我的外文资料翻译

关于外文文献翻译指导老师评语外文翻译教师评语怎么写英语论文材料选择合理，与毕业设计论文的相关度较高。

专业术语、词汇翻译也有较高的准确度。

语句通顺，符合中文表达习惯。

翻译材料与原文有较好的一致性，能正确表达意思，字词数满足学院的要求。

翻译工作能够按时按质完成。

求本科生毕业设计英文翻译的评语（指导老师用），谢谢该英文资料选择合理，与毕业设计论文相关度高。

专业术语、词汇翻译的准确度较高，体现了较强的专业英语应用水平。

翻译工作认真细致，严格按照规定，翻译材料能与原文能保持一致，能正确表达出原文意思，细节处理得当，保持准确。

翻译字、词数满足要求。

翻译材料语句通顺，符合中文的表达习惯。

翻译工作能够严格按照规定，达到考核、提高学生英语应用水平的目的，圆满完成要求。

论文指导教师评语怎么写，评语其时效性较强;没有抄袭现象。

良:论文选题符合专业培养目标毕业论文,能够达到综合训练目标,题目有难度,工作量较大。

毕业设计中的外文翻译到底写什么，文献综述呢毕业设计中的外文翻译就是内容提要，有一些导师会要求写成摘要，把内容提要的中文版翻译成英文即可。

值得一提的是，内容提要下方的关键字也需要翻译成英文。

内容提要是全文内容的缩影。

在这里，作者以极经济的笔墨，勾画出全文的整体面目；提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。

内容提要是正文的附属部分，一般放置在论文的篇首。

写作内容提要的目的在于：1．为了使指导老师在未审阅论文全文时，先对文章的主要内容有个大体上的了解，知道研究所取得的主要成果，研究的主要逻辑顺序。

2．为了使其他读者通过阅读内容提要，就能大略了解作者所研究的问题，假如产生共鸣，则再进一步阅读全文。

在这里，内容提要成了把论文推荐给众多读者的“广告”。

因此，内容提要应把论文的主要观点提示出来，便于读者一看就能了解论文内容的要点。

论文提要要求写得简明而又全面，不要罗哩啰嗦抓不住要点或者只是干巴巴的几条筋，缺乏说明观点的材料。

汽车雨刮器中英文资料对照外文翻译文献原文：The invented of wiper bladeThe windshield wiper was first invented in 1910. The first regular production automobiles had been on the roads since 1900, which means that cars were driving on roads in all kinds of weather for at least ten years without windshield wipers!The idea for windshield wipers was born when the President of the Trico company in the United States was driving his car on a rainy day and, unable to see the road well because of the weather, he hit a boy on a bicycle. Though the boy was not hurt badly, the driver was considerably shaken by the experience. It was his shock at the danger of driving without seeing the road properly that brought about the birth of windshield wipers. But a number of different methods were tried before the motor-driven wiper systems we are familiar with today came about. The initial windshield wiper design was one in which a rubber blade on the windshield was rotated manually. While this allowed the windshield to be cleared and forward vision improved, the operatorâ ™s hand soon tired, and the design was abandoned. The next design was powered by a vacuum driven pump. Unfortunately this design was plagued by the fact that its speed of operation changed with the speed of the vehicle. This failure finally led to the attachment of a motor to the wiper arm, which is essentially the one still in use today.Reform wipersSpeed wipers (1960 to 1970) appeared in 1968, to help with wind resistance of metal wire.This solved the case of strong wind was out of the window wiper problem.Mazda Luce (Cosmo) are used to accelerate a car windshield wiper.Slender Wiper (1970 -1980) of the development in 1976.With the emergence of ultra-thin wipers help to help reduce glare.Color standard from silver to black now.Modern Wiper (since 1980) introduced after 1980, it shows in high-speed handling of more significant changes.To avoid streaks, use of various parts of the windshield uniform pressure, and now the wipers are based on this design concept.Origin wipersWiper scientific name: WINDSHIELD WIPER, is installed on the windshield of the important parts.His role is to eliminate water accumulation in the windshield, snow and dust.Therefore, in the traffic safety played a key role.Wiper according to driving style can be divided into mechanical,motor, crankshaft, transmission pole, arm and other components.The advantage of frameless wiper bladesEliminates the framework,joints and openings of conventional blades that can clog with snow,ice and debirs for clean,powerful wipes and reliable all-weather performance.Smooth,quiet operation in all weather conditions.Quick and easy installation.How to installation wiper bladeHook Type1:Press the U-clip onto center rivet2:Insert the wiper arm through the blade hole, pull it back so it hooks over the U-clip, Pull on the wiper blades until the projection on the clip snaps into the wiper blade holeBayonet Type1: Press the adaptor onto the center rivet2:Insert the arm under holder until the projection on the arm fits in to the hold in the holder.3: Continue pressing the blade until it is all the way in.Pin Type1: Pull up the stopper on the connector2:Insert the pin on the wiper blade into the hole in the end of the arm until you can see the pin protrude from the other sideHow to maintain wiper bladeInspect windshield wipers every six months for wear and damage, and replace accordingly. A good rule of thumb is to replace at daylight saving time.Do not wait to replace worn and damaged wipers until the bad weather hits or visibility is so deteriorated that safety is compromised. Eyestrain from poor visibility can lead to driver fatigue and anxiety. A regular inspection schedule will help avoid potentially dangerous situations.Give your wiper blade rubber elements a quick cleaning when filling up with gas. After the windshield has been cleaned using the service center’s washer solvent and squeegee, wipe down the rubber with a paper towel. Doing so removes any loose dirt and most road grime that can lead to streaking, smearing and hazing.While washing your car, put a small amount of Bon Ami on a sponge andclean the windshield and rubber wiping element to remove road grime andoil-like deposits caused by general vehicle use.Use an ice scraper as much as possible when deicing vehicles. Allow plenty of time to warm up the vehicle with the defroster on “high” to loosen as much ice and snow as possible. Do not use windshield wipers as ice scrapers.How to choose and replace bladesReportedly, 20 percent of all accidents result from impaired vision caused by a dirty or damp windshield. At any given time, industry estimates conclude that 50 percent of the windshield wiper blades on operational vehicles are beyond their functional lifespan. In general, wiper blades should be inspected every six months and replaced as soon as they diminish wet-windshield visibility. Vehicle manufacturers typically recommend replacing blades every 12-18 months. Fresh blades are such vital safety components that many European countries have laws that require replacing wiper blades every 12 monthsWiper DiagnosisInspecting their operation can identify wiper problems. Use the car's squirter/mister if equipped and look for these effect and causes:Noise: friction between the blade and glass or the rubber has torn and slaps the windshield.Vibration: blade rubber worn or wiper improperly mounted to the arm. Banding in wipe pattern: cracked or hardened blade rubberWipers is no tape, no bone steel wipers, wiper jacket, plastic parts, four parts group ride pared to traditional wipers put up, take the group without bone wipers are very simple and convenient; only the workers can be assembled by hand without a screwdriver and other tools.General wipers are scraping by to make the skeleton and glass fitting, because the relationship between their structure, it is impossible to make scraping and glass perfect fit, resulting in no net scraping, scraping easy to wear, noise and other issues.No wipers are guided by the force of a whole article to spread the pressure, making the scraping force uniform parts, you can reduce water marks, scratches generation, to achieve better wiper effect.In addition, jitter can greatly reduce the wear and tear, combined with a uniform force, anti-sun, simple structure, lighter weight, etc., wiper motors and wiper life thanice scraper ice surface, ballast, so as not to aggravate the burden of wiper. Edit this paragraph five, to be sure before buying sizePlease the buyer carefully before buying to confirm their size wiper used car to avoid trouble.Edit this paragraph six, the small dataThe inch wiper control units and metric units: 14 "- 350mm 16" - 400mm 18 "- 450mm 20" - 500mm 21 "- 525mm 22" - 550mm 24 "- 600mm 26" -650mm28 "- 700mm原文来源于网站： 译文：雨刷的发明雨刷是最早发明于1910年.从1900年就有正规生产汽车在道路上，这意味着汽车没有雨刷在道路上遭受各种天气行驶至少10年！雨刷的构想产生于美国特瑞科公司的董事长在下雨天驾车，由于天气模糊，无法看清道路，导致撞倒了一个骑自行车的男孩。

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外文资料翻译学生姓名：崔华星专业班级： 07级机制04班指导教师：杨庆山河北工程大学机电学院年月Reduction of noise of loaded and unloaded misaligned gear drives AbstractTransmission errors are considered as the main source of vibration and noise of gear drives. The impact of two main functions of transmission errors on noise is investigated: (i) a linear one, caused by errors of alignment, and (ii) a predesigned parabolic function of transmission errors, applied for reduction of noise. It is shown that a linear function of transmission errors is accompanied with edge contact, and then inside the cycle of meshing, the meshing becomes a mixed one: (i) as surface-to-surface tangency, and (ii) surface-to-curve meshing when edge contact starts. Application of a predesigned parabolic function of transmission errors enables to absorb the linear functions of transmission errors caused by errors of alignment, reduce noise, and avoid edge contact. The influence of the load on the function of transmission errors is investigated. Elastic deformations of teeth enable to reduce the maximal transmission errors in loaded gear drives. Computerized simulation of meshing and contact is developed for loaded and unloaded gear drives. Numerical examples for illustration of the developed theory are provided.Keywords: Gear drives; Transmission errors; Tooth contact analysis (TCA); Finite element analysis; Reduction of noiseArticle Outline1. Introduction2. Modification of tooth surfaces2.1. Helical gear drives2.2. Spiral bevel gears2.3. Worm gear drives with cylindrical worm3. Types of meshing and basic functions of transmission errors4. Transmission errors of a loaded gear drive4.1. Preliminary considerations4.2. Application of finite element analysis for determination of function of transmission errors of a loaded gear drive5. Numerical examples6. Comparison of the power of noise for two functions of transmission errors6.1. Conceptual consideration of applied approach6.2. Interpolation by a piecewise linear function7. ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences1. IntroductionSimulation of meshing of gear drives performed by application of tooth contact analysis (TCA) and test of gear drives have confirmed that transmission errors are the main source of vibrations of the gear box and such vibrations cause the noise of gear drive [1], [2], [4], [5], [6], [7], [10] and [11]. The shape of functions of transmission errors depends on the type of errors of alignment and on the way of modification of gear tooth surfaces performed for improvement of the drive (see Section 2).The reduction of noise proposed by the authors is achieved as follows:(1) The bearing contact of tooth surfaces is localized.(2) A parabolic function of transmission errors is provided. This allows to absorb linear functions of transmission errors caused by misalignment [7].(3) One of the pair of mating surfaces is modified by double-crowning (see Section 2). This allows usually to avoid edge contact (see Section 5).The authors have compared the results of application of TCA for loaded and unloaded gear drives. It is shown that transmission errors of a loaded gear drive are reduced. The developed approach is illustrated with numerical examples (see Section 5).2. Modification of tooth surfacesReduction of noise of a gear drive requires modification of one of the pair of contacting surfaces. The surface modification is illustrated for three types of gear drives: helical gears, spiral bevel gears, and worm gear drives.2.1. Helical gear drivesProfile crowning of helical gears may be illustrated considering that the mating surfaces are generated by two rack-cutters with mismatched profiles [5] and [7].Profile crowning allows to localize the bearing contact. Double-crowning in comparison with profile crowning allows to: (i) avoid edge contact (caused by errors of crossing angle and different helix angles of mating gears), and (ii) provide a parabolic function of transmission errors.Double-crowning is performed by plunging of the disk that generates the pinion (see details in Chapter 15 of Ref. [7]).2.2. Spiral bevel gearsLocalization of contact of generated spiral bevel gears is provided by application of two mismatched head-cutters Σp and Σg used for generation of the pinion and the gear, respectively [7]. Two head-cutters Σp and Σg have a common line C of generating tooth surfaces (in the case when profile crowning is provided). In the case of double-crowning, the mismatched generating surfaces Σp and Σg of the head-cutters have only a common single point of tangency, but not a line of tangency.Double-crowning of a generated gear may be achieved by tilting of one of the pair of generating head-cutters, or by proper installment of one of the head-cutters. It is very popular for the modern technology that during the generation of one of the mating gears, usually of the pinion, modified roll is provided [7].2.3. Worm gear drives with cylindrical wormVery often the technology of manufacturing of a worm-gear is based on the following approach. The generation of the worm-gear is performed by a hob that is identical to the worm of the gear drive. The applied machine-tool settings simulate the meshing of the worm and worm-gear of the drive. However, manufacture with observation of these conditions causes an unfavorable bearing contact, and high level of transmission errors. Minimization of such disadvantages may be achieved by various ways:(i) by long-time lapping of the produced gear drive in the box of the drive;(ii) by running of the gear drive under gradually increased load, up to the maximal load;(iii) by shaving of the worm-gear in the box of the drive by using a shaver with minimized deviations of the worm-member, etc.The authors’ approach is based on localization of bearing contact by application of: (a) an oversized hob, and (b) modification of geometry (see below).There are various types of geometry of worm gear drives [7], but the preferable one is the drive with Klingelnberg’s type of worm. Such a worm is generated by a disk with profiles of a circular cone [7]. The relative motion of the worm with respect to the generating disk is a screw one (in the process of generation).Very often localization of bearing contact in a worm gear drive is achieved by application of a hob that is oversized in comparison with the worm of the drive.3. Types of meshing and basic functions of transmission errorsIt is assumed that the tooth surfaces are at any instant in point tangency due to the localization of contact. Henceforth, we will consider two types of meshing: (i) surface-to-surface, and (ii) surface-to-curve. Surface-to-surface tangency is provided by the observation of equality of position vectors and surface unit normals [7]. Surface-to-curve meshing is the result of existence of edge contact [7].The algorithm of TCA for surface-to-surface tangency is based on the following vector equations [7]:(1)(2)that represent in fixed coordinate system Sf position vectors andsurface unit normals . Here, (ui, θi) are the surface parameters and (1, 2) determine the angular positions of surfaces.The algorithm for surface-to-curve tangency is represented in Sf by equations [7](3)(4)Here, represents the surface that is in mesh with curve is the tangent to the curve of the edge.Application of TCA allows to discover both types of meshing,surface-to-surface and surface-to-curve. Computerized simulation of meshing is an iterative process based on numerical solution of nonlinear equations [8].By applying double-crowning to one of the mating surfaces, it becomes possible to: (i) avoid edge contact, and (ii) obtain a predesigned parabolic function [7] (Fig. 1). Application of a predesigned parabolic function is the precondition of reduction of noise.Fig. 1. Illustration of: (a) transmission functions 1 of a misaligned gear drive and linear function 2 of an ideal gear drive without misalignment;(b) periodic functions Δ2(1) of transmission errors formed byparabolas.Application of double-crowning allows to assign ahead that function of transmission errors is a parabolic one, and allows to assign as well the maximal value of transmission errors as of 6–8″. The expected magnitude of the predesign parabolic function of transmission errors and the magnitude of the parabolic plunge of the generating tool have to be correlated. Fig. 2 shows the case wherein due to a large magnitude of error of misalignment, the function of transmission errors is formed by twobranches: of surface-to-surface contact and ofsurface-to-curve contact.Fig. 2. Results of TCA of a case of double-crowned helical gear drive with a large error Δγ = 10′: (a) function of transmission errors whereincorresponds to surface-to-surface tangency and correspond tosurface-to-curve tangency; (b) path of contact on pinion tooth surface;(c) path of contact on gear tooth surface.4. Transmission errors of a loaded gear driveThe contents of this section cover the procedure of determination of transmission errors of a loaded gear drive by application of a general purpose FEM computer program [3]. Transmission errors of an unloaded gear drive are directly determined by application of TCA. Comparison of transmission errors for unloaded and loaded gear drives is represented in Section 5.4.1. Preliminary considerations(i) Due to the effect of loading of the gear drive, the maximal transmission errors are reduced and the contact ratio is increased(ii) The authors’ approach allows to reduce the time of preparation of the model by the automatic generation of the finite element model [1] for each configuration of the set of applied configurations.(iii) Fig. 3 illustrates a configuration that is investigated under the load. TCA allows to determine point M of tangency of tooth surfaces Σ1 and Σ2, before the load will be applied (Fig. 3(a)), where N2 and N1 are the surface normals (Fig. 3(b) and (c)). The elastic deformations of tooth surfaces of the pinion and the gear are obtained as the result of applying the torque to the gear. The illustrations of Fig. 3(b) and (c) are based on discrete presentations of the contacting surfaces.Fig. 3. Illustration of: (a) a single configuration; (b) and (c) discrete presentations of contacting surfaces and surface normals N1 and N2.Fig. 4 shows schematically the set of configurations in 2D space. The location of each configuration (before the elastic deformation will beapplied) is determined by TCA.Fig. 4. Illustration of set of models for simulation of meshing of a loaded gear drive.4.2. Application of finite element analysis for determination of function of transmission errors of a loaded gear driveThe described procedure is applicable for any type of a gear drive. The following is the description of the required steps:(i) The machine-tool settings applied for generation are known ahead, and then the pinion and gear tooth surfaces (including the fillet) may be determined analytically.(ii) Related angular positions are determined by(a) applying of TCA for Nf configurations (Nf = 8–16), and (b) observing the relation(5)(iii) A preprocessor is applied for generation of Nf models with the conditions: (a) the pinion is fully constrained to position , and (b)the gear has a rigid surface that can rotate about the gear’s axis (Fig.5). Prescribed torque is applied to this surface.(vi) The total function of transmission errors for a loaded gear driveis obtained considering: (i) the error caused due to the mismatched of generating surfaces, and (ii) the elastic approach .(6)5.Numerical examplesA helical gear drive with design parameters given in Table 1 is designed. The following conditions of meshing and contact of the drive are considered:(1) The gear and pinion rack-cutters are provided with a straight-line and parabolic profiles as cross-section profiles, respectively, for generation of the gear and the pinion. Mismatched rack-cutter profiles yield the so-called profile crowning.(2) The misalignment of gear drive is caused by an error of the shaft angle, Δγ≠ 0.(3) A predesigned parabolic function for absorption of transmission errors caused by Δγ≠ 0 is provided. （Such a function for a double-crowned pinion tooth surface is obtained by plunging of the generating disk, or by modified roll of the grinding worm.）(4) TCA (tooth contact analysis) for unloaded and loaded gear drives are applied for determination of transmission errors caused by Δγ. This enables to investigate the influence of the load on the magnitude and shape of the function of transmission errors.(5) Application of a computer program for finite element analysis [3] enables to determine the stresses of a loaded gear drive.(6) Formation of bearing contact is investigated.Table 1.Design parametersNumber of teeth of the pinion, N1 21Number of teeth of the gear, N2 77Normal module, mn 5.08 mmNormal pressure angle, αn 25°Hand of helix of the pinion Left-handHelix angle, β30°Face width, b 70 mmParabolic coefficient of pinion rack-cutter, aca 0.002 mm−1 Radius of the worm pitch cylinder, rwa 98 mmParabolic coefficient of pinion modified roll, amrb 0.00008 rad/mm2 Applied torque to the pinionc 250 N m(i) Example 1: An aligned gear drive (Δγ = 0) is considered. The geardrive is unloaded. A parabolic function with the maximal value of transmission errors Δ2(1) = 8″ is provided (Fig. 6(a)). The cycle ofmeshing is . The bearing contact on the pinion and gear tooth surfacesis oriented almost longitudinally (Fig. 6(b) and (c)).Fig. 6. Results of computation for an unloaded gear drive without misalignment: (a) function of transmission errors; (b) and (c) paths of contact on pinion and gear tooth surfaces.6. Comparison of the power of noise for two functions of transmission errors6.1. Conceptual consideration of applied approachDetermination of the power of the signal of noise is based on the assumption that the velocity of oscillation of the generated acoustic waves is proportional to the fluctuation of the instantaneous value of the velocity of the gears. This assumption (even if not accurate in general) is good as the first guess, since it allows to avoid application of a complex dynamic model of the gear drive.We emphasize that the proposed approach is applied for the following conditions:(a) The goal is the determination of difference of power of signals, but not the determination of absolute values of signals.(b) The difference of power of signals is the result mainly of the difference of first derivatives of two smooth functions of transmission errors.The proposed approach is based on the comparison of the root mean square of the signals (in rms) caused by two functions of transmission errors[9]. Such comparison yields the simulation of the intensity (the power) of the signal defined as(7)Here ω2(1)′ represents the d eviation of the angular velocity of the gear from the average value, and ωrms represents the desired rms value. The definition of function of transmission errors yields that 2 = m211 + Δ2(1), where m21 is the gear ratio. By differentiation with respectto time, we obtain the angular velocity of the gear as(8)wherein is assumed as constant. The second term on the right side of Eq. (8) represents the sought-for fluctuation of velocity(9)The definition above assumes that the function of transmission errors (FTE) is a continuous and differentiable one. In the case of computation of a loaded gear drive simulated by FEM (finite element method), this function is defined by a finite number of given points ((1)i, (Δ2)i)(i = 1, … , n). The given data of points have to be interpolated by continuous functions for application of Eq. (7).)6.2. Interpolation by a piecewise linear functionIn this case (Fig. 7), two successive data points are connected by a straight line. The derivative (velocity) between point i and i − 1 is constant and is determined as follows:(10)Fig. 7. Interpolation of function of transmission errors by application of a piecewise linear function.Data points have been chosen as follows: (i) an increment (1)i − (1)i−1 is considered as constant for each interval i, and (ii) as the same for the two functions (FTE) represented in Examples 2 and 3 (in Section 5). Based on this assumption, the ratio of two magnitudes of power by application of the mentioned functions is represented as(11)7. ConclusionThe previously presented discussions, computations, and numerical examples enable to draw the following conclusions:(1) Errors of alignment of a gear drive (if modification of surfaces is not provided enough) may cause a mixed meshing: (i) surface-to-surface and (ii) edge contact (as surface-to-curve). Edge contact may be usually avoided by application of a predesigned parabolic function (PPF).(2) The investigation of influence of a parabolic function of transmission errors shows that application of PPF enables to reduce the noise and vibration of the gear drive. Application of PPF requires modification of generation of at least of one member of the gear drive, usually of the pinion (or the worm, in case of a worm gear drive).(3) Determination of transmission errors of a loaded gear drive requires application of a general purpose finite element computer program. A loaded gear drive is accompanied with elastic deformation of teeth, the increase of the contact ratio, and as a result, the decrease of transmission errors of the drive caused by misalignment. The time for preparation of the models is substantially redu ced due to application of the authors’ approach of automatic generation of finite element models [1] for determination of transmission errors of a loaded gear drive.AcknowledgementsThe authors express their deep gratitude to the Gleason Foundation, and the Yamaha Motor Co., Japan, for the financial support of the projects.References[1] J. Argyris, A. Fuentes and F.L. Litvin, Computerized integrated approach for design and stress analysis of spiral bevel gears, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 191 (2002), pp. 1057–1095.[2] Gleason Works, Understanding Tooth Contact Analysis, Rochester, New York, 1970.[3] Hibbit, Karlsson & Sirensen, Inc., ABAQUS/Standard User’s Manual, 1800 Main Street, Pawtucket, RI 20860-4847, 1998.[4] Klingelnberg und Söhne, Ettlingen, Kimos: Zahnkontakt-Analyse für Kegelräder, 1996.[5] F.L. Litvin et al., Helical and spur gear drive with double crowned pinion tooth surfaces and conjugated gear tooth surfaces, USA Patent 6,205,879, 2001.[6] F.L. Litvin, A. Fuentes and K. Hayasaka, Design, manufacture, stress analysis, and experimental tests of low-noise high endurance spiral bevel gears, Mech. Mach. Theory 41 (2006), pp. 83–118.[7] F.L. Litvin and A. Fuentes, Gear Geometry and Applied Theory (second ed.), Cambridge University Press, New York (2004).[8] J.J. Moré, B.S. Garbow, K.E. Hillstrom, Use r Guide for MINPACK-1, Argonne National Laboratory Report ANL-80-74, Argonne, Illinois, 1980.[9] A.D. Pierce, Acoustics. An Introduction to Its Physical Principles and Applications, Acoustical Society of America (1994).[10] J.D. Smith, Gears and Their Vibration, Marcel Dekker, New York (1983).[11] H.J. Stadtfeld, Gleason Bevel Gear Technology—Manufacturing, Inspection and Optimization, Collected Publications, The Gleason Works, Rochester, New York (1995).译文减少偏离齿轮传动装载和卸载时的噪音摘要齿轮传动时产生震动和噪音的主要原因是传输误差。

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献附件1：外文资料翻译译文基于单片机的十字路口交通灯控制器的设计由于我国经济的快速发展从而导致了汽车数量的猛增，大中型城市的城市交通，正面临着严峻的考验，从而导致交通问题日益严重，其主要表现如下：交通事故频发，对人类生命安全造成极大威胁；交通拥堵严重，导致出行时间增加，能源消耗加大；空气污染和噪声污染程度日益加深等。

日常的交通堵塞成为人们司空见惯而又不得不忍受的问题。

在这种背景下，结合我国城市道路交通的实际情况，开发出真正适合我们自身特点的智能信号灯控制系统已经成为当前的主要任务。

前言在实际应用上，根据对国内外实际交通信号控制应用的考察，平面独立交叉口信号控制基本采用定周期、多时段定周期、半感应、全感应等几种方式。

前两种控制方式完全是基于对平面交叉口既往交通流数据的统计调查，由于交通流存在的变化性和随机性，这两种方式都具有通行效率低、方案易老化的缺陷，而半感应式和全感应式这两种方式是在前两种方式的基础上增加了车辆检测器并根据其提供的信息来调整周期长和绿信比，它对车辆随机到达的适应性较大，可使车辆在停车线前尽可能少停车，达到交通流畅的效果。

在现代化的工业生产中，电流、电压、温度、压力、流量、流速和开关量都是常用的主要被控参数。

例如：在冶金工业、化工生产、电力工程、造纸行业、机械制造和食品加工等诸多领域中，人们都需要对交通进行有序的控制。

采用单片机来对交通进行控制，不仅具有控制方便、组态简单和灵活性大等优点，而且可以大幅度提高被控制量的技术指标，从而能够大大提高产品的质量和数量。

因此，单片机对交通灯的控制问题是一个工业生产中经常会遇到的问题。

在工业生产中，有很多行业有大量的交通灯设备，在现行系统中,大多数的交通控制信号都是用继电器来完成的,但继电器响应时间长,灵敏度低,长期使用之后,故障机会大大增加,而采用单片机控制,其精度远远大于继电器,响应时间短,软件可靠性高,不会因为工作时间缘故而降低其性能,相比而言,本方案具有很高的可行性。

南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系：经济管理系专业：市场营销姓名：柏杨学号：外文出处：Customer Relationship Management：Implementation Process Perspective 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文客户关系管理的实施过程研究摘要：客户关系管理(CRM)可以帮助企业更有效地管理企业与客户之间的关系来保持现有竞争力。

越来越多的企业认识到以客户为中心在今天激烈竞争的时代的意义，他们采用了CRM作为核心业务战略并大量投资。

CRM，一种整合了信息技术和关系营销的产物，提供了促进在企业与客户建立长期关系的基础设施。

成功的CRM实施是一项复杂、昂贵的技术。

本文从流程的角度介绍了在跨国企业中成功实施CRM的案例。

这项研究将帮助您了解在此类企业中实现CRM的流程。

关键词客户关系管理；客户；CRM实施一、引言由于新的经营理念产生，进入新市场竞争的公司会削弱现有稳固公司的地位。

一个驱动所有这些变化的因素是不断的变化和发展技术。

因为这样的现实，现如今CRM演变这样一种概念：与客户保持长期关系的策略[1]。

一个良好的客户关系是商业成功的关键。

人际关系的建立和管理，或者被称作是关系营销，是一个领先的营销手段[2]。

使用客户关系管理(CRM)系统变得越来越重要，可以提高客户生命周期价值[3]。

理解客户的需求，提供增值服务是公认的，确定公司成败的因素[4]。

因此，越来越多的企业开始重视电子客户关系管理(eCRM)，其重点是顾客，而不是产品或服务，即从各个方面考虑客户的需要，确保客户的满意度。

提供客户数据资料，文件资料和购买历史的信息，可以支持公司业务的核心领域，尤其是在市场营销、销售和服务方面[5]。

eCRM都是关于优化盈利能力，使企业保持对客户的掌控，因为它使顾客觉得他们真的对业务参与其中[6]。

外文资料原文Market demand of innovation and development all brightprospects of electronic lockAt present, China's lock industry with annual sales of about 40 billion yuans, the production of 1.9 billion. With the development of technology, the demand of the market gradually from the traditional metal lock likes smart locks, electronic lock. Electronic combination lock is a password or to control circuit (access control system), so as to control mechanical switches closed, lock, lock task of electronic products. Intelligent lock is different from traditional mechanical locks, in terms of user identification, security, manageability more intelligent locks, door lock the door when you leave the execution of the components in the system. Innovation and development change of locks industry in our country, in the future, intelligent electronic lock market will be a piece of blue ocean waiting for development.Development and innovation of the lockIn the past ten years, lock have experienced the change based on the emergence of electronic locks and application. Since 1988, the government institutions and companies in addition to the guards and other solutions on the market, have been using the cable of the electronic system to ensure the safety of the border. The cable electronic solutions also became popular. Reason is very simple, compared with the traditional mechanical lock safety, convenience, no information traceability shortcomings, such as cable electronic solutions in terms of safety, convenience, manageability are improved.As are known to all, now want to open a traditional method is not only a mechanical lock, such as picking, perforation, and more recently become embarrassed "bump" technology industry. Therefore, the key problem of the traditional still in the lock key is simple: reduce the tool copies may. The defects and the mechanical lock are opened the safe electronic technology market, electronic lock baseds on the technology of electronic security products rapid growth of more than 20 years, the scale is chasing the trend of the traditional mechanical lock."9 · 11" to make significant changes has taken place in security industry, access control and key management real-name system concept to be recognized. This event almost changed the security industry in people's minds, but also promote a lot of change and innovation, especially in the lock industry, make it become the protagonist of the security world and need to be created tocater to the market demand.The new parts of the lock of the world were created, named electronic locks, it is the combination of mechanical and electronic body, to provide users with additional controls and security new solutions. Electronic lock equipment big innovations and additional benefits of the system is not depend on the power system of power grid, it means that they are made up of batteries of direct current, make installation is simple and convenient. Also, since not rely on the power grid power system, make it more secure, even in the case of power outages, The lock can still normal operations, this is the traditional wired electronic systems unparalleled.Electronic lock market should be to be bornWith the development of modern science and technology, the development of the electronic lock has entered a new stage, all kinds of new technology application, mobile phone induction unlock, id card lock, fingerprint biometric technology lock, mobile phone, SMS remote unlock alarm, etc., of the new technology application results are for the development of the electronic lock on the wings to fly, let the electronic locks intelligent further ascension, greatly enrich the life of modern people, the closer to modern intelligent distance of the pursuit of quality of life and yearning.At the same time, the results of electronic lock are the new technology application benefit the traditional door locks, door factory, door industry, real estate building, hotel, intelligent building of locks, locks and other related industries, enterprises. Can be widely applicable to the security door, armored door, original wood door, such as bronze door type. For the development of industry, the difference between the product made a greater contribution, at the same time to suit kinds of products of high added value and new selling points, more and more been recognized by the market and users alike.The vigorous development of our country's economy, real estate, hotel, etc. As the pillar industry of national economy, real estate began to a large number of high quality buildings of electronic locks, to further strengthen the building of the intelligent degree, continuously improve the quality of building dish, and attract the interest of users and favor, to enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of real estate, promote sales. In Beijing, Shanghai, guangzhou, shenzhen, nanjing, changsha, nanchang, wuhan, one third line cities such as electronic smart lock, electronic smart lock hotel constantly emerging community.At the same time, with the development of economy and the continuous improvement inpeople's living standard, people for the pursuit of quality life and security needs is growing. High quality electronic locks began arriving into high-grade private property and enterprise office building, people don't have to worry about the key thing, enjoy the modern intelligent world harmony and life quality.Bright prospects of electronic lockMore solutions are obvious, the market changes, gradually emerging from the market, the basic situation of now is: the government institutions and companies need to seek more control than before human resource cost and an ideal solution to protect the safety of property, and time is money, staff time management has become more urgent, has become a critical value proposition. Tell from this aspect, only for the center with key systems can provide feasible solutions. From an economic point of view, the card reader or mounted on each door installed cameras in each corner (plus a security surveillance cameras) is not feasible.Market development also shows that the integrated development of security industry has been overwhelming, as the important role of lock will become an integral part of the overall solution, is likely to end in the past 4000 years has been the role of. But what is undeniable is that the lock to protect property or restrict access permissions alert or closed-circuit television (CCTV) system is the importance of play can't do it.Conclusion:With the deepening of China's opening to the outside world, the wealthy and middle class, high-grade building development soon, high-grade electronic smart lock has broad market prospects for development. Along with our country for smart locks lock industry of new and high technology investment is increasing year by year, the 3 g era, electronic locks gradually replace mechanical lock is the inevitable development trend. National macro-control of real estate at the same time, the strengthening of environmental awareness, home prices gradually return to rational prices, a new round of commercial competition focus will gradually reflected in such aspects as environmental protection, energy saving, intelligent, safe, high-end smart door lock market demand began to explode, electronic lock industry will also march into the new stage of development.外文资料译文：市场需求带来创新发展悉数电子锁的灿烂前景目前，中国锁具行业年销售额约为400亿元，产量为19亿把。

百度文库- 让每个人平等地提升自我！外文参考文献及翻译稿的要求及格式一、外文参考文献的要求1、外文原稿应与本研究项目接近或相关联；2、外文原稿可选择相关文章或节选章节，正文字数不少于1500字。

3、格式：外文文献左上角标注“外文参考资料”字样，小四宋体。

1.5倍行距。

标题：三号，Times New Roman字体加粗，居中，行距1.5倍。

段前段后空一行。

作者（居中）及正文：小四号，Times New Roman字体，首行空2字符。

4、A4纸统一打印。

二、中文翻译稿1、中文翻译稿要与外文文献匹配，翻译要正确；2、中文翻译稿另起一页；3、格式：左上角标“中文译文”，小四宋体。

标题：宋体三号加粗居中，行距1.5倍。

段前、段后空一行。

作者（居中）及正文：小四号宋体，数字等Times New Roman字体，1.5倍行距，首行空2字符。

正文字数1500左右。

4、A4纸统一打印。

格式范例如后所示。

百度文库 - 让每个人平等地提升自我！外文参考文献Implementation of internal controls of small andmedium-sized pow erStephen Ryan The enterprise internal control carries out the strength to refer to the enterprise internal control system execution ability and dynamics, it is the one whole set behavior and the technical system, is unique competitive advantage which the enterprise has; Is a series of …………………………标题：三号，Times New Roman字体加粗，居中，行距1.5倍。

外文翻译格式
外语翻译通常需要遵循一定的格式，以确保翻译内容的准确性和易读性。

以下是一个700字外文翻译的通用格式示例：
1. 标题：翻译的内容的标题，通常与原文标题保持一致，居中显示。

2. 原文：原文内容，可将原文段落编号，并保留原文格式，如段落缩进或列表。

3. 译文：相关段落的翻译内容，与原文一一对应，并保持相同的段落编号和格式。

4. 术语翻译：将翻译中使用的特定术语或固定表达进行解释和翻译，避免出现歧义。

5. 校对与审校：对翻译内容进行校对和审校，确保翻译准确无误。

6. 结论：对整个翻译内容进行总结和评价，提出自己的观点和见解。

7. 参考文献：如有需要，列出翻译过程中所参考的文献或资料。

8. 附录：如有需要，可在翻译后添加附录，补充相关资料或说明。

注意事项：
- 翻译应遵循专业的术语和语法规范，尽量保持翻译内容的准确性。

- 可根据需要调整段落的分配和序号，以符合原文和翻译内容的逻辑结构。

- 保持翻译格式的统一和美观，使用合适的字体和字号，并注意标点符号的使用。

- 翻译结束后，应进行校对和审校，以确保翻译质量的准确性和流畅性。

总之，一个700字外文翻译的格式应该清晰明了，结构合理，准确无误，并能为读者提供一个清晰且易于理解的翻译内容。

五分钟搞定5000字－外文文献翻译，你想要的工具都在这里。

【大四的时候写毕业论文老师就要求得翻译外文文献并写入论文】在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。

由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和CNKI“翻译助手"。

具体操作过程如下：1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给Google处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。

另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“只见树木，不见森林”的误导。

注：1、Google翻译：/language_toolsgoogle，众所周知，谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。

我利用它是这样的。

一方面可以用它查询英文论文，当然这方面的帖子很多，大家可以搜索，在此不赘述。

回到我自己说的翻译上来。

下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译，首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的，根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做，一般比较准确。

在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。

大家应该都有词典吧，按中国人的办法，把一个一个词分着查出来，敲到google里，你的这种翻译一般不太准，当然你需要验证是否准确了，这下看着吧，把你的那支离破碎的翻译在google里搜索，你能看到许多相关的文献或资料，大家都不是笨蛋，看看，也就能找到最精确的翻译了，纯西式的！我就是这么用的。