US History Notes Chapter 1 美国历史笔记(英文版)第一章

Chapter 1: The European arrived America (Aug 25)

-The Columbian Voyages

1. Intending to discover an oceanic passage to Asia, in 1492 Christopher

Columbus instead mistakenly discovered the Americas. –five years

after Columbus Portugal try to go India by the route around Africa. Slaves,

goods for trades which were they for. 80000 miles away for the whole global

trip.

2. 1A1-1A3 pp. 1-6 –a group of Mexico, Tanios people found Native Mexico

first. They saw many naked wild people on this land and drew some maps sent

back. Amerigo Vespucci’s maps are very accurate. Map of Amerigo. Juan Gines de Sepulveda talked with Emperor Charles V in the debate. Description: They are organization, friendly, help in culture.

-What differences does Sepulveda emphasize between Europeans

(especially Spaniards) and the Indians? On what grounds does he

assert the superiority of European culture?

-How are his views of the Indians different from those of Sepulveda?

What ideas did the two debaters share?

3. The papal divide (1494) the treaty of Tordesillas, promulgated by

Pope Alexander VI, drew a line dividing all claims to land in the

Americas between Portugal and Spain . Until the arrival of the Spanish

and Portuguese in the America.

- Caribbean Experiments (Aug 27)

•Columbus’s secon d voyage to the New World established the first Spanish Colony in the Americas (in present-day Santo Domingo)

•Tainos were the first indigenous people to meet the Spaniards

•Great Antilles in 1520

In the west, Indians explored by Columbus, most of inhabitants, as shown in map is Tainos. Columbus’s knowledge that Marco Polo found 7400

islands

- Spanish Dominance

•Within a single generation after the death of Columbus. Spain had conquered most of the New World

•Spain as motivated by religion, nationalist pride, and dreams of personal enrichment

•The Spanish Entrodos in North America

- The Great Dying

•Spanish contacts with the natives of the Caribbean, Central Mexico, and Peru in the early 16th Century triggered a biological epidemic of smallpox in which some 6 million

•The Caribbean Exchange

Imported animals from Europe (cattle, goats, pigs, etc.) devastated the

fragile environment of the New World

Various plants (especially weeds) imported accidentally from Europe

Corn, potato, tomato, pepper, pineapple, chocolate ═ coffee, pig, cow,

sheep

- Silver Sugar and their Consequences

•Silver and gold was found abundantly in the New World, especially in South America

•Native labor was coerced into mining the metals for the Spanish

•Sugar production grew at an alarming rate, due to the changing tastes of Europeans

•African slaves were deemed the best labor to produce the sugar

-Religious conflict during the era of reconnaissance •Martin Luther’s Protestant Reformation

•John Calvin’s Calvinism

•Henry VIII and the Anglican Church

•England challenges Spain