跨文化交际期末复习例文

《跨文化交际》复习资料Paper 1 Communication AnalysisThe following are three different cases of cross-cultural communication. In each of the cases there is something to be improved upon. Write an analysis on what is to be desired for more successful communication or cultural understanding.Question 1Case 1:Chen Bing, a Chinese tour guide, is talking to a Canadian tourist, Luke Baines, who has no knowledge of Chinese at all. They are having dinner in a restaurant.Chen: This is Beijing duck, one of China's most famous dishes. You'll love it!Luke: No, thanks. I don't like duck. I prefer chicken.Question 2Case 2:Feng Li and Tom have been working on a scientific experiment at a British university for some months. It has not been totally successful. They are discussing the situation in the laboratory.Feng Li: I don't know where it went wrong!Tom, Don't feel so bad. Cheer up, you've done your job.Feng Li: But our experiment has turned out to be a failure.Tom: Relax for a couple of days. I'll face the music.Feng Li: Tom, we are not playing children's games here. This is a scientific experiment.Tom, I've never taken the experiment as child’ s play, and I'm playing the game.Feng Li: You say you're playing the game! It's a rather important experiment!Feng Li walks out of the Laboratory angrily. Tom is puzzled.Question 3Case 3:This is a more complex situation where there are several things that require more informed cultural analysis. Find the cultural problems and explain the cultural differences. Jim and Li Zhen were students together at Leeds University in Britain. A year later, after graduating, Jim went to Shanghai as a visiting scholar on a year’s exchange.Jim had never been to China before. Li Zhen took him to a classical piano concert performed by a famous Chinese pianist. During the performance people were talking and at one stage someone ran up onto the stage and presented the pianist with a bunch of flowers during the playing of a particular musical item. This happened several times during the evening. It also happened when two singers were on stage singing some songs that he was playing. Jim thought all these things quite strange. At the end of the performance the audience applauded the pianist and he applauded them. The audience began to leave while the pianist remained on the stage.Paper 2 VocabularyChoose one word or expression from those in the box below to fill the gap in each of the sentences. Write the correct words in the spaces provided in your answer sheet. Do not change the forms of the4. After twenty five years working in the bank she decided on a different .5. Finally, after arguing about the meal for five minutes it was decided he would .6. Despite the circumstances of the accident there were still some that needed explanation.7. There are many different used when talking about people's relationships in China.8. "Mike! Meet Jane, the ."9. "Ok, the argument is over. Let's forget it, you know."10. People in English speaking countries also avoid losing face or hurting other people by telling .11. It is difficult for foreigners to understand British pub culture, especially the system of which all members of the group are expected to join in.12. It was a crushing blow to her, a hit when she received thenews that her husband had left her for another woman.13. In China there is a real sense of in social situations. Paper 3 TranslationTranslate the following passage from English into Chinese. Please write your translation on the answer sheet.What do we mean by "Intercultural Communications" or "IC"? This is not a description of the popular trend toward talking about international things or going overseas. IC is actually an academic and applied discipline that has developed internationally since the 1950s. Sometimes called "cross-cultural communications" or "comparative culture" , scholars most often use the prefix "inter" with the word "cultural" to describe the interaction between cultures. On one level, IC is represented by culture studies, where we examine the political, economic and lifestyle systems of other countries. On another level, it is applied linguistics, where we seek to understand the relationship between language and culture. Many Chinese English teachers and professors have been interested in this aspect since the 1980s - How to teach English in ways that help students also learn the basic communication practices of Britain, the US or other English speaking countries.But the discipline of Intercultural Communications is actually a broad and well-developed field of study. IC is an interdisciplinary application of fields like cultural anthropology, sociology, psychology (and social psychology), communication studies, applied linguistics and educational pedagogy. IC is a comprehensive attempt to understand all aspects of human cultures and how they interact with each other.To understand Intercultural Communications, we seek to understand tradition and modernization, consistency and change. As we understand some of the ongoing national characteristics of a people, we can examine how this culture is seen from the outside, how it interacts with other cultures and how it is changing. In the last thirty odd years, scholars have developed both theoretical framework for comparing cultures and some practical dimensions for considering the similarity and differences between them. One level of intercultural comparison is Cultural Identity. Another level of comparison is Verbal Communication. Another area receiving much attention is Nonverbal Communication. Paper 4 ReadingPassage 1 Questions 15-20In recent years criticisms have been voiced concerning sexist bias in the English language. It has been argued that some of the vocabulary and grammar we use reflects and reinforces a traditional view of the world asone in which men are dominant and women play a secondary role. Take the word 'chairman' for example. While this can in fact apply to people of both sexes, it appears to some people to be male-oriented as it ends in 'man'. In the past people taking the role of chairman were exclusively male and the word was obviously originally a compound of 'chair' and 'man'. Many English speakers, however, have ceased to view this word as a compound and no more feel it to be composed of these two units, than they perceive cupboard to be a composite of ' cup' and ' board'. In addition the continued use of chairman might be defended on the grounds that the final syllable is pronounced /m'n/ rather than /mn/, just like the final syllable of woman. Despite such considerations other speakers take a contrary view and are sensitive to the components of which it is made up. They clearly perceive it as a title that perpetuates traditional ideas about the place of women in society. For this reason they seek to replace it with neutral terms such as 'chairperson' or 'chair', so that it is now possible to ask questions such as; 'Who is chair of the committee?' Other changes advocated include the replacement of words such as 'postman', 'fireman' and 'policeman' with more clearly neutral terms such as 'postal worker', fire-fighter' and 'police officer’. There is, however, continuing controversy about how far such language changes should go. Should changes be considered for traditional idioms as 'man in the street' and titles such as 'Peking Man'? What about those words where the male meaning of 'man' is no longer dominant, such as 'manhandle'?To the extent that changes have taken place, they have done so more in the written language and formal pronouncements than in everyday speech. You would be quite likely to read in the paper that 'Postal workers are to receive a pay increase.' But 'Has the postman been?' would be most likely to be heard in informal conversation. Here 'postman’ remains firmly entrenched in popular usage.The extent to which language reflects and shapes attitudes and behaviors is a matter of conjecture. Chinese, Japanese, Persian and Turkish do not make the kinds of sex distinctions English makes through its system of pronouns, but it would be difficult to maintain that males who speak these languages are less sexist than males who speak English! Answer the following questions according to the above text:15. The general use of the word 'man' added to English words indicates .A. sexual feelingsB. sexual freedomC. sexist ideasD. sexist bias .16. Generally where language and sex are concerned in Britain .A. all people agree change is neededB. some people agree change is neededC. people can't make up their minds on the issueD. people think the issue is unimportant and not serious17. What example does the author give to support a defense of the word 'chairman'?18. What does the author argue for when the example 'manhandle' is given?19. What does the author have to say about the impact of language changes?20. What is the author's argument in the final paragraph?Passage 2 Questions 21-27Can Computers Do a Better Job Rating Stocks?Since May, Charles Schwab has been providing stock ratings to clients using a computerized system that it says tries to remove human bias.In particular, Schwab says, its system is meant to avoid the conflicts of interest that have plagued traditional brokerage firms, whose research analysts have often acted as cheerleaders for companies being courted by their investment bankers."We believe that our single biggest advantage is our objectivity," said Jerry Chafkin, Schwab's executive vice president for investment advice and products. " While the development of the methodology is human, the analysis is being performed systematically and automatically.Though Schwab is perhaps the most prominent financial services company to use a computer-driven rating system, several others, including Value Line and Zacks Investment Research, pick stocks in a similar way.The various systems produce very different ratings of individual stocks, and their ability to outperform a market index fund over time has not been proved conclusively. The verdict is still out as to whether computers do it better than people. What is clear, though, is that the major computerized systems hand out fewer positive stock ratings than do Wall Street analysts, who seem to give them out very generously.People who run computerized selection systems criticize traditional Wall Street analysis as having institutional conflicts of interest, as well as individual bias. "I am very suspicious about opinions and judgments and emotions by humans in individual stock selection," said Samuel Eisenstadt, Value Line's research director.However, the computer-driven stock-picking systems must rely on the selection criteria of their creators. All try to isolate factors that their developers believe have the greatest ability to predict share prices. Most models compare a company9s historical earnings growth with that of other companies. And many track the extent to which earnings havesurprised analysts.Many firms use their computer-based stock-rating systems as marketing tools.The designers of these systems say they should be judged on how a group of stocks performs over time. But all the systems assume, as do stock analysts on Wall Street, that superior research, by humans, and analysis can select a group of stocks that will outperform the market averages over the long run.Market analysts say it is too soon to assess the fledgling Schwab system or new models, like Microsoft's year-old Stock-ScouterMark the following statements True (T) / False (F) / Not Given (NG) according to the information provided in the text.Write T, or F or NG on your answer sheet in the spaces provided for questions.21. Charles Schwab is a computer company.22. The method of operation by Schwab is done automatically.23. 'Value Line' and 'Zacks' have similar operating methods to Schwab.24. There is no conclusive proof that computers perform better than humans.25. Wall Street analysts are generous in rating stocks.26. Human beings make value judgments according to the research director of 'Value Line'.27. Analysts are surprised at the growth rate of share prices.答案及评分标准Paper 1: Communication Analysis●The following points should be covered in the analysis.●Award one point for each of the points covered (underlined). Paper 2: Vocabulary●One point for each item.●Answers must be the same as the key.4. vocation5. foot the bill6. grey areas7. kin terms8. trouble and strife 9. live and let live10. white lies 11. buying a round12. below the belt 13. communityPaper 3: Translation14.“跨文化交际”或“IC”是指什么呢?这并不是对于谈论国际事务或出国大潮的描述。

Cross-culture communication of ordinary workers in Sheraton HotelWhile talking about cross-culture communication, especially in hotel area, it occurs to my mind that consumers are most likely to contact with the ordinary workers, such as waiters, lobby duty managers and cleaners. How the hotel gives the first impression to the consumers largely depends on them. And in case of that the foreign consumers come to hotel, if the hotel can well train the ordinary workers, the lesson of cross-culture communication is absolutely necessary. And in the article I want to analyze the cross-culture communication of an ordinary worker in the Sheraton Hotel, in which much of the experiences come from one of my friends who had an internship as a waiter in Sheraton Hotel. If a college student wants to work in the foreign hotel, cross-culture lesson is of the essence.First of all, working in such hotel like Sheraton requires the ability of English language, especially oral English. Even as a waiter, you should speak English well and can understand the foreign guests when they know little Chinese. We call this the ability of language in cross-culture communication, and as the saying goes,” One cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's ear”, this is the first step of cross-culture communication, which is to say, we can understand the intention of the speaker and express our own ideas through language. And it is the basis of all the other steps because of that without this ability you can not even talk and start the communication. Secondly, ordinary workers should learn some foreign culture of target countries, and respect foreign guests’ culture. When some foreign incidents occur, waiter should immediately understand what had happened and quickly made decisions, considering the respecting of foreign culture while not harm the dignity of our own country. Sometimes the foreign incidents happened just because foreign guests misunderstood the local culture and sometimes the Chinese culture had conflicts with the foreign culture. Whatever happened, waiters should keep in mind that there is no small problem in foreign affairs. Never make yourselves unless emergency. This step we call it “the understanding of target culture”.Thirdly, the hotel made policies according to the foreign culture. For examples, the waiters get good tips over and above their wages. As a big brand in the world, Sheraton Hotel in Guiyang obeys the international practice. Soft environment is built while the hotel conditions improved. Material determines consciousness. Only when the ordinary workers achieve the first two step can the administration and supervision authorities made policies like that. My friend worked as a waiter in Sheraton Hotel for about six weeks and got pretty much tips.To sum up, ordinary workers should first of all learn English well, then understand the foreign culture and respect the foreign custom. That’s the basis of cross-culture communication. What’s more, to establish the good sense of foreign communication and form spectacular skills of cross-culture communication is the advanced step.。

新编跨⽂化交际期末复习资料I.lceberg: {Edward. 7. Hall.-- 标志着跨⽂化交流'学科的开始} Culture can be viewed as an iceberg. Nin e-te nths of an iceberg is out of sight (below the water lin e). Likewise, nin e-te nths of culture is outside of conscious awareness. The part of the cultural iceberg that above the water is easy to be noticed. The out-of- awareness part is sometimes called “ deep culture ” . This part of the cultural icel hidden below the water and is thus below the level of consciousness. People learn this part of culture through imitating models. / Above the water: what to eat, how to dress, how to keep healthy ；Below the water: belief, values, worldview and lifeview, moral emoti on, attitude pers on alty2.Stereotype:定型主义 a stereotype is a fixed notion about persons in a certain category, with nodistinctions made among individuals. In other words, it is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.3. Ethnocentrism: 民族中⼼主义Ethnocentrism is the technical name for the view of thing s in which one ' own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it. It refers to our tendency to identify with our in-group and to evaluate out-groups and their members according to its sta ndard.4. Culture: Culture can be defined as the coherent, learned, shared view of group of people about life ' ?concerns that ranks what is important, furnishes attitudes about what things are appropriate, and dictates behavior. 5. Cultural values: Values inform a member of a culture about what is good and bad, right and wrong, trueand false, positive and negative, and the like. Cultural values defines what is worth dying for, what is worth protecting, what frightens people, what are proper subjects for study and for ridicule, and what types of eve nts lead in dividuals to group solidarity.6. Worldview: A worldview is a culture "osentation toward such things as God, nature, life, death, theuni verse, and other philosophical issues that are concerned with the meaning of life and w ith “ being ”. 7.Social Organizations: The manner in which a culture organizes itself is directly related to the institutionwithin that culture. The families who raise you and the goverments with which you associate and hold allegia nce to all help determ ine hoe you perceive the world and how you behave withi n that world.8. Globalizati on: refers to the establishme nt of a world economy, in which n ati onal borders are beco ming less and less importa nt as transn ati onal corporati ons, existi ng everywhere and no where, do bus in ess in a global market.9. Com muni cati on: C ommuni cati on is any behavior that is perceived by others. So it can be verbal andnonv erbal, in formative or persuasive, frighte ning or amus ing, clear or un clear, purposeful or accide ntal, com muni cati on is our link to the rest of the huma nity. It pervades everyth ing we do.10. Eleme nts of com muni cati on process: 交流过程的基本原理(1).con text: The in terrelated con diti ons of com muni cati on make up what is known as con text.(2).The participa nts: in com muni cati on play the roles of sen der and receiver, sometimes —as in face-to-face com muni cati on ——of the messages simulta neously.(3) . messages: are far more complex. They include the elements of meanings, symbols, encoding and decod ing.(4) . A channels: is both the route traveled by the messages and the means of transportation. We may use sound, sight, smell, taste, touch, or any comb in ati on of these to carry a message.(5). noise: is any stimulus, external or internal to the participants, that interferes with the sharing of meaning. External noise: sight, sound?Tnternal noise: thoughts, feeling …Semanticnoise: unintended meaning aroused by certa in verbal symbols can in hibit the accuracy of decod ing.(6) .Feedback: As receivers attempt to decode the meaning of messages, they are likely to give some kind of verbal or nonv erbal resp on se. This resp on se, called feedback, tells the sen der whether the massage has bee n heard, see n, or un derstood.11. Abraham Mslow ( 亚伯拉罕？马斯洛)-ive basic needs 五个需求1. physiological needs ——food, water, air, rest, clothing, shelter, and all necessary to sustain life2. safety needs —physically safe, psychologically secure3. bel ongingn ess n eeds —accepted by other people and n eeds to bel ong to a group or groups.4. esteemn eeds ——recog niti on, respect, reputati on 5. self-actualizati on n eeds-the highest n eed of a pers on12. Culture Dime nsio ns ⽂化维度13. A High-c on text :内向型com muni cati on or message is one in which most of the in formatio n is either in the con text or in ternalized in the pers on, while very little is in the con text or in ternalized in the pers on, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Eg. Japanese, Chinese, Korean, African America n, Native America n. self-effaceme nt 隐匿⾃我A Low-c on text: ⼣⼘向型com muni cati on is just the opposite, the mass of the in formatio n is vested in the explicit code, and the con text or situati on plays a mi nimal role. Eg. Germa n-Swiss, Germa n, Scandin avia n, America n, Fren ch, En glish self-e nhan ceme nt 凸显⾃我Low-c on text in teracti on emphasizes direct talk, pers on-orie nted focus, self-e nhan ceme nt mode, and the importa nee of “talk ” -cHigtlext in teract ion, in comparis on, stresses in direct talk, status-orie nted focus, self-effaceme nt mode, and the importa nee of nonv erbal sig nals and eve n sile nee.Eg: In Scene 1 - and - spell out everything that is on their minds with no restraints. Their interaction exchange is direct, to the point, bluntly contentious, and full of face-threat verbal message. Scene 1 represe nts one possible low-c on text way of approach ing in terpers onal con flict.In Scene 2, _ has not directly expressed her concern over the piano noise with _ because she wants to preserveface and her relati on ship with _ . Rather, _ only uses in direct hints and nonv erbal sig nals to get her point across. However, _ correctly “reads between the lines _ verba l message and apologizes appropriately and effectively before a real con flict can bubble to surface. Scene 2 represe nts one possible high-c on text way of approach ing in terpers onal con flict.Direct and In direct Verbal In teracti on Styles self-e nhan ceme nt and self-effaceme nt 凸显⾃我，隐匿⾃我In the direct verbal style, state ments clearly reveal the speaker ' jntentions and are enunciated in a forthright tone of voice. In the in direct verbal style, verbal stateme nts tend to camouflage the speaker ' s actual inten tio ns and are carried out with more nuan ced tone of voice.14. Colors : Black: death, evil, mourning, sexy; Blue-cold, sad, sky, masculine; Green-envy, greed, money;Pink: feminine, shy, soft ness, sweet; Red: an ger, hot, love, sex; White: good, innocent, peaceful, pure; Yellow: cautio n, happy, sun shi ne, warm15. F un cti ons of Nonv erbal Commu ni cati on: repeati ng, compleme nting, substitut ing, regulat ing con tradict ing16. C on fucia n teach ing key prin ciples: I.Social order and stability are based on un equal relati on ships betwee n people.2. The family is the prototype for all social relati on ships.3. Proper social behavior con sistof not treati ng others as you would not like to be treated yourself. 4. People should be skilled , educated, hardwork ing, thrifty, modest, patie nt, and perseveri ng.Four books and five classical: The Analects of Confucian ＜论语＞,Mencius ＜孟⼦＞,Great Learning ＜⼤学＞, The Doctrines of Mean ＜中庸＞ / Classic of poetry ＜诗经＞, Book of documents ＜尚书＞,Book of kites ＜礼记＞,Classic of changes ＜周易＞,Spring and Autumn Annals ＜春秋＞.仁义礼智信：merciful, justified, polite, in tellige nt, hon est17. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Ian guage becomes our shaper of ideas rather tha n simple our tool forreport ing ideas, Ian guage in flue need or eve n determ ined the ways in which people thought. The cen tral idea of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that Ianguage functions, not simply as a device for reporting experie nee, but also, and more sig nifica ntly, as a way of defi ning experie nee for its speakerIn flue nee: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has alerted people to the fact la nguage is keyed to the total culture, and that it reveals a people ' s view of its total environment. Language directs the perceptions of its speakers to certain things; it gives them ways to analyze and to categorize experienee. Such perceptions are uncon scious and outside the eon trol of the speaker. The ultimate value of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that it offers hints to cultural differe nces and similarities among people.18. The way people speakHigh invoIvement ⾼度卷⼊:1. talk more 2. interrupt more 3. expect to be interrupted 4. talk more loudly attimes 5. talk more quickly. Eg. Russian, Italian, Greek, Spanish, South American, Arab, AfricanHigh con siderate ness ⾼度体谅:1, speak one at a time 2. use polite liste ning soun ds, 3. refra in from interrupting, 4. give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners. Eg. Mai nstream America n19. ⽂化维度Orientation —Kluckhohns and Strodtbeck Beliefs and Behaviors2O.Chinese VS English --- Chinese: open, visual, old . English: close, changing, modern21.Stumbli ng Blocks in In tercultural Com mun icatio n 跨⽂化交际中的绊脚⽯(1) Assumption of similarities 假定相似(2) Language differences (3) Nonverbal misinterpretations 不⽤⾔语表达的误解(4) Preconception 先⼊为主的概念的固定形式(5) Tendency to evaluate评价意图(6) High anxiety 焦虑(7) Conclusion22. Esse ntials of Huma n Communi cati on(1) Communication is a dynamic process. (2) Communication is symbolic. (3) Communication is systemic.(4) Communi catio n invo Ives mak ing inferen ces. (5) Communi cati on has a con seque nee23. How is Ian guage related to cultureCulture and Ianguage are intertwined and shape each other. In our own environment we aware of the implicati ons of these choices. All la nguages have social questi ons and in formati on questio ns. The point is that words in themselves do not carry the meaning. The meaning comes out of the con text the cultural usage. In addition to the environment, language reflects cultural values.24. More words/expressi on —importa nt role in cultureIn Chin ese we have many kin ship terms, some of which seem to have no equivale nts in En glish. Comparedwith Chin ese, En glish has fewer kin ship terms. The differe nce is not just lin guistic; it is infun dame ntally cultural.25. A culture ' s conception of time can be examined from three different perspectives: 1. informal time;2. percepti ons of past, prese nt, and future;3. mono chromic and polychromic.26. Monochronic(M-time) 单维时间and polychromic(P-time) 多维时间Monochronic people: 美国⼈Do one thing at a time. Concentrate on the job. Take time commitments seriously. Are committed to the job. Adhere to plans. Are concerned about not disturbing others; follow rules of privacy. Show greatrespect for private property; seldom borrow or lend. Emphasize promptness. Are accustomed to short-term relationships. Polychromic people: 中国⼈Do many things at once. Are easily distracted and subject to interruptions. Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible. Are committed to people and human relationships. Change plans often and easily. Are more concerned with people close to them(family, friend, close business associates) than with privacy. Borrow and lend things often and easily. Base promptness on the relationship. Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships.27. Adapting to a New Cultureculture shock.: Any number of symptoms 征兆can occur during cycles of culture shock. These symptoms can be(1)physiological (2)emotionally (3)communicationPredeparture stage: Stage one: everything is beautiful. Stage two: everything is awful. Stage three: everything is OK. Adaptation and reentry 再进⼊Methods: 1. patience. 2. meet new people. 3. try new things. 4. give yourself periods of rest and thought. 5. work on your self-concept. 6. write. 7. observe body language. 8. learn the verbal language.。

黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结（超全）第一篇：黑龙江大学跨文化交际英语复习总结(超全)跨文化考试总结考试构成：一、单选 1*10=10分。

（Choose the one that）其中有一部分是书中的概念。

二、判断 1*10=10分。

（A—>true,B—>false)课后习题所有概念关键词+考试范围内的CASE：Chapter 1 Culture Keywords(1)Culture(from intellectual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”（从知性角度定义文化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其他表现。

）(2)Culture(from anthropologic perspective): Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts;the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values”（从人类学.角度定义文化：文化由清晰和模糊的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号获得并传播，这些符号由人类群体的特别成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。

文化的基本核心由传统思想和与其相关的价值观构成。

跨文化交际期末复习判断1the iceberg model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly文化的冰山模式意味着要彻底理解文化是非常困难的。

（T ）2culture is inn ate as soon as a pers on is born一个人出生就有文化（F）3people may sometimes get con fused about his or her cultural ide ntity人们有时会对他或她的文化身份感到困惑。

（T）4scholars prefer the term subculture toco-culture in describing a culture which exists wit nin a domi nant culture在描述一种存在显性文化的文化时,学者们倾向于亚文化到共同文化5 a person could be a member of severaldifferent subgroups at the same time一个人可以同时成为几个不同的子组的成员。

(T )6 Intracultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver from different races exchang messages文化的交流是发生在不同种族交换消息的发送 者和接收者 (F )7 communication and culture are inseparable and strougly connected沟通与文化密不可分，紧密相连。

(T )message ・ this activityis 发送者必须选择言语或非言语的发出故意这活 动被称为解码8 The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal to sendan intentional called decoding9 The process of communication has ninecomp onents :se nder,e ncodi ng,message,cha nnel, no ise,decodi ng,feedback,a nd con text通信过程由九部分组成：发送方、编码、消息、信道、噪声、解码、反馈和上下文。

Needs and Purposes for CommunicationGenerally speaking, purposes relate to needs in that our purpose is what we intend to get done through communication. In other words, we have needs，which communicating can help to satisfy. The followingis a described list of common purposes and needs for communicating.一般来说，目的涉及需要，因为我们的目的是我们打算通过沟通来完成。

换句话说，我们有需要，沟通可以帮助满足我们的需要。

以下是通信的常见目的和需要的描述列表。

Survivalcommunicate survive. For example, we would communicate in Order to rent a flat (shelter). If we felt ourselves in physical danger, we would also communicate with others to try to get help.沟通生存。

例如，我们将通信订购租住一个公寓（住所）。

如果我们感到自己处于身体危险之中，我们还会与他人沟通，试图获得帮助。

Co-operationWe communicate in order to work with others. It is obvious that our need to form social group actually comes from our need to co-operate with each other in order to survive. Organized groups of people in any society work together to provide basic needs and also less basic needs.我们沟通，以便与他人合作。

跨文化交际案例分析答题模板范文概述跨文化交际是指不同文化背景下的人或群体之间进行的交流与沟通。

在全球化的背景下，跨文化交际变得越来越重要，因为不同国家和地区之间的交流交流变得日益频繁。

然而，由于文化差异的存在，跨文化交际也会面临一些挑战。

本文将以一个实际案例为例，分析其中的跨文化交际问题，并提供解决方案。

案例描述在某国际会议上，来自不同国家的代表们齐聚一堂，探讨共同关心的问题。

会议主题是「可持续发展与全球环境保护」。

会议期间，参会代表们进行了多场演讲和讨论。

在一次小组讨论中，来自西方国家的代表John对某个问题提出了自己的观点，他认为政府应该采取更严格的法律措施来保护环境。

然而，来自东方国家的代表Li却反对这种观点，他认为法律的过度干预会限制企业的发展。

在讨论的过程中，John和Li之间发生了一些误解和摩擦。

John认为Li不关心环境保护，而Li则认为John过于强调法律的作用。

这种跨文化交际的问题让讨论变得紧张和困难。

分析这个案例揭示了在跨文化交际中常见的问题，即对待问题的态度和观点的差异。

从文化角度来看，西方国家注重环境保护和法律的作用，倾向于通过法律手段来解决问题。

而在东方文化中，更强调的是企业的发展和自由市场经济。

这种文化差异导致了John和Li之间的观点冲突。

此外，语言的差异也是导致误解的一个重要因素。

John和Li使用的是各自的母语进行交流，他们的语言表达方式和理解方式也存在差异。

比如，John可能使用了一些西方文化中常用的词汇、成语或隐喻，而这些对于Li来说可能是不熟悉或难以理解的。

这种语言差异导致了彼此之间的误解和沟通障碍。

解决方案为了解决这个问题，我们可以采取以下措施：1.尊重和理解：参会代表们应该相互尊重和理解彼此的文化差异。

这样可以缓解紧张情绪，并为进一步的交流打下基础。

2.注意语言表达：参会代表们应该尽量使用简单、清晰、易懂的语言进行表达。

避免使用过于专业化或地方化的词汇，以免引起误解。

跨文化英语期末总结范文Introduction:The study of cross-cultural communication has provided me with an opportunity to explore and understand the complexity of societal differences across the globe. Throughout this course, I have gained invaluable insights into the diverse cultures, practices, and communication styles of various countries. This paper aims to summarize and reflect upon the key lessons learnt during this cross-cultural English course.1. Understanding Cultural Differences:Cultural differences play a vital role in shaping one's perception, behavior, and communication style. Through this course, I have learned that it is crucial to approach cultural differences with an open mind, without prejudice or stereotypes. Cultures are multifaceted, and generalizations can lead to misunderstandings and miscommunications. Learning to appreciate and respect cultural differences allows for better cross-cultural interactions.2. Non-verbal Communication:Non-verbal communication plays a significant role in cross-cultural interactions. The use of gestures, facial expressions, and body language may vary across cultures. Misinterpretation of non-verbal cues can lead to misunderstandings. For instance, while a thumbs-up gesture may be perceived as a positive sign in Western cultures, it can be considered offensive in some Middle Eastern countries. It is important to be aware of these differences and adapt one's body language accordingly.3. High-Context vs Low-Context Cultures:Understanding the distinction between high-context and low-context cultures is important in effectively communicating with individuals from different cultural backgrounds. High-context cultures, such as Japan or China, rely on implicit communication, emphasizing context, and non-verbal cues. On the other hand, low-context cultures, like the United States or Germany, emphasize explicit and direct communication. Recognizing these cultural nuances allows for better comprehension and effective communication.4. Direct vs Indirect Communication:Different cultures have varying communication styles – direct or indirect. Cultures such as the United States and Germany value direct and straightforward communication. In contrast, cultures like Japan and Thailand prefer indirect and diplomatic approaches. Understanding these cultural preferences helps tailor communication styles to avoid misunderstandings and maintain relationships.5. Language Barriers:Language barriers are a common challenge in cross-cultural communication. It is important to recognize that language proficiency varies among individuals, and fluency in English cannot be assumed. Simple gestures, visual aids, and clear enunciation can aid in overcoming language barriers. Sensitivity and patience towards non-native English speakers can bridge the communication gap.6. Cultural Sensitivity in Business:Businesses operating across borders necessitate an understanding of cultural nuances in order to succeed in foreign markets. Cultural sensitivity in marketing, product localization, and business etiquette can enhance a company's reputation and build strong relationships with international clients. This course has emphasized the importance of adapting to local customs, language, and values when conducting business in different countries.7. Ethical Considerations:Cross-cultural communication also requires ethical considerations. It is important to respect cultural norms, traditions, and beliefs of different societies. Ethical dilemmas may arise when cultural values clash, and it is important to handle such situations with sensitivity, empathy, and understanding. Recognizing and appreciating cultural diversity promotes ethical behavior in cross-cultural interactions.Conclusion:This cross-cultural English course has provided me with a comprehensive understanding of the nuances and challenges faced in cross-cultural communication. I have learned to approach different cultures with an open mind, to be adaptable in my communication style, and to appreciate the diversity that exists across the globe. These insights will prove invaluable in my personal and professional interactions with individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Moving forward, I will strive to further develop my cultural sensitivity and enhance my cross-cultural communication skills for a more harmonious global society.。

Chapter 1 CultureDefinitions:1 Culture is the deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. 文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信仰、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观和艺术品的集合。

(P12/P29)2 Cultural Identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.文化身份：认为自己归属于某一文化或民族群体的感觉。

(P19/29)3 Subculture exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.指存在于主流文化中的文化，其划分通常基于经济地位、社会阶层、民族、种族或地理区域.(P23/29)4 Subgroups usually do not involve the same large number of people and are not necessarily thought of as accumulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as culture do.相对于亚文化和共文化群体，亚群体通常规模不大，也不一定有文化群体世代相传积累的价值观念和行为模式。

跨文化交际期末总结一、引言跨文化交际是指涉及不同文化背景的个人或团体之间的交流与互动。

随着全球化的发展，跨文化交际的重要性日益凸显。

在这门课程中，我们学习了跨文化交际的理论知识，积累了跨文化交际的实践技巧，并且还进行了一系列的实践活动和案例分析。

在期末总结中，我将总结我在这门课程中的收获和体会，并思考如何更好地运用这些知识和技巧。

二、理论知识的学习在本门课程中，我们学习了很多有关跨文化交际的理论知识，其中包括文化的定义、文化差异的特点、文化冲突的原因以及跨文化交际的策略等。

通过学习这些理论知识，我对跨文化交际的本质和挑战有了更清晰的认识。

我意识到不同文化之间的差异是不可避免的，我们需要用包容和尊重的态度去面对这些差异，并且学会通过有效的沟通和互动来解决文化冲突。

同时，我也认识到了跨文化交际的复杂性和多样性，每个文化都有其独特的价值观和世界观，我们需要具备开放的心态去理解和倾听他人。

三、实践技巧的积累除了理论知识的学习，我们还进行了一系列的实践活动和案例分析，通过这些活动，我积累了一些跨文化交际的实践技巧。

首先，我学会了如何观察和分析文化差异。

比如，通过比较不同文化的价值观和行为规范，我能够更好地理解他人的行为和思维方式，从而减少文化冲突的发生。

其次，我学会了如何适应和融入不同文化的环境。

在和其他文化背景的人交流时，我会尽量避免采用自己的文化习惯和形式，而是尊重和接纳对方的行为方式和习惯。

最后，我还学会了如何提高跨文化交际的能力。

通过参与跨文化交际的讨论和角色扮演等活动，我提高了自己的沟通和表达能力，增强了自信心和自觉性。

四、实践活动的反思在这门课程中，我们还进行了一些实践活动。

其中最让我印象深刻的是与来自不同国家的学生进行合作的项目。

在与这些同学共同完成项目的过程中，我面临了文化差异所带来的沟通困难和理解障碍。

但通过不断的交流和协商，我学会了如何与他人合作，如何处理文化冲突，并最终取得了很好的合作成果。