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中国航天发展史英语介绍：China's aerospace industry has witnessed remarkable growth and achievements over the past few decades. Here's a brief overview of its development: In the early 1950s, China began laying the foundation for its aerospace industry, with the establishment of key research institutions and the recruitment of top scientists and engineers. The country's first satellite, Dong Fang Hong I, was launched in 1970, marking the beginning of China's space journey.Over the years, China has made significant strides in space exploration. It has successfully launched manned missions to space, including the Shenzhou spacecraft series, which has facilitated China's human spaceflight program. In 2003, China became only the third country in the world to independently send astronauts into space, demonstrating its growing prowess in the field.China's lunar exploration program, Chang'e, has also been highly successful, with several robotic missions to the Moon, including the landing of the Chang'e-4 spacecraft on the lunar far side in 2019. This was a historic milestone, as no other country had achieved such a feat before.In addition to its manned spaceflight and lunar exploration programs, China has also made remarkable progress in other areas of aerospace technology, including satellite navigation, space station construction, and deep space exploration. The country has launched multiple Beidou navigation satellites, aiming to establish an independent global navigation satellite system. China is also working on developing its own space station, expected to be operational by the end of this decade.Furthermore, China has been actively collaborating with international partners in space exploration, fostering cooperation and mutual benefits. The country's aerospace industry has not only contributed to scientific advancements and technological breakthroughs but also played a pivotal role in national security, economic development, and enhancing China's global status.。
U.S. Missions∙Apollo Landing Missionso Apollo: Expeditions to the Moono Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecrafto Prologueo Spacecraft, Suits, and Roverso Precursors to the Landing Missionso Apollo 11, Apollo 12, Apollo 13, Apollo 14, Apollo 15, Apollo 16, Apollo 17o Epilogue: When might we go back to the Moon?o Apollo Lunar Surface Journal∙Robotic Spacecrafto Mariner Missions▪Mariner 2, Mariner 4, Mariner 5, Mariner 6 & 7, Mariner 9,Mariner 10o Ranger to the Moon (1964 - 1965)▪Ranger 7, Ranger 8, Ranger 9o Lunar Orbiter (1966-1967)▪Lunar Orbiter 1, Lunar Orbiter 2, Lunar Orbiter 3, LunarOrbiter 4, Lunar Orbiter 5o Surveyoro Pioneer 10 & 11o Viking▪Project Viking Fact Sheeto Voyager▪The Voyager Planetary Mission▪Voyager Jupiter Science Summary▪Voyager Saturn Science Summary▪Voyager Neptune Science Summary▪Voyager Uranus Science Summaryo Solar Maximum Missiono Magellano Galileoo Clementine to the Moono NEARo Mars Global Surveyoro Mars Pathfinder Spacecrafto Mars Pathfinder Rovero Cassini/Huygens▪Cassini Fact Sheeto Lunar Prospectoro IMAGEo Deep Space 1o Mars Climate Orbitero Mars Polar Landero Deep Space 2o Stardusto2001 Mars Odysseyo Mars Exploration Rovers▪Mars Spirit Rover▪Mars Opportunity Rovero New Horizons Pluto Kuiper Belt Flybyo MESSENGERo Phoenix Mars Landero Lunar Reconnaissance Orbitero DawnUSSR/Russia Missions∙Luna Mission Summaries, 1959 - 1976o Luna 2, Luna 3, Luna 9, Luna 10, Luna 11, Luna 12, Luna 13, Luna 14, Luna 16, Luna 17, Luna 19, Luna 20, Luna 21, Luna 22,Luna 24.∙Zond Mission Summaries, 1965 - 1970o Zond 3, Zond 5, Zond 6, Zond 7, Zond 8.∙Phobos∙Mars 96∙Venera Mission Summaries, 1967 - 1983o Venera 4, Venera 5, Venera 6, Venera 7, Venera 8, Venera 9, Venera 10, Venera 11, Venera 12, Venera 13, Venera 14,Venera 15 & 16European Missions∙Giotto∙Ulysses∙SOHO∙Cassini/Huygens∙RosettaJapanese Missions∙Sakigake∙Nozomi (Planet-B)∙Suisei∙YohkohThe space program of the People's Republic of China is directed by the China National Space Administration (CNSA). Its technological roots can be traced back to the late 1950s, when the People's Republic began a rudimentary ballistic missile program in response to perceived American (and, later, Soviet) threats. However, the first Chinese crewed flight program only began in earnest several decades later, when an accelerated program of technological development culminated in Yang Liwei's successful 2003 flight aboard Shenzhou 5. This achievement made China the third country to independently send humans into space. Future plans include a permanent space station and crewed expeditions to the Moon and Mars.Contents[hide]∙1History and recent developmentso 1.1During the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship periodo 1.2After the Sino-Soviet splito 1.3After Mao Zedong's deatho 1.4After the end of the Cold Waro 1.5Dual-use technologies and outer space∙2Organizationo 2.1Universities and instituteso 2.2Space citieso 2.3Suborbital launch siteso 2.4Satellite launch centerso 2.5Monitoring and control centers▪ 2.5.1Domestic tracking stations▪ 2.5.2Overseas tracking stations▪ 2.5.3Crewed spacecraft landing site∙3Crewed spaceflight programso 3.1Project 714o 3.2Project 863o 3.3Project 921▪ 3.3.1Space capsule▪ 3.3.2Space laboratory▪ 3.3.3Space stationo 3.4Proposed lunar explorationo 3.5Mission to Mars and beyond∙4Goals∙5List of projectso 5.1Satellites and scienceo 5.2Satellite launch centero 5.3Launch vehicleso 5.4Space exploration∙6Research∙7See also∙8References∙9External links[edit] History and recent developmentsThis article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (July 2009)This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (July 2009)[edit] During the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship periodAfter the United States threatened to use nuclear weapons during the Korean War[citation needed], Chairman Mao Zedong decided that only a nuclear deterrent of its own would guarantee the security of the newly founded PRC. Additionally, he wanted China to gain status among the world's powers that, as he felt, did not respect him, and instead dealt only with the Republic of China (present-day Taiwan) as "China". Thus, Mao announced his decision to develop China's own strategic weapons, including nuclear bombs and associated missiles for the warheads, during a Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee meeting held on January 15, 1955. The Chinese nuclear weapons program was designated by the codename of "02".“我们不但要有更多的飞机大炮，而且还要有原子弹。
