英文政治演讲语篇分析

The American political system is a complex and multifaceted structure that has evolved over centuries.It is a federal system,which means power is divided between the national government and the states.This essay will delve into the intricacies of the American political landscape,exploring its foundations,the branches of government,and the unique characteristics that define it.At its core,the American political system is based on the Constitution,a document that was drafted in1787and has been amended27times since then.The Constitution establishes the framework for the federal government and outlines the rights and responsibilities of its citizens.It is a living document that has been interpreted and reinterpreted by the Supreme Court,shaping the nations political and social fabric.The American government is divided into three branches:the legislative, the executive,and the judicial.This separation of powers is designed to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful and to ensure a system of checks and balances.The legislative branch,composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives,is responsible for making laws. The executive branch,headed by the President,enforces these laws and carries out the daytoday operations of the government.The judicial branch, led by the Supreme Court,interprets the laws and ensures they are consistent with the Constitution.One of the most distinctive features of the American political system is the twoparty system.The Democratic and Republican parties have dominated American politics for most of the countrys history,although there havebeen periods of thirdparty influence.This system has both advantages and disadvantages.On the one hand,it provides stability and predictability in the political process.On the other hand,it can limit the range of political ideas and perspectives that are represented in government.Another notable aspect of the American political system is the role of interest groups.These organizations,ranging from labor unions to business associations to advocacy groups,play a significant role in shaping policy and influencing the political process.They provide a way for citizens to participate in politics beyond voting,by lobbying elected officials and raising awareness about specific issues.The electoral process in the United States is also unique.The President is elected through the Electoral College,a system in which each state has a certain number of electors based on its population.This system has been the subject of much debate,with critics arguing that it can lead to a candidate winning the presidency without winning the popular vote.In conclusion,the American political system is a complex and dynamic structure that has been shaped by history,the Constitution,and the evolving needs of its citizens.It is characterized by a separation of powers, a twoparty system,and the influence of interest groups.While it has its flaws and challenges,it remains a system that many around the world look to as a model of democracy and governance.。

Today, I stand before you not just as a representative of the people, but as a steward of our nation's future. It is with a heart full of gratitude and a mind brimming with hope that I address you today.As we gather here today, our nation stands at a crossroads. We face challenges that seem insurmountable, but I believe that with unity, determination, and a shared vision, we can overcome these obstacles and build a brighter future for our children and grandchildren.First and foremost, we must address the economic challenges that have plagued our nation. We have seen jobs disappear, wages stagnate, and opportunities diminish. It is our duty to create an environment where businesses can thrive, innovation can flourish, and every citizen can achieve the American Dream.To achieve this, we must invest in our infrastructure. Our roads, bridges, and ports are crumbling, and it is time we invest in their repair and expansion. By doing so, we will create jobs, improve safety, and position our nation as a global leader in trade and commerce.Furthermore, we must invest in education. Education is the cornerstone of a thriving society, and it is our responsibility to ensure that every child has access to quality education. We must invest in early childhood education, expand access to higher education, and provide lifelong learning opportunities for all.But economic prosperity is not the only challenge we face. We must also address the social issues that divide us. Racism, discrimination, and inequality continue to plague our nation, and it is time we take a stand against these injustices. We must work to bridge the gap between communities, promote inclusivity, and ensure that every citizen is treated with dignity and respect.In addition, we must confront the environmental challenges that threaten our planet. Climate change is real, and it is a threat to our economy, our health, and our very way of life. We must commit to reducing our carbon footprint, investing in renewable energy, and protecting our natural resources for future generations.As we embark on this journey, we must remember that we are not alone. We have the support of our families, our friends, and our neighbors. We have the strength of our values, our traditions, and our history. And we have the power of our votes and our voices.Ladies and gentlemen, the future of our nation is in our hands. It is up to us to choose a path of progress and prosperity, or to succumb to the darkness of division and despair. I choose progress, and I urge you to join me on this journey.Let us come together, let us work together, and let us build a nation that is not just great, but good. A nation that is just, fair, and prosperous for all. A nation that stands as a beacon of hope and opportunity for the world.Thank you, and may God bless our great nation.。

英语政治演讲中主位及主位推进模式分析
作为美国首届黑人总统,奥巴马能够很有技巧性地进行演讲以赢得支持。

他的就职演说也被很多中国学生作为论文的研究对象,然而他的每周电台研究却很少被关注。

因此,本研究随机选取了奥巴马的二十篇每周电台演讲作为语料,目的在于总结出奥巴马每周电台演讲的语篇特点以及其组织演讲的技巧,以期为政治演讲的组织谋篇提供一些建议。

另外,本文的理论框架是主位结构以及主位推进理论。

从1844年开始,主位理论得到了快速的发展。

其中韩礼德为主位结构理论的发展做出了很大的贡献。

之后,丹尼斯补充了主位推进理论,这对于语篇功能理论的发展起了很大的推动作用。

本论文采用韩礼德的主位结构理论以及黄国文的主位推进理论来分析二十篇奥巴马的每周
电台演讲。

得到的结论如下：(1)奥巴马使用的简单主位多于多重主位和小句主位.在简单主位方面,代词使用的频率高于其他成分。

其中,“我们”和“我”两个代词使用比其他人称代词都多,但是“你”使用最少。

在多重主位方面,主题主位比篇章主位以及人际主位使用的多。

另外,奥巴马使用的非标记主位明显多于标记主位。

(2)奥巴马的演讲中使用最多的为平行型主位推进模式、延续型主位推进模式、集中型主位推进模式。

而交叉型主位推进模式、并列型主位推进模式以及派生型主位推进模式则使用较少。

本研究的意义在于将语篇功能的相关理论运用到政治演讲的分析中,验证了该理论用于分析政治演讲的可行性以及从不同的角度对奥巴马的每周电台演讲进行分析。

另外,对政治演讲的语篇功能分析使听众能更好地理解政治演讲,也为演讲
者在准备政治演讲时,提供理论参考。

关于美国政治的英语作文英语优秀文章1从这次开始我们要讲流行在美国政坛的一些习惯用语。

今天先讲的两个起源于五十年代宇宙探索事业。

第一个是：countdown。

Countdown原意是倒数计时。

曾经从电视上看到火箭发射现场转播的人一定都听到过在发射前如何倒数秒数：5，4，3，2，1，直到火箭从发射台升空那一瞬间。

航天专家把这倒数计算秒数称为countdown，不久这个说法就进入日常生活，用来指某一事件正式开始前的最后准备阶段。

比方说是航天飞机升空前，也可以是奥林匹克开幕前，或者是大选日投票开始前的最后阶段。

我们来听个例子，特别注意里面用到的countdown是什么意思。

例句-1：Tonight only four days are left in the countdown toward election day and the candidates are busy campaigning as hard as they can -- it s their last chance to get support from the voters.他说：今夜离大选日只有最后四天了。

候选人正竭尽全力地开展竞选活动，因为这是他们赢得选民支持的最后机会。

这里的countdown指投票前竞选的最后阶段。

我们再学个也来自航天事业但应用于政界的习惯用语：all systems are go。

System，在这个短语里原来指机械设备装置，就是电脑和其它各种控制设备。

All systems are go这句话是控制部门的负责人在下令发射火箭前最后收到的报告，意思是一切有关设备装置都已启动并且运行正常。

换句话说是一切准备就绪就等发射了。

All systems are go 随即在日常生活中流行，也包括政坛。

我们来听个例子，说话的是某主要总统候选人的竞选先遣人员。

他已经为候选人安排好明天在芝加哥的演说，现在正向在华盛顿的上级汇报有关情况。

英语政治演讲的文本特点及翻译策略
英语政治演讲的文本特点：
1. 短句：政治演讲常使用简短精练的短句，以便让听众更容易理
解和记忆。

2. 重复：政治演讲中会重复一些重要的词汇和句子，这些重复可
以加强听众的印象和情感共鸣。

3. 列举：演讲者会使用列举的方式来表达自己的观点和提供证据。

4. 排比：政治演讲中使用排比来强调观点和创造韵律感。

5. 引用：演讲者可以引用历史、文学、圣经或其他重要的文件来
支持他们的观点和证明他们的合法性。

翻译策略：
1. 保留原意：尽可能地保留原文中的语言风格和表达方式，以使
译文更接近原文。

2. 灵活翻译：在某些情况下，为了使译文更易于理解，可以使用
更接近目标语言的翻译方式，同时保证译文的准确性和完整性。

3. 注重语言的效果：政治演讲的翻译应该注重语言的效果，以使
译文更有感染力、情感共鸣和文学价值。

4. 条例化翻译：政治演讲常常以简洁、良好的组织结构为特点，
因此在翻译时要保持逻辑清晰和结构简洁。

关于政治人士的英语作文标题，The Role of Political Leaders in Shaping Societies。

Politics and governance are integral parts of any society, and political leaders play a crucial role in shaping the destiny of nations. Their decisions and actions have far-reaching consequences, impacting the lives of millions. In this essay, we will delve into the responsibilities, challenges, and impact of political leaders on society, drawing insights from historical and contemporary examples.Firstly, political leaders are entrusted with the responsibility of representing the interests of the people who elected them. They are expected to formulate policies and enact laws that promote the welfare and progress of the society. Effective leaders possess vision, empathy, and integrity, enabling them to understand the needs of their constituents and work towards fulfilling them. For instance,Nelson Mandela, as the President of South Africa, demonstrated remarkable leadership by advocating for reconciliation and unity in a deeply divided nation, thereby laying the foundation for a more inclusive society.Moreover, political leaders serve as role models and influencers, shaping public opinion and values throughtheir words and actions. Their leadership style and personal conduct set the tone for the entire nation. Therefore, it is imperative for leaders to uphold ethical standards and demonstrate commitment to justice, equality, and democracy. Mahatma Gandhi, through his philosophy of non-violence and civil disobedience, inspired a nation to strive for independence and social justice, leaving a lasting legacy that continues to resonate worldwide.However, the path of political leadership is fraught with challenges and complexities. Leaders often face competing interests, conflicting ideologies, and institutional constraints that make decision-making a daunting task. Moreover, the dynamics of power and the pressures of public office can lead to ethical dilemmas andmoral compromises. It is during times of crisis and uncertainty that the true mettle of leaders is tested. Winston Churchill's steadfast leadership during World War II, with his resolute determination and eloquent oratory, rallied the British people and bolstered their resolve against adversity.Furthermore, the impact of political leaders extends beyond their tenure in office. Their policies andinitiatives shape the socioeconomic landscape for generations to come. Whether it is implementing progressive reforms, fostering economic development, or championing environmental sustainability, the legacy of effective leadership endures long after leaders have left office. For example, the New Deal programs initiated by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression not only alleviated immediate suffering but also laid the groundwork for the modern welfare state in the United States.In conclusion, political leaders wield immense influence and responsibility in shaping the trajectory ofsocieties. Their leadership qualities, decisions, and legacies leave an indelible mark on the course of history.It is incumbent upon them to govern with wisdom, compassion, and foresight, keeping the interests of the people paramount. As citizens, we must hold our leadersaccountable and actively participate in the democratic process to ensure that our collective aspirations for a better future are realized. Only through effective and ethical leadership can societies progress and prosper inthe face of myriad challenges and opportunities.。

Ladies and gentlemen,Good morning/afternoon/evening. Today, I would like to talk about atopic that is undoubtedly prevalent in our society – the impact of technology on our lives. In this speech, I will analyze the positive and negative effects of technology on our daily lives, and argue that while technology has brought about numerous benefits, it also poses some challenges that we need to address.Firstly, let us consider the positive aspects of technology. The advent of technology has revolutionized our lives in countless ways. It has transformed the way we communicate, work, and access information. For instance, the internet has made it possible for us to connect with people from all over the world in an instant, thereby fostering global relationships and promoting cultural exchange. Moreover, technology has made our lives more convenient and efficient. With the help of smartphones, we can access information, make purchases, and even control our home appliances with a few taps on our screens.In the realm of work, technology has brought about significant advancements. Automation and artificial intelligence have streamlined various processes, making businesses more productive and cost-effective. This has, in turn, created more job opportunities and improved our standard of living. Additionally, technology has made education more accessible. Online learning platforms and educational apps have enabled students to acquire knowledge from the comfort of their homes, thereby bridging the gap between rural and urban education.However, despite its numerous benefits, technology also poses some challenges. One of the most significant concerns is the negative impact of technology on our mental health. With the increasing use of smartphones and social media, many people are suffering from anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. This is mainly due to the constant exposure to unrealistic portrayals of life and the pressure to maintain a perfect online persona.Moreover, technology has led to a decrease in face-to-face interactions, which can negatively affect our social skills and relationships. As webecome more engrossed in our devices, we may lose touch with our loved ones and the world around us. Additionally, the rapid development of technology has created a digital divide, where those who cannot afford the latest gadgets and internet services are left behind.In conclusion, technology has had a profound impact on our lives, both positively and negatively. While it has brought about numerous benefits, such as improved communication, convenience, and efficiency, it has also raised concerns regarding mental health, social skills, and the digital divide. To mitigate these challenges, we need to strike a balance between embracing technology and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. This can be achieved by setting boundaries, promoting digital literacy, and fostering face-to-face interactions.Thank you for your attention.。

吐行实践 。二语 动机策 略研究 在 Ｈ后 的发展 中 ，最重 要 拘是要 继续探索策略和途径 ，更 为全面地进行综合发展 。
４ ． ２二语 动机策 略研究的展望
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批评性语篇分析
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随着 全球化 进程 的不 断加快 ，提 升双边 合作 与理 解 的外 交性 活 动更 加广 泛地 运用 在 政治 语篇 当 中。 当下 ， 许 多学 者开始 用批 评性思 维来 分析政 治语篇 ，不 仅探 讨 书面形 式 的语篇 ，口头 形式 的政治语 篇也 受 到了人们 的 关 注 ，如通 过对 中美政 治语篇 的 比较与分 析 ，来揭示 中 美两 国政治 语篇 中语言 差异及 其产 生的原 因 ，从 而 引 ｍ 两 国背 后不 同 的意 识形 态 。尽 管政 治语篇 会受 到演讲 者 的 主观影 响 ，但对 政治语 篇 起到决 定性作 用 的还是 演讲 者 的意识形 态或权 力地 位 。本文选 取特 朗普胜 选演 讲作 为研 究对象 ，以费尔 克劳夫 的三维 分析模 式 与韩礼 德 的 系统 功能语 法理论 为指 导 ，从 批评 性语 篇分析 的角 度来 解读 特 朗普 胜选演 讲 ，旨在 为读者 以批评 性思 维 阅读 中 外政治语篇 提供借鉴 。

奥巴马就职演讲分析英文篇一：奥巴马就职演说的语言艺术分析一、演说与修辞时下英语界一般将英语文体（或称语体）分为口头体和书面体两大类。

但实践证明，这样的划分失之粗率。

其弊病在于名实难符：口头体并不仅限于口语形式，而书面体也不仅限于书面形式。

譬如，正式场合的演讲、报告，以及官方的谈话所用的文体就不能划入口语体，而应属于书面体。

演说活动自古以来就是人类社会的一项重要活动。

演讲者通过宣传某种思想，让听众理解和接受自己的观点和主张，进而号召听众采取一致的行动。

演讲者要达到预想的演讲效果必须研究演说词的语言表达艺术。

演说词的修辞手法是演讲者最主要的语言技巧。

修辞是从表达方式，表达效果的角度去研究语音、词汇、语法的运用。

美国总统的就职演说是一种在特定场合下的演说。

现场听众可达百万之众，并且向国内外进行现场直播。

美国民众及世界各国总是对新总统有着无限期待，总统的就职演说可谓是新政府向民众交出的第一份答卷。

总统要在就职演说中抒发自己的治国理想，分析国家面临的困难和挑战，宣布自己的施政纲领以及如何实现民众的希望。

各大媒体的调查表明，大多数美国民众对奥巴马的就职演说感到满意和非常满意。

本文拟从语音、词汇和句法三个方面的修辞手段的使用情况对奥巴马的就职演说进行文体分析，探讨这篇演说词的语言艺术。

二、奥巴马演说词的修辞手段1.音韵修辞格（1）头韵（alliteration）是语音修辞手段之一。

它是指两个以上紧邻单词首音（通常是辅音）相同。

头韵的修辞作用是增强语言的节奏感，使语言产生音乐般的美感。

头韵多用于诗歌和散文中，但人们也经常在演讲中运用头韵来增加语言的美感，加深听众的印象。

同样尾韵（EndRhyme）也有类似的修辞作用。

奥巴马就职演说中运用头韵的句子有：1）witholdfriendsandformerfoes,wewillworktirelesslytolessenthe nuclearthreat?（对于老朋友和老对手，我们将不遗余力地继续削弱核威胁?）2）weareshapedbyeverylanguageandculture,drawnfromeveryendofthisearth.（我们民族的成长受到许多语言和文化的影响，我们吸取了这个地球上任何一个角落的有益成分.）运用尾韵的句子有：1）Homeshavebeenlost;jobsshed;businessshuttered.（我们的人民正失去家园，失去工作，企业要倒闭。

英语政治新闻语篇中概念语法隐喻现象探究摘要：语法隐喻理论反映了语法对人类经验的重塑功能。

新闻语篇，尤其是政治语篇中会有意大量使用概念语法隐喻，以达到其特定的宣传目的。

本文在语法隐喻理论的基础上，从批评语篇分析视角对英语政治新闻语篇中的概念语法隐喻现象进行定性分析的同时揭示其背后的意识形态。

关键词：英语政治新闻语篇批评语篇分析概念语法隐喻意识形态一、引言在语言使用过程中，人们经常使用语法隐喻来委婉地表达其真实意图，而批评语篇分析正是一种旨在通过语言方式揭示语言和意识形态之间关系的理论。

基于语法隐喻理论，本文从批评语篇分析视角对英语政治新闻语篇中的概念语法隐喻现象进行定性分析，并揭示其背后的意识形态。

二、语法隐喻理论1985年韩礼德在《功能语法导论》一书中首次提出“语法隐喻”这一概念。

他认为语法隐喻是将一个常见的语法形式（一致式）隐喻为另一种语法形式（隐喻式）。

基于三大元功能理论，他把语法隐喻分为概念语法隐喻和人际语法隐喻。

三、批评语篇分析菲尔克劳夫的批评语篇分析理论认为语言是研究意识形态的重要途径。

语言只是语篇的形式，意识形态才是语篇的内容。

批评语篇分析就是要通过语言方式揭示语言、权力和意识形态之间关系以及语篇中隐含的意识形态。

四、英语政治新闻语篇特征新闻语篇主要目的是劝说和评价，基本原则是及时性、真实性、准确性和全面性。

但所有语篇都包含意识形态，特别是政治新闻语篇，这也是本文选取该特定语类的重要原因。

五、英语政治新闻语篇中的概念语法隐喻现象及其意识形态分析本文从《泰晤士报》和英文版的《中国日报》的官方网站随机抽取的2012年6-12月的政治新闻各15篇作为语料。

概念语法隐喻通常表现为及物性过程的隐喻化、及物性功能成分的隐喻化、功能成分在词汇层面的隐喻化。

下面将从这三个方面对英语政治新闻语篇中的概念语法隐喻进行分析。

5.1 及物性过程的隐喻化韩礼德认为六个及物性过程之间可以相互转换，其中物质过程的隐喻化，如：（1a） however， mr. kundnani himself warns that britain’s departure would be “fatal” for the bloc.（1b） ---that britain leaves eu would give the bloc some devastating effects---（1b）中的物质过程被隐喻为（1a）关系过程，突显出fatal一词，反衬了英国对欧盟的巨大影响力。

根据表 2， 我们可以发现在克林顿就职演说中省略了绝大部分的施 事者， 在这些情况下， 观众将不会意识到是谁该对事件负责。政治家仅 仅陈述 “事实” 给观众， 这样做的目的一方面是为了保护她/他所在阶级的 利益， 另一方面是为了是他的演讲听起来更加可靠更加可观。 在演讲中 使用被动化能使观众更容易接受演讲者的观点， 这样政治家就达到了将 他的意识形态传递给观众的目的， 同时也能够进行强有力的控制。 名词化是转换的另一种形式。它是可预测的， 因为大部分名词化都 有动词和形容词转换而来。14）（15） （ 和 清楚的显示了名词化的这两种特征： (14)Communications and almost magical … technology is ambition for a better life is now universal． (15) We earn our livelihood … in peaceful competition with people all across the earth． 首先， 在特定的语篇中名词化能提供更丰富的信息。 名词化的这一 特征尤其适合政治语篇， 因为政治家都希望在有限的时间内传达最多的 消息给观众。 名词化不仅能够尽可能多的传递信息， 而且能够加强语篇 的客观性。同时观众也能更多地留意事件本身。其次， 名词化通常省略 施事者、 时间和形态， 这对演讲者所代表的阶级有好处， 因为它隐藏了掌 权者和霸权主义者的意识形态。 批评话语分析是一种较新的话语分析理论。不同于其它话语分析 理论的地方是它关注重要的社会问题。它通过对话语和权力关系的揭 示来了解、 揭露并最终试图控制权力的不平衡， 社会不平等的非民主行 为和其它不公现象， 从而达到改变语言使用现状， 消除不公的目的。本 文主要通过分析克林顿的就职演说， 提高人们的对政治领域以及相关领 域的批评意识。

英汉政治演说语篇隐喻之异同杨娟【摘要】英汉政治演说中语篇隐喻类型相同，英汉语篇中元信息关系语篇隐喻的数量相同，分布比率接近。

除主位化评论句和被动主位外的隐喻性主位、隐喻性述位、隐喻性新信息和隐喻性旧信息的数量相同或接近。

英汉语篇中有很多衔接语篇隐喻，其中元信息关系占据了最大比率，其次是内部连接和语篇照应。

英汉语篇中隐喻性旧信息都要比隐喻性新信息的比率高得多。

英汉政治演说中的语篇隐喻差异可归结为汉语语篇中语篇照应、内部连接、协商结构、主位化评论句和被动主位的数量要比英语语篇中的数量少得多，另英汉语篇隐喻的意思虽然相同或相近，但语言形式不同，主要体现在词序的差异、范畴词的差异、连词的差异和语言成分转化差异方面。

英汉语篇隐喻的共性取决于人类认知方式的相似性，两者之间的差异则起因于东西文化和思维方式的差别。

英汉语篇隐喻对比研究对语言学理论的扩充，英汉话语的理解和使用，英汉互译以及语言教学具有重要意义。

%There exist similarities in types of textual metaphors between English and Chinese political speeches. The number of meta-message is the same and the ratio is very similar in both English and Chinese. The number of metaphor-ical theme except thematised comment and passive theme, metaphorical rheme, metaphorical news and metaphorical olds in English is equal or very close to that in Chinese. There are many cohesive textual metaphors in English and Chinese po-litical speeches. Meta-message occupies the largest ratio in the total amount of English and Chinese textual metaphors and the next are internal conjunction and text reference. The ratio of metaphorical olds is much larger than that of metaphori-cal news in bothEnglish and Chinese textual metaphors. The number of text reference, internal conjunction, negotiating texture, thematised comment and passive theme in Chinese is much smaller than that in English. There also exist differ-ences in linguistic form although the meaning is the same or similar in both English and Chinese. The differences include those in area of word order, category words, conjunctions and constituent transformation. The similarities between English and Chinese textual metaphors are determined by commonness in human cognitive styles, while the differences arise from contrast in eastern and western cultures and thinking modes. The comparison between English and Chinese textual metaphors contributes greatly to enrichment of linguistic theory, comprehension and use of discourse in English and Chi-nese, translation between English and Chinese and language learning and teaching.【期刊名称】《南通大学学报（社会科学版）》【年(卷),期】2013(000)006【总页数】8页(P61-68)【关键词】语篇隐喻;英汉对比研究;政治演说【作者】杨娟【作者单位】南通大学外国语学院，江苏南通 226019【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H019一、引言隐喻研究的历史悠久，不同领域的学者从不同角度都对其进行了研究。

摘要:历届美国总统就职演说辞中的话语不仅具有强烈的对话性质,而且具有典型的多语杂存和多体裁混合即语篇互文性( intertextuality)现象。

文章试从Verschueren的顺应论的角度就该现象的生成过程加以阐述,以期找到不同风格、话语或体裁特色的语言能在这些演说辞中和谐共存却又不伤连贯流畅的内在原因,同时也期望对解读其他类似语篇有所裨益。

关键词:美国总统就职演说辞顺应性语篇互文性1·引言作为美国社会的一种重要文化现象,总统就职演说历来是演讲者立足时事,就国家内政外交阐述自己施政纲领和方略,并以赢得广大国民拥护和支持为目的的一场重要政治演说。

也正因为如此,历届总统的演说辞不仅在遣词造句方面字斟句酌,十分考究;就是在构文谋篇方面也是精雕细琢,可谓篇篇经典。

也难怪很多语言学者热衷于对其进行文体分析,以求最大限度揭示其文体特征,挖掘其内在美学价值。

然而,作为一种兼具文学性和非文学性双重特色的特殊语篇,历届美国总统的就职演说辞的研究价值显然不只在其文体特色。

纵观历届美国总统的就职演说辞我们发现:其中的话语不仅具有强烈的对话性质,而且具有典型的多语杂存和多体裁混合即语篇互文性( intertextuality)现象。

虽然语篇互文性在某种意义上是一种非常普遍的语言现象,但在实际建构某一特定语篇时,要使不同风格、话语或体裁特色的语言都能在其中兼容并存,并最终达到和谐交融、连贯流畅却并非易事。

那么,美国总统的演说语篇是怎样成功实现这一点的呢?这里我们试从顺应论[1]的角度对其中的语篇互文性的生成过程加以分析,以期找到答案并对解读其他类似语篇有所裨益。

2·语篇互文性由于目前国内语言学界有关语篇互文性的研究尚少,这里有必要首先简要追述一下其历史渊源,以便展开随后的讨论和分析。

“语篇互文性”这一概念可追溯到巴赫金Bakhtin[2]提出的异质语(Heteroglossia)理论。

巴赫金十分重视多语杂存和体裁混合的语言现象,提出任何话语都具有对话属性,任何话语都与过去和现在有着千丝万缕的联系,其意义既属于自己也同属于他人。

完整 的陈述 句 占据 主要 地位 ，其次是 祈使句 。很少使 用疑 问句 。 在奥 巴马的演 讲 中共 有 １ ８ 句子 ，其 中陈述 句 １ １ ０个 ０ 句 ，占整篇 演讲的 ９ ．２ ３ ％。通过这些 陈述句的使用 ，奥 巴 ５ 马向 民众 传递 了这样 ～些信 息 ：此 次总统 大选 意义非 凡 ； 美国这几年 的历史走 了弯路 ，新 总统将让历 史 回到正 确轨 道 ；同时呼吁 民众 要患难 与共 ，同心协力 。在 这些陈述 句 中 ，有六段 以 “ ｅ ，ｗ ａ”结尾 的段 落引用一位 １６岁 Ｙ ｓ ｅｃｎ ０ 老人 的一生 ，来 见证美 国百年荣 辱沧桑 ，但 美 国人 民都能 在心痛 中充满 希望 ，在挣 扎 中取得 进步 ，战胜 一切 困难 ，
摘
要 ：本文从语气 、情态和人称三大系统分析美国总统奥巴马 的获胜演讲 “ ｈｎｅＨ ｓ ｏ ｍ ｒ ａ 。 Ｃ ａ ｇ ａ ｍｅｔ Ａ ｅｉ ” Ｃ ｏ ｃ
关键词 ：奥 巴马演讲 ；人际意义 ；语气 ；情态 ；人称 中 图分 类 号 ：Ｈ ５ ０ 文 章 标 识 码 ：Ａ 文 章 编 号 ：１０ － ６ ７ （０ ９ ６ ０ ４ — ０ ０ ８ ７ ２ ２０ ）Ｏ — １８ ２
２０ ０ ８年 １ 月 ４ 日 ，美 国 民 主 党 总 统 候 选 人 奥 巴马 在 １
大 选 获 胜 后 发 表 了 胜 利 演 说 “ ｈｎｅ Ｈ ｓ Ｃ ｍｅ ｔ Ｃ ａ ｇ ａ ｏ ｏ Ａ ｒ ａ 。本文将 以此 作为语 料 ，来分析 政治演 讲语篇 的 ｍｅ ｃ” ｉ
人际功能 。 人 际功 能 概 述 人 际功 能是 Ｈ ｌｄ ｙ系统 功能语 法 三大元 功能 之一 ， ａ ｉａ ｌ 指 的是表达发话者 的身份 、地位 、态度 、动机和他对 事物 的推 断等功能 ，是说 话人 和话语 接受 者之 间 的互 动 关 系 ，

第13卷　第4期V o l .13　N o .4北京印刷学院学报Jo urnal of Beijing Institute of G raphic Co mmunication 2005年12月Dec .2005 收稿日期:2005-05-08政治演讲语言的特点分析与翻译方法———介于书面与口语之间的语言形式魏　芳(北京印刷学院大学英语部,北京102600)A bstract :In the paper ,throug h a n analy sis of lang uag e structur e ,rheto ric fea ture s of speeches and sufficient trans -latio n example s ,the w riter aims to summarize the most sig -nificant features o f political speech and fur ther ex plor e the process ,guiding principles and difficulties in its transla -tion .D ue to the diffe rence in o ccasio ns ,audiences and pur -po ses ,there w ill be subtle differ ence in dictio n ,and trans -latio n is ex pec ted to embody this difference .Key words :political speeches ;la ng uag e structur e ;rheto ricfeatures ;translatio n theo ry ;functional equiva -lent ;中图分类号:H059 文献标识码:A文章编号:1004-8626(2006)04-0075-04A s a special fo rm of public speaking ,speeches are widely used by peo ple o f diffe rent identities all o ver the wo rld ,ranging fr om sta tesmen ,eco no mists ,a nd pro fes -so rs to sales persons ,students o r ev ery commo n person when they w ant to present o r publicize their ideas ,and co n -vince people fo r a ce rtain pur po se .T he w riter catego rizes speeches into the semi -w ritten ,semi -o ral fo rm accor ding to the fo llowing reason :the speeches a re pre pared befo re hand ,especially for mal o nes fo r the leade rs .M o st Chinese po litical speeches take fea ture s o f the w ritten form ,stand -a rdized in g rammar and ex pr essio ns .How ever ,speeches are ultimately to be hear d and unde rstood by audience on a ce rtain occa sion .Acco rding ly ,the speaker will take into co nsidera tion the features of o ral for m and some public speaking techniques .A n analy sis o f rhetoric fea tur es o f speeches and its translation will be the focus of this pape r .In g ener al ,spee -ches share some co mmon features .Ho wev er ,due to the diffe rence in occasio ns ,audiences and purposes ,ther e will be subtle diffe rence in diction ,and tra nsla tion is e xpectedto embody this differe nce .1　Analysis of speech structureA s a special kind of public speaking ,speech is defined as "a talk ,especially a fo rmal o ne abo ut a pa rticula r sub -ject ,given to a g roup of peo ple ".T he struc ture o f most speeches can be summarized in six par ts .T he fir st pa rt :g reeting sT he seco nd pa rt :presenta tion of a pr oblem ,defining the problemT he third par t :arg ume ntation ,oppo sing view s ,or re -fusatio nT he fo rth pa rt :co nclusio n ,the speake rs 'v iew s T he fif th par t :appeal to actio n T he la st par t :clo sing rema rksOf co urse ,not eve ry speech falls into such a pa ttern ;some do no t include all these pa rts .T he first par t ,g reet -ings ,is usually quite per so nal w ith welcoming remarks .He re is one example .M r .P remier and all o f y our distinguished guests this evening .O n beha lf of all of y our A merican g uests ,I wish to thank yo u for the incomparable ho spitality fo r which the Chinese people are justly famous throug ho ut the w or ld .I particula rly w ant to pay tribute ,no t only to those w ho pre -pa red the magnificent dinne r ,but also to tho se who have prov ided the splendid music .N ever hav e I heard A mericanmusic play ed better in a foreign la nd .[1]———Speech of fo rmer U .S .President Richa rd N ixo n in China ,19722　Features of speech2.1　Bound to audience and occasionsA successful speech is prepa red accor ding to a pa rticu -lar occasion ,the ag e ,gende r ,and educa tional backg roundof the audience s.T he diction,w ay o f expressio n,co nte nts and tempo in delive ring the speech are all bo und to the po-tential audience s.A ll the above-mentio ned facto rs may vary acco rding to the v aried g roups o f audiences.Fo r some spe-cial audiences with inferiority complex,such a s the handi-capped peo ple,the speaker has to smar tly manag e the lan-g uag e and the tone.2.2　Rhetoric features of speech2.2.1　The use of quo tatio ns,prov erbs,idio ms,max ims or classic lite raturesA s audience play s such an impo rtant r ole in speeches, many speakers like to quo te pro verbs,idio ms,maxim s o r classic litera ture s in his speech to attract their a ttentio n. When delivering a speech to foreigners,the use of cultural quintessence in the targ et lang uag e culture is an effec tive way to call the audience's attentio n in a v ery polite manne r and most impo rtantly,to make the audience feel clo se and amicable to the speaker who sha res something valuable w ith them.On many o ccasio ns,when addressing to fo reig n au-dience,political leader s like to quo te from the tar get lan-g uag e to aro se the audie nces'interests,here a re some exam-ple s taken from speeches of political leader s on diffe rent o c-casio ns.Chairman M ao has w ritten,"So many deeds cry out to be do ne,and alway s urg ently;the w orld r olls o n,time presses.T en thousand yea rs are too lo ng,seize the day, seize the hour!"毛主席写过:“多少事,从来急;天地转,光阴追。

英语政治演讲的文本特点及翻译策略(英文)英语政治演讲的文本特点包括：使用正式、严谨、专业的词汇；常配合演讲者的口音和语调使用；要求具备语言组织能力和表述能力；倾向于使用简明扼要的语言，避免冗长官方说辞。

The text characteristics of English political speeches include the use of formal, rigorous, and professional vocabulary; often accompanied by the speaker's accent and intonation; requiring language organization and expressive ability; tending to use concise language and avoid verbose official language.1. The President's speech was concise and powerful, conveying a message of unity to the nation. (总统的演讲简明有力，传达了国家团结的信息。

)2. Congressmen often use legislative jargon in their speeches to appeal to their colleagues. (议员们通常在演讲中使用立法行话以吸引同僚。

)3. The Prime Minister's strong British accent added authority to his speech. (首相浓厚的英国口音增加了他演讲的权威性。

)4. The opposition leader's speech was full of rhetoric and lacked substance. (反对派领袖的演讲充满华丽辞藻，缺乏实质内容。