A comparative study of LPC parameter representations and quantisation

厦门大学硕士学位论文高效率、低失真的D类音频功率放大器姓名：叶春晖申请学位级别：硕士专业：测试计量技术及仪器指导教师：冯勇建20090501摘要半导体技术的进步重新唤起了人们对Ｄ类音频功放的兴趣，尤其体现在便携器件等消费电子产品中Ⅲ。

本文对双声道Ｄ类音频功率放大器进行研究，通过使用双边自然采样控制四个状态功率输出开关的脉宽调制技术极大降低了静态功耗，从而将低输入状态下的芯片的效率提高Ｎ９０％。

同时将谐波失真降至０．０３％．并且通过独特的二阶反馈环路增大系统带宽，使系统在２０赫兹ｊ！ｌＪ２００００赫兹的音频范围内具有平坦的响应曲线。

就此本文主要开展了以下研究工作：１．综合考虑器件成本和性能的要求，选取了现代公司的０．６Ｕｍ线宽标准工艺，在保证合理的成本和芯片面积的前提下得到最优化的效率以及相应的输出功率性能。

通过对输出级电路分析计算，确保芯片在该工艺条件下的运行安全性。

２．深入分析计算了以往各种采样技术的特点，设计了双边自然采样控制四个状态功率输出开关的脉宽调制技术作为Ｄ类音频信号调制器的核心技术，提高了系统线性度，极大降低了系统静态功耗。

３．设计独特的二阶反馈环路增大系统带宽。

建立传递函数模型，通过ＭＡＴＬＡＢ分析系统的线性与稳定性。

通过ＳＩＭＵＬＩＮＫ仿真，计算出系统的失真度。

４．设计并全差分结构的运算放大器作为组成音频信号调制器的核心放大器，以得到更高的集成度，并且不需要使用输入耦合电容对。

设计轨到轨的高反应速度的比较器作为脉宽高制信号发生器，从而将信号相移最小化，同时保证系统的稳定性。

５．完成包括Ｄ类音频调制器以及功率输出级在内的整个器件的所有具体电路设计与仿真验证；完成了器件的版图设计、后端生产以及性能测试。

所得到的产品在拥有高达９０％的效率与低至０．０３％的失真度，在效率与失真度方面性能优异，十分符合音频领域的应用要求。

该Ｄ类音频功率放大器的性能良好，拥有极高的效率以及低失真，同时还拥有占空间小，成本低的优势，适合于手机等便携式消费电子产品的音频应用，在国内处于领先地位，具有广泛的市场前景。

DOI: 10.1126/science.1094786, 441 (2004);304Science et al.Mitchell S. Abrahamsen,Cryptosporidium parvum Complete Genome Sequence of the Apicomplexan, (this information is current as of October 7, 2009 ):The following resources related to this article are available online at/cgi/content/full/304/5669/441version of this article at:including high-resolution figures, can be found in the online Updated information and services,/cgi/content/full/1094786/DC1 can be found at:Supporting Online Material/cgi/content/full/304/5669/441#otherarticles , 9 of which can be accessed for free: cites 25 articles This article 239 article(s) on the ISI Web of Science. cited by This article has been /cgi/content/full/304/5669/441#otherarticles 53 articles hosted by HighWire Press; see: cited by This article has been/cgi/collection/genetics Genetics: subject collections This article appears in the following/about/permissions.dtl in whole or in part can be found at: this article permission to reproduce of this article or about obtaining reprints Information about obtaining registered trademark of AAAS.is a Science 2004 by the American Association for the Advancement of Science; all rights reserved. The title Copyright American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1200 New York Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20005. (print ISSN 0036-8075; online ISSN 1095-9203) is published weekly, except the last week in December, by the Science o n O c t o b e r 7, 2009w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o m3.R.Jackendoff,Foundations of Language:Brain,Gram-mar,Evolution(Oxford Univ.Press,Oxford,2003).4.Although for Frege(1),reference was established rela-tive to objects in the world,here we follow Jackendoff’s suggestion(3)that this is done relative to objects and the state of affairs as mentally represented.5.S.Zola-Morgan,L.R.Squire,in The Development andNeural Bases of Higher Cognitive Functions(New York Academy of Sciences,New York,1990),pp.434–456.6.N.Chomsky,Reflections on Language(Pantheon,New York,1975).7.J.Katz,Semantic Theory(Harper&Row,New York,1972).8.D.Sperber,D.Wilson,Relevance(Harvard Univ.Press,Cambridge,MA,1986).9.K.I.Forster,in Sentence Processing,W.E.Cooper,C.T.Walker,Eds.(Erlbaum,Hillsdale,NJ,1989),pp.27–85.10.H.H.Clark,Using Language(Cambridge 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critical word.This was done in order tonormalize for individual differences in EEG power anddifferences in baseline power between different fre-quency bands.Two relevant time-frequency compo-nents were identified:(i)a theta component,rangingfrom4to7Hz and from300to800ms after wordonset,and(ii)a gamma component,ranging from35to45Hz and from400to600ms after word onset.20.C.Tallon-Baudry,O.Bertrand,Trends Cognit.Sci.3,151(1999).tner et al.,Nature397,434(1999).22.M.Bastiaansen,P.Hagoort,Cortex39(2003).23.O.Jensen,C.D.Tesche,Eur.J.Neurosci.15,1395(2002).24.Whole brain T2*-weighted echo planar imaging bloodoxygen level–dependent(EPI-BOLD)fMRI data wereacquired with a Siemens Sonata1.5-T magnetic reso-nance scanner with interleaved slice ordering,a volumerepetition time of2.48s,an echo time of40ms,a90°flip angle,31horizontal slices,a64ϫ64slice matrix,and isotropic voxel size of3.5ϫ3.5ϫ3.5mm.For thestructural magnetic resonance image,we used a high-resolution(isotropic voxels of1mm3)T1-weightedmagnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo pulse se-quence.The fMRI data were preprocessed and analyzedby statistical parametric mappingwith SPM99software(http://www.fi/spm99).25.S.E.Petersen et al.,Nature331,585(1988).26.B.T.Gold,R.L.Buckner,Neuron35,803(2002).27.E.Halgren et al.,J.Psychophysiol.88,1(1994).28.E.Halgren et al.,Neuroimage17,1101(2002).29.M.K.Tanenhaus et al.,Science268,1632(1995).30.J.J.A.van Berkum et al.,J.Cognit.Neurosci.11,657(1999).31.P.A.M.Seuren,Discourse Semantics(Basil Blackwell,Oxford,1985).32.We thank P.Indefrey,P.Fries,P.A.M.Seuren,and M.van Turennout for helpful discussions.Supported bythe Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research,grant no.400-56-384(P.H.).Supporting Online Material/cgi/content/full/1095455/DC1Materials and MethodsFig.S1References and Notes8January2004;accepted9March2004Published online18March2004;10.1126/science.1095455Include this information when citingthis paper.Complete Genome Sequence ofthe Apicomplexan,Cryptosporidium parvumMitchell S.Abrahamsen,1,2*†Thomas J.Templeton,3†Shinichiro Enomoto,1Juan E.Abrahante,1Guan Zhu,4 Cheryl ncto,1Mingqi Deng,1Chang Liu,1‡Giovanni Widmer,5Saul Tzipori,5GregoryA.Buck,6Ping Xu,6 Alan T.Bankier,7Paul H.Dear,7Bernard A.Konfortov,7 Helen F.Spriggs,7Lakshminarayan Iyer,8Vivek Anantharaman,8L.Aravind,8Vivek Kapur2,9The apicomplexan Cryptosporidium parvum is an intestinal parasite that affects healthy humans and animals,and causes an unrelenting infection in immuno-compromised individuals such as AIDS patients.We report the complete ge-nome sequence of C.parvum,type II isolate.Genome analysis identifies ex-tremely streamlined metabolic pathways and a reliance on the host for nu-trients.In contrast to Plasmodium and Toxoplasma,the parasite lacks an api-coplast and its genome,and possesses a degenerate mitochondrion that has lost its genome.Several novel classes of cell-surface and secreted proteins with a potential role in host interactions and pathogenesis were also detected.Elu-cidation of the core metabolism,including enzymes with high similarities to bacterial and plant counterparts,opens new avenues for drug development.Cryptosporidium parvum is a globally impor-tant intracellular pathogen of humans and animals.The duration of infection and patho-genesis of cryptosporidiosis depends on host immune status,ranging from a severe but self-limiting diarrhea in immunocompetent individuals to a life-threatening,prolonged infection in immunocompromised patients.Asubstantial degree of morbidity and mortalityis associated with infections in AIDS pa-tients.Despite intensive efforts over the past20years,there is currently no effective ther-apy for treating or preventing C.parvuminfection in humans.Cryptosporidium belongs to the phylumApicomplexa,whose members share a com-mon apical secretory apparatus mediating lo-comotion and tissue or cellular invasion.Many apicomplexans are of medical or vet-erinary importance,including Plasmodium,Babesia,Toxoplasma,Neosprora,Sarcocys-tis,Cyclospora,and Eimeria.The life cycle ofC.parvum is similar to that of other cyst-forming apicomplexans(e.g.,Eimeria and Tox-oplasma),resulting in the formation of oocysts1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science,College of Veterinary Medicine,2Biomedical Genom-ics Center,University of Minnesota,St.Paul,MN55108,USA.3Department of Microbiology and Immu-nology,Weill Medical College and Program in Immu-nology,Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences ofCornell University,New York,NY10021,USA.4De-partment of Veterinary Pathobiology,College of Vet-erinary Medicine,Texas A&M University,College Sta-tion,TX77843,USA.5Division of Infectious Diseases,Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine,NorthGrafton,MA01536,USA.6Center for the Study ofBiological Complexity and Department of Microbiol-ogy and Immunology,Virginia Commonwealth Uni-versity,Richmond,VA23198,USA.7MRC Laboratoryof Molecular Biology,Hills Road,Cambridge CB22QH,UK.8National Center for Biotechnology Infor-mation,National Library of Medicine,National Insti-tutes of Health,Bethesda,MD20894,USA.9Depart-ment of Microbiology,University of Minnesota,Min-neapolis,MN55455,USA.*To whom correspondence should be addressed.E-mail:abe@†These authors contributed equally to this work.‡Present address:Bioinformatics Division,Genetic Re-search,GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals,5MooreDrive,Research Triangle Park,NC27009,USA.R E P O R T S SCIENCE VOL30416APRIL2004441o n O c t o b e r 7 , 2 0 0 9 w w w . s c i e n c e m a g . o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o mthat are shed in the feces of infected hosts.C.parvum oocysts are highly resistant to environ-mental stresses,including chlorine treatment of community water supplies;hence,the parasite is an important water-and food-borne pathogen (1).The obligate intracellular nature of the par-asite ’s life cycle and the inability to culture the parasite continuously in vitro greatly impair researchers ’ability to obtain purified samples of the different developmental stages.The par-asite cannot be genetically manipulated,and transformation methodologies are currently un-available.To begin to address these limitations,we have obtained the complete C.parvum ge-nome sequence and its predicted protein com-plement.(This whole-genome shotgun project has been deposited at DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the project accession AAEE00000000.The version described in this paper is the first version,AAEE01000000.)The random shotgun approach was used to obtain the complete DNA sequence (2)of the Iowa “type II ”isolate of C.parvum .This isolate readily transmits disease among numerous mammals,including humans.The resulting ge-nome sequence has roughly 13ϫgenome cov-erage containing five gaps and 9.1Mb of totalDNA sequence within eight chromosomes.The C.parvum genome is thus quite compact rela-tive to the 23-Mb,14-chromosome genome of Plasmodium falciparum (3);this size difference is predominantly the result of shorter intergenic regions,fewer introns,and a smaller number of genes (Table 1).Comparison of the assembled sequence of chromosome VI to that of the recently published sequence of chromosome VI (4)revealed that our assembly contains an ad-ditional 160kb of sequence and a single gap versus two,with the common sequences dis-playing a 99.993%sequence identity (2).The relative paucity of introns greatly simplified gene predictions and facilitated an-notation (2)of predicted open reading frames (ORFs).These analyses provided an estimate of 3807protein-encoding genes for the C.parvum genome,far fewer than the estimated 5300genes predicted for the Plasmodium genome (3).This difference is primarily due to the absence of an apicoplast and mitochondrial genome,as well as the pres-ence of fewer genes encoding metabolic functions and variant surface proteins,such as the P.falciparum var and rifin molecules (Table 2).An analysis of the encoded pro-tein sequences with the program SEG (5)shows that these protein-encoding genes are not enriched in low-complexity se-quences (34%)to the extent observed in the proteins from Plasmodium (70%).Our sequence analysis indicates that Cryptosporidium ,unlike Plasmodium and Toxoplasma ,lacks both mitochondrion and apicoplast genomes.The overall complete-ness of the genome sequence,together with the fact that similar DNA extraction proce-dures used to isolate total genomic DNA from C.parvum efficiently yielded mito-chondrion and apicoplast genomes from Ei-meria sp.and Toxoplasma (6,7),indicates that the absence of organellar genomes was unlikely to have been the result of method-ological error.These conclusions are con-sistent with the absence of nuclear genes for the DNA replication and translation machinery characteristic of mitochondria and apicoplasts,and with the lack of mito-chondrial or apicoplast targeting signals for tRNA synthetases.A number of putative mitochondrial pro-teins were identified,including components of a mitochondrial protein import apparatus,chaperones,uncoupling proteins,and solute translocators (table S1).However,the ge-nome does not encode any Krebs cycle en-zymes,nor the components constituting the mitochondrial complexes I to IV;this finding indicates that the parasite does not rely on complete oxidation and respiratory chains for synthesizing adenosine triphosphate (ATP).Similar to Plasmodium ,no orthologs for the ␥,␦,or εsubunits or the c subunit of the F 0proton channel were detected (whereas all subunits were found for a V-type ATPase).Cryptosporidium ,like Eimeria (8)and Plas-modium ,possesses a pyridine nucleotide tran-shydrogenase integral membrane protein that may couple reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)and reduced nico-tinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)redox to proton translocation across the inner mitochondrial membrane.Unlike Plasmodium ,the parasite has two copies of the pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase gene.Also present is a likely mitochondrial membrane –associated,cyanide-resistant alter-native oxidase (AOX )that catalyzes the reduction of molecular oxygen by ubiquinol to produce H 2O,but not superoxide or H 2O 2.Several genes were identified as involved in biogenesis of iron-sulfur [Fe-S]complexes with potential mitochondrial targeting signals (e.g.,nifS,nifU,frataxin,and ferredoxin),supporting the presence of a limited electron flux in the mitochondrial remnant (table S2).Our sequence analysis confirms the absence of a plastid genome (7)and,additionally,the loss of plastid-associated metabolic pathways including the type II fatty acid synthases (FASs)and isoprenoid synthetic enzymes thatTable 1.General features of the C.parvum genome and comparison with other single-celled eukaryotes.Values are derived from respective genome project summaries (3,26–28).ND,not determined.FeatureC.parvum P.falciparum S.pombe S.cerevisiae E.cuniculiSize (Mbp)9.122.912.512.5 2.5(G ϩC)content (%)3019.43638.347No.of genes 38075268492957701997Mean gene length (bp)excluding introns 1795228314261424ND Gene density (bp per gene)23824338252820881256Percent coding75.352.657.570.590Genes with introns (%)553.9435ND Intergenic regions (G ϩC)content %23.913.632.435.145Mean length (bp)5661694952515129RNAsNo.of tRNA genes 454317429944No.of 5S rRNA genes 6330100–2003No.of 5.8S ,18S ,and 28S rRNA units 57200–400100–20022Table parison between predicted C.parvum and P.falciparum proteins.FeatureC.parvum P.falciparum *Common †Total predicted proteins380752681883Mitochondrial targeted/encoded 17(0.45%)246(4.7%)15Apicoplast targeted/encoded 0581(11.0%)0var/rif/stevor ‡0236(4.5%)0Annotated as protease §50(1.3%)31(0.59%)27Annotated as transporter ࿣69(1.8%)34(0.65%)34Assigned EC function ¶167(4.4%)389(7.4%)113Hypothetical proteins925(24.3%)3208(60.9%)126*Values indicated for P.falciparum are as reported (3)with the exception of those for proteins annotated as protease or transporter.†TBLASTN hits (e Ͻ–5)between C.parvum and P.falciparum .‡As reported in (3).§Pre-dicted proteins annotated as “protease or peptidase”for C.parvum (CryptoGenome database,)and P.falciparum (PlasmoDB database,).࿣Predicted proteins annotated as “trans-porter,permease of P-type ATPase”for C.parvum (CryptoGenome)and P.falciparum (PlasmoDB).¶Bidirectional BLAST hit (e Ͻ–15)to orthologs with assigned Enzyme Commission (EC)numbers.Does not include EC assignment numbers for protein kinases or protein phosphatases (due to inconsistent annotation across genomes),or DNA polymerases or RNA polymerases,as a result of issues related to subunit inclusion.(For consistency,46proteins were excluded from the reported P.falciparum values.)R E P O R T S16APRIL 2004VOL 304SCIENCE 442 o n O c t o b e r 7, 2009w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o mare otherwise localized to the plastid in other apicomplexans.C.parvum fatty acid biosynthe-sis appears to be cytoplasmic,conducted by a large(8252amino acids)modular type I FAS (9)and possibly by another large enzyme that is related to the multidomain bacterial polyketide synthase(10).Comprehensive screening of the C.parvum genome sequence also did not detect orthologs of Plasmodium nuclear-encoded genes that contain apicoplast-targeting and transit sequences(11).C.parvum metabolism is greatly stream-lined relative to that of Plasmodium,and in certain ways it is reminiscent of that of another obligate eukaryotic parasite,the microsporidian Encephalitozoon.The degeneration of the mi-tochondrion and associated metabolic capabili-ties suggests that the parasite largely relies on glycolysis for energy production.The parasite is capable of uptake and catabolism of mono-sugars(e.g.,glucose and fructose)as well as synthesis,storage,and catabolism of polysac-charides such as trehalose and amylopectin. Like many anaerobic organisms,it economizes ATP through the use of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinases.The conver-sion of pyruvate to acetyl–coenzyme A(CoA) is catalyzed by an atypical pyruvate-NADPH oxidoreductase(Cp PNO)that contains an N-terminal pyruvate–ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PFO)domain fused with a C-terminal NADPH–cytochrome P450reductase domain (CPR).Such a PFO-CPR fusion has previously been observed only in the euglenozoan protist Euglena gracilis(12).Acetyl-CoA can be con-verted to malonyl-CoA,an important precursor for fatty acid and polyketide biosynthesis.Gly-colysis leads to several possible organic end products,including lactate,acetate,and ethanol. The production of acetate from acetyl-CoA may be economically beneficial to the parasite via coupling with ATP production.Ethanol is potentially produced via two in-dependent pathways:(i)from the combination of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehy-drogenase,or(ii)from acetyl-CoA by means of a bifunctional dehydrogenase(adhE)with ac-etaldehyde and alcohol dehydrogenase activi-ties;adhE first converts acetyl-CoA to acetal-dehyde and then reduces the latter to ethanol. AdhE predominantly occurs in bacteria but has recently been identified in several protozoans, including vertebrate gut parasites such as Enta-moeba and Giardia(13,14).Adjacent to the adhE gene resides a second gene encoding only the AdhE C-terminal Fe-dependent alcohol de-hydrogenase domain.This gene product may form a multisubunit complex with AdhE,or it may function as an alternative alcohol dehydro-genase that is specific to certain growth condi-tions.C.parvum has a glycerol3-phosphate dehydrogenase similar to those of plants,fungi, and the kinetoplastid Trypanosoma,but(unlike trypanosomes)the parasite lacks an ortholog of glycerol kinase and thus this pathway does not yield glycerol production.In addition to themodular fatty acid synthase(Cp FAS1)andpolyketide synthase homolog(Cp PKS1), C.parvum possesses several fatty acyl–CoA syn-thases and a fatty acyl elongase that may partici-pate in fatty acid metabolism.Further,enzymesfor the metabolism of complex lipids(e.g.,glyc-erolipid and inositol phosphate)were identified inthe genome.Fatty acids are apparently not anenergy source,because enzymes of the fatty acidoxidative pathway are absent,with the exceptionof a3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase.C.parvum purine metabolism is greatlysimplified,retaining only an adenosine ki-nase and enzymes catalyzing conversionsof adenosine5Ј-monophosphate(AMP)toinosine,xanthosine,and guanosine5Ј-monophosphates(IMP,XMP,and GMP).Among these enzymes,IMP dehydrogenase(IMPDH)is phylogenetically related toε-proteobacterial IMPDH and is strikinglydifferent from its counterparts in both thehost and other apicomplexans(15).In con-trast to other apicomplexans such as Toxo-plasma gondii and P.falciparum,no geneencoding hypoxanthine-xanthineguaninephosphoribosyltransferase(HXGPRT)is de-tected,in contrast to a previous report on theactivity of this enzyme in C.parvum sporo-zoites(16).The absence of HXGPRT sug-gests that the parasite may rely solely on asingle enzyme system including IMPDH toproduce GMP from AMP.In contrast to otherapicomplexans,the parasite appears to relyon adenosine for purine salvage,a modelsupported by the identification of an adeno-sine transporter.Unlike other apicomplexansand many parasitic protists that can synthe-size pyrimidines de novo,C.parvum relies onpyrimidine salvage and retains the ability forinterconversions among uridine and cytidine5Ј-monophosphates(UMP and CMP),theirdeoxy forms(dUMP and dCMP),and dAMP,as well as their corresponding di-and triphos-phonucleotides.The parasite has also largelyshed the ability to synthesize amino acids denovo,although it retains the ability to convertselect amino acids,and instead appears torely on amino acid uptake from the host bymeans of a set of at least11amino acidtransporters(table S2).Most of the Cryptosporidium core pro-cesses involved in DNA replication,repair,transcription,and translation conform to thebasic eukaryotic blueprint(2).The transcrip-tional apparatus resembles Plasmodium interms of basal transcription machinery.How-ever,a striking numerical difference is seenin the complements of two RNA bindingdomains,Sm and RRM,between P.falcipa-rum(17and71domains,respectively)and C.parvum(9and51domains).This reductionresults in part from the loss of conservedproteins belonging to the spliceosomal ma-chinery,including all genes encoding Smdomain proteins belonging to the U6spliceo-somal particle,which suggests that this par-ticle activity is degenerate or entirely lost.This reduction in spliceosomal machinery isconsistent with the reduced number of pre-dicted introns in Cryptosporidium(5%)rela-tive to Plasmodium(Ͼ50%).In addition,keycomponents of the small RNA–mediatedposttranscriptional gene silencing system aremissing,such as the RNA-dependent RNApolymerase,Argonaute,and Dicer orthologs;hence,RNA interference–related technolo-gies are unlikely to be of much value intargeted disruption of genes in C.parvum.Cryptosporidium invasion of columnarbrush border epithelial cells has been de-scribed as“intracellular,but extracytoplas-mic,”as the parasite resides on the surface ofthe intestinal epithelium but lies underneaththe host cell membrane.This niche may al-low the parasite to evade immune surveil-lance but take advantage of solute transportacross the host microvillus membrane or theextensively convoluted parasitophorous vac-uole.Indeed,Cryptosporidium has numerousgenes(table S2)encoding families of putativesugar transporters(up to9genes)and aminoacid transporters(11genes).This is in starkcontrast to Plasmodium,which has fewersugar transporters and only one putative ami-no acid transporter(GenBank identificationnumber23612372).As a first step toward identification ofmulti–drug-resistant pumps,the genome se-quence was analyzed for all occurrences ofgenes encoding multitransmembrane proteins.Notable are a set of four paralogous proteinsthat belong to the sbmA family(table S2)thatare involved in the transport of peptide antibi-otics in bacteria.A putative ortholog of thePlasmodium chloroquine resistance–linkedgene Pf CRT(17)was also identified,althoughthe parasite does not possess a food vacuole likethe one seen in Plasmodium.Unlike Plasmodium,C.parvum does notpossess extensive subtelomeric clusters of anti-genically variant proteins(exemplified by thelarge families of var and rif/stevor genes)thatare involved in immune evasion.In contrast,more than20genes were identified that encodemucin-like proteins(18,19)having hallmarksof extensive Thr or Ser stretches suggestive ofglycosylation and signal peptide sequences sug-gesting secretion(table S2).One notable exam-ple is an11,700–amino acid protein with anuninterrupted stretch of308Thr residues(cgd3_720).Although large families of secretedproteins analogous to the Plasmodium multi-gene families were not found,several smallermultigene clusters were observed that encodepredicted secreted proteins,with no detectablesimilarity to proteins from other organisms(Fig.1,A and B).Within this group,at leastfour distinct families appear to have emergedthrough gene expansions specific to the Cryp-R E P O R T S SCIENCE VOL30416APRIL2004443o n O c t o b e r 7 , 2 0 0 9 w w w . s c i e n c e m a g . o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o mtosporidium clade.These families —SKSR,MEDLE,WYLE,FGLN,and GGC —were named after well-conserved sequence motifs (table S2).Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)expression analysis (20)of one cluster,a locus of seven adjacent CpLSP genes (Fig.1B),shows coexpression during the course of in vitro development (Fig.1C).An additional eight genes were identified that encode proteins having a periodic cysteine structure similar to the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein;these eight genes are similarly expressed during the onset of oocyst formation and likely participate in the formation of the coccidian rigid oocyst wall in both Cryptospo-ridium and Toxoplasma (21).Whereas the extracellular proteins described above are of apparent apicomplexan or lineage-specific in-vention,Cryptosporidium possesses many genesencodingsecretedproteinshavinglineage-specific multidomain architectures composed of animal-and bacterial-like extracellular adhe-sive domains (fig.S1).Lineage-specific expansions were ob-served for several proteases (table S2),in-cluding an aspartyl protease (six genes),a subtilisin-like protease,a cryptopain-like cys-teine protease (five genes),and a Plas-modium falcilysin-like (insulin degrading enzyme –like)protease (19genes).Nine of the Cryptosporidium falcilysin genes lack the Zn-chelating “HXXEH ”active site motif and are likely to be catalytically inactive copies that may have been reused for specific protein-protein interactions on the cell sur-face.In contrast to the Plasmodium falcilysin,the Cryptosporidium genes possess signal peptide sequences and are likely trafficked to a secretory pathway.The expansion of this family suggests either that the proteins have distinct cleavage specificities or that their diversity may be related to evasion of a host immune response.Completion of the C.parvum genome se-quence has highlighted the lack of conven-tional drug targets currently pursued for the control and treatment of other parasitic protists.On the basis of molecular and bio-chemical studies and drug screening of other apicomplexans,several putative Cryptospo-ridium metabolic pathways or enzymes have been erroneously proposed to be potential drug targets (22),including the apicoplast and its associated metabolic pathways,the shikimate pathway,the mannitol cycle,the electron transport chain,and HXGPRT.Nonetheless,complete genome sequence analysis identifies a number of classic and novel molecular candidates for drug explora-tion,including numerous plant-like and bacterial-like enzymes (tables S3and S4).Although the C.parvum genome lacks HXGPRT,a potent drug target in other api-complexans,it has only the single pathway dependent on IMPDH to convert AMP to GMP.The bacterial-type IMPDH may be a promising target because it differs substan-tially from that of eukaryotic enzymes (15).Because of the lack of de novo biosynthetic capacity for purines,pyrimidines,and amino acids,C.parvum relies solely on scavenge from the host via a series of transporters,which may be exploited for chemotherapy.C.parvum possesses a bacterial-type thymidine kinase,and the role of this enzyme in pyrim-idine metabolism and its drug target candida-cy should be pursued.The presence of an alternative oxidase,likely targeted to the remnant mitochondrion,gives promise to the study of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM),as-cofuranone,and their analogs as inhibitors of energy metabolism in the parasite (23).Cryptosporidium possesses at least 15“plant-like ”enzymes that are either absent in or highly divergent from those typically found in mammals (table S3).Within the glycolytic pathway,the plant-like PPi-PFK has been shown to be a potential target in other parasites including T.gondii ,and PEPCL and PGI ap-pear to be plant-type enzymes in C.parvum .Another example is a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase/phosphatase catalyzing trehalose bio-synthesis from glucose-6-phosphate and uridine diphosphate –glucose.Trehalose may serve as a sugar storage source or may function as an antidesiccant,antioxidant,or protein stability agent in oocysts,playing a role similar to that of mannitol in Eimeria oocysts (24).Orthologs of putative Eimeria mannitol synthesis enzymes were not found.However,two oxidoreductases (table S2)were identified in C.parvum ,one of which belongs to the same families as the plant mannose dehydrogenases (25)and the other to the plant cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases.In principle,these enzymes could synthesize protective polyol compounds,and the former enzyme could use host-derived mannose to syn-thesize mannitol.References and Notes1.D.G.Korich et al .,Appl.Environ.Microbiol.56,1423(1990).2.See supportingdata on Science Online.3.M.J.Gardner et al .,Nature 419,498(2002).4.A.T.Bankier et al .,Genome Res.13,1787(2003).5.J.C.Wootton,Comput.Chem.18,269(1994).Fig.1.(A )Schematic showing the chromosomal locations of clusters of potentially secreted proteins.Numbers of adjacent genes are indicated in paren-theses.Arrows indicate direc-tion of clusters containinguni-directional genes (encoded on the same strand);squares indi-cate clusters containingg enes encoded on both strands.Non-paralogous genes are indicated by solid gray squares or direc-tional triangles;SKSR (green triangles),FGLN (red trian-gles),and MEDLE (blue trian-gles)indicate three C.parvum –specific families of paralogous genes predominantly located at telomeres.Insl (yellow tri-angles)indicates an insulinase/falcilysin-like paralogous gene family.Cp LSP (white square)indicates the location of a clus-ter of adjacent large secreted proteins (table S2)that are cotranscriptionally regulated.Identified anchored telomeric repeat sequences are indicated by circles.(B )Schematic show-inga select locus containinga cluster of coexpressed large secreted proteins (Cp LSP).Genes and intergenic regions (regions between identified genes)are drawn to scale at the nucleotide level.The length of the intergenic re-gions is indicated above or be-low the locus.(C )Relative ex-pression levels of CpLSP (red lines)and,as a control,C.parvum Hedgehog-type HINT domain gene (blue line)duringin vitro development,as determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR usingg ene-specific primers correspondingto the seven adjacent g enes within the CpLSP locus as shown in (B).Expression levels from three independent time-course experiments are represented as the ratio of the expression of each gene to that of C.parvum 18S rRNA present in each of the infected samples (20).R E P O R T S16APRIL 2004VOL 304SCIENCE 444 o n O c t o b e r 7, 2009w w w .s c i e n c e m a g .o r g D o w n l o a d e d f r o m。

利用软解调序列的LDPC码闭集识别方法包昕;王达;刘婉月【摘要】To realize recognition of the sparse-graph coding including low density parity check ( LDPC ) codes,a finite set algorithm based on the soft-demodulation sequence is proposed. Through making coding parity-relationship as the key point, this paper first reviews the traditional recognition strategy based on hard-demodulation sequence. Then,it analyzes the coding check relationship which soft-demodulation se-quence should satisfy. Finally,it designs a new recognition algorithm by introducing a statistics index called posterior check-log-likelihood-ratio ( CLLR ) . The result of simulations which focalize around finite set shows that the new recognition algorithm based on soft-demodulation sequence is better than traditional method based on hard-demodulation sequence,with a recognition gain of 2~6 dB,particularly in low sig-nal-to-noise ratio( SNR) .%为实现对包括低密度奇偶校验( LDPC )码在内的一系列“稀疏几何编码”的识别，基于软解调序列，设计和实现了一种闭集集合应用背景下的识别方法。

33002213.00ConceptIEC block library Part: EXPERTS840 USE 504 00 eng Version 2.623Table of ContentsAbout the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5Part I General information on the EXPERTS block library. . . . 7Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Chapter 1Parameterizing functions and function blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . .9Parameterizing functions and function blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Part II EFB descriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Chapter 2ERT_854_10: Data transfer EFB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15Chapter 3ERT_TIME: Time transfer to the ERT854 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Chapter 4EXFR: Feedback data enable for Experts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35Chapter 5EXRB: Accepting feedback values from the expert . . . . . . . .37Chapter 6EXWB: Transferring set points to the expert. . . . . . . . . . . . . .41Chapter 7MUX_DINTARR_125: Multiplexer for arrays of thedata type DIntArr125. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Chapter 8MVB_IN: Data exchange between CPU and MVB-258A . . . . .45Chapter 9MVB_INFO: Requesting bus data via MVB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49Chapter 10MVB_OUT: Data exchange between AS-BMVB-258A andCPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53Chapter 11MVB_RED: Switching redundant source ports . . . . . . . . . . . .57Chapter 12SIMTSX: TSX Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61Chapter 13ULEXSTAT: Expert Status Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67 Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .914840 USE 504 00 October 20025About the bookAt a GlanceDocument Scope This documentation will help you in configuring the functions and the function blocks.Validity NoteThis documentation applies to Concept 2.6 in Microsoft Windows 98, Microsoft Windows 2000 and Microsoft Windows NT 4.x.Related DocumentsUser CommentsWe welcome your comments about this document. You can reach us by e-mail at TECHCOMM@Note: Additional up-to-date tips can be found in the Concept README data.Title of Documentation Reference Number Concept Installation instructions 840 USE 502 00Concept Installation Instructions 840 USE 503 00Concept-EFB User Manual 840 USE 505 00Concept LL984 Block Library840 USE 506 00About the book6840 USE 504 00 October 2002840 USE 504 00 October 20027IGeneral information on the EXPERTS block libraryOverviewIntroduction This section contains general information about the EXPERTS block library.What’s in this part?This part contains the following chapters:ChapterChapternamePage1Parameterizing functions and function blocks9General information8840 USE 504 00 October 2002840 USE 504 00 October 200291Parameterizing functions and function blocksParameterizing functions and function blocksParameterization10840 USE 504 00 October 2002GeneralEach FFB consists of an operation, the operands needed for the operation and an instance name or function counter.OperationThe operation determines which function is to be executed with the FFB, e.g. shift register, conversion operations.OperandThe operand specifies what the operation is to be executed with. With FFBs, this consists of formal and actual parameters.FFB(e.g. ON-delay)Item name/Function counter(e.g. FBI_2_22 (18))Operation(e.g. TON)OperandActual parameterVariable, element of amulti-element variable, literal, directaddress(e.g. ENABLE, EXP .1, TIME, ERROR, OUT,%4:0001)Formal parameter(e.g. IN,PT,Q,ET)TONENABLE EXP.1TIMEEN IN PTENO Q ETERROR OUT%4:00001FBI_2_22 (18)Parameterization840 USE 504 00 October 200211Formal/actual parameters The formal parameter holds the place for an operand. During parameterization, an actual parameter is assigned to the formal parameter.The actual parameter can be a variable, a multi-element variable, an element of a multi-element variable, a literal or a direct address.Conditional/ unconditional calls"Unconditional" or "conditional" calls are possible with each FFB. The condition is realized by pre-linking the input EN.l Displayed ENconditional calls (the FFB is only processed if EN = 1)l EN not displayedunconditional calls (FFB is always processed)Calling functions and function blocks in IL and STInformation on calling functions and function blocks in IL (Instruction List) and ST (Structured Text) can be found in the relevant chapters of the user manual.Note: If the EN input is not parameterized, it must be disabled. Any input pin that is not parameterized is automatically assigned a "0" value. Therefore, the FFB should never be processed.Parameterization12840 USE 504 00 October 2002II EFB descriptionsOverviewIntroduction These EFB descriptions are listed in alphabetical order.What’s in this part?This part contains the following chapters:Note: The number of inputs of some EFBs can be increased to a maximum of 32 by changing the size of the FFB symbol vertically. Please refer to the description of the individual EFBs to see which EFBs are involved.Chapter Chaptername Page 2ERT_854_10: Data transfer EFB153ERT_TIME: Time transfer to the ERT854314EXFR: Feedback data enable for Experts355EXRB: Accepting feedback values from the expert376EXWB: Transferring set points to the expert417MUX_DINTARR_125: MUX_DINTARR_125: Multiplexer forarrays of the data type DIntArr12543 8MVB_IN: Data exchange between CPU and MVB-258A459MVB_INFO: Requesting bus data via MVB49 10MVB_OUT: Data exchange between AS-BMVB-258A andCPU53 11MVB_RED: Switching redundant source ports57 12SIMTSX: TSX Simulation61 13ULEXSTAT: Expert Status Signals63840 USE 504 00 October 200213EFB descriptions14840 USE 504 00 October 20022 ERT_854_10: Data transfer EFBOverviewIntroduction This chapter describes the ERT_854_10 block.What’s in this chapter?This chapter contains the following topics:Topic PageBrief description16 Representation16 Mode of Functioning19 EFB configuration20 Data Flow21 Simple example25 Other functions26Use of the DPM_Time Structure for the synchronization of the internal ERTclock26 Using the ERT >EFB time data flow27840 USE 504 00 October 200215ERT_854_10: Data transfer EFB16840 USE 504 00 October 2002Brief descriptionFunction descriptionThe ERT_854_10 EFB provides the programmer with a software interface to the ERT 854 10 module. It allows easy access to functions like counters, time stamp, status or time synchronization. Using the input and output registers, theERT_854_10 EFB can coordinate the flow of Multiplex data from the ERT to the PLC. It also ensures that the intermediate counter values are stored in an internal memory area until the data is complete, so a consistent set of all counter values is made available to the statement list. A flag "New data" is always set for every data type if the input data type was copied into the corresponding EFB output structure. The parameters EN and ENO can also be configured.RepresentationSymbolFunction Block representation:ERT_854_10BoolArr32Input BOOLND_TT ERT_10_TTag TT_Data BOOLND_Count UDIntArr32Cnt_Data BOOL ND_Stat WORDStatus SLOT INT ACK BOOL CL_TT BOOL CL_Count BOOL T_EN BOOL Time_INDPM_TimeERT_854_10: Data transfer EFB840 USE 504 00 October 200217Parameter descriptionDescription of the function block parameters:Parameter Data type MeaningSLOTINTThe Slot index is assigned to the ERT-EFB from either the QUANTUM EFB or DROP EFB and contains the configured input and output references (3x and 4x registers)ACK BOOLEvent confirmation: Setting ACK signals that the user is ready to receive the next result and deletes the TT_Data register. If ACK remains set, "continuous operation" is done.CL_TT BOOL Delete the ERT event FIFO buffer by setting CL_TT. Storage of events is blocked until the CL_TT is reset to 0.CL_Count BOOL Delete all ERT counters by setting CL_Count. Counting is interrupted until CL_Count is reset to 0.T_EN BOOL Enables a time transfer, e.g. from the ESI via Time_IN, if set Time_INDPM_TimeStructure of the input time, e.g. from the ESI, for timesynchronization of the ERT (contains the edge controlled time synchronization in the "Sync" element)Input BOOLArr32Output array for all 32 digital inputs in BOOL format(also provided in the form of word references as 3x registers 1+2)ND_TT BOOLFlag, new data in TT_Data structure: remains set until user confirmation with ACKTT_DataERT_10_TTag Event message output structure with time stamp. An event isheld and NDTT is set to 1 until there is a user enable with ACK = 1.ND_Count BOOL Flag, new counter data in Cnt_Data structure: The value 1 is set for only one cycle and is not acknowledged.Cnt_DataUDIntArr32Output array for 32 counter values (is overwritten after the EFB has received a complete set of consistent counter values (configured as:8, 16, 24, or 32).ND_Stat BOOL Flag; new status data in status word: The value 1 is set for only one cycle and is not acknowledged.StatusWORDOutput word for EFB/ERT status (for internal details see Data Flow, p.21)ERT_854_10: Data transfer EFB18840 USE 504 00 October 2002Internal time synchronizationStructure of DPM_Time for ERT internal time synchronization e.g. via the ESI:Event structureEvent structure of the ERT_10_TTag with 5 Byte time stamp (further information can be found in Data Flow, p.21):Element Element type MeaningSync BOOL Clock synchronization with positive edge (hourly or on command)Ms WORD Time in milliseconds Min BYTE Time invalid / minutes Hour BYTE Summer time / hoursDay BYTE Day of the week / Day in the month Mon BYTE Month YearBYTEYearElement Element type MeaningUser BYTE Complete time / user number [module number]Input BYTE Event set type / No. of the first input In BYTE Event data: 1, 2 or 8 managed positions Ms WORD Time in milliseconds Min BYTE Time invalid / minutes Hour BYTE Summer time / hoursDayBYTEDay of the week / Day of the monthERT_854_10: Data transfer EFB840 USE 504 00 October 200219Mode of FunctioningERT data transferThe number of I/O words available on the local and remote subracks is limited to 64 inputs and 64 outputs. For this reason, the number of ERT modules which can be used per local/remote backplane is limited to 9, with the currently selected minimum requirements of 7 input words and 5 output words per module.The size of the required ERT data transfer is considerably larger:l 32 counters = 64 words,l an event with a 5 byte time stamp = 4 words,l 32 digital values and the ERT status = 3 words.These inconsistent size requirements necessitate the use of a special transfer EFB called ERT_854_10 to execute the required operations on the PLC and to adjust the ERT representation of the data in Multiplex form. An EFB is required for every ERT module.To simplify matters, only the EFB parameters which will actually be used need to be configured. This saves on the amount of configuration effort, particularly when the counter inputs and event inputs are not mixed together. Unfortunately memory cannot be reserved for this because Concept has occupied the outputs with invisible dummy variables.Basic structure of the ERT_854_10 input register block with seven 3x registers for transfer from the ERT to the PLCBasic structure of the register blockERT_854_10 input register block:ContentsFunctionDigital inputs 1 (16)Digitally processed input data which is cyclically updated (the module’s input address corresponds to that of the digital standard input modules, i.e. inputs 1 … 16 correspond to bits 15 … 0)Digital inputs 17 …. 32Transfer status IN transfer status (TS_IN)MUX 1Multiplex data block for block transfer MUX 2 1 event with 5 byte time stamp orMUX 3 2 counter values of possible configured maximum 32 or MUX 41 status wordERT_854_10: Data transfer EFBSimplified structure of the ERT_854_10 output register block with five 4x registersfor the transfer of the SPS to the ERTERT_854_10 output register block:Contents FunctionTransfer status OUT transfer status (TS_OUT)MUX 1Time data block for the ERT for the clock synchronizationMUX 2MUX 3MUX 4Note: User interface is normally for the inputs and outputs of the ERT_854_10EFB, not the 3x and 4x registers.EFB configurationEFB connection The EFB connection to the input and output references (3x and 4x registers) is accomplished through a graphic connection to the ERT slot number, in the sameway as with analog modules. The currently available QUANTUM and DROP EFBsfrom the ANA_IO library are used as follows: QUANTUM for local and DROP forremote backplanes. These EFBs transfer an integer index to every specified slot,which points to an internal data structure with the configured values. The moduleparameters and the ID are stored there, in addition to the addresses and lengths ofthe assigned input and output references (3x and 4x registers).A significant improvement in the runtime can be achieved by deactivating theQUANTUM or the DROP EFB after the first execution. The average runtime of theERT_854_10 EFB in a CPU x13-0x is approximately 0.6 ms, minimum 0.4 ms,maximum 1.6 ms. Every Quantum or DROP-EFB runs on average at approximately1 ms, min. approx. 0.9 ms, max. approx. 1.3 ms.20840 USE 504 00 October 2002ERT_854_10: Data transfer EFB Data FlowDigital Inputs No flag for new data is provided for this input type. The digital inputs in the first two input register words are updated every second cycle directly by the ERT. The EFBmakes the processed values available as Bool if the BoolArr32 output field has beenconfigured accordingly.Counter Inputs Cyclic updating of the counter values takes significantly longer than for other data types. Counter values are saved as a data record in "Cnt_Data" after a completeseries (configured as: 8, 16, 24 or 32) of time consistent counter values in multiplexform has been transferred from the ERT. The flag for new data "ND_Count" is setfor one cycle.Event Inputs As readiness to receive new events must be actively confirmed by the user, the management of the registers becomes somewhat more complex (a handshakemechanism is required). Event data remain in the data structure ERT_10_TTag andthe flag for new data "ND_TT" stays set until the "ACK" input is set by the user andtherefore requests a new event. The EFB responds to this by resetting "ND_TT" forat least one cycle. After the new event has been sent to the ERT_10_TT registerstructure, "ND_TT" is reset by the EFB. To prevent the new event data from beingoverwritten, the user must take care that the "ACK" input is reset after the EFB hasreset the "ND_TT" flag. This state can then be kept stable to allow the user programenough time for event processing. Each subsequent event which is recorded withthe ERT is temporarily stored within the event FIFO buffer.New events are sent directly from the internal buffer of the EFB in intervals of at least2 cycles for as long as the "ACK" input is set (for the special continuous operatingmode); the effect is, however, that the "ND_TT" only stays set for one cycle. In thisspecial mode, it is still the job of the user program to finish event processing before"ND_TT" signals the transfer of other new events to the ERT_10_TT structurebecause handshake protection by "ACK" is not available in this case.840 USE 504 00 October 200221ERT_854_10: Data transfer EFB22840 USE 504 00 October 2002ERT_10_TTag ERT_10_TTag event structure with 5 byte time stampsNote 1:Interpretation for Byte 2Byte BitsFunction1D0...D6 = Module No.. 0...127D7 = CT Rough time: CT = 1 indicates that this time stamp contains the whole time value including month and year in bytes 2 + 3. The Module no. can be set in any way in the parameter screen.2D0…D5 = input no.D6 = P1D7 = P2No. of the first input of the event group: 1 (32)Type of the event message (P2, P1). 1.. 59 see Note 1:, p.22[Month value if CT = 1]3D0…D7 = data from the event group (D7…D0 with right alignment)1, 2 or 8 managed positions [Month value if CT = 1]4Time in milliseconds (least significant byte)0 ...59999 milliseconds (max. 61100) see Note 2:, p.235Time in milliseconds (most significant byte)0 ...59999 milliseconds (max. 61100) see Note 2:, p.23 and Note 3:, p.236D0...D5 = minutes D6 = R D7 = TI Minutes: 0 (59)Time invalid: TI = 1 means invalid time / reserved = 0 see Note 3:, p.237D0...D4 = hours D5 = R D6 = R D7 = DS Hours: 0 (23)Summer time: DS = 1 indicates that summer time is set With switchover from ST -> WT, hour 2A has ST, and hour 2B has WT8D0...D4 = DOW D5...D7 = DOMWeekday: Mon-Sun = 1...7Day of the month: 1 (31)The code corresponds to CET and thus deviates from the standard used in the US, Sun = 1.D7 D6Type of the event message D5...D0No. of the first input of the event group0 1 1 pin message 1 ... 32Input pin number 1 0 2 pin message 1, 3, 5, ...31First input of the group 1 18 pin message1, 9, 17, 25First input of the groupERT_854_10: Data transfer EFB840 USE 504 00 October 200223Note 2:The value for the milliseconds is a maximum of 61100 ms with the second of transition (61000 plus a tolerance of 100 milliseconds)Note 3:For time stamps containing an invalid time (TI = 1), the time in milliseconds is set to FFFF HEX. Minutes, hours and DOW/DOM values are invalid (i.e. undefined).Rough Time OutputIf the "rough time declaration" has been activated during the ERT configuration, the transfer of the complete time (with month/year) is executed under the following conditions: when the month changes, after the module restarts, during every start or stop of the PLC user program, when the event FIFO buffer is deleted, when the clock is started or set. The transfer of this complete time output without the data input values is "triggered" basically takes place through a correct time stamped event. If this does not happen the values remain "stuck" in the ERT until an event occurs. Within the time stamp of a "rough time output", the CT bit is always set so that byte 2 contains the information about the month, byte 3 the information about the year and bytes 4 to 8 show the same time stamp values of the triggering event, which is immediately followed by the event message for rough time output.Status InputsThe flag for new status data "ND_Stat" is set for one cycle. The status inputs can be overwritten after 2 query cycles.The status word contains EFB and ERT error bits Assignments of the Error BitsInternal structure of the EFB/ERT status word:EFB error bitsERT error bitsD15 ...D14D13D12D11D10D9D8D7D6D5D4D3D2D1D0ERT_854_10: Data transfer EFB24840 USE 504 00 October 2002ERT Error Bits D8 ... D0 ERT error bitsWhen configuring the , p. Sreens parameter, some of these errors can be assigned to grouped error messages with the "F" light as well as the module ’s error byte within the status table. All other errors are then defined as warnings.D11 ... D9 reservedEFB Error BitsD15 ... D12 EFB error bits:Bit Abbreviation Meaning D0FW Firmware errors, self test errors within EPROM, RAM or DPM (severe module errors)D1FP Parameter errors (severe internal errors)D2TEExternal time reference error (time-basis signal disrupted or not available)D3TU Time became invalid D4TA Time is not synchronized (Free running mode, permanent running without time error message, see also:Without power reserve, p.27D5PF FIFO buffer overflow (loss of the most recent event data)D6PH FIFO buffer half fullD7DC Dechattering active (some event data lost)D8CEERT communication error (procedure errors or time out)Bin.Hex.Meaning1000 8 HEX EFB communication time out 0101 5 HEX Wrong slot0110 6 HEXHealth status bit is not set (ERT appears not to be available)other valuesinternal errorERT_854_10: Data transfer EFB840 USE 504 00 October 200225Online error displayThe following ERT/ERB error messages are displayed in the Online → Event viewer Concept window with an error number and explanation.EFB error messages:ERT error messages:Simple exampleStructure diagramPrinciple structureMessage Error Meaning-2710User error 11EFB communication time out -2711[User error 12] =EFB internal error -2712[User error 13] =EFB internal error -2713[User error 14] =EFB internal error -2714[User error 15] =EFB internal error -2715[User error 16] =Wrong slot-2716[User error 17]Health status bit is not set (ERT appears not to be available)-2717[User error 18]EFB internal errorMessage Error Meaning -2700User error 1]ERT internal error .........-2707[User error 8]ERT internal error-2704[User error 5]ERT communication timeout (e.g. EFB disabled too long)QUANTUMSLOT1SLOT2SLOT3IN3ERT_854_10Input ND_TT TT_Data ND_Count Cnt_Data ND_Stat StatusSLOT ACK CL_TT CL_Count T_EN Time_INFBI-XXX 11DPM_TimeSTRUCTURE with cyclically actualized Time (of ESI module)User data structureBoolArr32ARRAY for 32Digital inputsERT_10_T-Tag STRUCTURE saves an event with time stamp UDIntArr32ARRAY for 32Counter inputsStatus wordERT_854_10: Data transfer EFB26840 USE 504 00 October 2002Other functionsInput markersSetting the input marker "CL_TT" causes the FIFO buffer event of the ERT to be cleared. Setting the markers for one cycle is sufficient.Setting the input marker "CL_Count" causes the ERT counter to be cleared by the ERT. Setting the markers for one cycle is sufficient.Use of the DPM_Time Structure for the synchronization of the internal ERT clockTimesynchronizationIf the time can not be synchronized through a standard time receiver, the time information can alternatively be transferred from the 140 ESI 062 01 communication module. The ESI makes the updated time available in a DPM_Time structure directly using the "Time_IN" parameter. The data structure can also be filled by the user program and the corresponding bits can be set. In this manner, the time can also be set, for example, by the CPU.With power reserveAs soon as the "clock" parameter of the ERT is configured to "internal clock" with a power reserve not equal to zero (i.e. not free running), the EFB must use the time provided by the ESI for synchronizing the internal ERT clock. Until the firstsynchronization has taken place, the ERT sends back "status" output word with the bit "invalid time" set (Bit 3 TU).The conditions of the first synchronization of the internal ERT using above the DPM_Time structure are:The EFB Parameter "T_EN" must change from 0 to 1 to enable the time setting.The time in "TIME_IN" provided by ESI must be represented as follows:l valid (i.e. the bit for the message "time invalid" in "Min" value must not be set),l and the values in "Ms" must change continually.If, at a later point in time, the time data is invalid or no longer set, the TU changes to 1 after the configured power reserve has run out.The synchronization/setting of the internal ERT clock takes place using the DPM_Time structure, if:l EFB-Parameter "T_EN" is set to 1 to enable the time setting.l The time data in "Time_IN" provided by ESI are valid (i.e. the "Time invalid" Bit in the "Min"value must not be set).l The status of the DPM_Time element "Sync" changes from 0 to 1. This change is done every complete hour by the 140 ESI 062 01, but can also be triggered by a suitable telecontrol command.ERT_854_10: Data transfer EFB840 USE 504 00 October 200227The precision of the ESI and ERT synchronized time can be influenced by delay caused by the PLC cycle time, as well as by the cumulative components, which reflect the differences of the ERT software clock (< 360 milliseconds/second).Without power reserveIf the "clock" parameter of the ERT was configured as an "internal clock" in free running mode (with a power reserve of zero), the internal clock starts with a default setting at hour 0 on 1/1/1990. In this case, the time can also be provided by using the DPM_Time data structure of the 140 ESI 062 01 module, as described above. As there is no power reserve to "run out", the time will never be invalid and the bit "Time not synchronized" is always set in the "status" output word (Bit 4 TA) which is returned by the EFB, .Using the ERT >EFB time data flowApplication Examples:This section shows an internal function which is made available by the ERT for diagnostics and development. It covers the cyclic transfer of the ERT internal time to the corresponding EFB in greater intervals. This time can be used for display or setting the PLC clock and so on, irrespective of whether it comes from the free-running internal clock or was synchronized through an external reference clock signal. The time appears as a DPM_Time structure beginning at word 4 of the IN register block of the ERT. The following diagram shows the program elements involved in selection.Startupinformation:During the I/O addressing, the IN references 30001 …30007 were assigned to an ERT_854_10. The IN transfer status (TS_IN) in the third word of the register block is sent to an OR_WORD block. A DPM_Time structure is defined in the variable editor as Variable Mux_IN in the fourth word of the IN register block and hasaddress 30004 ... 30007. This variable is given as an input to the MOVE block. The MOVE block output is a DPM_Time structure defined by the variable editor as variable ERT_Time.Typical recording mechanism for ERT time dataNote: The ERT_854_10-EFB must be active and error free.OR_WORD%3:000316#FF1FEQ_WORD16#FFBFR_TRIG ND_Time QCLKMOVEERT_Time ENMux_IN ENO(DPM_Time Struktur)(DPM_Time Struktur)(BOOL)ERT_854_10: Data transfer EFB28840 USE 504 00 October 2002Explanation:The MOVE block transfers the time data (which is cyclically stored in the MUX range of the IN register block) to the DPM_Time structure ERT_Time of the user as soon as the OR_WORD and the EQ_WORD block signal for a time data transfer. R_TRIG provides a signal in "ND_Time" for one cycle to allow further processing of the time data. The BOOL "Sync" element value of the ERT_Time should begin to "tick" during each new transfer from the ERT. There is a new transfer after a maximum of each 200 PLC cycles.Example 1: Using time values for display (or with SET_TOD-EFB)A number of simple logical operations is needed to obtain a meaningful display of the time information of the DPM_Time structure. The same commands can also be used for the ERT_10_T Tag structure. As example 2 deals with setting the PLC clock while using the SET_TOD-EFB, individual values are directly converted into the required formats.SET_TOD requires that the WORD millisecond value "ms" is converted into a BYTE second value. The BYTE minute value "Min" contains the error bit which must be removed (values greater than 127 are invalid).Conversion of the WORD millisecond value into a seconds BYTEThe BYTE value "Day" contains week and calendar day values. The weekday Monday is displayed as 1 in the DPM_Time structure. The weekday parameter in SET_TOD uses the value 1 for Sunday.Note: The reference data editor (RDE) can provide the "ms" value directly in the Uns-Dec-WORD format and the "Min" value in the Dec-BYTE format.WORD_TO_UINTERT_Time.MsAND_BYTEERT_Time.Min16#3FErt_MinaDIV_UINT1000UINT_TO_BYTEErt_Seca。

A Study of Energy - Saving AC Speed – Governing System withElectromagnetic LoadCHEN Zheng - shi , LIU Juan XXX( Maoming College , Maoming 525000 , China)Abstract : A new kind of variable frequency speed - governing experiment system which has the structure of two parallel inverters at DC bus and output of inverter driving two series asynchronous motors at the same shaft is presented in this paper. The results of the experiment show that this creative AC variable frequency speed - governing experimentsystem can : a) realize the load relationship of direct electromagnetic torque betw een the motor group ;b) get the continuous control process easily for the reaction load and potential energy load during four quadrant ; c) achieve the total availability of the regenerated energy at any kind of load. The system’s power consumption makes up under 30 % of actualload power at any kind of load.Key words : AC speed - governing ;electromagnetic load ; energy saving ; difference frequency 1Development of AC speed – governingFor a long time, because DC Motor Speed superior performance and cover up the shortcomings of complex structures, and other widely used in engineering processes. DC motor rated speed in the following run-time, maintaining a constant current excitation, armature voltage can be used to change the method of achieving a constant torque speed in the rated speed over running and maintaining the armature voltage constant, can be used to change the method excitation constant power transfer Speed. Used speed, double-loop DC converter current system will be an excellent static and dynamic governor characteristics.Therefore, during the 1980s before the transmission speed in the field, DC converter has been the dominant position. In recent years, the rapid development of science and technology to speed the development of the exchange created a very favorable technical conditions and material basis. AC Motor Speed Control system not only the performance with the performance of DC Motors, and the cost and maintenance costs lower than the DC motor systems, higher reliability.（1）Modern types of AC Drive SystemModern communication systems from AC Motor Speed, power electronic power converters, controllers and detectors, and other four major components. Power electronic power converters, controllers, power consumption is concentrated in one test, known as the frequency converter (VVVF devices). AC Motor different, and multiply to speed the exchange of different systems. So speed of modern communication systems can be divided into asynchronous motor speed control system and synchronous motor speed regulation system. At present there are three more common programme, which is the exchange of asynchronous motor speed regulation system, SRM exchange system and speed the exchange of permanent magnet synchronous motor speed regulation system. Speed in the design, which is more appropriate to the programme, which required further analysis.Throughout the development of communication technologies speed, we can see that modern communication technologies speed the development of future trends and developments.1, intelligent control system to speed the exchange of impact studies.2, speed control system to improve the efficiency of the exchange method.3, the pressure Frequency Device research.4, system reliability studies.（2）AC Drive System BenefitsFor a long time, due to DC converter system performance is better than AC Drive System, DC converter system has been in areas dominated by speed. However, the DC converter system has several shortcomings below.1, a DC motor drag. DC Motors prone to failure, maintenance difficulties.2, Use is limited. In flammable, explosive and a poor environment where mining can not.3, the DC motor of structural factors, so that single speed and capacity constraints, resulting in DC converter system development was limited.4, DC motor prices, far higher than AC motors.With electricity, electronic technology development, especially in the development of control technology in recent years, exchanges speed access to the leap in the development. AC Drive System below several major advantages.1, AC Motor particular cage induction motor prices much lower than the DC motor.2, AC Motor difficult to failure, maintenance is simple.3, AC motor there is no restriction on the use of occasions.4, AC motors can be much greater than the capacity of single DC motor.Let’s review for a moment some of the various terms as they are used to describe solid-state frequency controllers. There are rigid technical definitions as generally usd terminology. First , the technical definitions as suggested by organizations such as IEC,NEMA, and IEEE(Institute of Electronics Engineers):(1)Converter :an operative unit for power conversion comprising one or more valve devices(power semiconductors ,for example).(2)Self-commutated converter: a converter in which the commutation voltages are supplied by components within the converters.(3)Rectifier: a converter for conversion from AC to DC.(4)Inverter: a inverter for conversion DC to AC.(5)Indirect AC converter: a converter comprising a rectifier and an inverter with a DC link.Form or anther, and definition 5 covers the complete system. However, general usage in the United States is to call it “inverter”: PWM inverter ,adjustable voltage inverter, or current source inverter.PWM Versus AVI Versus CSIAll three of the most commonly used adjustable-frequency controllers consist of three basic sections. The input section converts the in coming AC power to AC. The center section, or DC link or DC voltage .The output section inverts the DC into AC of AC of the desired frequency. The differences among these three types of controllers are the manner in which the adjustable voltage is obtained, and the technique used to create the adjustable frequency.PWMPulse Width Modulation (PWM) many types of technology, and is constantly developing. Can basically be divided into four categories, namely width PWM, sine PWM, PWM flux-tracking method of tracking PWM and current law. PWM technology to overcome the phased application of the principle of all defects so that the motor stator exchanges have been close to sine-voltage and current, improving the electrical power factor and the power output. Most modern PWMcircuit generated by high output HSO the SCM (80,196) and digital signal processors, software programming generated by PWM. In recent years, new digital PWM generation chips for H F4752, SLE4520, M18, and so achieve practical, and have practical applicationsPulse-width modulation (PWM) utilizes diodes in the input stage to provide a fixed-voltage DC bus. The output ,or inverter stage, creates a series of pulses of constant voltage with the pulse widths and quantities varying as required by the desired by the designed output frequency and voltage. The output section supplies and controls both parameters, adjustable frequency and adjustable voltage.AVIAdjustable-voltage inverters(AVI) use thyristors in the stage to obtain adjustable voltage in the DC link. The output stage switches this DC voltage with thyristors or transistors or GTO s to obtain a square-wave whose width and timing sequence control is obtained in the second stage. CSICurrent source inverters(CSI s) are similar to AVIs, except that the control is arranged to provide a series of square waves of current output.2 The structure and the feature of the systemFig. 1 shows the principle and structure of this AC experiment system. The work process of traditional AC speed - governing is that variable voltage from frequency converter drives an induction motor which makes generator supply to some loads such as resistor and electric heating element , and then produces the electromagnetic torque on the generator as load torque of motor. But this load torque is balanced by achieving the current power from frequency converter. So the traditional AC speed - governing experiment system is a process of energy consuming.Fig. 1 AC speed - governing experiment systemThe AC speed - governing experiment system , which is shown in Fig. 1 , has been greatly improved at structure. Normal motor - generator are changed into two motors at the same shaft and the two inverters are parallel at DC bus. Then the output of variable frequency current drives the two motors separately. Two inverters can be cont rolled by means of difference frequency. The advantage of this experiment system is not only in the change of structure , but more important isthat the function index , control feature are much more improved , especially for it s characteristic of economical energy. If the loss beyond the motor load is not considered , the experiment result s show a process of regenerate energy being feeded back and utilized totally in fact .3 Analysis of system principle3. 1 Form and feature of motor loadThe working principle of this system is that both induction motors fixed on single axis are driven by AC differece frequency voltage that are the output s of two inverters by means of setting difference frequency. It can be proved by the analysis of torque feature and parameter expression that the torque of motor one (M1) produced by high frequency voltage is bigger than torque of motor (M2) produced by low frequency voltage. So M1 works at the state of motor (quadrant one) and it s electromagnetic torque is as the main torque to drive M2 , which works at the state of generator (quadrant two) and oversteps the synchronous speed (n > n02) . It is obviously that if the system has the possibility to recover regenerate energy , M2 will produce the electromagnetic torque which has the opposite direction to M1 , and makes motor - generator group get the load relationship of direct electromagnetic torque. Fig. 2 shows each mechanical features of two motors at the corresponding working state , reflect s their load relationship very clearly. We can also see that the system has constant torque performance within fundamental frequency when the voltage frequency of both motors is increasedor decreased in synchrony.Fig. 2 Mechanical features of two motors3. 2 Working state analysis of converterCorresponding to the structure of variable frequency , speed - governing experiment system , both of the motor can be continuously and smoothly transformed between motor and generator , and can work at the steady state , by means of nimbly regulating and cont rolling the output frequency f1 and f2 of two inverters ,in the condition of Δf = | f1 - f2| > 0 (within the limit of maximum motor current) , as in Fig. 2. This can not be realized for any other structure of speed - governing experiment system . The circuit of the inverter is obviously suitable for the requirement to transform the system state. In the case of M1 , if f1 - f2 > 0 , M1 runs at motor state , meanwhile inverter ( I) runs at reverse state , and it s difference of phase angle between phase voltage and phase current is less than 90°. The waveform of voltage and current at the frequency f1 =15Hz , f2 = 12Hz are shown in Fig. 3. if f1 - f2 < 0 , M1 runs at generator state , at the same time inverter( I)runs at rectification state and it s difference of phase angle between phase voltage and phase current is more than 90°. The waveform of voltage and current at frequency f1 = 15Hz , f2 = 18Hz are shown in Fig. 4 .Another state must be pointed as f1 = f2 . Virtually M1 and M2 runs all inmotor state with very little of current at the same period. The phase between line voltage and phase current is still less than 90°. Their waveforms are shown in Fig. 5 .Analysed from the waveform , it is directly and clearly shown that variable process of working state which is reverse to rectification or rectification to reverse can be completed during the system state variable process in the inverter , and this is very significant to the experiment research of inverter it self .Fig. 3 Waveforms of voltage and current Fig. 4 Waveforms of voltage and current3. 3 Feed- back path and utilization of regenerate energyI f the load relationship of direct electromagnetic torque between two motors can be kept , the regenerate energy will totally feed back according to Fig. 2. The reverse uncontrolled three - phase bridge composed by extending diode of voltage inverter provides the path for the AC regenerate energy. That is to say , in the supply circuit where motor works at generating state , the function of inverter is changed into rectifier , and AC voltage from generator is converted into DC voltage to common DC bus through parallel reverse diode bridge in the inverter. The direction of DC current at this moment is opposite to the current working at the state of inverter. Because twoinverters use the common uncontrolled three - phase rectifier at line side , the regenerate energy can not turn back to the line side. The direction of DC current at the DC bus side is shown in Fig.1. It can be seen that the achieving power of inverter (1) comes f rom rectifier and inverter (2) that provide sum of two DC component s , i. e. the consumed power of M1 is the sum of source and the regenerate energy of M2. In this way ,the regenerate energy of M2 is totally utilized. A conclusion can be drawn through the analysis of torque feature that the electromagnetic torque T2 is opposite to T1 , so this torque can be called analogue load torque of M1. The amount of regenerate energy can be regulated effectively through the control of difference frequency and the continuous speed - governing control under the reference frequency is achieved.Fig. 5 Waveforms of voltage and current forf1 = f2 state4 Design of system cont rol unitAccording to the synthetical mechanical feature of two motors in Fig. 2 , corresponding feature of balanceload relationship can be got as long as the output variable frequency voltage of two inverters can be cont rolled with difference. To meet the request of system feature and input signal of difference frequency ,a synthetical control unit is specially designed for this system , see Fig. 6. Hardware circuit is composed of chip microprocessor 89C51 , 12 bit D/ A conversion equipment , keyboard , and display unit . A synthetical control program is also designed. The control unit can transmit many modes of analogue frequency signals . It has the function of initialization for difference and parameters modification on line etc. and can make operation for speedgoverning more flexible.Fig. 6 Hardware circuit of control unit5 System application and conclusionThis experiment system can a) prove some theories and analysis conclusions for dynamic process of AC variable frequency speed - governing technique in teaching , researching and the other application ;b) give the quantizing evaluation for some concerned special features and index under different loads and conditions ,c) offer the technical reference basis for different kinds of loads to choose and fix AC speed- governing plan. The distinguishing of this system is that analogue load for AC speed - governing experiment system is solved and regenerate energy is realized. The continuous control process during four quadrant under the proportion to the difference frequency of reaction and potential energy load can be got at experiment al condition very easily and the direct understanding of theory for rectifier - reverse - rectifier in the converter can also be achieved because it s creative structure design. The feature and conclusion of the system in this paper has been fully proved. Corresponding experiment data and chart has yet been presented by an experiment system .〔References〕〔1〕Yong - que Man ,An - yong Han. General - purpose inverters and application〔M〕.Beijing :China Mechanical Industry Publishing Press. 1995 ,107 - 115.〔2〕N. C. Chio ,S - W. Lee. Low - cost High Power Factor Rectifiers with Slop Control〔C〕. In : Qian Zhaoming , Wu Zhaolin. IPEMC. Beijing :International Academic Publishers. 1997 : 576 - 579.〔3〕Chen Zheng - shi. Modified SCR Phase - controlled by Microprocessor.〔C〕In :Wang Ziqiang ,Liu Xuezhi. IPEMC. Beijing : International A2cademic Publishers. 1994 :706 - 710.研究能量- AC速度-调速系统节约使用电磁负荷陈郑-王振耀、刘娟(茂名学院、茂名:525000)文摘:提出了一种新型的变频调速实验系统-治理结构的两条平行逆变器直流母线和输出的两个系列异步电动机变频驱动在同一轴进行了阐述。