钢铁热处理中英文对照外文翻译文献

模具热处理外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Heat Treatment of Die and MouldOriented Concurrent Design Abstract:Many disadvantages exist in the traditional die design methodwhich belongs to serial pattern. It is well known that heattreatment is highly important to the dies. A new idea of concurrentdesign for heat treatment process of die and mould was developedin order to overcome the existent shortcomings of heat treatmentprocess. Heat treatment CAD/CAE was integrated with concurrentcircumstance and the relevant model was built. Theseinvestigations can remarkably improve efficiency, reduce cost andensure quality of R and D for products.Key words:die design; heat treatment; mouldTraditional die and mould design,mainly by experience orsemi—experience，isisolated from manufacturing process.Before the design is finalized，the scheme of die and mould is usually modified time and again，thus some disadvantages come into being,such as long development period,high cost and uncertain practical effect.Due to strong desires for precision,service life,development period and cost,modern die and mould should be designed and manufactured perfectly.Therefore more and more advanced technologies and innovations have been applied,for example,concurrent engineering,agile manufacturing virtual manufacturing,collaborative design,etc.Heat treatment of die and mould is as important as design,manufacture and assembly because it has a vital effect on manufacture，assembly and service life．Design and manufacture of die and mould have progressed rapidly，but heat treatment lagged seriously behind them．As die and mouldindustry develops，heat treatment must ensure die and mould there are goodstate of manufacture，assembly and wear—resistant properties by request.Impertinent heat treatment can influence die and mould manufacturing such as over—hard and—soft and assembly．Traditionally the heat treatment processwas made out according to the methods and properties brought forward by designer．This could make the designers of die and mould and heat treatment diverge from each other，for the designers of die and mould could not fully realize heat treatment process and materials properties，and contrarily the designers rarely understood the service environment and designing thought.These divergences will impact the progress of die and mould to a great extent.Accordingly，if the process design of heat treatment is considered in the early designing stage，the aims of shortening development period，reducing cost and stabilizing quality will be achieved and the sublimation of developmentpattern from serial to concurrent will be realized．Concurrent engineering takes computer integration system as a carrier,at the very start subsequent each stage and factors have been considered such as manufacturing，heat treating，properties and so forth in order to avoid the error．The concurrentpattern has dismissed the defect of serial pattern,which bring about a revolution against serial pattern．In the present work．the heat treatment was integrated into the concurrent circumstance of the die and mould development ，and the systemic and profound research was performed．1 Heat Treatment Under Concurrent CircumstanceThe concurrent pattern differs ultimately from the serial pattern(seeFig．1).With regard to serial pattern，the designers mostly consider the structure and function of die and mould，yet hardly consider the consequent process，so that the former mistakes are easily spread backwards．Meanwhile，the design department rarely communicates with the assembling ，cost accounting and sales departments．These problems certainly will influence the development progress of die and mould and the market foreground．Whereas in the concurrent pattern，the relations among departments are close，the related departments all take part in the development progress of die and mould and have close intercommunion with purchasers．This is propitious to elimination of the conflicts between departments，increase the efficiency and reduce the cost．Heat treatment process in the concurrent circumstance is made out not after blueprint and workpiece taken but during die and mould designing．In this way，it is favorable to optimizing the heat treatment process and making full use of the potential of the materials．2 Integration of Heat Treatment CAD／CAE for Die and MouldIt can be seen from Fig．2 that the process design and simulation of heat treatment are the core of integration frame．After information input viaproduct design module and heat treatment process generated via heattreatment CAD and heat treatment CAE module will automatically divide themesh for parts drawing，simulation temperature field microstructure analysisafter heat—treatment and the defect of possible emerging (such asoverheat,over burning)，and then the heat treatment process is judged if the optimization is made according to the result reappeared by stereoscopic vision technology ．Moreover tool and clamping apparatus CAD and CAM are integrated into this system．The concurrent engineering based integration frame can share information with other branch．That makes for optimizing the heat treatmentprocess and ensuring the process sound．2.1 3-D model and stereoscopic vision technology for heattreatmentThe problems about materials，structure and size for die and mould canbe discovered as soon as possible by 3-D model for heat treatment based onthe shape of die and mould ．Modeling heating condition and phase transformation condition for die and mould during heat treatment areworkable，because it has been broken through for the calculation of phase transformation thermodynamics ，phase transformation kinetics ，phase stress,thermal stress，heat transfer，hydrokinetics etc．For example，3-D heat —conducting algorithm models for local heating complicated impression and asymmetric die and mould，and M ARC software models for microstructure transformation was used ．Computer can present the informations of temperature，microstructure and stress at arbitrary time and display the entire transformation procedure in the form of 3-D by coupling temperaturefield,microstructure field and stress field ．If the property can be coupled,various partial properties can be predicted by computer．2.2 Heat treatment process designDue to the special requests for strength，hardness，surface roughness and distortion during heat treatment for die and mould，the parameters including quenching medium type，quenching temperature and tempering temperature and time，must be properly selected，and whether using surface quenching or chemical heat treatment the parameters must be rightly determined．It is difficult to determine the parameters by computer fully．Since computer technology develops quickly in recent decades,the difficulty with large—scale calculation has been overcome．By simulating and weighing the property，the cost and the required period after heat treatment．it is not difficult to optimize the heat treatment process．2.3 Data base for heat treatmentA heat treatment database is described in Fig．3．The database is the foundation of making out heat treatment process．Generally，heat treatment database is divided into materials database and process database．It is an inexorable trend to predict the property by materials and process．Although it is difficult to establish a property database，it is necessary to establish the database by a series of tests ．The materials database includes steel grades,chemical compositions，properties and home and abroad grades parallel tables．The process database includes heat treatment criterions，classes，heat preservation time and cooling velocity．Based on the database，heat treatmentprocess can be created by inferring from rules．2.4 Tool and equipment for heat treatmentAfter heat treatment process is determined，tool and equipment CAD／CAE system transfers the information about design and manufacture to the numerical control device．Through rapid tooling prototype，the reliability oftool and the clamping apparatus can be judged．The whole procedure is transferred by network，in which there is no man—made interference．3 Key Technique3.1 Coupling of temperature，microstructure，stress andpropertyHeat treatment procedure is a procedure of temperature-microstructure—stress interaction ．The three factors can all influence the property (see Fig．4)．During heating and cooling，hot stress and transformation will come into being when microstructure changes.Transformation temperature-microstructure and temperature—microstructure—and stress-property interact on eachother ．Research on the interaction of the four factors has been greatly developed,but the universal mathematic model has not been built．Manymodels fit the test nicely，but they cannot be put into practice．Difficultieswith most of models are solved in analytic solution，and numerical method is employed so that the inaccuracy of calculation exists．Even so，comparing experience method with qualitative analysis，heat treatment simulation by computer makes great progress．3.2 Establishment and integration of modelsThe development procedure for die and mould involvesdesign,manufacture，heat treatment，assembly，maintenance and so on．Theyshould have own database and mode1．They are in series with each other bythe entity—relation model．Through establishing and employing dynamic inference mechanism ，the aim of optimizing design can be achieved．The relation between product model and other models was built．The product model will change in case the cell model changes．In fact，it belongs to the relation of data with die and mould．After heat treatment model is integrated into the system，it is no more an isolated unit but a member which is close to other models in the system．After searching，calculating and reasoning from the heat treatment database,procedure for heat treatment，which is restrictedby geometric model,manufacture model for die and mould and by cost and property，i s obtained．If the restriction is disobeyed，the system will send out the interpretative warning．All design cells are connected by communication network．3.3 Management and harmony among membersThe complexity of die and mould requires closely cooperating amongitem groups．Because each member is short of global consideration for die and mould development，they need to be managed and harmonized．Firstly,each item group should define its own control condition and resource requested,and learn of the request of up-and-down working procedure in order to avoid conflict ．Secondly ，development plan should be made out and monitor mechanism should be established．The obstruction can be duly excluded in case the development is hindered．Agile management and harmony redound to communicating information，increasing efficiency，and reducing redundancy．Meanwhile it is beneficial forexciting creativity，clearing conflict and making the best of resource．4 Conclusions(1) Heat treatment CAD／CAE has been integrated into concurrentdesign for die and mould and heat treatment is graphed,which can increase efficiency，easily discover problems and clear conflicts．(2) Die and mould development is performed on the same platform．When the heat treatment process is made out，designers can obtain correlative information and transfer self-information to other design departments on the platform．(3) Making out correct development schedule and adjusting it in time can enormously shorten the development period and reduce cost．References：[1] ZHOU Xiong-hui，PENG Ying-hong．The Theory and Technique of Modern Die and Mould Design and Manufacture[M]．Shanghai：Shanghai Jiaotong University Press 2000(in Chinese)．[2] Kang M，Park& Computer Integrated Mold Manufacturing[J] ．Int J Computer Integrated Manufacturing，1995，5：229-239．[3] Yau H T，Meno C H．Concurrent Process Planning for Finishing Milling and Dimensional Inspection of Sculptured Surface in Die and Mould Manufacturing[J]．Int J Product Research，1993，31(11)：2709—2725．[4] LI Xiang，ZHOU Xiong-hui，RUAN Xue-yu．Application of Injection Mold Collaborative Manufacturing System [J] ．JournaI of Shanghai Jiaotong University，2000，35(4)：1391-1394．[5] Kuzman K，Nardin B，Kovae M ,et a1 ．The Integration of RapidPrototyping and CAE in Mould Manufacturing [J]．J Materials Processing Technology，2001，111：279—285．[6] LI Xiong，ZHANG Hong—bing，RUAN Xue-yu，et a1．Heat Treatment Process Design Oriented Based on Concurrent Engineering[J]．Journal of Ironand Steel Research，2002，14(4)：26—29．译文：模具热处理及其导向平行设计摘要：在一系列方式中，传统模具设计方法存在许多缺点。

Eccentric shaft heat treatment and mechanical properties research AbstractThis paper focuses on the eccentric shaft material 20Cr heat treatment (carburizing, quenching, a tempering, and second tempering) process and its main mechanical properties, high hardness is main properties. Analysis how Carburizing temperature ,time an, cooling method ,direct quenching ,a quenching, secondary quenching and other factors defect on the mechanical properties and organization from the theory. After confirmed 20Cr's eccentric shaft’s best heat treatment process parameters and the best carburizing quench way (salt bath, direct quenching, low temperature tempering), analysis and detect the infiltration depth of the carburized, microstructure and mechanical parts.Key words: eccentric shaft, heat treatment, carburizing, carburizing temperature, cooling method, carburized layerChapterⅠThe introduction1.1PrefaceThe role of the eccentric shaft is to adjust the center distance between convenient, eccentric shaft is usually used in the V-belt drive in the planar linkage. Normal shaft can only drive the work piece, but the eccentric shaft, not only can pass the rotation, also can pass the revolution. Now the U.S. compressor giant Copeland is using eccentric shaft to drive the vortex of revolution and efficient compression formulations fast. Eccentric shaft is an important transmission part of electric tool electricity hammer. Install the eccentric shaft and let it running to dead spots position will not produce locks by inertia effect. The most common example is: household sewing machine feet moving wheel of the operation. Rotating eccentric shaft driven machine is the indispensable machinery parts.Schematic diagram of the eccentric shaft1.2 The purpose of the eccentric shaft and performance requirementsEccentric shaft is widely used in mining, electromechanical, water conservancy, etc. With the increase in the production of these products, and consumer groups asked the continuous improvement of the quality of the eccentric shaft is imminent, exported 400 million air-conditioning compressor units by 2008, air exports increased by 27% than in 2005. Air conditioning compressor is exported to South East Asia mainly.Because the eccentric shaft under enormous impact load at work, and the hammer of the working conditions, many dust, parts wear easily. Therefore, the surface of the eccentric shaft required high hardness, wear resistance and fatigue strength, while the core part has a certain strength and good plasticity, toughness and other special properties.1.3 The situation at home and abroad1.3.1 Domestic Research TrendsHeat treatment has a long history in China, with other scientific and technological development, heat treatment technology develop the rapidly . (1) Namely, the continuous improvement of experimental methods and techniques. Understanding the relationship between the changes in the organization of metal rules and microstructure, develop new heat treatment process. (2) In the basic theoretical aspects continuously make achievements. (3) The research of surface chemistry, develop all kinds of surface protective heat treatment and surface strengthening heat treatment. (4) Other new energy, new technology development, make heat treatment process become complex process.Recent sessions of the International Conference on Materials and Heat Treatment predicts the development of ancient and modern metal heat treatment process and heating equipment t, the basic view is:(1) heating equipmentIn the heating device to more development of electric furnace, especially the development of induction furnace, reducing fuel furnace. Most of the furnace and heat treatment equipment to achieve automation and digital control, not only can reduce the labor force, but the premise is to improve the quality of heat treatment.(2) Heat treatment processa. Improved conventional heating process. Air heating will be vacuum heated, controlled atmosphere or protective atmosphere heating, as well as vacuum and controlled atmosphere heating joint will replace air heating. With the vacuum technology progress, vacuum heat treatment towards furnace temperature increased and the automation. Induction heating treatment, tend to increasing power and frequency range direction.b. expansion of the surface heat treatment and various types of chemical treatment instead of the whole heat treatment.1.3.2 Heat treatment equipment and heat treatment technology abroad status(Ⅰ) in the early 1970s, American Society for Metals (ASM), British Wolf Morrison heat treatment center (Wolfson Heat Treatment Center) and the former Yugoslavia (now Croatia) have established the material and Heat Treatment, did itmay, according to the database of mechanical performance requirements after heat-treatment of computer-aided material selection, or known material and Heat Treatment process foresee the organization and performance last. Then Europe, Japan and other advanced industrial countries to develop computer auto-calculating on all kinds of heat treatment process control technology, began the process parameters under computer control, and analog control technology in production gained in application. The international well-known anufacturers of many successive and cycle type heat treatment line adopted by programmable Controller (Programable) or microprocessor Controller of single control or group control. Foreign heat treatment factory attaches great importance to the cooling heating process. According to the product technology and process requirement, can undertake rapid cooling, oil quenching cooling, disposable gas quenching cooling, etc. By gas quenching way before the quenching cooling nitrogen and helium gas, and now the use of air jet, the strong in fast speed, quenching cooling after only extremely thin surface oxidation, are pale, parts, and still beautiful color saved a great deal of nitrogen and inert gas, so that treatment costs will decline further.Vacuum low-pressure carburizing combined with high-pressure gas quenching is an advanced carburizing today, it has carburizing speed, excellent carbide organization ,quenching cracking and little deformation, saving energy and carburizing agent raw materials, carburized parts surface quality is good, be helpful for environmental protection etc.(Ⅱ) heat treatment equipment: The trend of foreign heat treatment furnace development: (1) stove based on the power is increasing, oil for heat treatment furnace ratio decreasing. (2) To product surface quality request more strictly controlled atmosphere heat treatment furnace, this occupies an important position still.(3) Lining tends to use of lightweight materials, the application in resistance furnace with heat-resistant component and nonmetallic furnace the proportion of heating elements increase gradually. (4) The microcomputer and PLC accelerates the development of heat, and have with the other automation line of automatic heat treatment process of trend.1.4 eccentric shaft failure forms and preventing measuresShaft loading: fatigue, impact, tensile, compression, bending, twisting, cutting, wear, surface changes, size changes, etching, corrosion and other failure modes. (1) eccentric shaft under heavy load at work, subject to bending stress, wear and tear in the neck,by the main have occurred wear fracture and axial crack two circumstances parts (2)axial crack, axial crack is eccentric shaft parts common failure form,this crack except material adverse outside, main is caused by excessive heat surface tension stress caused by its quench-hardening ability, due to merger part weeks than axial tensile stress surface , and material surface tensile stress of lateral performance under longitudinal, prevent such hardening layer, and promptly tempering. (3)Axis failure form: There are insufficient due to fatigue resulting fatigue fracture, static strength due to lack of plastic deformation or brittle fracture, wear, and exceed the allowable range of deformation and vibration. (4) axial fracture is mainly reverse fatigue fracture.Chapter II Theoretical analysis2.1 Heat Treatment of eccentric shaftUnified Digital Code: A20202【Chemical Composition】⑷(mass fraction) (%)C: 0.18~0.24Si: 0.17~0.37M n: 0.50~0.80Cr: 0.70~1.00【Mechanical properties 】Sample blank size (mm): 15Heat buried:The first quenching temperature: 880 ℃; Coolant: water, oilThe second quenching temperature: 780 ~ 820 ℃; Coolant: water, oilTempering heating temperature: 200 ℃; Coolant: water, airTensile strength ≥ 835MPaYield point: ≥ 540MPaLaSalle epigastria long rate: ≥ 10%Section shrinkage: ≥ 40%Shock absorption≥ 47J impact energyBrinell hardness (annealed or high temperature tempering state): ≤ 179【Main Special items】Compared with the 15Cr steel , it has higher strength and its quench-hardening ability in oil critical quenching, up to 4 ~ 22mm diameter appearing in water to critical quenching of 11 ~ diameter 40mm lottery, but the firmware is poor, when the steel carburizing Grains are still growing tendency, when the direct quenching temperature on impact toughness of greater impact, so the secondary quenching after carburizing need to improve the toughness of the Ministry of parts heart, no temper brittleness; steel, plastic strain of cold high in the cold state The following drawing; machinability high temperature in the state of normalizing or quenching and good, but after annealing poor; welding is good, generally do not need heat treatment after welding, but the thickness of the parts is greater than 15mm to be preheated before welding to the 100 to 150 ℃.【examples Of Application】This kind of steel is used mostly manufacturing heart the demand is higher, intensity of surface bear wear, section 30mm below in complex shape and load or small carburized parts (oil quenching machine), such as: transmission gear, gear axle, CAM, worm, etc. For small and high heat treatment deformation wear parts, carburizing should high-frequency surface after quenching, such as modulus is less than 3 gear wheel, bearing etc. 20Cr can also be used in conditioning condition, used to make the speed of work and under moderate impact load large parts, this steel also can be used as low carbon steel, martensitic quenching further increased the yield strength and steel tensile strength.Chapter Ⅲexperimental materials and experimental methods3.1Materials: Material for this study is the eccentric shaft 20Cr, 20Cr is the carbon content of 0.2% for the carburization of low carbon steel, 20Cr steel than carbon steel carbon content of the same strength and hardenability were clearly high, oil quenching to the semi-martensitic hardenability of hardness for the φ20 ~ 23mm. Compared with the 15Cr steel has high strength and hardenability, the critical quenching diameter, oil is about 4-22mm, the water is about 11-40mm, poor toughness, good welding, after welding - as not need heat treatment. Uses: Most of hardened steel used for the manufacture of the Ministry of the heart require a higher strength, to withstand the friction surface, cross-sectional size or shape of the 30mm less complex and less load carburized parts (oil quenching), such as machine transmission gear, gear shaft, cam, worm, etc., on the requirements of small and high heat deformation resistance of the parts after carburizing and high frequency surface hardening, such as modulus ≤ 3mm of gears, shafts and spline shaft. It can also be used in the quenched state, for the manufacture of medium-velocity impact load larger and bear parts.This steel quenching temperature after tempering has good comprehensive mechanical performance, low-temperature impact toughness, and good temper brittleness not obvious. Swigging carburizing of grain has grown, so the requirements second tend to enhance the core quenched ductile, unfavorable cooling quenching. When is the fire HB170 ~ 217 hardness for when about 65 percent relative cutting machining, walkability medium, should be preheated before welding to 100 ~ 150 ℃, cold deformation plasticity medium.3.2 Experiment:The heat treatment process in this experiment were as follows:3.2.1 installed furnace: the axis (cleaning) vertically into the basket mesh, large hole down, plug hole facing up gambling sales, in the installed furnace, put a pattern into the end of the eccentric shaft basket. Will be installed for the work piece material into the furnace basket hanging clothes time to close the lid, tighten the lid bolts, drops of methanol, the fans, transmission temperature, into the exhaust period. Open the vent whole pattern.3.2.2 Exhaust: ≤ 880 ℃installed outside the pattern 2, the amount of methanol drops of 180-200 drops / min;880-920 ℃stop drops of methanol, the drops of kerosene, kerosene drop volume 180-200 drops / min;910 \ 920 ℃, 30 minutes, the amount of kerosene drops of 180-200 drops / min; Close 30 minutes after the temperature pattern holes,Exhaust flame length of 80 ~ 150mm, into the carburizing period.3.2.3 carburization of 910 ~ 920 ℃, 180 points, the amount of kerosene drops of 180-200 drops / min; water column 30 ~ 60mm.3.2.4 Diffusion Cooling: ≥ 0.6mm deep diffusion layer, it can spread into the cool, adjust the volume of kerosene drops of 100 to140 drops / min, 10 to 30mm water column.3.2.5 released air.3.4. Metallographic specimen preparation, according to the microstructure and hardness gradient measurements3.4.1 The preparation phase include microscopic pattern sampling, grinding, polishing, etching and other processes.Sampling pattern should be selected according to purpose of the study, whichever is representative of the site....GrindingCut in the grinding machine polished style, pointed to rounding. Then 180 ℃, 240 ℃, 300 ℃and 600 ℃grit polishing cloth, and back with 800 ℃, 1500 ℃progressively metallographic sandpaper grinding, grinding to 2000 ℃has been rough sandpaper before polishing and fine polishing .Grinding style, each for a grinding step (i.e. for-One sandpaper), the style should be turned 90 degrees the direction of grinding. It will show the wear scar is rubbed off. No abrasive cloth in each style (paper) on the grinding, the mill should be in one direction and avoid grinding back and forth, but to impose the appropriate force of style.PolishingThe pattern needs to be polished finely ground. The purpose of polishing is to remove the legacy of fine grinding fine when worn to obtain bright mirror. Style is polished on the polishing machine specific, and speed like 100 ~ 150r/min. Polishing disk polishing spread when there are velvet and other fabrics, and continue to drip slurry. Polishing or Mg0 by Cr203 abrasive and a very fine-grained water suspension formed, relying on the polishing slurry in the fine grinding powder and style that arise between the role of relative grinding and rolling to eliminate the wear scar. Polishing grinding style should be uniform so that pressure in the rotating polishing disc and the edge to the center along the disk constantly for radial reciprocating motion.ErosionThe pattern has been polished before etching must be observed under the microscope. Erosion is mainly dependent on the metal etchant solution or electrochemical corrosion process, the surface of the metal pattern and the composition of grain and grain boundary phases present between the slightly uneven, under the microscope can be clearly observed on the style surface, etching time should be appropriate, the general pattern can be grinding halt when dark. If lack of repeated erosion. After etching rinse immediately with water, then rinse with alcohol and finally dried with a hair dryer, pattern can be placed on the optical microscope observation.3.4.2 Organization and using optical microscope according to microstructure.3.4.3 Determination of the hardness gradientMicro Hardness TesterIn recent years, micro hardness measuring the hardness of commonly used equipment. Hardness is measured by reading down micro hardness. The focusing mechanism, measuring microscope, loading bodies, correct choice of load, speed automatic loading Unloading Test force control of test force and the proper time, the optical amplification by micro hardness, measured in a certain test .Force of diamond pyramid indenter pressed into the measured object left after the diagonal length of indentation, to find the hard object under test Degree of value.Chapter IV Experimental results and analysis4.1 The hardness of the experimentSpacing is 0.25mm4.2 Metallographic analysis and discussionThrough the above process and experimental results, we can get the 20Creccentric axis of the heart obtained after carburizing Department of 27HRC-32HRC hardness and surface hardness 59 ~ 63HRC, which can guarantee the eccentric shaft has good wear-resistant surface Resistance, high strength and center better plasticity and toughness, while maintaining a core part of the impact resistance of high capacity, it reached the surface carburization purposes.We know that the surface carburization treatment is to carbon content of 0.1% -0.25% of the steel on the carbon potential of the medium to high, by having high activity of carbon atoms diffuse into the steel within a certain thickness of the carbon content is higher The carburized layer, and then quenched \ tempering, the surface of the work piece by high carbon content layer M, and the Ministry for the heart to maintain the original concentration of carbon content in the carbon content of low M, M hardness mainly related to its carbon content, Therefore, treatment and follow-up treatment by carburizing the work piece can be tough in the performance of external hardware.Surface structure (high-carbon tempered marten site + residual austenite + carbide)Filter layer (marten site + retained austenite)Ministry of the heart (low-carbon tempered marten site) Obtained by the above microstructure picture we can see on the eccentric shaft to the surface after carburizing treatment are high-carbon marten site or acicular marten site, the needle is usually in the high-carbon marten site steel and iron-nickel alloy to form - the typical marten site. For low carbon steel, carbon content in less than 1.0%, and the coexistence of marten site, the carbon content of only 1.0% higher than when alone. It is a two-dimensional shape of convex lens sheet, compared with the samplesurface into a needle or bamboo-shaped cross section, it is also known as plate marten site or lens plate marten site. Lens sheet sub-structure is mainly twins, it is also known as twin marten site.In mind we can see by the Ministry of the main organization for low-carbon marten site, which marten site mainly in low, medium carbon steel, as well as margin steel, stainless steel, iron-nickel alloy. Features for each unit of the organization for the narrow and elongated shape of the slab, and many of the strip is always parallel to each other in groups together, it is also known as lath marten site, the structure of its sub-bit Wrong, it is also known dislocation marten site.Eccentric shaft over the surface of the carbon content Pie, so get organized after quenching is mainly acicular marten site, the higher its hard-line level, but the plasticity and toughness on the poor, and heart Ministry of carbon area, it obtained after quenching Lath marten site of the main organizations. But the plasticity and toughness better than the needle-like marten site, the main reason for the sub-structure of lath marten site and dislocation in the carbon zone decision. So be on the eccentric shaft after carburizing treatment was different surface martensitic and heart Ministry, just to meet the working conditions of the eccentric shaft, which improve the wear resistance of the surface layer (carbon content of M), while Ministry to maintain a high level of resistance to the heart shocks, that is, strength and toughness.This material is 20Cr on the eccentric axis: → quenching → cementite after tempering microstructure analysis:Part from the surface after carburizing quenching the basic structure of the Ministry Chitin are: marten site + carbide + retained austenite →marten site and marten site → austenite → marten site carbon core part.Carburizing the most part the highest concentrations of carbon surface, the microstructure of pearlite and a small amount of network carbide (). Carburized layer in an appropriate amount of granular carbide distributed in hidden needle (or needle) shape uniformly. Ministry of the heart is not the organization of raw materials, parts carburized zone area, the lath marten site, not too many massive ferrite composition. Infiltration layer as follows: needle plate marten site, dispersed a small amount of granular carbon and nitrogen compounds and a small amount of residual austenite. Conclusion: The surface layer, transition layer, the center of the microstructure of the theoretical analysis.1. carburizing the most part the highest concentrations of carbon surface, the microstructure of pearlite and a small amount of network carbide (), carburized layer in an appropriate amount of granular carbide uniformly distributed in hidden needle (or needle) shape . Surface hardness is HRC62.3.2. Excessive level of carbon content of about 0.77%. By the amount of lath marten site and acicular marten site formed.3. Heart Ministry is not the organization of raw materials, parts carburized zone area, the pull bar marten site, not too many massive ferrite composition. Minimum hardness of heart is 27.2HRC.Chapter V ConclusionIn the experimental study of the eccentric shaft 20Cr material used for thecarburizing heat treatment and mechanical properties of tissue has an important effect. Carburizing time and depth all affect the hardness of the subsequent quenching by analyzing the shape of the eccentric shaft and the resulting mechanical properties must be pre-heat treatment process, so that the eccentric shaft with an appropriate microstructure, good mechanical performance. Studies in different carburizing heat treatment temperature and cooling patterns influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties of eccentric shaft. Work piece carburizing to study after carburizing carbonitriding layer structure, the phase composition, depth and mechanical properties. Through summarizing the various process designs to explore the rational heat treatment process, make partiality axis has good comprehensive mechanical properties. In this paper the main conclusions obtained institute as follows: 20Cr eccentric shaft by 930 degree heat treatment process carburized five hours, wait temperature drop to 840 degrees out, with oil cold after 10 ℃hardening 160 soil. Its carbonitriding layer in 0.65-0.9 mm, surface hardness of heart HRC62.3, minimum hardness of HRC27.2 of industrial production, accord with heat treatment technology and parameters requirements.偏心轴的热处理及其力学性能的研究摘要本文着重研究了材料为20Cr的偏心轴的热处理（渗碳、淬火、一次回火、二次回火）工艺及其高硬度为主的力学性能。

本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目:The effects of heat treatment onthe microstructure and mechani-cal property of laser melting dep-ositionγ-TiAl intermetallic alloys 文献、资料来源：Materials and Design文献、资料发表（出版）日期:2009.10。

25院（部)：材料科学与工程学院专业：材料成型及控制工程班级：姓名：学号:指导教师：翻译日期：2011。

4。

3中文译文：热处理对激光沉积γ—TiAl金属间化合物合金的组织与性能的影响摘要：Ti—47Al—2。

5V—1Cr 和Ti-40Al—2Cr (at.％）金属间化合物合金通过激光沉积（LMD）成形技术制造。

显微组织的特征通过光学显微镜(OM）、扫描电子显微镜(SEM）、投射电子显微镜(TEM）、和X射线衍射仪（XRD）检测。

沿轴向评估热处理后的沉积试样室温下的抗拉性能和维氏硬度。

结果表明：由γ—TiAl 和α2—Ti3Al构成的γ-TiAl基体试样具有全密度柱状晶粒和细的层状显微组织。

Ti-47Al—2.5V—1Cr基体合金和Ti—40Al-2Cr基体合金沿轴向的室温抗拉强度大约分别为650 MPa、600MPa,而最大延伸率大约为0。

6% 。

热处理后的Ti—47Al—2.5V-1Cr和Ti-40Al-2Cr合金可以得到不同的显微组织.应力应变曲线和次表面的拉伸断裂表明沉积和热处理后的试样的断裂方式是沿晶断裂。

1。

简介金属间化合物γ-TiAl合金由于其高熔点（﹥1450℃)、低密度（3g/cm3）、高弹性模量（160—180GPa）和高蠕变强度（直到900℃）成为很有前景的高温结构材料，一直受到广泛研究［1–4］.但是对于其结构应用来说，这种材料主要缺点之一是在室温下缺少延展性。

此外,这种合金运用传统的制造工艺诸如锻压、轧制和焊接,加工起来比较困难［5].对于TiAl组份，传统的铸造技术不利条件是粗大的铸态组织导致室温下的机械性能变差。

热处理术语的英文翻译热处理术语的英文翻译indication 缺陷test specimen 试样bar 棒材stock 原料billet 方钢，钢方坯bloom 钢坯,钢锭section 型材steel ingot 钢锭blank 坯料，半成品cast steel 铸钢nodular cast iron 球墨铸铁ductile cast iron 球墨铸铁bronze 青铜brass 黄铜copper 合金stainless steel不锈钢decarburization 脱碳scale 氧化皮anneal 退火process anneal 进行退火quenching 淬火normalizing 正火Charpy impact text 夏比冲击试验fatigue 疲劳tensile testing 拉伸试验solution 固溶处理aging 时效处理Vickers hardness维氏硬度Rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度Brinell hardness 布氏硬度hardness tester硬度计descale 除污，除氧化皮等ferrite 铁素体austenite 奥氏体martensite马氏体cementite 渗碳体iron carbide 渗碳体solid solution 固溶体sorbite 索氏体bainite 贝氏体pearlite 珠光体nodular fine pearlite/ troostite屈氏体black oxide coating 发黑grain 晶粒chromium 铬cadmium 镉tungsten 钨molybdenum 钼manganese 锰vanadium 钒molybdenum 钼silicon 硅sulfer/sulphur 硫phosphor/ phosphorus 磷nitrided 氮化的case hardening 表面硬化，表面淬硬air cooling 空冷furnace cooling 炉冷oil cooling 油冷electrocladding /plating 电镀brittleness 脆性strength 强度rigidity 刚性,刚度creep 蠕变deflection 挠度elongation 延伸率yield strength 屈服强度elastoplasticity 弹塑性metallographic structure 金相组织metallographic test 金相试验carbon content 含碳量induction hardening 感应淬火impedance matching 感应淬火hardening and tempering 调质crack 裂纹shrinkage 缩孔，疏松forging 锻（件）casting 铸（件）rolling 轧（件）drawing 拉（件）shot blasting 喷丸（处理）grit blasting 喷钢砂（处理）sand blasting 喷砂（处理）carburizing 渗碳nitriding 渗氮ageing/aging 时效grain size 晶粒度pore 气孔sonim 夹砂cinder inclusion 夹渣lattice晶格abrasion/abrasive/rub/wear/wearing resistance (property) 耐磨性spectrum analysis光谱分析heat/thermal treatment 热处理inclusion 夹杂物segregation 偏析picking 酸洗，酸浸residual stress 残余应力remaining stress 残余应力relaxation of residual stress 消除残余应力stress relief 应力释放。

附录A级进模的热处理的并行设计传统的级进模设计，主要是经验或半经验，脱离制造过程。

在设计完成之前,级进模计划通常一再修改，从而形成一些弊端。

如开发期长、成本高、效果不实用。

由于对精确、使用寿命、开发成本和时间有很高的要求，现代级进模设计和制造应该很完全。

因此，越来越多的先进技术和创新已经被应用，例如并行工程、灵活制造、虚拟制造、合作设计等。

级进模的热处理是与设计、制造和装配同等重要的，因为它对制造、装配和服务具有重要影响。

级进模的设计和制造进步很快。

但在它们背后热处理严重滞后。

级进模工业的发展，热处理必须保证级进模有好的状态及制造、装配和抗磨损性要求。

热处理可以影响级进模生产比如过硬和软、装配。

传统的热处理过程和方法提出了按设计提出的方式。

这会使设计者和级进模及热处理偏离对方，设计者和级进模不能完全实现热处理过程中，材料特性、创意设计了解甚少的服务环境和设计思想。

这些分歧将影响级进模进度。

因此，如果程序设计热处理是在早期设计阶段，目标是缩短开发时间、降低成本、稳定质量，实现了从传统的发展模式，同时并行顺序将会实现。

并行工程是把电脑整合系统设计为载体,在每个阶段开始后，工厂要考虑，例如制造、热处理、成本等因素，以避免错误。

并行方式驳回有缺陷的连续方式，给连续方式带来一场革命。

在当前的工作，同时结合热处理的情况下，死亡和发展模式，并进行了系统的研究和深刻。

1热处理下的并行处理并行方式与顺序方式最终不同。

对于顺序方式，主要考虑级进模的结构设计，几乎没有考虑到过程，这样的错误很容易扩散倒退。

同时，设计部门很少与组装、销售部门和成本核算沟通。

这些问题势必影响级进模的开发进度和市场前景。

而并行方式，政府部门之间的密切关系，各有关部门参加级进模的发展和进步，与买家有着密切联系。

这有利于消除部门之间的矛盾，提高效率，降低成本。

在并行方式中的热处理，没有经费的情况后，采取了蓝图，但在级进模的设计，这样做，有利于优化热处理过程中充分利用潜力的材料。

热处理术语的英文翻译indication 缺陷test specimen 试样bar 棒材stock 原料billet 方钢，钢方坯bloom 钢坯,钢锭section 型材steel ingot 钢锭blank 坯料，半成品cast steel 铸钢nodular cast iron 球墨铸铁ductile cast iron 球墨铸铁bronze 青铜brass 黄铜copper 合金stainless steel不锈钢decarburization 脱碳scale 氧化皮anneal 退火process anneal 进行退火quenching 淬火normalizing 正火Charpy impact text 夏比冲击试验fatigue 疲劳tensile testing 拉伸试验solution 固溶处理aging 时效处理Vickers hardness维氏硬度Rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度Brinell hardness 布氏硬度hardness tester硬度计descale 除污，除氧化皮等ferrite 铁素体austenite 奥氏体martensite马氏体cementite 渗碳体iron carbide 渗碳体solid solution 固溶体sorbite 索氏体bainite 贝氏体pearlite 珠光体nodular fine pearlite/ troostite屈氏体black oxide coating 发黑grain 晶粒chromium 铬cadmium 镉tungsten 钨molybdenum 钼manganese 锰vanadium 钒molybdenum 钼silicon 硅sulfer/sulphur 硫phosphor/ phosphorus 磷nitrided 氮化的case hardening 表面硬化，表面淬硬air cooling 空冷furnace cooling 炉冷oil cooling 油冷electrocladding /plating 电镀brittleness 脆性strength 强度rigidity 刚性,刚度creep 蠕变deflection 挠度elongation 延伸率yield strength 屈服强度elastoplasticity 弹塑性metallographic structure 金相组织metallographic test 金相试验carbon content 含碳量induction hardening 感应淬火impedance matching 感应淬火hardening and tempering 调质crack 裂纹shrinkage 缩孔，疏松forging 锻（件）casting 铸（件）rolling 轧（件）drawing 拉（件）shot blasting 喷丸（处理）grit blasting 喷钢砂（处理）sand blasting 喷砂（处理）carburizing 渗碳nitriding 渗氮ageing/aging 时效grain size 晶粒度pore 气孔sonim 夹砂cinder inclusion 夹渣lattice晶格abrasion/abrasive/rub/wear/wearing resistance (property) 耐磨性spectrum analysis光谱分析heat/thermal treatment 热处理inclusion 夹杂物segregation 偏析picking 酸洗，酸浸residual stress 残余应力remaining stress 残余应力relaxation of residual stress 消除残余应力stress relief 应力释放THANKS !!!致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习课件等等打造全网一站式需求欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考。