base is what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.10.Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the Englishvocabulary.11.“Fore-”in “forehead”and “fore-”in “foreknowledge”belong to two kinds ofprefix.12.Word-building and word-formation are relative synonyms.13.The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergonea process of extension of meaning.14.Parent—child and husband—wife are two pairs of converses.15.Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?3.List the four sources of synonyms.4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning? Ⅳ. Answer the following questions according to the requirement.Classify the three pairs of antonyms according to types of antonyms you have learned and describe the characteristics of each type of them.interviewer/interviewee; male/female; old /young成考复习资料答案I．Fill in the blanks.1. morpheme2. denizens3. diachronic4. pejorative5. locative6. leveled7. lost8. onomatopoeic9. grammatical10. lexical11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending15. argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19.concatenation 20. hyponymyII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.1-5 TTTFT 6-10 TFFFT 11-15 TFFTFIII.Answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?1)All national character 2) stability 3) productivity 4) polysemy5) collocability2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?1)Prefixes primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, i.e. prefixes do notgenerally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning.2)Suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function is to changethe grammatical function of the base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning.3)So prefixes are categorized on a semantic basis while suffixes are divided on agrammatical basis.3.1)Borrowing; (2) dialects and regional English (3) figurative and euphemisticuse of words (4) coincidence with idiomatic expressions4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?1)Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms thecore of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptualmeaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generallyhas the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speechcommunity. (3%)2)Associative meaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it isopen-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors asculture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc…（3%）Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1.1)Interviewer& interviewee are converses; male & female arecomplementaries; old & young are contraries.2)Complementaries truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are soopposite to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit nopossibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other orvice versa. Complementaries are nongradable, and they cannot be used incomparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very”toqualify them.3)Contraries are gradable antonyms. The existence of one is in relation to theother. We can say: A man is rich or very rich and also we can say a man isrich than the other. Contraries are characteristic of semantic polarity. Theseantonyms form part of a scale of values between two poles and canaccommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other.4)Converses consist of relational opposites. The pairs of words indicatereciprocal social relationships that one of them cannot be used withoutsuggesting the other. It also includes reverse terms, which compriseadjectives and adverbs signifying a quality or verbs and nouns signifying anact or state that reverse or undo the quality, action or state of the other.成考复习资料复习资料2I. 单选题1. In the sentence “I like to see a movie.”, there are ________ functional words.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 52. Conversion is amethod________________________.A. of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speechB. of converting words of one meaning into different meaningC. of deriving words through grammatical meansD. of changing words in morphological structure3. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ________________.A. subseaB. prewarC. postwarD. desks4. Which of the following statements is false?A. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.B. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.C. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectiveswhen converted to nouns.D. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.5. _________ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core ofword-meaning.A. Grammatical meaningB. Denotative meaningC. Associative meaningD. Connotative meaning6. The words what have emotive content in themselves are said to contain __ meaning.A. collocativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. denotative7. __________ explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.A. Etymological motivationB. Onomatopoetic motivationC. Morphological motivationD. Semantic motivation8. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT __________.A. worksB. workerC. workingD. worked9. “Smog”is formed by combining “smoke”and “fog”. So it is an example ofA. clippingB. compounding成考复习资料C. blendingD. back-formation10. The word “smog”is created by blending, with the structure of __________.A. head + tailB. head + headC. head + wordD. word + tail11. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of ________________.A. translation-loansB. emantic loansC. word formationD. borrowings12. Which of the following belongs to a semantic field?A. steed, charger, palfrey, plug, nagB. pony, mustang, mule, stud, mareC. policeman, constable, bobby, copD. domicile, residence, abode, home13. Words which are used to show the attitude of approval are ________________.A. appreciativeB. pejorativeC. conntativeD. collocative14. General features of English contains the following except _________.A. simplicityB. receptivityC. adaptabilityD. imprssiveness15. The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are the following except .A. compoundingB. affixationC. acronymD. conversionII判断题1. The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, theFar East, and India. （）2. The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergone aprocess of extension of meaning. （）3. The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman Conquestwhich brought many Latin words into the English language. （）4. Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, sothey have strong productivity. （）5. Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech, tense meaning, andstylistic coloring. （）6. Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the Englishvocabulary. （）7. The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarked term.（）8. Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity. （）9. Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary,particularly in earlier times. （）10. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemantic word are not成考复习资料directly related to the primary meaning. （）III简答题1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.答案I． 1-5 AADDB 6-10 BDBCA 11-15 CBADCⅡ. 1-5 TFFTF 6-10 TFFTFⅢ. 1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning? Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speech community. Associativemeaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc…2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.Explain different types of homonyms with examples.Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are words identical both in sound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear(a kind of fruit)Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. sow (to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig) Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear ( a loved person) and deer (a kind of an animal)复习资料3I．Fill in the blanks.Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.1.The __1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated intothe English language.3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can bedealt with from two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.4.“Mal” in “maltreat” is a 4 prefix, while “inter-” in “ interstate” is a 5_prefix.5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle Englishlanguage of___6__ endings, and a language of __7__ endings.成考复习资料6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggesttheir meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, andthe later has two components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or__12 .9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.10.___14__ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or aword plus a part of another word.11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-culturalgroups, and outsiders can hardly understand it.12.“Pretty”and “handsome”share the same _16_ meaning, but differ in _17_meaning.13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into itsminimal components which are also known as semantic features.14.Radiation and ___19___ are the two coinages which the development of wordmeaning follows from monosemy to polysemy.15.__20____deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a morespecific word is included in that of another more general word.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F on the answer sheet:1.Homonyms come mainly from borrowing, changes in sound and spelling, anddialects.2.“Radiation”shows that the derived meanings of a polysemantic word are notdirectly related to the primary meaning.3.Borrowing is a very important source of synonyms.4. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.5.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.6.Motivation explains the connection between the linguistic form and its meaning.7.Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech, tense meaning, andstylistic coloring.8.The origins of the words are a key factor in distinguishing homonyms frompolysemants.9.The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarkedterm.10.If the words differ in range and intensity of meaning, the words are not identicalin denotation.11.The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the NormanConquest which brought many Latin words into the English language.ponential analysis is to break down. the conceptual sense of a word into itsminimal distinctive components.13.Celtic language made great contributions to the expansion of the Englishvocabulary.14.Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.15.Shortening includes clipping and blending.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.unbearable international ex-prisoner.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1. What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?成考复习资料答案I．Fill in the blanks.1. morpheme2. denizens3. diachronic4. pejorative5. locative6. leveled7. lost8. onomatopoeic9. grammatical 10. lexical 11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending 15. argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19. concatenation 20. hyponymyⅡ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F in the brackets:1．F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6. T 7.F 8.T 9.F 10.T11.F 12. F 13. F 14. T 15. TⅢ. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.unbearable international ex-prisoner.un+bear+able:(1)‘bear’ is a free morpheme, and ‘un’, ‘able’are bound morphemes. inter+nation+al: ‘nation’ is a free morpheme, and ‘inter, al’ are bound morphemes.ex+prison+er: ‘prison’ is a free morpheme, and ‘ex, er’ are bound morphemes.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.1)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.2)Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.3)Backformation is therefore the method of creating words by removing thesupposed suffixes, so called because many of the removed endings are not suffixes but inseparable parts of the word.4)For example, it is a common practice to add –er, -or to verb bases to formagential nouns.5)Reasonably, people make verbs by dropping the ending such as –or in editor, -arin beggar and –er in butler.3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.1)Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by theconceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.2)Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate fordifferent styles.3)Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing inquestion.4)Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account ofthe meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.(1)Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are wordsidentical both in sound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear (a kind of fruit)(2)Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound andmeaning, e.g. sow (to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig)(3)Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling andmeaning, e.g. dear ( a loved person) and deer (a kind of animal)Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1.What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?1)Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with reference to spellingand pronunciation, as both have the same orthographical form but different meanings. This creates the problem of differentiation.2)The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the factthat the former refers to different lexemes which have the same form and the latter the one and same lexeme which has several distinguishable meanings.3)One important criterion by which to differentiate them is ‘etymology’, i.e.,homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word of the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.4)The second principal consideration is ‘semantic relatedness’. The severalmeanings of a single polysemous lexeme are related and can be traced back to成考复习资料one central meaning. On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another.5)In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headwordwhereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.。

英语词汇学考试大纲一、英语词汇学考试大纲：1、英语词汇概述：（8%）（1）英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展：英语的谱系关系；英语的三个发展阶段。

（2）英语词汇的构成：基本词汇与专用词汇；英语词汇中的本族词与外来词。

（3）英语词汇的三大特点：数量大、来源广、变化多。

2、英语构词法：（27%）（1）英语单词的结构：词根、词干、前缀、后缀；自由语素与非自由语素；构词不达意成份。

（2）构词法：词缀法、合成法、转成法、缩略法、逆成法、混成法、拟声法、元音替换法、重音变换法、短语合成法、双词合成法、专有名词转成法。

3、词的意义及其演变：（45%）（1）词的定义；词的词汇意义与语法意义；词义与概念；词的理据。

]（2）词的多义性（单义词与多义词）。

（3）词义演变的类型（辐射型；连锁型）（4）词义历史发展的倾向：词义的扩大；词义的缩小；词义的扬升；词义的贬降；词义的转移。

（5）词与词之间的语义关系：同义关系；反义关系；同形或同音异义关系；上下义关系；语义场。

（6）词义的类型：概念意义；内涵意义；风格意义；感情意义；联想意义；搭配意义；主题意义。

（7）词的比喻意义：隐喻、换喻。

4、英语习语：（15%）（1）习语的定义。

（2）英语习语的分类：从语义角度；从来源角度；从功能角度分类。

（3）习语的运用。

5、美国英语：？？？（1）美国英语形成的历史背景。

（2）美国英语的特点。

（3）美国英语与英国英语的比较。

（4）美国英语对英语发展的影响。

6、英语词典：（5%）（1）种种不同类型的英语词典。

（2）美国出版的英语词典与英国出版的英语词典的比较。

（3）英语词典的使用。

全国考试题型：题数计分时间（分钟）一、选择题： 15 30% 15二、填空题： 5 10% 5三、匹配题： 10 10% 10四、分类题： 10 10% 10五、名词解释： 5 10% 20五、简答题： 3 12% 30六、论述题： 2 18% 60合计： 50 100% 150(1)单项选择题 30分（每小题2分） 20(2)教程内容填空题 10分（每小题2分） 15(3)匹配题 10分（每小题1分） 15(4)判断填空题 10分（每小题1分） 20(5)术语解释题 10分（每小题2分） 20(6)简答题 12分（每小题4分） 30(7)分析题 18分（每小题9分） 30认知领域能力层次要求的分数比例识记（A） 20%领会（B） 30%简单应用（C） 30%综合应用（D） 20%课程中各章在试卷中的分数比例第一、二章 15%第三、四章 20%第五、六章 25%第七章 10%第八章 10%第九章 15%第十章 5%广东省考试题型：一、是非题： 10%，1分 *10题，共10分钟。

第一章：A word can be defined as afun dame ntal un it of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning, capable of perform ing a give n syn tactic fun cti on The developme nt of En glish Vocabulary. ① Old English (OE) (449-1100)OE is chracterized by the frequent use of compo un ds. Some OE compo unds involving alliteration have survived in Modern English.About 85% of OE words are no Ion ger in use.② Middle En glish (1100-1500)ME is characterized by the str ong in flue nce of French followi ng the Norman Conquest in 1066. (law and gover nmen tal admi nistratio n)③ Moder n En glish (1500-the prese nt)The rapid growth of prese nt-day En glish vocabulary and its causes： A. marked progress of scie nce and tech no logy (software, hardware) B.socio-economic, political and cultural cha nges( credit card, fringe ben efit, pressure cooker) C. in flue nce of other cultures and Ianguages (maotai, sputnik) classification of English words according to different criteria 1. By origin : native words andloan words 。

英语词汇学复习提纲Part I概念题1.（glossary）a list of the difficult words used in a piece of writing or subject, withexplanations of their meanings2.（phrase) a group of words that form a unit within a clause3.（expression）unclassified linguistic unit of any length: words，phrases，sentences，paragraphs，etc。

4.(diction）the choice of words used in a speech or piece of writing5.(vocabulary) words in general known，learnt，used，etc。

or a list of words，usually in alphabetical order and with explanations of their meanings6.(lexicon) all the words and phrases in a language or a dictionary7.(lexis) all the words in a language8.(word）the smallest unit of spoken or written language which has meaning and canstand alone9.(Etymology）the study of origins and development of words10.（Lexicography) the writing and making of dictionaries11.（Lexical semantics) the study of words and their meanings12.(lexicology) the study of meanings and uses of words13.（morphology) the study of how words are formed in a language14.（phraseology) the words and phrases used in a particular profession or activity, or aparticular way of putting words together to express something15.(collocation）a group of words which "naturally” go together through commonusage16.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible oranalyzable into smaller forms17.Root: a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word，and it conveys the mainlexical meaning of the word.18.A ffix: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added toanother morpheme. It can further be divided inflectional and derivational types.19.Prefix: a derivational or an inflectional affix that can be added to the beginning of amorpheme.20.S uffix: a derivational or inflectional affix that can be added to the end of amorpheme。

Chapter4 Word Formation in English掌握主要构词法Derivation/Affixation 派生法 / 词缀法Conversion 转化法Compounding/Composition 复合法Compounding 复合法P61Denefinition of Compounding 定义a word-forming process of joining two or more old words to form a new unitCharacteristics of Compounds 特点（features）1.Orthographic Criterion 写法上a.Solid 固定式：Butterfly Laymanb.Hyphenated 连字符模式：Never-endingc.Open开放式：prime time黄金时间rape tape繁文缚节2.Phonogically （发音上），there is always a single primary stress in English words, so that compounds are often recognized by stress pattern （重音）and lack of juncture （连音），if a word is a compound, its stress would be on the first part of the compound. "Greenhouse3.Syntactically（句法方面）,compounds are single lexical units and have specific features. Some compounds seem to use ungrammatical or at least unusual word order in English.4.Semantically（语义上），compounds tend to have special meanings. The meanings of the words interrelate in such way that the new meaning may be different from the meaning of the words in isolation （单独分离，隔绝孤立）.Conversion 转化法P67Denefinition of Conversion定义（注意掌握哪些词是经转化而来的）A change in word class without the addition of an affix is known as conversion.主要是n. v. adj.之间的转化，词型没变，但词性改变，也称为Zero derivation零派生法（没有词缀的派生法）掌握表格重音的变化P68Blending拼缀法（注意掌握类型）P68Denefinition of Blending 定义Blending refers to the process of combining parts of two words to form a third word which contains some of the meaning of each part.6 common types of Blending 6 种类型1.The first type of blends is a full word followed by a splinter （某一个词的部分）a.The whole of the first word and the end of the second word.（完整的词加上后面的词的一部分）b.Blends can also begin with a splinter, followed by a full word.一个词的前半部分加上另外一个词eg. a. fact + action = faction（写实小说,派系之争）hack + broadcaster二huckster （叫卖的小贩）b. medical + care = medicare（医疗保险）technology + nerd （呆子）=technonerd 电脑迷2.The second type of blends consists of two splinters.a.In some cases, the beginning of one word is followed by the end of another word.词首+词尾b.In other cases, both splinters are the beginnings of words.词首+词首eg. a. network + citizen^ netizen 网络公民information + commercial^ informercial 电视直销节目b. teleprinter+exchange = telex 电传打字机 situation+comedy = sitcom 情境喜居U3.The third type of blends consists of complete overlap （重叠部分），in which a part of the blend belongs to both words. eg. sex-sexploitation- sexploitation 色情利用,性泛滥 pal（伙伴）* alimony = palimony 同居生活费,分居赡养费4.The fourth type of blends involves the embedding （插入，嵌入）of one word in another.eg. entrepreneur（企业家,主办人）+porn= entreporne" chuckle（咯咯笑）+snort（鼻息声）=chortle（得意地笑）More examples of blending are shown in the following P69 掌握并判断Shortenings 缩短法P 70Clipping截短法（注意掌握类型,定义）Denefinition of Clipping 定义It is the process by which a word of usually three or more syllables is shortened without a change in meaning or function. 只是把词截短，但是词性和词义不变eg. omnibus - bus taximeter cabriole- taxiTypes of Clipping 类型1 .Front/Fore clipping: the clipping happens at the beginning of the word.截掉前面aeroplane-plane telephone-phone2.Back/Hind clipping: the deletion may occour at the end of the word才巴后截掉deliccitessen（熟食店）・deli laboratory-lab3.Front and Back clipping: clipping may affect both ends of the source with the middle part retained. 中 I'可保留，头尾去掉lnfluenza（流行性感冒）-flu detective （侦探）-tec4.Midclipping: the shortening affects the middle of the source form 中间去掉procurator 代理人）-proctor department 部门）一dept assistant一asst fossilization（化石作用）一fossilationpound/Phrase clipping: clipping may extend to phrases and word groupspopular music - pop permanent wave（烫々-perm public house（客栈）-pub narcotics agent - narc（缉毒开!j曾 final examinations - finals taximeter（车费指示器）cab（出租车,驾驶室）-taxi co-operative store - co-op 合作商店6.Phonetic clipping: it refers to the clipping of the unaccented（石发重音物 letter or syllable in a word.3E重读的或者音节截掉Three types: phonetic fore clipping, phonetic midclipping, and phonetic hind clipping.eg.because - cause cannot - can \ afraid - 'fraid over-o'erInitalisms首字母缩略法（注意掌握两种类型,区别）Denefinition of Initialisms 定义Initialisms are the results of putting together the initial letters（首字母），or occasionally the first two letters（开头的两个字母）,of the other orthographic（拼写正确的）words in a phrase and using them as words.Types of initialisms 类型1.Alphabetisms按字母排序缩短后按字母来读When initialisms are pronounced with the names of the letters in them, they are called alphabetisms.2.Acronyms首字母缩拼词按单词发音When they are pronounced like individual words, they are acronyms.eg. UN （United Nations） FBI （Federal Bureau of Investigation） ID （identification）IOC （International Olympic Committee） TOEFL（Test of English as a Foreign Language）OPEC （Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries） APEC （Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation）There are even items with two spellings and two readings, alphabetisms may be mixed with acronyms and the two systems of pronounciation are combined. VP （from Vice-President） is pronounced like veep.Backformation逆构法P73 （达到能够辨认出单词是由这种方式形成的程度）Denefinition of Initialisms 定义Backformation is the making of a new word from an older word which is mistakenly assumed to be its derivative.返回去，人误以为是从哪个词派生出来的original word一new word:air-conditioner（空调）一 air-condition（装空调,空调调荀beggar（乞丐）一 beg donation- donatespring-clecming（大扫除）-spring-clean（V.）editor（编辑）一edit emotion - emote （Vi.激动地表达情感）destnicti （m（破坏）- destruct（n.v. a.破坏的）inspector（巡视员,监察员）-inspect peddler（小贩）- peddle（叫卖）sky-diving（空中跳伞）- sky-dive swindled骗子）一 swindle laser（激光）一 lose burglar（窃贼）一 burgle（偷切Chapter 5 Sense Relations 语义关系Word Meaning 语义Seven Types of Meaning 7 种语义P211.Conceptual Meaning = denotative/cognitie meaning 概念意义Conceptual meaning, which is sometimes called denotative or cognitive meaning, refers to meanings as presented in a dictionary.从字典中可以找得到的，核心的，稳定的意义。

词汇学复习大纲Explain these terms with examples(2*5=10%)Archaisms jargon slang denizen alien (1)Hybrid (2)Morpheme roof affix stem base(3)Affixation compounding conversion blend initialism acronym(4)Conceptual meaning associative meaning connotative meaning stylistic meaning (5)Synonymy antonymy homonymy hyponymy( 6 )Uphemism elevation of meaning degradation of meaning (7)Context(8)Idiom(9)Motivation(5)Filling in the blanks (70%) chapter 4 5 6 7 91.prefixation (54prefixes) affixation(51suffixes) 1*10=10%2.root 108 roots (1*10)pounding4.blending5.clipping6.acronymy7.discrimination of synonymy8.euphemism9.borrowing (triplets)(hybrid)10.idioms(proverb)answering questions1.what are the characteristics of the basic word stock?(1)2.Give a brief account of the four phases of Latin borrowing with two or threeexamples for each period.(2)3.What is the difference between grammatical and lexical morphemes, andinflectional and derivational morphemes? Give examples to illustrate their relationship?(3)4.What are the criteria by which to differentiate compounds from free phrases?What do you think of these criteria?(4)5.What is motivation? What are the four types of motivation? Explain them withexamples. Dose this theory contradict th e theory of “ arbitrariness” and “ conventionality” concerning the relationship between linguistic symbols and their senses?(5)6.What is semantic field? Is field theory in the way helpful in languagelearning?(6)7.What are the causes of meaning change? Illustrate you point.(7)8.What is the mechanism underlying the semantic change in lexemes?(7) bernardand delbridge (1980)—associate field9.What is context? Can you differentiate verbal context from extra-linguisticcontext?(8)10.What are the major characteristics of idioms? Give examples to illustrate yourpoint. (9)。

英语词汇学复习的内容：一、考试题形式分为：Ⅰ.选择题(20分)：完全是考书中的理论与例子的结合,即知识点等。

1-9cahptersⅡ.填空（30分）：考定义概念。

1-10chaptersⅢ.（20分）习语英译汉：教材中汉语部分idioms: 习语的特点Ⅳ.(10分) 论述题：第三章为主Ⅴ. 树形图（依据上下义关系作图）(20分)：第二、六章二、教材内容简介三、复习内容Introduction 部分Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics. Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系: 1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife 纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化是Narrowing or specialization第一章词的概述；1.识记：词的定义2.声音与意义3.声音与拼写4.词汇5.词汇的分类What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmailmanagement 可以次划分为manage 和-mentmisfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和fortuneblackmail 次划分为black 和mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is …no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound and form ’不一致。