复旦大学考博英语试题无答案

盛世清北-复旦大学考博英语真题及答案（06）盛世清北教研中心Part Two:Structure and Written Expression20%Directions:In each question decide which of four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked.Mark your choices on the ANSWER SHEET. 21.The nuclear family__________a self-contained,self-satisfying unit composed of father, mother and children.A.refers toB.definesC.describesD.devotes to22.Some polls show that roughly two-thirds of the general public believe that elderly Americans are________by social isolation and loneliness.A.reproachedB.favoredC.plaguedD.reprehended23.In addition to bettering group and individual performance,cooperation________the quality of interpersonal relationship.A.ascendspelsC.enhancesD.prefers24.In the past50years,there________a great increase in the amount of research_____ on the human brain.A.was…didB.has been…to be doneC.was…doingD.has been…done25.“I must have eaten something wrong.I feel like_____.”“We told you not to eat ata restaurant.You’d better_______at home when you are not in the shape.”A.to throw up…to eatB.throwing up…eatingC.to throw up…eatD.throwing up…eat26.Parents have to show due concerns to their children’s creativity and emotional output; otherwise what they think beneficial to the kids might probably_______their enthusiasm and aspirations.A.hold backB.hold toC.hold downD.hold over27.According to psychoanalysis,a person’s attention is attracted________by the intensity of different signals________by their context,significance,and information content.A.not less than…asB.as…just asC.so much…asD.not so much…as28.They moved to Portland in1998and lived in a big house,_______to the south.A.the windows of which openedB.the windows of it opened C7U O:`naC.its windows openedD.the windows of which opening29.The lady who has_______for a night in the dead of the winter later turned out to bea distant relation of his.A.put him upB.put him outC.put him onD.put him in cd30.Bystanders,_______,_________as they walked past lines of ambulances.A.bloody and covered with dust,looking dazedB.bloodied and covered with dust,looked dazedC.bloody and covered with dust,looked dazedD.bloodied and covered with dust,looking dazed31.Hong Kong was not a target for terror attacks,the Government insisted yesterday,as the US________closed for an apparent security review.A.ConsulationB.ConstitutionC.ConsulateD.Consular32.American fans have selected Yao in a vote for the All-Star game______the legendary O’Neal,who______the“Great Wall”at the weekend as the Rockets beat the Los Angeles Lakers._A.in head of,ran onB.in head of,ran intoC.ahead of,ran ontoD.ahead of,ran into33.Professional archivists and librarians have the resources to duplicate materials in other formats and the expertise to retrieve materials trapped in_________computers.A.abstractB.obsoleteC.obstinateD.obese34.She always prints important documents and stores a backup set at her house.“I actually think there’s something about the______of paper that feels more comforting.”She said.A.tangibilityB.tanglednessC.tangentD.tantalization35.“They said what we always knew,”said an administration source,___________.A.he asked not to be namedB.who asked not to be namedC.who asked not be namedD.who asked not named36.In Germany,the industrial giants DaimlerChrysler and Siemens recently_______their unions into signing contracts that lengthen work hours without increasing pay.A.muscledB.movedC.mushedD.muted37.He argues that the policy has done little to ease joblessness,and has left the country _______.A.energizedB.EnervatedC.NervedD.enacted38.The more people hear his demented rants,the more they see that he is a terrorist_______.A.who is pure and simpleB.being pure and simpleC.pure and simpleD.as pure and simple39.This expansion of rights has led to both a paralysis of the public service and to a rapid and terrible________in the character of the population.A.determinationB.deteriorationC.desolationD.desperation U[~~CVV40._______a declining birth rate,there will be an over-supply of27,000primary school places by2010,_______leaving35schools idle.A.Coupled with,equals toB.Coupling with,equivalent toC.Coupled with,equivalent toD.Coupling with,equals toPart Three:Reading Comprehension10%Passage One The HeroMy mother’s parents came from Hungary,but my grandfather could trace his origin to Germany and also he was educated in Germany.Although he was able to hold a conversation in nine languages,he was most comfortable in German.Every morning,before going to his office, he read the German language newspaper,which was American owned and published in New York.My grandfather was the only one in his family to come to the United States with his wife and children.He still had relatives living in Europe.When the first world war broke out, he lamented the fact that if my uncle,his only son had to go,it would be cousin fighting against cousin.In the early days of the war,my grandmother begged him to stop taking the German newspaper and to take an English language newspaper,instead.He scoffed at the idea, explaining that the fact it was in German did not make it a German newspaper,but only an American newspaper,printed in German.But my grandmother insisted,for fear that the neighbors may see him read it and think he was German.So,he finally gave up the German newspaper.One day,the inevitable happened and my uncle Milton received notice to join the army.My grandparents were very upset,but my mother,his little sister,was excited.Now she could boast about her soldier brother going off to war.She was ten years old at the time,and my uncle,realizing how he was regarded by his little sister and her friends,went out and bought them all service pins,which meant that they had a loved one in the service.All the little girls were delighted.When the day came for him to leave,his whole regiment, in their uniforms,left together from the same train station.There was a band playing and my mother and her friends came to see him off.Each one wore her service pin and waved a small American flag,cheering the boys,as they left.The moment came and the soldiers,all very young,none of whom had had any training,but who had nevertheless all been issued uniforms,boarded the train.The band played and the crowd cheered.The train groaned as if it knew the destiny to which it was taking its passengers,but it soon began to move.Still cheering and waving their flags,the band still playing,the train slowly departed the station.It had gone about a thousand yards when it suddenly ground to a halt.The band stopped playing, the crowd stopped cheering.Everyone gazed in wonder as the train slowly backed up and returned to the station.It seemed an eternity until the doors opened and the men started to file out.Someone shouted,“It’s the armistice.The war is over.”For a moment,nobody moved,but then the people heard someone bark orders at the soldiers.The men lined up and formed into two lines.They walked down the steps and,with the band playing behind,paraded down the street,as returning heroes,to be welcomed home by the assembled crowd.The next day my uncle returned to his job,and my grandfather resumed reading the German newspaper, which he read until the day he died.41.Where was the narrator’s family when this story took place?A.In Germany.B.In Hungary.C.In the United StatesD.In New York.42.His grandfather____________.A.could not speak and read English well enoughB.knew nine languages equally wellC.knew a number of languages,but felt more kin to GermanD.loved German best because it made him think of home43.His grandmother did not want her husband to buy and read newspapers in German, because________.A.it was war time and Germans were their enemyB.the neighbors would mistake them as pro-GermanC.it was easier to get newspapers in English in AmericaD.nobody else read newspapers in German during the war time44.The narrator’s mother wanted her brother to go to fight in the war,because________.A.like everybody else at the war time,she was very patrioticB.she hated the war and the Germans very muchC.all her friends had relatives in war and she wanted to be like themD.she liked to have a brother she could think of as a heroPassage Two Waking Up from the American Dream ssdsThere has been much talk recently about the phenomenon of“Wal-Martization”of America, which refers to the attempt of America’s giant Wal-Mart chain store company to keep its cost at rock-bottom levels.For years,many American companies have embraced Wal-Mart-like stratagems to control labor costs,such as hiring temps(temporary workers)and part-timers, fighting unions,dismantling internal career ladders and outsourcing to lower paying contractors at home and abroad.While these tactics have the admirable outcome of holding down consumer prices,they’re costly in other ways.More than a quarter of the labor force,about34million workers, is trapped in low-wage,often dead-end jobs.Many middle-income and high-skilled employees face fewer opportunities,too,as companies shift work to subcontractors and temps agencies and move white-collar jobs to China and India.The result has been an erosion of one of America’s most cherished value:giving its people the ability to move up the economic ladder over their lifetimes.Historically,most Americans, even low-skilled ones,were able to find poorly paid janitorial or factory jobs,then gradually climbed into the middle class as they gained experience and moved up the wage curve.But the number of workers progressing upward began to slip in1970s.Upward mobility diminished even more in the1980s as globalization and technology slammed blue-collar wages.Restoring American mobility is less a question of knowing what to do than of making it happen. Experts have decried schools’inadequacy for years,but fixing them is a long,arduous struggle.Similarly,there have been plenty of warnings about declining college access, but finding funds was difficult even in eras of large surpluses.45.The American dream in this passage mainly refers to____________.-A.there are always possibilities offered to people to develop themselves in the societyB.Americans can always move up the pay ladderC.American young people can have access to college,even they are poorD.the labor force is not trapped in low-wage and dead-end jobs46.Wal-Mart strategy,according to this passage,is to___________.A.hire temps and part-timers to reduce its costB.outsource its contracts to lower price agencies at home and abroadC.hold down its consumer price by controlling its labor costsD.dismantle the career ladder and stop people’s mobility upward47.Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A.Wal-Martization has been successful in keeping costs at rock-bottom levels.B.Upward mobility for low-skilled workers has become impossible in the U.S.C.More business opportunities are given to low-cost agencies in China and India.D.Although people know how to restore American mobility,it’s difficult to change the present situation.Passage Three Seniors and the CityTens of thousands of retirees are pulling up stakes in suburban areas and fashioning their own retirement communities in the heart of the bustling city.They are looking for what most older people want:a home with no stairs and low crime rates.And they are willing to exchange regular weekly golf time for rich cultural offerings,young neighbors and plenty of good restaurants.Spying an opportunity,major real-estate developers have broken ground on urban sites they intended to market to suburban retirees.These seniors are already changing the face of big cities.One developer,Fran McCarthy asks:“Who ever thought that suburban flight would be round trip?”The trickle of older folks returning to the city has grown into a steady stream.While some cities,especially those with few cultural offerings,have seen an exodus of seniors,urban planners say others have become retirees magnets.Between1999and2000,the population of64-to-75-year-olds in downtown Chicago rose17percent.Austin,New Orleans,and Los Angeles have seen double-digit increases as well.There may be hidden health benefits to city living.A study reveals that moving from suburbs to the city can ward off the byproduct of aging---social isolation.In the next six years,downtowns are expected to grow even grayer.For affluent retirees,city life is an increasingly popular option.48.Retired seniors are moving back into the city because____________.A.they find there are too many crimes in the suburbsB.unlike the flats in the city,their country house have stairs to climbC.they are no longer interested in playing golfD.in the city,they have more social and cultural life against loneliness49.From the passage we can infer that_________.A.the real-estate developers have broken their original contracts of construction with senior retireesB.a life in the downtown city is expensive,and most of those retirees who moved back into the city are very well-offC.with more older people living in the city,the city will become gray and less beautifulD.very soon the American suburban areas will face their low population crisis50.Fran McCarthy’s question means:nobody ever thought that__________.A.people who moved out of the city decades ago now would move backB.suburban dwellers when moving back into the city must take round tripC.suburban flight years ago would go in circlesD.senior people’s moving back into the city would take place all over the United StatesDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts.Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET(2) 15%(51)Being angry increases the risk of injury,especially among men,new research says.The researchers gathered data on more than2,400accident victims at three Missouri hospitals. They interviewed each subject to determine the patient’s emotional state just before the injury and24hours earlier,gathering data on whether the patients felt irritable,angry or hostile,and to what degree.Then they compared the results with a control group of uninjured people.(52)Despite widespread belief in“road rage,”anger did not correlate with injuries from traffic accidents.(53)Not surprisingly,anger was strongly associated with injuries inflicted deliberately. But other injuries–those neither intentionally inflicted nor from falls or traffic accidents–also showed strong associations with anger.(54)The correlations were significantly weaker for women than for men,but there were no differences by race.The authors acknowledge that their data depend on self-reports,which are not always reliable.(55)Why anger correlates with injury is not known.“I can speculate that the anger may have prompted some behavior that led to the injury,or may have simply distracted the person, leading indirectly to the injury,”said the study’s lead author.Part Four:Cloze Test10%Directions:Read the following passage carefully and then fill in each numbered blank with ONE suitable word to complete the passage.Put your answers on ANSWER SHEET(2).Last year French drivers killed(56)_______than5,000people on the roads for the first time in decades.Credit goes largely(57)________the1,000automated radar cameras planted on the nation’s highways since2003,which experts reckon(58)_______3,000lives last year.Success,of course breeds success:the government plans to install500(59)______ radar devices this year.So it goes with surveillance these days.Europeans used to look at the security cameras posted in British cities,subways and buses(60)_______the seeds of an Orwellian world that was largely unacceptable in Continental Europe.But last year’s London bombing,in which video cameras(61)________a key role in identifying the perpetrators,have helped spur a sea change.A month(62)_______the London attacks,half of Germans supported EU-wide plans to require Internet providers and telecoms to store all e-mail,Internet and phone data for“anti-terror”(63)______.In a British poll,73percent of respondents said they were(64)_______to give up some civil liberty to improve(65)________.Part Five:Proofreading10%Directions:In the following passage,there are altogether10mistakes,ONE in each numbered and underlined part.You may have to change a word,add a word,or just delete a word.If you change a word,cross it with a slash(/)and write the correct word beside it.If you add a word,write the missing word between the words(in brackets)immediately before andafter it.If you delete a word,cross it out with a slash(/).Put your answer on ANSWER SHEET(2).Examples:eg.1(66)The meeting begun2hours ago.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET(2):(66)begunbeganeg.2(67)Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtain went up.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET(2):(67)(Scarcely)had(they)eg.3(68)Never will I not do it again.Correction put on the ANSWER SHEET(2):(68)not(66)Application files are piled highly this month in colleges across the country.(67) Admissions officers are poring essays and recommendation letters,scouring transcripts and standardized test scores.(68)But anything is missing from many applications:a class ranking,once a major component in admissions decisions.In the cat-and-mouse maneuvering over admission to prestigious colleges and universities, (69)thousands of high schools have simply stopped providing that information,concluding it could harm the chances of their very better,but not best,students.(70)Canny college officials,in turn,have found a tactical way to response.(71)Using broad data that high schools often provide,like a distribution of grade averages for entire senior class,they essentially recreate an applicant’s class rank.(72)The process has left them exasperating.(73)“If we’re looking at your son or daughter and you want us to know that they are among the best in their school,with a rank we don’t necessarily know that,”said Jim Bock, dean of admissions and financial aid at Swarthmore College.(74)Admissions directors say strategy can backfire.When high schools do not provide enough general information to recreate the class rank calculation,(75)many admissions directors say they have little choice and to do something virtually no one wants them to do:give more weight to scores on the SAT and other standardized exams.Part Six:Writing15%Directions:Write a short composition of about250to300words on the topic given below. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET(2).Recently,a newspaper carried an article entitled:“We Should No Longer Force Gong Li and Zhang Yimou to Take Part in National Politics”.The article argued that some artists and film stars are unwilling or unqualified to represent the people in the People’s Congress or the People’s Political Consultative Conference,and they should not be forced to do so.What do you think?56.fewer57.to58.saved59.more60.as61.played62.after63.purposes64.ready/willing 65.security北京大学2006年博士入学考试试题答案Structure and written expression1point each)21-25a c c d d26-30a d a a b31-35c d b a b36-40a b c b cReading1point each)41-45c c b d a46-50c b d b aParaphrasing:(3points each)51.According to new research,getting angry adds to the chances of getting physically hurt, particularly for male.52.even people gen[size=5][/size]erally believe hat people easily get angry when driving on the road,but anger didn’t have much/anything to do with injuries from traffic accidents,/but not many injuries from traffic accidents are the results of anger on the road.53.It is not at all surprising that anger is a very important reason for people who intentionally hurt themselves.54.We see this strong link between anger and injury more in men than in women,but different races of people did not show much variation.55.People do not know yet why anger is associated with injury.Cloze:(1point each)56.Fewer57.To58.Saved59.More60.As61.Played62.After63.Purposes64.Ready65.SecurityProofreading:(1point each)66.Highly-high67.Pore-pore over68.Anything-something69.Better-good70.Response-respond71.For entire-for an entire72.Exasperating-exasperated bS73. With-without74.Strategy-the strategy75.And-butWriting:(15points)关于盛世清北盛世清北教育成立于2006年，由清华北大名师与归国人士共同创办。

2005年复旦大学考博英语真题及详解Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)(略)Part ⅡVocabulary and Structure (10%)Directions:There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the ‘sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter ‘on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.21. The feeling of ______ that followed her victory’ was cut short by her father’s sudden death.A. initiationB. intricacyC. interrogationD. intoxication【答案】D【解析】句意：她取得胜利的陶醉之情让父亲的突然去世给中断了。

initiation发起，创始。

intricacy错综复杂，难解。

intoxication陶醉，兴奋。

interrogation询问，审问。

22. An independent adviser has been brought in to ______ between the two sides involved in the conflict.A. conciliateB. waverC. vacillateD. linger【答案】A【解析】句意：一个独立的顾问被叫来调停冲突双方。

conciliate安抚，平息怒火。

waver 犹豫，摇摆不定。

复旦大学考博英语-5(总分125,考试时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ V ocabulary1. Parents often faced the ______ between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.A. paradoxB. junctionC. premiseD. dilemma2. The designing of a satellite in the heavenly environment is ______ an easy job.A. by all meansB. by any meansC. by every meansD. by no means3. While some bacteria are beneficial, others are ______in that they cause disease.A. detrimentalB. prodigiousC. intrusiveD. mordant4. Jack ______ to the manager for the mistakes he had made.A. excusedB. pardonedC. forgaveD. apologized5. Her remarkable success as a rock star is partly due to her ability to ______ the media.A. mandateB. meditateC. manifestD. manipulate6. He saw university as a community of scholars, where students were ______ by teachers into an appreciation of different philosophical approaches.A. extractedB. deductedC. inductedD. conducted7. Whenever a camera was pointed at her, Marilyn would instantly ______ herself into a radiant star.A. transportB. transferC. transformD. transgress8. The rain looked as though it had ______for the night.A. set offB. set inC. set outD. set up9. He saw writers and artists as being important to the state for they could ______ credibility on the regime.A. bestowB. embraceC. disperseD. undertake10. All parts of this machine are______, so that it is very simple to get replacements for them.A. specializedB. standardizedC. minimizedD. modernizedPart Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPassage OneA few minutes ago, walking back from lunch, I started to cross the street when I heard the sound of a coin dropping. It wasn"t much but, as I turned, my eyes caught the heads of several other people turning, too. A woman dropped what appeared to be a dime.The tinkling sound of a coin dropping on pavement is an attention-getter. It can be nothing more than a penny. Whatever the coin is, no one ignores the sound of it. It got me thinking about sounds again.We are besieged by so many sounds that attract the most attention. People in New York City seldom turn to look when a fire engine, a police car or an **es screaming along the street.When I"m in New York, I"m a New Yorker. I don"t turn either. Like the natives, I hardly hear a siren there.At home in my little town in Connecticut, it"s different. The distant ringing of a police car brings me to my feet if I"m in bed.It"s the quietest sounds that have the most effect on us, not the loudest. In the middle of the night, I can hear a dripping tap a hundred yards away though three closed doors. I"ve been hearing little creaking noises and sounds which my imagination turns into footsteps in the middle of the night for twenty-five years in our house. **e I never hear the sounds in the daytime?I"m quite clear in my mind what the good sounds are and what the bad sounds are.I"ve turned against whistling, for instance. I used to think of it as the mark of a happy worker but lately I"ve been associating the whistler with a nervous person **pulsive noises.The tapping, tapping, tapping of my typewriter as the keys hit the paper is a lovely sound to me. I often like the sound of what I write better than the looks of it.1. The sound of a coin dropping makes people ______.A. think of moneyB. look at each otherC. pay attention to itD. stop crossing the street2. People in New York ______.A. don"t care about emergenciesB. are used to sirensC. are attracted by soundsD. don"t hear loud noises3. How does the author relate to sounds at night?A. He imagines sounds that do not existB. He exaggerates quiet soundsC. He thinks taps should be turned offD. He believes it"s quiet at night4. He dislikes whistling because ______.A. he is tired of itB. he used to be happierC. it reminds him of tense peopleD. he doesn"t like workers5. How does the writer feel about sounds in general?A. They make him feel at homeB. He thinks they should be ignoredC. He believes they are part of our livesD. He prefers silence to loud noisesPassage TwoThere are some that would argue that hospitals are no place for dogs, while they are wrong. At least according to new research reported at the American Heart Association"s Scientific Sessions 2005. For people hospitalized with advancedheart disease, it is better to have visitors than to lie quietly alone. But one type of visitor seems to be especially beneficial, researchers reported on Tuesday. That visitor is a dog. In the first controlled study of the effects of pet therapy in a random sample of acute and critically ill heart patients, anxiety as measured on a standard rating scale dropped 24 percent for those visited by a dog and a human volunteer, by 10 percent for those visited by a volunteer alone and not at all for those with no visitors. Similar results were found in measures of heart and lung function.The senior author of the Pet Therapy Study, Kathie M. Cole, said 76 patients with heart failure, a condition that affects an estimated five million Americans, were randomly assigned one of the three visit types. The dogs, from 12 breeds, were screened for behavior and disease before participating in the study. "Some patients in the first group," Ms. Cole said, "began to smile and immediately engaged in conversation with dog and volunteer." "Their worries seemed to vanish from their faces," she said. The researchers examined the patients three times: right before the 12-minute visit, eight minutes into it and four minutes after it was over.Besides the anxiety measurement, researchers found, patients" levels of epinephrine, a hormone the body makes when under stress, dropped 17 percent when visited by a person and a dog, and 2 percent when visited by only a person. Epinephrine levels rose an average of 7 percent in the unvisited group in the study, which was financed by the Pet Care Trust Foundation, a nonprofit group. Pressure in the heart"s top left chamber dropped 10 percent after a visit by volunteer and dog. The same pressure rose 3 percent for those visited by a volunteer and 5 percent for the unvisited group. Pressure in the pulmonary artery dropped 5 percent during and after a visit by volunteer and dog, but rose in the other two groups. Ms. Cole recommended further studies to determine how long the benefits lasted. "Dogs are a **fort," she said. "They make people happier, calmer and feel more loved. That is huge when you are scared and not feeling well."1. The sentence "Similar results were found…" (Last sentence, Para. 1) means______.A. the measurement of patient"s heart and lung function drops when without visitorB. human volunteers only can"t provide help for the patient"s heart and lung functionC. patient"s heart and lung work more effectively when visited by dog and volunteerD. none of the above2. How can we know the heart patient is feeling better according to the study?A. When the anxiety measurement doesn"t changeB. When the patient"s level of epinephrine dropsC. When he expresses feelings of being loved by visitorsD. When he shows the willingness to communicate with people3. Which one is used by researchers to determine the benefit of having a dog visitor?A. Blood pressure measurementB. Happiness measurementC. Anxiety measurementD. Heart rhythm measurement4. To which of the following statements would Ms. Cole most likely agree?A. Involve pet therapy into normal curesB. Feed pets in every familyC. Use the dogs in scientific researchD. Avoid patient"s encounter with dogs5. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the article?A. People should provide moderate places for dogs in the hospitalsB. The benefits of being with dogs for heart patients can"t last longC. Encountering dogs will cause the abnormal heart rate of patientsD. Study identifies that dog can be the heart patients" best friendPassage ThreeThe rise of multinational corporations (跨国公司), global marketing, **munications technologies, and shrinking cultural differences have led to an unparalleled increase in global public relations or PR.Surprisingly, since modern PR was largely an American invention, the U. S. leadership in public relations is being threatened by PR efforts in other countries. Ten years ago, for example, the world"s top five public relations agencies were American-owned. In 1991, only one was. The British in particular are becoming ore sophisticated and creative. A recent survey found that more than half of all **panies include PR as part of their corporate (公司的) planning activities, compared to about one-third of U. S. companies, It may not be long before London replaces New York as the capital of PR.Why is America lagging behind in the global PR race? First, Americans as a whole tend to be fairly provincial and take more of an interest in local affairs. Knowledge of world geography, for example, has never been strong in this country. Secondly, Americans lag behind their European and Asian counterparts (相对应的人) in knowing a second language. Less than 5 percent of Burson-Marshall"s U. S. employees know two languages. Ogilvy and Mather has about the same percentage conversely, some European firms have half or more of their employees fluent in a second language. Finally, people involved in PR abroad tend to keep a closer eye on international affairs. In the financial PR area, for instance, most Americans read the Wall Street Journal. Overseas, their counterparts read the Journal as well as the Financial Times of London and TheEconomist, publications not often read in this country.Perhaps the PR industry might take a lesson from Ted Turner of CNN(Cable News Network). Turner recently announced that the word "foreign" would no longer be used on CNN news broadcasts. According to Turner, **munications have made the nations of the world so interdependent that there is no longer any such thing as foreign.1. According to the passage, U. S. leadership in public relations is being threatened because ______ .A. an unparalleled increase in the number of public **paniesB. shrinking cultural differences and **munications technologiesC. the decreasing number of multinational corporations in the UD. increased efforts of other countries in public relations2. London could soon replace New York as the center of PR because ______ .A. **panies are more ambitious than UB. **panies place more importance on PR than UC. **panies are heavily involved in planning activitiesD. four of the world"s top public relations agencies are British-owned3. The word "provincial" (Line 2, Para. 3) most probably means " ______ "A. limited in outlookB. like people from the provincesC. rigid in thinkingD. interested in world financial affairs4. We learn from the third paragraph that employees in the American PR industry ______ .A. speak at least one foreign language fluentlyB. are ignorant about world geographyC. are not as sophisticated as their European counterpartsD. enjoy reading a great variety of English business publications5. What lesson might the PR industry take from Ted Turner of CNN?A. American PR companies should be more internationally-mindedB. The American PR industry should develop **munications technologiesC. People working in PR should be more fluent in foreign languagesD. People involved in PR should avoid using the word "foreign"Passage FourWhat if our society uses new-found technologies of "genetic engineering" to interfere with the biological nature of human beings? Might that not be disastrous?What about cloning, for instance?Cloning is a term originally used in connection with nonsexual reproduction of plants and very simple animals. Now it is coming into use in connection with higher animals, since biologists are finding ways of starting with an individual cell of a grown animal and inducing it to multiply in the same way in the future.But is cloning a safe thing to unleash on society? Might it not be used for destructive purposes? For instance, might not some ruling group decide to clone their submissive, downtroddenpeasantry, and thus produce endless hordes of semi-robots who will slave to keep a few in luxury and who may even serve as endless ranks of soldiers designed to conquer the rest of the world?A dreadful thought, but an unnecessary fear. For one thing, there is no need to clone for the purpose. The ordinary method of reproduction produces all the human beings that are needed and as rapidly as is needed. Right now, the ordinary method is producing so many people as to put civilization in danger of imminent destruction. What more can cloning do?Secondly, unskilled semi-robots cannot be successfully pitted against the skilled users of machine, either on farms, in factories or in armies. Any nation depending on downtrodden masses will find itself an easy mark for exploitation by a less populous but more skilled and versatile society. This has happened in the past often enough.But even if we forget about self-hordes, what about the cloning of a relatively few individuals? There are rich people who could afford the expense, or politicians who could have the influence for it, or the gifted who could undergo it by popular demand. There can be two of a particular banker or governor or scientist—or three—or a thousand. Might this not create a kind of privileged caste, who would reproduce themselves in greater and greater numbers, and who would gradually take over the world?Before we grow concerned about this, we must ask whether there will really be any great demand for cloning. Would you want to be cloned? The new individual that is formed by your cell will have your genes and therefore your appearance and, possibly, talents, but he will not be you. The clone will be, at best, merely your identical twin. Identical twins share the same genetic pattern, but they each have their own individuality and are separate persons.Cloning is not a pathway to immortality, then, because your consciousness does not survive in your clone, any more than it would in your identical twin if you had one.In fact, your clone would be far less than your identical twin. What shapes and forms a personality is not genes alone, but all the environment to which it is exposed. Identical twins grow up in identical surroundings, in the same family, and under each other"s influence. A clone of yourself, perhaps thirty or forty years younger would grow up in a different world altogether and would be shaped by influences that would be sure to make him less and less like you as he grows older.He may even earn your jealousy. After all, you are old and he is young. You may once have been poor and struggled to become well-to-do, but he will be well-to-do from the start. The mere fact that you won"t be able to view him as a child, but as **peting and better-advantaged you, may accentuate the jealousy.No! Imagine that, after some initial experiments, the demand for cloning will be virtually nonexistent.1. The central theme of the essay is ______.A. genetic engineers are experimenting with cloningB. the cloning of human could produce a privileged classC. worries about the dangers of human cloning are ill-foundedD. personality traits cannot be passed on through cloning2. The author assumes that the readers are ______.A. afraid of a nation of dictatorsB. worried about the abuses of cloningC. eager to put cloning to practical useD. ready to be cloned3. The author assumes that the reader thinks "immortality" ______.A. frighteningB. unavoidableC. profitableD. desirable4. To hold the reader"s interest, the author ______.A. used quotations by famous peopleB. asks frequent questionsC. presents many research statisticsD. tells many amusing stories5. The word "hordes" used in the passage means ______.A. swarms of fishB. large groups of peopleC. mountain rangesD. large fields of grainPart Ⅲ ClozeThe first farm animal Jack ever 1 from a stockyard was a lamb 2 Hilda. aam Sanctuary, 180 acres of vegan heaven in the Finger Lakes region of upstate New York. 3 , Jack was living in a school bus near a tofu factory in Pennsylvania and 4 hot dogs 5 support his animal 6 operation. Now, more than a thousand animals once 7 for the slaughterhouse live here and on another Farm Sanctuary property in California. Farm Sanctuary has a $ 5.7 million budget, fed 8 part by a donor club named 9 his 10 Hilda. Supporters can 11 or a Farm Sanctuary MasterCard. As Farm Sanctuary has grown, 12 too has its influence. Soon, due in part 13 the organization"s work, veal calves and pregnant pigs in Arizona 14 be kept in cages so. tight they can"t 15 . Eggs from cage-free hens have become so popular that there is a national shortage. A law in Chicago 16 the sale of foie gras.All of these developments reflect the maturation and sophistication of Jack and others in a network of animal activists who have more control 17 America"s dinner table than 18 before. The gap 19 animal lovers and animal lovers who love to eat them is exactly 20 Jack,a man who eats noodles with margarine, soy sauce and brewer"s yeast would like to close.1.A. killedB. rescuedC. boughtD. sold2.A. be namedB. namingC. was namedD. named3.A. Since thenB. But thenC. Before thenD. Till then4.A. eatingB. banningC. sellingD. recycling5.A. forB. toC. in orderD. so as6.A. rescueB. protectC. healD. ransom7.A. decidedB. sentencedC. soldD. destined8.A. byB. inC. ofD. with9.A. beforeB. afterC. withD. for10.A. lovingB. lovedC. belovedD. lovely11.A. sign inB. sign upC. sign overD. sign off12.A. onlyB. thereforeC. butD. so13.A. ofB. forC. fromD. to14.A. can"tB. willC. won"tD. ought to15.A. turn backB. turn aroundC. turn overD. turn out16.A. forbidsB. bansC. deniesD. rejects17.A. overB. onC. aboutD. by18.A. everB. longC. overD. as19.A. withB. betweenC. separatingD. combining20.A. whatB. thatC. whichD. forPart Ⅳ Translation1. 在美国历史上人们最津津乐道的政治问题恐怕就是法律与秩序。

⼀、根据复旦⼤学华慧教育纲规定,每年词汇题共30⼩题，每⼩题0.5分，共15分。

预计测试时间（25分钟）以下为华慧考博教务辅导团队编著资料。

241. One of his eyes was injured in an accident, but after a __ operation, he quickly recovered his sight. [ A ] precise [ B ] considerate [ C ] delicate [ D ] sensitive 242. There's a whole __ of bills waiting to be paid. [ A ] stock [ B ] stack [ C ] number [ D ] sequence 243. Please come and help me with this form because I don't know how to it. [ A ] set about [ B ] set off [ C ] set aside [ D ] set up 244. Your story about the frog turning into a prince is __ nonsense. [ A ] shear [ B ] sheer华慧考博 [ C ] shield [ D ] sheet 245. There is no easy solution to Japan's labor __ [ A ] decline [ B ] vacancy [ C ] rarity [ D ] shortage 246. If businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be motivated to work hard, with the result that incomes from taxation might actually [ A ] shrink [ 8 ] delay [ C ] disperse [ D ] sink 247. A ~ of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval. [ A ] shorthand [ B ] scheme [ C ] schedule [ D ] sketch 248. My boss has always attended to the ~ of important business himself. [ A ] transaction [ B ] stimulation [ C ] transition [ D ] solution 249. This book is a of radio scripts, in which we seek to explain how the words and expressions become part of our language. [ A ] collection [ B ] publication [ C ] volume [ D ] stack 250. All parts of this sewing machine are __ so that it is very simple to get replacements for them. [ A ] mechanized [ B ] minimized [ C ] modernized [ D ] standardized 251. The tragedy of the Challenger ~ an ongoing controversy on all aspects of America's space program. [ A ] arose [ B ] ignited [ C ] resulted [ D ] started 252. John found a lost dog on the street and the local station to broadcast a poignant appeal for the dog's owner to come forward. [ A ] informed [ B ] reminded [ C ] notified [ D ] startled 253. The newly-buih Science Building seems __ enough to last a hundred years. [ A ] spacious [ B ] sophisticated [ C ] substantial [ D ] steady 254. He failed to can3, ont some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to the conse- quences. [ A ] answer for [ B ] run into [ C ] abide by [ D ] step into 255. You must stick to the plan, whatever happens. [ A ] severely [ B ] rigidly [ C ] strongly [ D ] stiffly 256. As an excellent shooter, Peter practiced aiming at both targets and moving targets. [ A ] stationary [ B ] standing [ C ] stable [ D ] still 257. The survey found that Hungary __ as the most environment-conscious country of East Europe. [ A ] broke out [ B ] held ont [ C ] ran ont [ D ] stood ont 258. The gloves were really too small, and it was only by __ them that I managed to get them on. [ A ] spreading [ B ] extending [ C ] squeezing [ D ] stretching 259. He underwent four operations in two weeks. [ A ] excessive [ B ] extensive [ C ] intensive [ D ] successive 260. The book contained a large __ of information. [ A ] deal [ B ] amount [ C ] number [ D ] sam 261. The California forest fires, which were regarded yesterday as 'almost under control, __ again during the night. [ A ] flared up [ B ] kept up [ C ] sent over [ D ] swept through 262. Communication is the process of a message from a source to an audience via a channel. [ A ] transmitting [ B ] submitting [ C ] transforming [ D ] switching 263. Parents have a legal to ensure that their children are provided with efficient education suit- able to their age. [ A ] impulse [ B ] obligation [ C ] influence [ D ] sympathy 264. Bob was completely __ by the robber's disguise. [ A ] taken away [ B ] taken down [ C ] taken to [ D ] taken in 265. Jim isn't , but he did badly in the final exams last semester. [ A ] gloomy [ B ] dull [ C ] awkward [ D ] tedious 266. I am sure 1 can him into letting us stay in the hotel for the night. [ A ] speak [ B ] talk [ C ] say [ D ] tell 267. The neighborhood boys like to play basketball on that __ lot. [ A ] valid [ B ] vain [ C ] vacant [ D ] vague 268. After having gone __ far, George did not want to turn back. [ A ] enough [ B ] much [ C ] such [ D ] that 269. If English is not our first language you can often be puzzled by ways of expression that the native speaker of English does not even have to __ [ A ] think ont [ B ] think about [ C ] think over [ D ] think for 270. The political future of the president is now hanging by a __ [ A ] rope [ B ] cord [ C ] string [ D ] thread。

2023年复旦大学考博英语试题题目一阅读下面短文，并回答问题。

（文章内容略）问题：1. 根据短文，当代社会面临的最大挑战是什么？为什么？题目二将以下汉语句子翻译成英语。

1. 我们应该保护环境，减少污染。

2. 这个项目需要大量资金支持。

题目三选择正确的选项填空。

- A. working hard- B. to work hard- C. worked hard- D. work hard2. I have ______ seen such a beautiful sunset before. - A. never- B. ever- C. already- D. yet题目四写一封回信，回答以下问题。

假设你是一位大学生，你的国外朋友Tom来信向你了解中国传统文化。

请你用英语回信，向Tom介绍中国传统节日中的一个，并解释该节日的由来和庆祝方式。

题目五阅读以下文章，并回答问题。

（文章内容略）问题：1. 文章主要讲述了什么？题目六将以下英语句子翻译成汉语。

2. The book you lent me is really interesting.题目七选择正确的选项填空。

1. The concert was ______ amazing. I enjoyed every moment of it.- A. such- B. so- C. too- D. very2. ______ the weather is good, we can go for a picnic.- A. If- B. Although- C. Because- D. Since以上为2023年复旦大学考博英语试题，请同学们按部就班完成。

祝你们考试顺利！。

[模拟] 复旦大学考博英语1Part ⅠVocabulary Directions: There are 30 incompete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter or Answer Sheet I with a single line through center.第1题：Tom ran from the house in a terrible rage, his arms ( )in the air.A.overridingB.flailingC.overactingD.forsaking参考答案：B答案解析：flail“用力地挥动或摆动”与题意相符。

override比其他一切更重要；overact 过度，过分，(把剧中角色等)演得过火；forsake舍弃，背弃，革除(旧风习等)，抛弃(坏习惯)。

第2题：They have been arrested as suspected drug( ).A.abortionB.vectorC.uraniumD.traffickers参考答案：D答案解析：drug trafficker毒品走私贩。

abortion流产，堕胎；vector[数]向量，矢量，带菌者；uranium铀。

第3题：She had a shy, retiring side to her personality that was completelyat odds with her public( ).A.personaB.tummyC.steppeD.rendezvous参考答案：A答案解析：public persona公众角色；tummy胃，腹痛；steppe特指西伯利亚一带没有树木的大草原；rendezvous集合点。

⼀、根据复旦⼤学华慧教育纲规定,每年词汇题共30⼩题，每⼩题0.5分，共15分。

预计测试时间（25分钟）211. The drowning child was saved by Dick's __ action.[ A ] acute [ B ] alert[ C ] profound [ D ] prompt212. We should always keep in mind that __ decisions often lead to bitter iegrets.[ A ] urgent [ B ] hasty[ C] instant [ D ] prompt213. The current general slackness of the market has prevented us from new orders with you.[ A ] placing [ B ] putting[ C ] arranging [ D ] providing214. He pointed out that the living standard of urban and __ people continued to improve.[ A ] remote [ B ] municipal[ C ] rural [ D ] provincial215. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women __ this field is climbing.[ A ] engaging [ B ] devoting[ C ] registering [ D ] pursuing216. When they had finished playing, the children were made to all the toys they had takenout.[ A ] pat off [ B ] put out[ C ] put up [ D ] put away217. Jack was about to announce our plan but I[ A ] cut him short [ B ] turned him out[ C ] gave him up [ D ] put him through218. It was felt that be lacked the __ to pursue a difficult task to the very end.[ A ] petition [ B ] engagement[ C ] commitment [ D ] qualification219. When she saw the clouds she went back to the house to her umbrella.[ A ] carry [ B ] fetch[ C ] bring [ D ] reach220. An agreement was __ last Friday by the two parties.[ A ] arrived at [ B ] arrived in[ C ] occurred [ D ] realized221. if I take this medicine twice a day, it should __ my cold.[ A ] heal [ B ] cure[ C ] treat [ D ] recover222. If you know what the trouble is, why don't you help them to __ the situation?[ A ] simplify. [ B ] modify[ C ] verify [ D ] rectify223. The lost car of the Lees was found __ in the woods off the highway.[ A ] vanished [ B ] scattered[ C ] abandoned [ D ] rejected224. The story that follows __ two famous characters of the Rocky Mountain gold rush days.[ A ] concerns [ B ] states[ C ] proclaims [ D ] relates225. The government regulations that put this archeological site under protection.[ A ] published [ B ] issued[ C ] discharged [ D ] released226. He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any __ on what he promises.[ A ] faith [ B ] belief[ C] credit [ D ] reliance227. The branches could hardly the weight of the fruit.[ A ] retain [ B ] sustain[ C ] maintain [ D ] remain228. The strong wind with sand comes from the hill in front of their house.[ A ] empty [ B ] isolated[ C ] bare [ D ] remote229. Men's never-ceasing for knowledge continues to broaden our understanding of the earth's atmosphere.[ A ] request [ B ] quest[ C ] investigation [ D ] research230. Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to __ healthy.[ A ] preserve [ B ] stay[ C ] maintain [ D ] reserve231. The salesman's annoyed the old lady, but finally she gave up.[ A ] endurance [ B ] assistance[ C ] persistence [ D ] resistance232. A neat letter improves your chances of a favorable _-[ A ] circumstance [ B ] request[ C ] reception [ D ] response233. Human behavior is mostly a product of learning, whereas the behavior of an animal depends mainly Oil[ A ] consciousness [ B ] impulse[ C ] instinct [ D ] response234. So-called intelligent behavior demands memory, remembering being a primary __ for reason-ing.[ A ] resource [ B ] resolution[ C ] requirement [ D ] response235. The service operates 36 libraries throughout the country, while six __ libraries specially servethe countryside.[ A ] mobile [ B ] drifting[ C ] shifting [ D ] rotating236. He does nothing that __ the interests of the collective.[ A ] runs for [ B ] runs against[ C ] runs over [ D ] runs into237. Old Americans are extremely reluctant to buy on __ and likely to save as much money as pos-sible.[ A ] debt [ B ] credit[ C ] deposit [ D ] sale238. In my opinion, you can widen the __ of these improvements through your active participation.[ A ] dimension [ B ] volume[ C ] magnitude [ D ] scope239. Have you a funny __ or unusual experience that you would like to share.'?[ A ] amusement [ B ] incident[ C ] accident [ D ] section240. No one needs to feel awkward in __ his own customs.[ A ] pursuing [ B ] following[ C ] chasing [ D ] seeking。

复旦大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析(精)复旦大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析In1939two brothers,Mac and Dick McDonald,started a drive-inrestaurant in San Bernadino,California.They carefully chose a busycorner for their location.They had run their own businesses for years,first a theater,then a barbecue(烤肉restaurant,and then anotherdrive-in.But in their new operation,they offered a new,shortenedmenu:French fries,hamburgers,and sodas.To this small selectionthey added one new concept:quick service,no waiters or waitresses,and no tips.Their hamburgers sold for fifteen cents.Cheese was another fourcents.Their French fries and hamburgers had a remarkable uniformity,for the brothers had developed a strict routine for the preparationof their food,and they insisted on their cooks'sticking to theirroutine.Their new drive-in became incredibly popular,particularlyfor lunch.People drove up by the hundreds during the busy noontime.The self-service restaurant was so popular that the brothers hadallowed ten copies of their restaurant to be opened.They were contentwith this modest success untilthey met Ray Kroc.Geng duo yuan xiaowan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guomian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huojia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Kroc was a salesman who met the McDonald brothers in1954,whenhe was selling milk shake-mixing machines.He quickly saw the uniqueappeal of the brothers'fast-food restaurants and bought the rightto franchise(特许经营other copies of their restaurants.The agreement struck included the right to duplicate the menu.The equipment,even their red and white buildings with the golden arches(拱门.Today McDonald's is really a household name.Its names for its sandwiches have come to mean hamburger in the decades since the day Ray Kroc watched people rush up to order fifteen-cent hamburgers.In 1976,McDonald's had over$1billion in total sales.Its first twenty-two years is one of the most incredible success stories in modern American business history.1.This passage mainly talks about.Athe development of fast food servicesBhow McDonald's became a billion-dollar businessCthe business careers of Mac and Dick McDonaldDRay Kroc's business talent2.Mac and Dick managed all of the following businesses except.Aa drive-inBa cinemaCa theaterDa barbecue restaurant3.We may infer from this passage that.AMac and Dick McDonald never became wealthy for they sold their idea to KrocBThe location the McDonalds chose was the only source of the great popularity of their drive-inCForty years ago there were numerous fast-food restaurantsDRay Kroc was a good businessman4.The passage suggests that.Acreativity is an important element of business successBRay Kroc was the close partner of the McDonald brothersCMac and Dick McDonald became broken after they sold their ideas to Ray Kroc DCalifornia is the best place to go into business5.As used in the second sentence of the third paragraph,the worduniquemeans. AspecialBfinancialCattractiveDpeculiarPassage11.C2.B3.D4.A5.D本文由“育明考博”整理编辑。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编59(总分50,考试时间90分钟)1. Structure and Vocabulary1. Nobody knew how he came up with this______ idea about the trip.(2004年清华大学考博试题)A. wearyB. twilightC. unanimousD. weird2. An old woman was badly hurt in ______the police describe as an apparently motiveless attack.(2003年复旦大学考博试题)A. thatB. whichC. whatD. whatever3. He thought I was lying, ______ I was telling the truth.A. hithertoB. henceforthC. whereasD. nevertheless4. I did not dare to speak aloud or even ______to Alison what was in my mind.A. murmurB. whistleC. whisperD. hum5. The new law allows you to ______ payment if you think a bill is incorrect.(2003年上海交通大学考博试题)A. withholdB. withdrawC. witherD. withstand6. The last half of the nineteenth century______ the steady improvement in the means of travel.A. testedB. provedC. confirmedD. witnessed7. Once a picture is proved to be a forgery, it becomes quite ______.(2007年中南大学考博试题)A. unworthyB. worthlessC. invaluableD. priceless8. Once a picture is proved to be a forgery, it becomes quite ______.(2008年北京大学考博试题)A. invaluableB. pricelessC. unworthyD. worthless9. We believe the younger generation will prove______ of our trust.(2007年财政部财政科研所考博试题)A. worthB. worthlessC. worthyD. worthwhile10. He is in bed with a bad cold, feeling pretty ______.(2004年湖北省考博试题)A. spaciousB. wideC. sufficientD. wretched11. It took years for Einstein's theory to gain ______.A. receptionB. admissionC. ownershipD. acceptance12. What sort of______ can you get for the night in a city like this?A. commissionB. treatmentC. accommodationD. recommendation13. Prof. Harkins gave his audience a vivid______ of his lecturing tour in the United States.A. taleB. newsC. accountD. plot14. Science has made great______ during the past 20 years.A. advancesB. developmentsC. movementsD. increases15. A company may______its products by means of newspapers, magazines, radio or television.A. advertiseB. sellC. propagateD. declare16. We greatly ______ your timely help, without which we could not have accomplished the task in time.A. thankB. oweC. appreciateD. admire17. In the market, the merchants______ and joked with their friends and neighbors.A. chattedB. bargainedC. discussedD. communicated18. Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full ______.A. capacityB. strengthC. lengthD. possibility19. This ______ shows that John Williams **pleted the school-work of the eighth grade.A. certificateB. formC. paperD. article20. We are governed by the hormones that______ around our bodies.A. circulateB. passC. moveD. revolve21. The explanation in the footnote ______the difficult sentence.A. modifiedB. classifiedC. clarifiedD. rectified22. The negotiation______ when no agreement could be reached.A. crushedB. collapsedC. fellD. dropped23. She has a beautiful ______ of stamps from all over the world.A. collectionB. storageC. gatheringD. accumulation24. Many salesmen receive a______ of 10 per cent on all sales made.A. fundB. sumC. commissionD. reward25. Young women from every state ______ for the title of Miss America.A. competeB. scrambleC. secureD. strive。

复旦大学考博英语模拟试题及其解析Flatfish,such as the flounder,are among the few vertebrates thatlack approximate bilateral symmetry(symmetry in which structures tothe left and right of the body’s midline are mirror images).Moststriking among the many asymmetries evident in an adult flatfish iseye placement:before maturity one eye migrates,so that in an adultflatfish both eyes are on the same side of the head.While in mostspecies with asymmetries virtually all adults share the same Geng duoyuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xiquan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiuqi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi asymmetry,membersof the starry flounder species can be either left-eyed(both eyes onthe left side of head)or right-eyed.In the waters between the UnitedStates and Japan,the starry flounder populations vary from about50percent left-eyed off the United States West Coast,through about70percent left-eyed halfway between the United States and Japan,tonearly100percent left-eyed off the Japanese coast.Biologists call this kind of gradual variation over a certaingeographic range a“cline”and interpret clines as strongindications that the variation is adaptive,a response toenvironmental differences.For the starry flounder thisinterpretation implies that a geometric difference(between fish thatare mirror images of one another)is adaptive,that left-eyedness inthe Japanese starry flounder has been selected for,which provokesa perplexing question:what is the selective advantage in having botheyes on one side rather than on the other?The ease with which a fish can reverse the effect of the sidedness of its eye asymmetry simply by turning around has caused biologists to study internal anatomy,especially the optic nerves,for the answer. In all flatfish the optic nerves cross,so that the right optic nerve is joined to the brain’s left side and vice versa.This crossing introduces an asymmetry,as one optic nerve must cross above or below the other.G.H.Parker reasoned that if,for example,a flatfish’s left eye migrated when the right optic nerve was on top,there would be a twisting of nerves,which might be mechanically disadvantageous. For starry flounders,then,the left-eyed variety would be selected against,since in a starry flounder the left optic nerve is uppermost.The problem with the above explanation is that the Japanese starry flounder population is almost exclusively left-eyed,and natural selection never promotes a purely less advantageous variation.As other explanations proved equally untenable,biologists concluded that there is no important adaptive difference between left-eyedness and right-eyedness,and that the two characteristics are genetically associated with some other adaptively significant characteristic. This situation is one commonly encountered by evolutionary biologists, who must often decide whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral.As for the left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish, their difference,however striking,appears to be an evolutionary red herring.1.According to the text,starry flounder differ form most other species of flatfish in that starry flounder[A]are not basically bilaterally symmetric.[B]do not become asymmetric until adulthood.[C]do not all share the same asymmetry.[D]have both eyes on the same side of the head.2.Which of the following best describes the organization of the text as a whole?[A]A phenomenon is described and an interpretation presented and rejected.[B]A generalization is made and supporting evidence is supplied and weighed.[C]A contradiction is noted and a resolution is suggested and then modified.[D]A series of observations is presented and explained in terms of the dominant theory.3.The text supplies information for answering which of the following questions?[A]Why are Japanese starry flounder mostly left-eyed?[B]Why should the eye-sidedness in starry flounder be considered selectively neutral?[C]Why have biologists recently become interested in whether a characteristic is adaptive or selectively neutral?[D]How do the eyes in flatfish migrate?4.Which of the following is most clearly similar to a cline as it is described in the second paragraph of the text?[A]A vegetable market in which the various items are grouped according to place of origin.[B]A wheat field in which different varieties of wheat are planted to yield a crop that will bring the maximum profit.[C]A flower stall in which the various species of flowers are arranged according to their price.[D]A housing development in which the length of the front struts supporting the porch of each house increases as houses are built up the hill.5.Which of the following phrases from the text best expresses the author’s conclusion about the meaning of the difference between left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish?[A]“Most striking”(line3,paragraph1)[B]“variation is adaptive”(line2,paragraph2)[C]“mechanically disadvantageous”(line7,paragraph3)[D]“evolutionary red herring”(line9,paragraph4)[答案与考点解析]1.【答案】C【考点解析】这是一道细节推导题。