ENGLISH

English is a Crazy Language 英语是一门疯狂的语言1. Let's face it-English is a crazy language.There is no egg in eggplant nor ham in hamburger; 1）neither apple nor pine in pineapple. English muffins weren't invented in England nor French fries in France. Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads, which aren't sweet, are meat.1.让我们接受现实吧—英语是一种疯狂的语言。

茄子（eggplant，字面意为鸡蛋植物）里并没有鸡蛋，汉堡包（hamburger，字面意为火腿夹饼）里也没有火腿。

同样，菠萝（pineapple，字面意为松树苹果）里既没有松树也没有苹果。

松饼（English muffin，字面意为英式松饼）并不是英国人发明的，而炸薯条（French fries，字面意为法式油炸食品）也不是法国人的发明。

“甜肉”（sweetmeat）指的是蜜饯，而(while)“甜面包”（sweetbread）不是甜的，它指的是牛杂碎。

1）both…and…“既、、、又、、、” , 谓语动词一定要用复数neither…nor… “既不、、、也不”, 谓语动词与后一个主语保持一致，即就近原则either … or… “或者、、、或者”谓语动词与后一个主语保持一致，即就近原则Either she or I like to play table tennis.Either I or she likes to play table tennis.2. We 1）take English for granted. But if we explore itsparadox es,we find that quicksand can work slowly, boxing rings are square and a guinea pig is neither from Guinea nor is it a pig. ( nor引导的倒装句) And why it is that writers write but fingers don't finge, grocers don't groce and hammers don't ham? If the plural of tooth is teeth, why isn't the plural of booth beeth? If you have one goose, two geese, why not one moose, two meese, or one index, two indices?2.我们理所当然地接受了英语的一切，但是如果我们分析一下英语中似是而非的情况，我们马上就会发现“快的沙子（quicksand，流沙，也只陷阱，困境）往往走得很慢，“拳击的圆圈”（boxing rings，拳击场）是方的，“几内亚猪”（guinea pig，天竺鼠）既不是来自几内亚，也不是猪。

in english的意思
【原创版】
目录
1.引言：介绍“in English”的意思
2.“in English”的含义
3.实际应用场景
4.结论：总结“in English”的重要性
正文
【引言】
在现今全球化的世界中，英语已经成为了一种国际通用的语言。

英语
能力对于个人的职业发展和日常生活都具有重要意义。

因此，“in English”这个词组在许多场合中都有出现，那么它究竟是什么意思呢？
【“in English”的含义】
“in English”从字面上理解指的是“用英语”。

这个词组通常用来
表示用英语进行交流、表达观点或者描述事物。

它涵盖了英语听、说、读、
写四个方面的能力。

换句话说，“in English”意味着通过英语来与他人
沟通和传达信息。

【实际应用场景】
在国际会议、商务谈判、学术交流等场合中，人们通常需要使用英语进行沟通。

例如，一场国际会议可能有来自各国的参与者，他们需要用英语来发言和讨论，以便让所有与会者都能理解。

同样，在跨国公司的工作中，员工可能需要用英语与来自不同国家的同事交流，进行合作。

此外，在学术领域，学者们通常需要阅读英文文献，用英语撰写论文和发表研究
成果。

这些场景都体现了“in English”的重要性。

【结论】
“in English”的意思就是用英语进行交流和表达。

在如今全球化的背景下，掌握英语能力对于个人的发展和国际交流具有重要意义。

关于英语的历史英语的历史开始于盎格鲁—撒克逊人对英格兰的占领与统治。

此前，英国本土上的早期语言是当地凯尔特人使用的凯尔特语(Celtic)，其中含有一些拉丁语成分。

此后，英语经历了古英语(Old English)、中古英语(Middle English) 和现代英语(Modern English)三个发展阶段。

公元前 700 年左右，凯尔特人开始越过海峡，迁徙到对岸的不列颠岛上。

这些人中，有一支名叫布立吞人 Britons 的民族成为岛上的主体民族，因此罗马人称该岛为布里塔尼亚 Britannia(布立吞人之地)，英语中的不列颠 Britain 由此而来。

古英语(Old English)古英语时期(公元449-1150年)，英语词汇量约有五六万，其主体是统治者使用的盎格鲁—撒克逊语(Anglo-Saxon)，词汇属于西耳曼支的日耳曼词(Germanic)。

这部分词汇构成今天称之为本族语词(Native Words)的主体公元 43 年，罗马征服不列颠，将其划为帝国西北边陲的一个行省。

然而，北方的皮克特人 Picts 却经常南下骚扰罗马占领下的不列颠。

于是在公元 122 年，哈德良皇帝下令在罗马占领区北面修筑了一条长长的防御工整，这长墙因此被称为哈德良墙。

哈德良墙后来也成为不列颠岛上两个主体民族英格兰人和苏格兰人之间的分界线。

公元 449 年，北方的皮克特人和爱尔兰人大举进犯不列颠。

布立吞人 Britons 从欧洲搬来了几支日耳曼部族的救兵，主要有三支，分别是盎格鲁人 Angles、撒克逊人Saxons 和朱特人 Jutes。

日耳曼援兵们轻松击溃了皮克特人和爱尔兰人，却将本地的布立吞人 Britons 四处驱逐。

入侵者在不列颠建立了七个主要王国，从此不列颠开始被以盎格鲁人为首的日耳曼部族所占领，他们的语言开始发展成一种新语言，即英语English(盎格鲁人的语言)，这个阶段的英语被称为古英语由于公元六世纪晚期基督教的引入，超过 400 个拉丁词被借用引入英语，包括：priest, paper, school 等词，以及一些较少的希腊语词汇公元十、十一世纪，古英语受到了属于北日耳曼语支的古诺尔斯语的强烈影响。

1. BTW = By the way 顺带说一句2. F2F = Face to face 面对面3. OIC = Oh I see 噢，我明白了4. CU = see you 再见5. How R U = how are you 你好吗6. Gr8 = great 很好；太好了7. 2night = tonight 今晚8. CUL8r = see you later 一会儿见9. WAY = where are you 你在哪里惊叹赞扬OMG oh my godOMFG oh my f ucking godwtf what the f uckn1 nice one笑lol laughing out loudlmao laughing my ass offrofl roll on floor laughing暂时离开brb be right back 很快回来bbs be back soon 很快回来bbl be back later 很快回来sry sorry 不好意思FU f uck you *你、滚STFU Shut the f uck up! 给我闭嘴！gimme give me给我xfer transfer传输em them他们的宾格thx thanks谢谢tho though虽然尽管plz pleaseasap as soon as possible 尽快imo in my opinion 我认为smh shake my head (摇头叹气)ttyl talk to you laterb/c becauseDIY Do It Yourself自己动手做的意思C U See YouI C I SeeSP supportLOL Laugh Out LoudKFC Kill fu*king customersPK player killBTW By the way顺便说一句BRB Be right back马上回来TTYL Talk to you later回头再谈BBL Be back later过会儿就回PPL people人们PLZ please请，也有缩写成PLSR U OK Are you OK?IOWAN2BWU I only want to be with you M$ULKeCraZ Miss you like crazyCUL8R see you laterIMHO In my humble opinionasap as soon as possiblefor 42 tou youur yourCU：See you再见CUL：See you later下次再会DIIK：*ed if I known我真的不知道DS：Dunce smiley笨伯FE：For example举例FTF：Face to face面对面FYI：For your information供参考GF：girlfriend女朋友IAE：In any event无论如何IC：I see我明白IL Y：I love you我爱你IMHO：In my humble opinion依愚人之见IMO：In my opinion依我所见IOW：In other words换句话说LOL：laughing out loudly大声笑NRN：No reply necessary不必回信OIC：Oh, I see哦,我知道PEM：Privacy enhanced mail保密邮件RSVP：Reply if you please请答复TIA：Thanks in advance十分感谢TTUL：Talk to you later以后再讲TY：Thank you谢谢VG：very good很好WRT：With respect to关于WYMM：Will you marry me愿意嫁给我吗？BRB: be right back（马上就回来）PMFJI: pardon me for jumping in（请原谅突然加入你们的谈话）sms/txt 短信dunno = dont knowtmr/tomolo/2molo = tomorrow2day = todaynite = night2nite = tonightl8r = lateru = your = areur = yourluv = lovewat = whatoic = oh I seecoz = 'cause = becausen = and2 = too = to = two4 = for (所以241=two for one )wanna = want to (不知道這個算不算)gonna = going to (同上)w/ = withw/o = withoutDun = dnt = dontttyl---> talk to you laterlol---> laughing out loudlmao --->laughing my ass ofAFAIK as far as I know AFK away from the keyboardASL age, sex, locationATB all the bestB beBAK back at the keyboardBBL be back late(r)BCNU be seeing youBFN bye for nowB4 beforeBRB be right backBTW by the wayC seeCUL8R see you laterF2F face to faceF2T free to talkFWIW for what it’s worthFYI for your informationGAL get a lifeGR8 greatHAND have a nice dayH8 hateHSIK how should I know?HTH hope this helpsIANAL I am not a lawyer, but… (as a disclaimer) IMHO in my humble opinionIMO in my opinionIOW in other wordsJIC just in caseJK just kiddingKIT keep in touchKWIM know what I mean?L8R laterLOL lots of luck/laughing out loudMOB mobileMSG messageMYOB mind your own businessNE anyNE1 anyoneNOYB none of your businessNO1 no oneOTOH on the other handPCM please call mePLS pleasePPL peopleR areROTF(L) rolling on the floor (laughing)SIT stay in touchSOM1 someoneSPK speakTTYL talk to you laterTX thanksU youWAN2 want toW/ withWKND weekendWU what’s up?X kissXLNT excellentXOXOX hugs and kissesYMMV your mileage may vary (i.e. your experience may differ) YR your2 to, too2DAY today2MORO tomorrow2NITE tonight3SUM threesome4 for。

1.英国英文怎么写“英国”用英文有三种写法：（1）England ; (2)Britain ; (3)UK。

1. 【短语】(1)英国英语 British English ; Briticism ; English UK.(2)英国石油 BP ; British Petroleum ; BP United Kingdom ; BP-UK.(3)英国国旗 flag of the united kingdom ; the Union Jack ; union flag.(4)英国王室 British royal family ; Royal family ; the british monarchy.(5)英国央行 BOE ; Bank of England ; bank of engacreage ; Charles Bean.2. 【例句】(1)He received part of his education in England.翻译：他有一部分教育是在英国接受的。

(2)The teacher told us his experiences in England.翻译：老师给我们讲了他在英国的经历。

(3)In England, the sovereign reigns but does not rule.翻译：在英国，君主是国家元首，但不治理国事。

(4)Cruelty to animals is severely punished in England.翻译：在英国，虐待动物要受严厉惩罚。

(5)A tunnel has been bored under the channel to link England and France.翻译：为连接英国和法国，一条英吉利海峡隧道已被开凿。

2.英国英文怎么写“英国”用英文有三种写法：（1）England ; (2)Britain ; (3)UK。

【短语】（1）英国英语 British English ; Briticism ; English UK. (2)英国石油 BP ; British Petroleum ; BP United Kingdom ; BP-UK. (3)英国国旗 flag of the united kingdom ; the Union Jack ; union flag. (4)英国王室 British royal family ; Royal family ; the british monarchy. (5)英国央行BOE ; Bank of England ; bank of engacreage ; Charles Bean.【例句】（1）He received part of his education in England. 翻译：他有一部分教育是在英国接受的。

1 An Introduction to Word classes (4)1.1 Criteria for Word Classes (4)1.1.1 Meaning (5)1.1.2 The form or `shape' of a word (5)1.1.3 The position or `environment' of a word in a sentence (6)1.2 Open and Closed Word Classes (7)2 Nouns (8)2.1 Characteristics of Nouns (8)2.2 Common and Proper Nouns (10)2.3 Count and Non-count Nouns (11)2.4 Pronouns (11)2.5 Other Types of Pronoun (13)2.6 Numerals (14)2.7 The Gender of Nouns (15)3 Determiners (16)3.1 Numerals and Determiners (17)3.2 Pronouns and Determiners (18)3.3 The Ordering of Determiners (19)3.4 Predeterminers (19)3.5 Central Determiners (20)3.6 Postdeterminers (20)4 Verbs (21)4.1 The Base Form (21)4.2 Past and Present Forms (22)4.3 The Infinitive Form (23)4.4 More Verb Forms: -ing and -ed (24)4.5 Finite and Nonfinite Verbs (25)4.6 Auxiliary Verbs (25)4.7 Auxiliary Verb Types (25)4.8 The NICE Properties of Auxiliaries (28)4.9 Semi-auxiliaries (29)4.10 Tense and Aspect (30)4.11 Voice (31)5 Adjectives (32)5.1 Characteristics of Adjectives (33)5.2 Attributive and Predicative Adjectives (34)5.3 Inherent and Non-inherent Adjectives (35)5.4 Stative and Dynamic Adjectives (36)5.5 Nominal Adjectives (37)5.6 Adjectives and Nouns (38)5.7 Participial Adjectives (40)5.8 The Ordering of Adjectives (45)6 Adverbs (47)6.1 Formal Characteristics of Adverbs (48)6.2 Adverbs and Adjectives (49)6.3 Circumstantial Adverbs (50)6.4 Additives, Exclusives, and Particularizers (51)6.5 Wh- Adverbs (52)6.6 Sentence Adverbs (52)7 Prepositions (52)7.1 Complex Prepositions (53)7.2 Marginal Prepositions (54)8 Conjunctions (55)8.1 Coordination Types (56)8.2 False Coordination (57)9 Minor word classes (58)9.1 Formulaic Expressions (58)9.2 Existential there (59)9.3 Uses of It (59)10 Introduces phrases (60)10.1 Defining a Phrase (60)10.2 The Basic Structure of a Phrase (61)10.3 More Phrase Types (62)10.4 Noun Phrase (NP) (63)10.5 Verb Phrase (VP) (64)10.6 Adjective Phrase (AP) (65)10.7 Adverb Phrase (AdvP) (66)10.8 Prepositional Phrase (PP) (66)10.9 Phrases within Phrases (66)11 Clauses and sentences (67)11.1 The Clause Hierarchy (68)11.2 Finite and Nonfinite Clauses (69)11.3 Subordinate Clause Types (70)11.3.1 Relative Clauses (71)11.3.2 Nominal Relative Clauses (72)11.3.3 Small Clauses (72)11.4 Subordinate Clauses: Semantic Types (73)11.5 Sentences (74)11.6 The Discourse Functions of Sentences (75)11.6.1 Declarative (75)11.6.2 Interrogative (75)11.6.3 Imperative (76)11.6.4 Exclamative (77)11.7 The Grammatical Hierarchy: Words, Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences (77)12 Form and Function (78)12.1 Subject and Predicat (79)12.2 Characteristics of the Subject (80)12.3 Realisations of the Subject (82)12.4 Some Unusual Subjects (84)12.5 Inside the Predicate (84)12.6 The Direct Object (85)12.7 Realisations of the Direct Object (86)12.8 Subjects and Objects, Active and Passive (87)12.9 The Indirect Object (87)12.10 Realisations of the Indirect Object (88)12.11 Adjuncts (88)12.12 Realisations of Adjuncts (89)12.13 Sentence Patterns from a Functional Perspective (90)12.14 Some Untypical Sentence Patterns (92)13 Functions and Phrases (94)13.1 Complements (94)13.2 Complements in other Phrase Types (96)13.3 Adjuncts in Phrases (97)13.4 Complements and Adjuncts Compared (98)13.5 Specifiers (99)1 An Introduction to Word classesWords are fundamental units in every sentence, so we will begin by looking at these. Consider the words in the following sentence:my brother drives a big carWe can tell almost instinctively that brother and car are the same type of word, and also that brother and drives are different types of words. By this we mean that brother and car belong to the same word class. Similarly, when we recognise that brother and drives are different types, we mean that they belong to different word classes. We recognise seven MAJOR word classes:Verb be, drive, grow, sing, thinkNoun brother, car, David, house, LondonDeterminer a, an, my, some, theAdjective big, foolish, happy, talented, tidyAdverb happily, recently, soon, then, therePreposition at, in, of, over, withConjunction and, because, but, if, orYou may find that other grammars recognise different word classes from the ones listed here. They may also define the boundaries between the classes in different ways. In some grammars, for instance, pronouns are treated as a separate word class, whereas we treat them as a subclass of nouns. A difference like this should not cause confusion. Instead, it highlights an important principle in grammar, known as GRADIENCE. This refers to the fact that the boundaries between the word classes are not absolutely fixed. Many word classes share characteristics with others, and there is considerable overlap between some of the classes. In other words, the boundaries are "fuzzy", so different grammars draw them in different places.We will discuss each of the major word classes in turn. Then we will look briefly at some MINOR word classes. But first, let us consider how we distinguish between word classes in general.1.1 Criteria for Word ClassesWe began by grouping words more or less on the basis of our instincts about English. We somehow "feel" that brother and car belong to the same class, and that brother and drives belong todifferent classes. However, in order to conduct an informed study of grammar, we need a much more reliable and more systematic method than this for distinguishing between word classes.We use a combination of three criteria for determining the word class of a word:1. The meaning of the word2. The form or `shape' of the word3. The position or `environment' of the word in a sentence1.1.1 MeaningUsing this criterion, we generalize about the kind of meanings that words convey. For example, we could group together the words brother and car, as well as David, house, and London, on the basis that they all refer to people, places, or things. In fact, this has traditionally been a popular approach to determining members of the class of nouns. It has also been applied to verbs, by saying that they denote some kind of "action", like cook, drive, eat, run, shout, walk.This approach has certain merits, since it allows us to determine word classes by replacing words in a sentence with words of "similar" meaning. For instance, in the sentence My son cooks dinner every Sunday, we can replace the verb cooks with other "action" words:My son cooks dinner every SundayMy son prepares dinner every SundayMy son eats dinner every SundayMy son misses dinner every SundayOn the basis of this replacement test, we can conclude that all of these words belong to the same class, that of "action" words, or verbs.However, this approach also has some serious limitations. The definition of a noun as a word denoting a person, place, or thing, is wholly inadequate, since it excludes abstract nouns such as time, imagination, repetition, wisdom, and chance. Similarly, to say that verbs are "action" words excludes a verb like be, as in I want to be happy. What "action" does be refer to here? So although this criterion has a certain validity when applied to some words, we need other, more stringent criteria as well.1.1.2 The form or `shape' of a wordSome words can be assigned to a word class on the basis of their form or `shape'. For example, many nouns have a characteristic -tion ending:action, condition, contemplation, demonstration, organization, repetition Similarly, many adjectives end in -able or -ible:acceptable, credible, miserable, responsible, suitable, terribleMany words also take what are called INFLECTIONS, that is, regular changes in their form under certain conditions. For example, nouns can take a plural inflection, usually by adding an -s at the end:car -- car sdinner -- dinner sbook -- book sVerbs also take inflections:walk -- walk s -- walk ed -- walk ing1.1.3 The position or `environment' of a word in a sentenceThis criterion refers to where words typically occur in a sentence, and the kinds of words which typically occur near to them. We can illustrate the use of this criterion using a simple example. Compare the following:[1] I cook dinner every Sunday[2] The cook is on holidayIn [1], cook is a verb, but in [2], it is a noun. We can see that it is a verb in [1] because it takes the inflections which are typical of verbs:I cook dinner every SundayI cooked dinner last SundayI am cooking dinner todayMy son cooks dinner every SundayAnd we can see that cook is a noun in [2] because it takes the plural -s inflectionThe cooks are on holidayIf we really need to, we can also apply a replacement test, based on our first criterion, replacing cook in each sentence with "similar" words:Notice that we can replace verbs with verbs, and nouns with nouns, but we cannot replace verbs with nouns or nouns with verbs:*I chef dinner every Sunday*The eat is on holidayIt should be clear from this discussion that there is no one-to-one relation between words and their classes. Cook can be a verb or a noun -- it all depends on how the word is used. In fact, many words can belong to more than one word class. Here are some more examples:She looks very pale (verb)She's very proud of her looks (noun)He drives a fast car (adjective)He drives very fast on the motorway (adverb)Turn on the light (noun)I'm trying to light the fire (verb)I usually have a light lunch (adjective)You will see here that each italicised word can belong to more than one word class. However, they only belong to one word class at a time, depending on how they are used. So it is quite wrong to say, for example, "cook is a verb". Instead, we have to say something like "cook is a verb in the sentence I cook dinner every Sunday, but it is a noun in The cook is on holiday".Of the three criteria for word classes that we have discussed here, the Internet Grammar will emphasise the second and third - the form of words, and how they are positioned or how they function in sentences.1.2 Open and Closed Word ClassesSome word classes are OPEN, that is, new words can be added to the class as the need arises. The class of nouns, for instance, is potentially infinite, since it is continually being expanded as new scientific discoveries are made, new products are developed, and new ideas are explored. In the late twentieth century, for example, developments in computer technology have given rise to many new nouns:Internet, website, URL, CD-ROM, email, newsgroup, bitmap, modem, multimediaNew verbs have also been introduced:download, upload, reboot, right-click, double-clickThe adjective and adverb classes can also be expanded by the addition of new words, though less prolifically.On the other hand, we never invent new prepositions, determiners, or conjunctions. These classes include words like of, the, and but. They are called CLOSED word classes because they are made up of finite sets of words which are never expanded (though their members may change their spelling, for example, over long periods of time). The subclass of pronouns, within the open noun class, is also closed.Words in an open class are known as open-class items. Words in a closed class are known as closed-class items.In the pages which follow, we will look in detail at each of the seven major word classes.2 NounsNouns are commonly thought of as "naming" words, and specifically as the names of "people, places, or things". Nouns such as John, London, and computer certainly fit this description, but the class of nouns is much broader than this. Nouns also denote abstract and intangible concepts such as birth, happiness, evolution, technology, management, imagination, revenge, politics, hope, cookery, sport, literacy....Because of this enormous diversity of reference, it is not very useful to study nouns solely in terms of their meaning. It is much more fruitful to consider them from the point of view of their formal characteristics.2.1 Characteristics of NounsMany nouns can be recognised by their endings. Typical noun endings include:-er/-or actor, painter, plumber, writer-ism criticism, egotism, magnetism, vandalism-ist artist, capitalist, journalist, scientist-ment arrangement, development, establishment, government-tion foundation, organisation, recognition, suppositionMost nouns have distinctive SINGULAR and PLURAL forms. The plural of regular nouns is formed by adding -s to the singular:Singular Pluralcar carsdog dogshouse housesHowever, there are many irregular nouns which do not form the plural in this way:Singular Pluralman menchild childrensheep sheepThe distinction between singular and plural is known as NUMBER CONTRAST.We can recognise many nouns because they often have the, a, or an in front of them:the caran artista surprisethe egga reviewThese words are called determiners, which is the next word class we will look at.Nouns may take an -'s ("apostrophe s") or GENITIVE MARKER to indicate possession:the boy's pena spider's webmy girlfriend's brotherJohn's houseIf the noun already has an -s ending to mark the plural, then the genitive marker appears only as an apostrophe after the plural form:the boys' pensthe spiders' websthe Browns' houseThe genitive marker should not be confused with the 's form of contracted verbs, as in John's a good boy (= John is a good boy).Nouns often co-occur without a genitive marker between them:rally cartable topcheese graterUniversity entrance examinationWe will look at these in more detail later, when we discuss noun phrases.2.2 Common and Proper NounsNouns which name specific people or places are known as PROPER NOUNS.JohnMaryLondonFranceMany names consist of more than one word:John WesleyQueen MarySouth AfricaAtlantic OceanBuckingham PalaceProper nouns may also refer to times or to dates in the calendar:January, February, Monday, Tuesday, Christmas, ThanksgivingAll other nouns are COMMON NOUNS.Since proper nouns usually refer to something or someone unique, they do not normally take plurals. However, they may do so, especially when number is being specifically referred to:there are three Davids in my classwe met two Christmases agoFor the same reason, names of people and places are not normally preceded by determiners the or a/an, though they can be in certain circumstances:it's nothing like the America I remembermy brother is an Einstein at maths2.3 Count and Non-count NounsCommon nouns are either count or non-count. COUNT nouns can be "counted", as follows:one pen, two pens, three pens, four pens...NON-COUNT nouns, on the other hand, cannot be counted in this way:one software, *two softwares, *three softwares, *four softwares...From the point of view of grammar, this means that count nouns have singular as well as plural forms, whereas non-count nouns have only a singular form.It also means that non-count nouns do not take a/an before them:Count Non-counta pen *a softwareIn general, non-count nouns are considered to refer to indivisible wholes. For this reason, they are sometimes called MASS nouns.Some common nouns may be either count or non-count, depending on the kind of reference they have. For example, in I made a cake, cake is a count noun, and the a before it indicates singular number. However, in I like cake, the reference is less specific. It refers to "cake in general", and so cake is non-count in this sentence.2.4 PronounsPronouns are a major subclass of nouns. We call them a subclass of nouns because they can sometimes replace a noun in a sentence:Noun PronounJohn got a new job ~He got a new jobChildren should watch less television~They should watch less televisionIn these examples the pronouns have the same reference as the nouns which they replace. In each case, they refer to people, and so we call them PERSONAL PRONOUNS. However, we also include in this group the pronoun it, although this pronoun does not usually refer to a person. There are three personal pronouns, and each has a singular and a plural form:Person Singular Plural1st I we2nd you you3rd he/she/it theyThese pronouns also have another set of forms, which we show here:Person Singular Plural1st me us2nd you you3rd him/her/it themThe first set of forms (I, you, he...) exemplifies the SUBJECTIVE CASE, and the second set (me, you, him...) exemplifies the OBJECTIVE CASE. The distinction between the two cases relates to how they can be used in sentences. For instance, in our first example above, we say that he can replace JohnJohn got a new job~He got a new jobBut he cannot replace John in I gave John a new job . Here, we have to use the objective form him : I gave him a new job .2.5 Other Types of PronounAs well as personal pronouns, there are many other types, which we summarise here.Pronoun Type Members of the Subclass ExamplePossessivemine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirsThe white car is mineReflexivemyself, yourself, himself,herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselvesHe injured himself playing football Reciprocal each other, one anotherThey really hate each otherRelativethat, which, who, whose, whom, where, whenThe book that you gave me was really boring Demonstrative this, that, these, those This is a new car Interrogative who, what, why, where, when, whateverWhat did he say to you?Indefiniteanything, anybody, anyone,something, somebody, someone, nothing, nobody, none, no oneThere's something in my shoeCase and number distinctions do not apply to all pronoun types. In fact, they apply only to personal pronouns, possessive pronouns, and reflexive pronouns. It is only in these types, too, that gender differences are shown (personal he/she , possessive his/hers , reflexive himself/herself ). All other types are unvarying in their form.Many of the pronouns listed above also belong to another word class - the class of determiners. They are pronouns when they occur independently, that is, without a noun following them, as in This is a new car . But when a noun follows them - This car is new - they are determiners. We will look at determiners in the next section.A major difference between pronouns and nouns generally is that pronouns do not take the or a/an before them. Further, pronouns do not take adjectives before them, except in very restricted constructions involving some indefinite pronouns (a little something, a certain someone).While the class of nouns as a whole is an open class, the subclass of pronouns is closed.2.6 NumeralsNumerals include all numbers, whether as words or as digits. They may be divided into two major types. CARDINAL numerals include words like:nought, zero, one, two, 3, fifty-six, 100, a thousandORDINAL numerals includefirst, 2nd, third, fourth, 500thWe classify numerals as a subclass of nouns because in certain circumstances they can take plurals:five twos are tenhe's in his eightiesThey may also take the:the fourth of Julya product of the 1960sAnd some plural numerals can take an adjective before them, just like other nouns:the house was built in the late 1960she's in his early twentiesthe temperature is in the high ninetiesIn each of our examples, the numerals occur independently, that is, without a noun following them. In these positions, we can classify them as a type of noun because they behave in much the same way as nouns do. Notice, for example, that we can replace the numerals in our examples with common nouns:he is in his eighties~he is in his bedroomthe fourth of July ~the beginning of Julya product of the 1960s~a product of the revolutionNumerals do not always occur independently. They often occur before a noun, as inone daythree pagesthe fourth day of JulyIn this position, we classify them as determiners, which we will examine in the next section.Finally, see if you can answer this question:Is the subclass of numerals open or closed?2.7 The Gender of NounsThe gender of nouns plays an important role in the grammar of some languages. In French, for instance, a masculine noun can only take the masculine form of an adjective. If the noun is feminine, then it will take a different form of the same adjective - its feminine form.In English, however, nouns are not in themselves masculine or feminine. They do not have grammatical gender, though they may refer to male or female people or animals:the waiter is very prompt ~the waitress is very promptthe lion roars at night ~the lioness roars at nightThese distinctions in spelling reflect differences in sex, but they have no grammatical implications. For instance, we use the same form of an adjective whether we are referring to a waiter or to a waitress:an efficient waiter~an efficient waitressSimilarly, the natural distinctions reflected in such pairs as brother/sister, nephew/niece, and king/queen have no consequence for grammar. While they refer to specific sexes, these words are not masculine or feminine in themselves.However, gender is significant in the choice of a personal pronoun to replace a noun:John is late ~He is lateMary is late ~She is lateHere the choice of pronoun is determined by the sex of the person being referred to. However, this distinction is lost in the plural:John and Mary are late ~They are lateJohn and David are late ~They are lateMary and Jane are late ~They are lateGender differences are also manifested in possessive pronouns (his/hers) and in reflexive pronouns (himself/herself).When the notion of sex does not apply -- when we refer to inanimate objects, for instance -- we use the pronoun it:the letter arrived late ~it arrived late3 DeterminersNouns are often preceded by the words the, a, or an. These words are called DETERMINERS. They indicate the kind of reference which the noun has. The determiner the is known as the DEFINITE ARTICLE. It is used before both singular and plural nouns:Singular Pluralthe taxi the taxisthe paper the papersthe apple the applesThe determiner a (or an, when the following noun begins with a vowel) is the INDEFINITE ARTICLE. It is used when the noun is singular:a taxia paperan appleThe articles the and a/an are the most common determiners, but there are many others:any taxithat questionthose applesthis papersome applewhatever taxiwhichever taxiMany determiners express quantity:all examplesboth parentsmany peopleeach personevery nightseveral computersfew excusesenough waterno escapePerhaps the most common way to express quantity is to use a numeral. We look at numerals as determiners in the next section.3.1 Numerals and DeterminersNumerals are determiners when they appear before a noun. In this position, cardinal numerals express quantity:one booktwo bookstwenty booksIn the same position, ordinal numerals express sequence:first impressionssecond chancethird prizeThe subclass of ordinals includes a set of words which are not directly related to numbers (as first is related to one, second is related to two, etc). These are called general ordinals, and they include last, latter, next, previous, and subsequent. These words also function as determiners:next weeklast ordersprevious engagementsubsequent developmentsWhen they do not come before a noun, as we've already seen, numerals are a subclass of nouns. And like nouns, they can take determiners:the two of usthe first of manyThey can even have numerals as determiners before them:five twos are tenIn this example, twos is a plural noun and it has the determiner five before it.3.2 Pronouns and DeterminersThere is considerable overlap between the determiner class and the subclass of pronouns. Many words can be both:Pronoun DeterminerThis is a very boring book This book is very boringThat's an excellent film That film is excellentAs this table shows, determiners always come before a noun, but pronouns are more independent than this. They function in much the same way as nouns, and they can be replaced by nouns in the sentences above:This is a very boring book ~Ivanhoe is a very boring bookThat's an excellent film ~Witness is an excellent filmOn the other hand, when these words are determiners, they cannot be replaced by nouns:This book is very boring ~*Ivanhoe book is very boringThat film is excellent ~*Witness film is excellentThe personal pronouns (I, you, he, etc) cannot be determiners. This is also true of the possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his/hers, ours, and theirs). However, these pronouns do have corresponding forms which are determiners:Possessive Pronoun DeterminerThe white car is mine My car is whiteYours is the blue coat Your coat is blueThe car in the garage is his/hers His/her car is in the garageDavid's house is big, but ours is bigger Our house is bigger than David'sTheirs is the house on the left Their house is on the leftThe definite and the indefinite articles can never be pronouns. They are always determiners. 3.3 The Ordering of DeterminersDeterminers occur before nouns, and they indicate the kind of reference which the nouns have. Depending on their relative position before a noun, we distinguish three classes of determiners.Predeterminer Central Determiner Postdeterminer NounI met all my many friendsA sentence like this is somewhat unusual, because it is rare for all three determiner slots to be filled in the same sentence. Generally, only one or two slots are filled.3.4 PredeterminersPredeterminers specify quantity in the noun which follows them, and they are of three major types:1. "Multiplying" expressions, including expressions ending in times:twice my salarydouble my salaryten times my salary2. Fractionshalf my salaryone-third my salary3. The words all and both:all my salaryboth my salariesPredeterminers do not normally co-occur:*all half my salary3.5 Central DeterminersThe definite article the and the indefinite article a/an are the most common central determiners:all the bookhalf a chapterAs many of our previous examples show, the word my can also occupy the central determiner slot. This is equally true of the other possessives:all your moneyall his/her moneyall our moneyall their moneyThe demonstratives, too, are central determiners:all these problemstwice that sizefour times this amount3.6 PostdeterminersCardinal and ordinal numerals occupy the postdeterminer slot:the two childrenhis fourth birthdayThis applies also to general ordinals:my next projectour last meetingyour previous remarkher subsequent letterOther quantifying expressions are also postdeterminers:my many friendsour several achievementsthe few friends that I haveUnlike predeterminers, postdeterminers can co-occur:my next two projectsseveral other people4 VerbsVerbs have traditionally been defined as "action" words or "doing" words. The verb in the following sentence is rides:Paul rides a bicycleHere, the verb rides certainly denotes an action which Paul performs - the action of riding a bicycle. However, there are many verbs which do not denote an action at all. For example, in Paul seems unhappy, we cannot say that the verb seems denotes an action. We would hardly say that Paul is performing any action when he seems unhappy. So the notion of verbs as "action" words is somewhat limited.We can achieve a more robust definition of verbs by looking first at their formal features.4.1 The Base FormHere are some examples of verbs in sentences:[1] She travels to work by train[2] David sings in the choir[3] We walked five miles to a garage[4] I cooked a meal for the familyNotice that in [1] and [2], the verbs have an -s ending, while in [3] and [4], they have an -ed。

“English-Chinese”的用法通常指的是在英语和汉语之间进行翻译或转换的方法或技
巧。

这个短语可以用来描述两种语言之间的翻译过程，包括将英语文本或表达转换为等效的汉语表达，或将汉语文本或表达转换为等效的英语表达。

在翻译过程中，需要考虑到两种语言之间的语法、词汇、文化背景等方面的差异，以确保翻译的准确性和流畅性。

因此，“English-Chinese”的用法涉及到对两种语言的深入理解和熟练掌握，以及对翻译技巧和方法的熟练应用。

以下是一些“English-Chinese”用法的示例：
1.将英语句子翻译成汉语句子，例如：
o English: "I love you."
o Chinese: "我爱你。

"
2.将汉语词汇或短语翻译成英语，例如：
o Chinese: "春节"
o English: "Spring Festival"
3.在英语和汉语之间进行口译或笔译，例如在会议、商务洽谈、文化交流等场合中，
将一种语言的表达转换成另一种语言。

4.在学习语言的过程中，使用“English-Chinese”词典或翻译工具来帮助理解和记忆单
词、短语和句子的含义和用法。

总之，“English-Chinese”的用法涉及到语言翻译和转换的各个方面，是语言学习和应用中的重要内容之一。

英语的发展史(中英文版)一种民族语言，包括词汇，的发展与民族的历史密切可关。

要了解英语语汇的发展史,不可避免地跟整个英语的发展史,乃至英国的历史密不可分。

不列颠群岛的最早居民是凯尔特人,又称不列颠人。

公元前55年,罗马人在凯萨大帝的率领下侵入不列颠群岛,凯尔特人被罗马人赶入威尔士和苏格兰的深山之中。

直到公元410年,罗马占领时期才告结束。

随后,来自德国北部平原的三个日耳曼部落盎格鲁人,撒克森人和朱特人开始来到不列颠定居。

英语就是盎格鲁—撒克森人的语言。

语言史学家一般把英语的历史分为三个时期:1、古英语时期,2、中古英语时期,3、现代英语时期。

1、古英语时期，又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元450—1100年，日尔曼部落在不列颠定居后,名自占领一些地区。

盎格鲁人占领了泰晤士河以北的英格兰的大部分地区和苏格兰的低地,朱特人占领了肯特郡一带地区,撒克森人占领了泰晤士河以南的大部分地区。

各个部落建立了一些小王国,出现了英国历史上的七国时代。

直到公元830年,阿尔弗雷德大王才统一了整个英格兰地区。

由于全国长期没有统一,所以古英语时期存在着多种方言,主要方言有四种:西萨克森语,肯特语,莫西亚语和北恩布里亚语。

这四种方言都曾一度占主导地位。

西撒克森语保存下来的手搞最多。

其它方言在形成英语的过程中也起过很重要的作用。

古英语的词汇有着浓厚的日尔曼语族的特点。

这主要表现为复合法是重要的构词方法。

复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著的地位。

据统计,在史诗《贝奥武夫》3183行诗句中,竟有1069个复合词。

有些复合词中不重读部分,渐渐失去了独立地位,而演变成了词缀,如for-, in-, -ful 等派生法在古英语中也广泛使用。

共有二十四个名词后缀、十五个形容词后缀,-dom, -hood, -ship, -ness, -the, -ful,- ish 等词缀都可溯源到古英语时期。

古英语时期的诗歌有一种特殊的修辞手法,即头韵(alliteration),由此产生的许多短语一直保留到现在,如night and main, friend or foe, a labour of love。

说英语的国家最佳答案主要是英国和爱尔兰,在北欧许多国家人们都会说英语(地理上的北欧五国,德国)还有英国殖民地(直布罗陀,马耳他,塞浦路斯)等。

全世界说英语的国家共有171个。

以英语作为官方语言的有：* 英国* 澳大利亚* 巴哈马群岛* 博茨瓦纳（但国语是Setswana）* 加拿大（连同法语）* 斐济（但是国语是斐济语）* 香港（连同汉语）* 印度（连同孟加拉语，泰卢固语，马拉地语，泰米尔语，乌尔都语，Gujarati，Malayalam，埃纳德语，Oriya，Punjabi，阿萨姆语，克什米尔语，Sindhi，梵语）* 肯尼亚（连同Kiswahili）* 基里巴斯* 尼日利亚* 巴基斯坦* 巴巴多斯* 百慕大* 爱尔兰（但是第二语言，第一语言是爱尔兰语）* 南非（连同南非荷兰语，Ndebele，Nor thern Sotho，梭托语，斯威士语，Tsonga，茨瓦纳语，Venda，班图语，祖鲁语）* 新西兰（习惯上的官方语言；其它法律规定的是毛利语）* 新加坡（连同马来语，泰米尔语和汉语。

国语是马来语）* 菲律宾（但国语是菲律宾语）* 冈比亚* 圭亚那* 牙买加* 圣克里斯多福及尼维斯* 特立尼达和多巴哥* 美国的部分地区。

美国联邦政府没有一种官方语言；英语是习惯上的第一语言，而不是法律上规定的。

英语在下列州或地区是官方语言：o 阿拉巴马州o 亚利桑那州o 阿肯色州o 阿肯色州o 科罗拉多州o 佛罗里达州o 乔治亚州o 夏威夷州（连同夏威夷语）o 伊利诺州o 印地安那州o 肯塔基州o 路易斯安那州o 密西西比州o 蒙大拿州o 内布拉斯加州o 新罕布什尔州o 新墨西哥州（连同西班牙语）o 北卡罗莱纳州o 北达科他州o 波多黎各（连同西班牙语）o 南卡罗莱那州o 南达科他州o 田纳西州o 维吉尼亚州o 怀俄明州另外，英语在欧洲及日本是最普遍作为外语来学习的语言（32.6％），接着是法语、德语和西班牙语。

英国的英文是什么我们学英语的，非常喜欢它的英式发音，因为很清晰，很容易听出来。

下面是店铺给大家整理的英国的英文是什么，供大家参阅!英国的英文是什么英 [ˈbrɪtn] 美 [ˈbrɪtn]Britain英国的英语例句1. He was confirmed as a member of the Church of England.他领受了坚振礼，成为英国国教会的一员。

2. He was jailed for five years as an alleged British spy.他被指控为英国间谍，入狱关押了5年。

3. She is a long way from being the richest person in Britain.比起英国首富，她还差得远呢。

4. She was in rather a bad film about the Mau Mau.她出演了一部关于茅茅运动(20世纪50年代肯尼亚基库尤人反抗英国殖民者的民族主义运动)的烂片。

5. He joined the second battalion of the Grenadier Guards.他加入了英国近卫步兵第一团第二营。

6. Traditionally young Asians in Britain have gravitated towards medicine, law and engineering.英国的亚裔年轻人通常被吸引到医学、法律及工程专业。

7. Mr Olaechea has British residency by virtue of his marriage.奥拉伊奇先生通过结婚而取得在英国的永久居留权。

8. We definitely wanted to salvage some pride for British tennis.我们当然想为英国网球挽回一些尊严。

9. Many of Britain's beaches fail to meet minimum standards of cleanliness.英国许多海滩连最起码的卫生标准都达不倒。