译林版英语八年级下册语法知识总结
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8下语法知识总结
Unit 1 Past and Present
1、现在完成时的肯定句、否定句的构成(以实义动词work为例)
肯定句:I/We/You/They have (I/We/You/They’ve) worked.
否定句:I/We/You/They have not (I/We/You/They haven’t) worked.
肯定句:He/She/ It has(He’s/She’s/It’s) worked.
否定句:He/She/It has not(hasn’t) worked.
2、现在完成时的一般疑问句及其简略答语(肯定、否定)的构成
一般疑问句:Have I/we/you/they worked?
肯定简略答语:Yes, I/we/you/they have.
否定简略答语:No, I/we/you/they have not(haven’t).
一般疑问句:Has he/she/ it worked?
肯定简略答语:Yes, he/ she/it has.
否定简略答语:No, he/she/it has not (hasn’t).
3、现在完成时的用法
用法1:过去开始发生的动作或存在的状况一直延续到现在
例句:They have waited for more than two hours.他们等了两个多小时。
He has been an English teacher since 2002.自从2002年以来他一直当英语教师。
特别提示:常用的标志词有:for t wo days/ weeks…, for a long time, since last year/ 2005…
用法2:表示过去已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响
例句:I’ve alread y mailed the letter.那封信我已经寄出。
Have you ever eaten French cheese? 你(曾经)吃过法国奶酪吗?
Has it stopped raining yet? 雨已经停了吗?(yet表示期待雨停止)
I have just finished my homework. 我刚做完家庭作业。
特别提示:常用标志词有:already(用于肯定句),never(用于否定句),ever(用于疑
问句,问初次经历),yet(用于否定句、疑问句),just(位于实义动词前),before (一般位于句末)
用法3:过去发生的动作,到现在为止这一时间段中,多次动作的总和或所做工作量的积累
例句:She really loves that film. She has seen it eight times.她真的很喜欢那部电影。她已看了八遍了。(多次动作的总和)
We have learned three English songs this term.这学期我们已经学了三首英语歌曲了。(所做工作量的积累)
4、现在完成时的时间副词和时间短语:
1)副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句中。
e.g. We have finished our homework.
2)副词ever 和never。多用于否定或疑问句中,表示“曾经”或“从未“等。
e.g. Have you ever been to the Great Wall? 你曾经去过长城吗?
3)用just表示到说话时为止的时间状语,
e.g. I have just seen her, but I don’t know wh ere she is now .
注意:当在肯定陈述句中含有already或just 时,在转换成否定句或疑问句时,要把句中的already 或just 去掉,在句末加上yet.
Unit 2 Travelling
1.have/has been 和have/ has gone 的用法
have/has been(to)、gone(to)、been (in)三者之间的根本区别:
have/has been to 表示当事人曾经去过某地
have/has been in 强调当事人在某地待过一段时间
have/has gone to 强调说话时当事人不在现场,去了某地
注意用法:been (to) + 地点+次数been (in) + 地点+ 段时间/句子
2.和for 或since 连词的动词
现在完成时态表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态, 一直持续到现在, 也许还将继续下去, 可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用, 即for + 一段时间, since + 时间点/ 从句, in the past ten years等, 谓语只能用延续性动词. 注意:
1)动词必须是延续性/持续性动词
---动作具有延续性.e.g. work, wait, study, know learn, copy, talk, lie, have, visit.
2)动词是短暂性动词,必须把它改为延续性动词或延续性的状态.
come, go, arrive, get to, return------be in / at
die---be dead ; open (v.) ----be open (adj.) close--- be closed
join---- be in/ be a member of…be a … member; be in, be with
buy--- have borrow----- keep
get up----be up wake up----be awake
fall asleep/get to sleep---- be asleep
leave--- be away ; leave s.w.----be away from s.w
catch //get// take a cold --- have a cold
become ----be finish ---- be over;
begin // start --- be on begin to do---- do
move to ----live in end---be over
turn on //off----sth. be on//off
return, come, back, get back, go back ---be back
hear from, get ( receive) a letter from --- Have a letter from
get, turn, become (变得,成为)作系动词---be
get married---be married
Unit 3 Online tour
一般过去时和现在完成时的区别:
1、一般过去时和现在完成时都可以表示过去发生的动作,但是在具体语境中,这两种时态有明显区别。