2009华中农业大学二〇〇九年硕士研究生入学考试

研究生入学考试生物化学（蛋白质）历年真题试卷汇编8(总分60,考试时间90分钟)1. 简答题1. (上海交通大学2006年考研试题)在一个筛选程序中探测到一个迁移率异常的Hb。

胰蛋白酶消化后的指纹分析显示在β链内发生了一个氨基酸的取代：正常的氨基端(胰蛋白酶酶切产物，其氨基端第一残基是Val)八肽(Val-His-Leu-Thr-Pro-Glu-Glu-Lys)不见了，代之以一个新的六肽。

(1)哪些氨基酸取代符合上述观察到的现象?(2)给出部分密码表如表所示，编码上述正常(p链氨基端)八肽的DNA序列为GTGCACCTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAG，此序列中哪些单碱基突变可造成这样的氨基酸取代?(3)这个(突变的)Hb与HbA和。

HbS比较(pH8)，(如朝负极泳动)三者的电泳迁移率有什么区别?2. (四川大学2007年考研试题)许多埋在膜内的蛋白(内在蛋白)与细胞中的蛋白质不同，它们几乎不可能从膜上转移至水溶液中。

然而，此类蛋白的溶解和转移，常可用含有十二烷基硫酸钠或其他的去污剂，例如胆酸的钠盐等溶液来完成，这是什么道理?3. (四川大学2007年考研试题)有一蛋白质样品，经：①PAGE(2种pH条件下)Westernblot(免疫印迹)，梯度凝胶电泳分析均显示单一蛋白质着色带；②经HPLC和Sephadex200分子筛层析均显示单一蛋白对称洗脱峰，相对分子质量为240000；③在非还原条件下，进行SDS-PAGE显示1打蛋白着色带，相对分子质量为120000，还原条件下，显示1条蛋白着色带，相对分子质量为60000；但经IEF却发现为弥散的一组蛋白着色带(pI3．0～6．0)，请根据以上试验结果分析其此蛋白质均一性如何?此蛋白质的结构和组成如何?4. (四川大学2007年考研试题)在生物大分子(蛋白质、酶和核酸等)的分离纯化过程中，为了防止其变性失活，应采取哪些措施或注意哪些问题?5. (四川大学2006年考研试题)今有以下四种蛋白质的混合物：①分子量50000，pI=10；②分子量72000，pI=3．5；③分子量31，000，pI=7；④分子量12000，pI=5，用中性盐梯度洗脱时，若不考虑其他因素：(1)当它们流过DEAE一纤维素阴离子交换柱；(2)流经SephadexG-100凝胶过滤柱时，这些蛋白质的洗脱顺序如何?6. (四川大学2006年考研试题)根据蛋白质的一级结构序列可以预测蛋白质的空间结构。

华中农业大学硕士研究生入学考试大纲考试科目：623《新闻与传播专业综合能力》一、考试的学科范围本课程考试范围包括：广告运作、品牌管理、传媒经营、网络与新媒体传播四部分。

二、要求掌握的基本内容要求了解广告运作、品牌管理、传媒经营及网络和新媒体传播业界的最新趋势，掌握广告运作、品牌管理、传媒经营、网络与新媒体传播领域的基本知识、理论和实践技能，能够综合运用上述相关学科的基本知识、理论和方法解释各种传播现象、解决各种传播问题。

三、参考书目1. 张金海、余晓莉：《现代广告学教程》，高等教育出版社2. 阿伦斯等：《当代广告学》，丁俊杰、程坪、陈志娟译，人民邮电出版社3. 黄合水：《品牌学概论》，高等教育出版社4. 凯勒：《战略品牌管理》，吴水龙、何云译，中国人民大学出版社5. 喻国明、丁汉青、支庭荣：《传媒经济学教程》，中国人民大学出版社6. 谢新洲：《媒介经营与管理》，北京大学出版社7. 彭兰：《网络传播概论》，中国人民大学出版社8. 李良荣：《网络与新媒体概论》，高等教育出版社四、考试的知识范围（课程复习大纲）（一）广告与广告市场1、广告的起源及社会功能2、现代广告的定义及其本质3、广告产业的性质及其范围4、广告市场的含义及其构成5、广告代理制6、广告公司、媒体、广告主、受众7、直销、推销、促销、事件营销、公关与广告（二）广告运作过程1、广告调查的内容及方法2、广告策划的原则、方法与流程3、广告创意的思维与方法4、广告表现的基本元素与技巧5、广告媒体的选择、组合与排期6、广告效果的发生模式、测定方法（三）现代广告新发展1、“整合营销传播”理论及其实践2、数字化背景下的广告运作与广告形态革新3、互联网交互式信息平台营销传播的开发与利用（四）品牌资产评估1、品牌的本质与意义2、品牌与品牌资产3、基于顾客的品牌资产4、品牌意识与品牌联想5、品牌主观质量与品牌态度6、品牌忠诚7、品牌资产模型（五）品牌建设管理1、品牌化决策、品牌架构、品牌组合2、品牌定位、品牌识别3、品牌延伸、品牌联盟、品牌更新、品牌维护4、品牌社群、品牌故事、品牌杠杆5、品牌本土化与国际化6、品牌价值链7、品牌建设步骤8、品牌营销传播方案9、数字时代的品牌建设（六）传媒产业的基本特征1、传媒产业的经济特征2、传媒产业的商业模式3、传媒产业的经济本质4、传媒产业价值链5、传媒产品的类型及特征6、传媒市场的结构与特征（七）传媒产业的其它特征1、传媒产业中的外部性和网络外部性2、传媒产业中的市场失灵和政府失灵3、传媒产业中的规模经济与范围经济4、传媒产业中的虚拟经济与流量经济5、传媒产品跨国流动中的文化折扣现象6、传媒市场中的明星高收入现象7、世界当代传媒业概况与特征8、中国当代传媒业概况与特征（八）传媒组织的经营与管理1、传媒经营与管理的目标2、传媒的所有制形式、管理方式和运行模式3、媒介融合与跨媒介经营4、传媒广告资源开发与运营（九）互联网的演进及对传媒产业的影响1、互联网的技术基础及其发展逻辑2、网络媒体及其演变3、网络媒体冲击下传统媒体的变革4、互联网的未来走向及其影响（十）网络传播及其特征1、网络的属性与传播形态2、新媒体新在何处3、网络与新媒体用户特征4、网络与新媒体信息特征5、社会化媒体应用的基本思维与策略6、网络传播的具体形式及其特征（十一）网络传播与社会发展1、网络与舆情、舆论2、网络文化及其影响3、网络技术与“数字鸿沟”4、网络时代的媒介素养5、网络传播与乡村发展。

教育部关于做好2009年全日制专业学位硕士研究生教育部关于做好2009年全日制专业学位硕士研究生招生计划安排工作的通知教发〔2009〕6号各省、自治区、直辖市教育厅（教委）、高等学校招生委员会，有关研究生招生单位：为更好地适应国家经济社会发展对高层次、多类型人才的需要，增强研究生教育服务经济社会发展的能力，当前和今后一个时期要加快研究生教育结构调整优化的步伐,努力提高研究生选拔培养质量，积极为国家经济社会发展培养应用型、紧缺型人才。

经研究决定，2009年在已下达的研究生招生计划基础上，增加全日制专业学位硕士研究生招生5万名，现就有关事项通知如下：一、统筹规划，调整优化研究生招生类型结构加强专业学位研究生招生工作是新时期、新阶段进一步完善和发展研究生教育的需要，是进一步优化研究生教育结构的重要举措，是研究生招生制度改革的重要内容。

各研究生招生单位要加大研究生培养类型和培养模式改革的力度，统筹规划好学术型和应用型研究生教育的发展，增加符合我国产业结构特环节作相应调整，参照有关专业学位研究生培养方案制定专门的全日制教学计划，学生毕业后颁发研究生毕业证书和硕士专业学位证书。

专业学位硕士研究生培养收费标准及其他奖助政策按照《教育部关于做好全日制专业学位硕士研究生招生收费有关工作的通知》（教财〔2009〕5号）确定，其它待遇方面应与普通专业学术型自筹经费研究生相同。

请各招生单位认真填报《2009年全日制专业学位硕士研究生分专业（领域）招生计划汇总表》（附件3）和2009年全日制专业学位硕士研究生分专业（领域）招生计划数据库（数据库结构见附件4），于3月13日前报教育厅（教委）、省级招办，省级招办汇总后在3月15日前分别通过邮寄和上传中国研究生招生信息网后台公文收发（公网网址 ，教育网网址 ）报送教育部高校学生司。

附件：1.2009年招收全日制硕士研究生的专业学位类别、专业（领域）代码表2.2009年全日制专业学位硕士研究生招生计划安排表3.2009年全日制专业学位硕士研究生分专业（领域）招生计划汇总表4.2009年全日制专业学位硕士研究生分专业（领域）招生计划数据库结构表教育部二〇〇九年三月十一日附件1：2009年招收全日制硕士研究生的专业学位类别、专业（领域）代码表附件2：2009年全日制专业学位硕士研究生招生计划安排表北京市6665北京大学600 北京外国语大学110 中国人民大学400 北京语言大学40 清华大学300 中央财经大学140 北京交通大学280 对外经济贸易大学100 北京工业大学105 北京物资学院30 北京航空航天大学400 中国人民公安大学30 北京理工大学250 北京体育大学60 北京科技大学200 中央民族大学60 北方工业大学60 中国政法大学300 北京化工大学50 北京信息科技大学30 北京工商大学40 华北电力大学400 北京邮电大学500 中国矿业大学（北京）150 北京建筑工程学院30 中国石油大学（北京）400 中国农业大学150 中国地质大学（北京）230 北京农学院30 中国科学院研究生院300 北京林业大学100 中国社会科学院研究生院150 北京协和医学院30 军事医学科学院60 首都医科大学40 财政部财政科学研究所20 北京中医药大学30 中国农业科学院50 北京师范大学100 军医进修学院100 首都师范大学150 中国林业科学研究院10 首都体育学院30 中国中医科学院20天津市1490南开大学350 天津医科大学30 天津大学550 天津中医药大学55 天津科技大学55 天津师范大学190 天津工业大学55 天津财经大学70 中国民航大学40 天津体育学院20 天津理工大学55 天津城市建设学院20河北省865河北大学110 河北医科大学150 河北工程大学40 河北师范大学50河北工业大学180 石家庄铁道学院30 河北理工大学40 燕山大学180 河北科技大学40 河北经贸大学15 河北农业大学30山西省710山西大学160 山西农业大学50 太原科技大学50 山西医科大学100 中北大学120 山西师范大学70 太原理工大学160内蒙古自治区790内蒙古大学280 内蒙古师范大学195 内蒙古工业大学140 内蒙古民族大学20 内蒙古农业大学100 内蒙古科技大学55辽宁省2240辽宁大学190 沈阳建筑大学40 大连理工大学400 辽宁工业大学30 沈阳工业大学90 沈阳农业大学80 沈阳航空工业学院30 大连水产学院30 沈阳理工大学40 中国医科大学100 东北大学330 大连医科大学60 辽宁科技大学30 辽宁中医药大学30 辽宁工程技术大学90 辽宁师范大学70 辽宁石油化工大学30 沈阳师范大学30 沈阳化工学院30 渤海大学40 大连交通大学40 东北财经大学190 大连海事大学170 中国刑事警察学院10 大连工业大学40 沈阳体育学院20吉林省1550吉林大学700 吉林农业大学110 延边大学150 长春中医药大学40 长春理工大学40 东北师范大学350 东北电力大学40 吉林师范大学40 长春工业大学40 北华大学40黑龙江省1440黑龙江大学190 东北农业大学90 哈尔滨工业大学370 东北林业大学100 哈尔滨工程大学140 哈尔滨医科大学60 大庆石油学院95 黑龙江中医药大学30 齐齐哈尔大学40 哈尔滨师范大学130 佳木斯大学30 哈尔滨理工大学95 黑龙江八一农垦大学70上海市3875复旦大学700 华东师范大学480 同济大学600 上海师范大学55 上海交通大学700 上海外国语大学40 华东理工大学220 上海财经大学100 上海理工大学80 华东政法大学200 上海海事大学75 上海体育学院40 东华大学260 第二军医大学100 上海海洋大学75 上海大学110 上海中医药大学40江苏省4960南京大学700 南京林业大学170 苏州大学520 江苏大学170 东南大学400 南通大学60 南京航空航天大学190 南京农业大学130 南京理工大学400 南京医科大学110 江苏科技大学100 徐州医学院40 中国矿业大学350 南京中医药大学50 南京工业大学170 南京师范大学250 南京邮电大学210 徐州师范大学80 河海大学230 南京体育学院20 江南大学240 扬州大学370浙江省1430浙江大学580 温州医学院60 杭州电子科技大学130 浙江师范大学160 浙江工业大学170 杭州师范大学80 浙江理工大学80 浙江工商大学55浙江海洋学院30 宁波大学55 浙江林学院30安徽省1220安徽大学120 安徽医科大学60 中国科学技术大学350 蚌埠医学院30 合肥工业大学320 皖南医学院30 安徽工业大学50 安徽中医学院30 安徽理工大学50 安徽师范大学30 安徽农业大学70 安徽财经大学80福建省1140厦门大学450 集美大学30 华侨大学140 福建医科大学50 福州大学200 福建中医学院15 福建农林大学75 福建师范大学180江西省1000南昌大学270 景德镇陶瓷学院20 华东交通大学115 江西农业大学20 东华理工大学20 江西中医学院10 南昌航空大学75 江西师范大学150 江西理工大学70 江西财经大学250山东省2960山东大学600 青岛农业大学60 中国海洋大学450 潍坊医学院65 山东科技大学200 山东中医药大学85 中国石油大学（华东）300 山东师范大学180 青岛科技大学80 曲阜师范大学100 济南大学55 聊城大学60 青岛理工大学60 鲁东大学50 山东建筑大学45 山东体育学院30 山东轻工业学院50 烟台大学75 山东理工大学65 青岛大学260 山东农业大学90河南省930华北水利水电学院40 河南科技大学80 郑州大学280 河南农业大学80 河南理工大学100 河南大学200 郑州轻工业学院30 河南师范大学90 河南工业大学30湖北省3545武汉大学750 湖北工业大学70 华中科技大学750 华中农业大学100 武汉科技大学90 华中师范大学280 长江大学100 湖北大学120 武汉工程大学80 中南财经政法大学280 中国地质大学300 武汉体育学院30 武汉工业学院35 中南民族大学20 武汉理工大学450 三峡大学90湖南省1750湘潭大学130 湖南农业大学180 湖南大学450 中南林业科技大学35 中南大学500 南华大学85 湖南科技大学30 湖南中医药大学10 长沙理工大学130 湖南师范大学200广东省2570中山大学600 华南师范大学150 暨南大学220 广州体育学院30 汕头大学30 深圳大学120 华南理工大学600 广东商学院50 华南农业大学100 广州大学120 广东海洋大学30 仲恺农业工程学院20 广州医学院60 广东工业大学150 广东医学院20 广东外语外贸大学120 广州中医药大学30 南方医科大学120广西壮族自治区450广西大学180 广西医科大学80桂林电子科技大学45 广西中医学院30 桂林工学院35 广西师范大学80海南省100海南大学100重庆市1490重庆大学500 西南大学320 重庆邮电大学100 重庆师范大学80 重庆交通大学100 第三军医大学100 重庆医科大学100 西南政法大学190四川省2400四川大学480 西华大学60 西南交通大学350 四川农业大学160 电子科技大学600 四川师范大学80 西南石油大学80 西华师范大学110 成都理工大学90 西南财经大学250 西南科技大学50 成都体育学院30 成都信息工程学院40 西南民族大学20贵州省320贵州大学180 贵阳中医学院25 贵阳医学院25 贵州师范大学40 遵义医学院50云南省665云南大学300 昆明医学院50 昆明理工大学290 云南师范大学25西藏自治区10西藏大学10陕西省2535西北大学180 陕西科技大学20 西安交通大学500 西安工程大学60 西北工业大学245 西北农林科技大学150 西安理工大学70 第四军医大学100 西安电子科技大学500 陕西师范大学140 西安工业大学40 西北政法大学140 西安建筑科技大学130 西安体育学院30 西安科技大学70 长安大学110 西安石油大学50甘肃省560兰州大学200 甘肃农业大学80 兰州理工大学80 甘肃中医学院40 兰州交通大学80 西北师范大学80青海省30青海师范大学30宁夏回族自治区90宁夏大学70 宁夏医科大学20新疆维吾尔自治区220新疆大学70 新疆医科大学35 新疆农业大学45 新疆师范大学30 石河子大学40附件3：2009年全日制专业学位硕士研究生分专业（领域）招生计划汇总表招生单位名称（盖章）：填表人：联系电话：注：1. 院系所代码和名称与本招生年度统考硕士专业目录一致。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案：Section Ⅰ1-5 B A D B C 11-15 D B C D A6-10 A D C B D 16-20 C B A A CSection ⅡPart A21-25 C D A D A 31-35 D B B C C26-30 A C D A B 36-40 B B D A CPart B41-45 C E A B GPart C46.译文：虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机构价值的标准是其丰富和完善人生方面所起的作用，但这种作用并不是我们最初动机的组成部分。

47. 译文：人们只是逐渐地才注意到机构的这一副产品，而人们把这种作用视为机构运作的指导性因素的过程则更为缓慢48. 译文：虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们很容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。

49．译文：由于我们对年轻人所做的首要工作在于使他们能够在生活中彼此相融，因此我们不仅要考虑自己是否在形成让他们获得这种能力的力量。

50. 译文：这就使我们得以在一只讨论的广义的教育过程中进一步区分出一种更为正式的教育形式，即直接教授或学校教育。

Section ⅢPart ADear editor，I have been reading your newspaper for many years and now I am writing this letter toinform you of the pressing situation we are facing now.Accustomed to using plastic bags in daily life, some people still take the “white polluti granted, which will greatly worsen our environment. As we know, limiting the use of disposableplastic bags is of utmost significance. Therefore, to save the situation from further aggravating, Iwould like to give the following suggestions:First and foremost, groups and individuals who are polluting our environment by using theplastic disposable plastic bags should be severely punished. In addition, the local media canmake full use of their own influence to publicize the negative effect of plastic bags and enhancepeople’s awareness of environmental protection. Last but not least, new technologies should bedeveloped to find possible alternatives with degradable and renewable materials.I hope that my suggestions are helpful and your prompt attention to my suggestions would behighly appreciated.Sincerely yours，Li MingPart BAs we can see in the picture, many people, old or young, men or women, are in front of acomputer and using the internet in the space just like a huge web of a spider. The caption in thedrawing reads: “the internet: near or far ”.It is obvious that the huge spider web is the symbol of the Internet and the symbolic meaningof the picture is the effect of the internet on people’s way of life.There is no doubt that theInternet provides us with considerable convenience. Internet is revolutionizing our way of living,making many things possible which are beyond our dreams. As a communication tool, the internetmakes us closer than ever before by providing immediate communication via e-mail, QQ, MSN orICQ, no matter how far away our friends are. So in this sense, the internet is making us nearer toeach other.However, there are negative effects of the internet on people’s life. As is shown in the picture people are imprisoned in their own respective small cabins, indulging in their own world. Theychoose contacting online rather than communicating face to face. Due to the addiction to thefictional experience, people seem to have forgotten the traditional and most efficientcommunication method, and thus indifference has become a not uncommon phenomenon in themodern world. We often hear parents complain that they have less and less time chatting withtheir children either because their children spend too much time playing games or chatting onlinewith friends or strangers. Also there are couples who seldom talk with each other. Therefore,internet seems to make near people far away.Hence, how to use modern communicating tools such as internet properly has becomes a hotissue in recent years. While we are enjoying the convenience provided by the internet, we shouldalso bear in mind that human beings are social beings who need real interpersonal interactions.Joint efforts are needed to ensure enough time for people especially families to have face-to-facecommunication with each other. Only in this way can we expect a healthy development of therelationship among individuals.答案详解第一部分英语知识运用这是一篇关于动物智能方面的文章，节选自2008年5月7日刊登在《纽约时报》的The Cost of Smarts（“聪明的代价”）。

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学联考植物生理学与生物化学真题2009年(总分：149.99，做题时间：180分钟)一、植物生理学 (总题数：15，分数：15.00)1.植物细胞质膜中，含量最高的脂类物质是( )。

（分数：1.00）A.硫脂B.糖脂C.磷脂√D.胆固醇解析：[解析] 植物细胞质膜的化学组成。

[解析] 植物细胞质膜的主要成分是脂类和蛋白质。

膜脂主要包括磷脂、糖脂和胆固醇。

磷脂是构成膜脂的基本成分，占整个膜脂的50%以上；糖脂在膜脂中的含量一般在5%以下；胆固醇在膜脂中的含量较低。

因此，植物细胞质膜中，含量最高的脂类物质是磷脂。

2.植物细胞中，组成微丝的蛋白质是( )。

（分数：1.00）A.力蛋白B.动蛋白C.角蛋白D.肌动蛋白√解析：[解析] 植物细胞骨架。

[解析] 细胞骨架包括微丝、微管和中间纤维。

微丝是由肌动蛋白聚合而成的、直径为7nm的丝状结构。

力蛋白和动蛋白是依赖微管的马达蛋白，它们可以通过水解ATP沿微管运动。

角蛋白是中间纤维的重要组分。

因此，植物细胞中，组成微丝的蛋白质是肌动蛋白。

3.C4植物光合作用固定CO2形成的第一个产物是( )。

（分数：1.00）A.琥珀酸B.草酰乙酸√C.苹果酸D.天冬氨酸解析：[解析] 光合碳同化。

[解析] 光合碳同化包括C3代谢途径、C4代谢途径和景天酸代谢途径。

C4植物CO2固定在叶肉细胞和维管束鞘细胞中进行，CO2的受体是叶肉细胞细胞质中的PEP，在PEPC催化下，形成草酰乙酸，形成的草酰乙酸在叶肉细胞叶绿体中被还原为苹果酸，也可在细胞质中由天冬氨酸转氨酶催化，经转氨基作用而形成天冬氨酸。

因此，C4植物光合作用固定CO2形成的第一个产物是草酰乙酸。

4.将暗适应的植物转到光下，其叶绿体类囊体腔内pH和Mg2+浓度的变化是( )。

（分数：1.00）A.pH升高、Mg2+降低B.pH降低、Mg2+升高C.pH不变、Mg2+升高D.pH降低、Mg2+降低√解析：[解析] 光合碳同化。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试农学门类联考数学试题一、选择题：1～8小题，每小题4分，共32分，下列每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内. （1）在(,)ππ-内，函数tan xy x=的可去间断点的个数为（ ） ()A .0()B . 1 ()C .2()D .3【答案】()D 【解析】tan x y x =0x =，0lim 1tan x xx→=，0x =为可去间断点；2x π=±，2lim0tan x xxπ→±=，2x π=±为可去间断点。

故共3个，选()D（2）函数2ln(1)y x =+的单调增加图形为凹的区间是（ ）()A .(,1)-∞-()B .(1,0)- ()C .(0,1)()D .(1,)+∞【答案】C【解析】()()()()222222220012121201111xy x xx y x x x x x x '=>⇒>+-''=⋅+-⋅=>⇒-<<++取交集得：()0,1x ∈，选C 。

（3）函数22()x x t f x e dt --=⎰的极值点为x =（ ）()A .12()B .14 ()C .14-()D .12-【答案】A【解析】因()()()()()2222''212x x x x f x ex x x e ----=⋅-=-令()'0f x =，得12x =，又()()()()()()222222'2''22221222(12)(x x x x x x fx ex ex x x x x e ------⎡⎤⎡⎤=-+-⋅⋅--=-+-⋅-⎣⎦⎢⎥⎣⎦得''102f ⎛⎫≠ ⎪⎝⎭，故12x =为极值点，应选A 。

（4）设区域{}22(,)2,0D x y x x y x y =≤+≤≥，则在极坐标下二重积分xydxdy =⎰⎰（ ）()A 2cos 220cos cos sin d r dr πθθθθθ⎰⎰()B 2cos 320cos cos sin d r dr πθθθθθ⎰⎰ ()C 2c o s 20c o sc o s s i nd r d rπθθθθθ⎰⎰()D 2cos 30cos cos sin d r dr πθθθθθ⎰⎰【答案】B【解析】原积分32cos 2cos cos sin cos sin 22cos cos 00d r r rdr d r dr ππθθθθθθθθθθ=⋅⋅=⎰⎰⎰⎰（5）设矩阵121242242A ab a ⎛⎫ ⎪=+ ⎪ ⎪+⎝⎭的秩为2，则（ ） ()A .0,0a b == ()B . 0,0a b =≠ ()C .0,0a b ≠=()D .0,0a b ≠≠【答案】()C【解析】1211002422024220A ab ab a a ⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪=+→ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪+⎝⎭⎝⎭ 因为0a =时，()1r A =，所以0a ≠，1000000A ab a ⎛⎫⎪→ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭因为()2r A =，所以0b =，综上0,0a b ≠=。

华中农业大学二○○九年硕士研究生入学考试课程名称：食品化学一、名词解释题（每小题2分，共20分）1.等温吸着曲线2.脂肪同质多晶现象3.嗅感4.乳化容量5.香味增强剂6.氧合作用7.疏水相互作用8.蛋白质的二级结构9.维生素原10.Modified Starch二、填空题（每题1分，共20分）1.在食品中水的存在形式有和游离水两种，其中对食品的保存性能影响最大的是。

2.天然蛋白质中的氨基酸均为型结构，常见的氨基酸一般含有一个氨基和一个。

3.油脂的熔点也与油脂的晶体结构有关：油脂的晶型分别是，它们密度大小的顺序是。

4.下述多糖、蛋白质所形成的凝胶是热可逆的有，在形成凝胶时需要钙离子。

血清蛋白，大豆蛋白，酪蛋白，明胶，果胶，海藻酸钠，琼脂，卵清蛋白，卡拉胶，改性纤维素。

5.在天然色素中，叶绿素为绿色可以溶于，花青苷是水溶性的，一般为色或者蓝色。

6.苯甲酸在性pH条件下具有较强的抑菌能力，它同山梨酸之间存在作用。

7.常见的食品有害成分中，胰蛋白酶抑制物存在于中，而龙葵素则常常能够在发芽的土豆中能检测出。

8.在蛋白质的功能性质中，水合性质是指蛋白质同的作用。

剪切稀释则是指在条件下蛋白质溶液黏度的改变。

9.直链淀粉虽然在冷水中不溶，加热时会产生现象，但经过一段时间的放置会发生现象。

10.色淀是由合成色素和制成的，色淀在水中的溶解行为是。

11.LD50的中文意思是。

一种食品添加剂的LD50为2400mg/kg，另一种食品添加剂的LD50为500mg/kg，则急性毒性较强的为。

12.水溶性维生素中热稳定性最差的是，总体上看最稳定的是。

13.HBL为4的乳化剂适用于型的乳化体系，而HBL为13的乳化剂适用于型的乳化体系。

14.在油脂加工中，脱胶处理除去的是，碱精炼处理除去的是。

15.在发生美拉德反应时，与果糖相比，葡萄糖的反应性果糖，赖氨酸的反应性是所有氨基酸中。

16.在发生美拉德反应时高温下的反应速度比低温下的速度，添加可以有效地抑制反应进行。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are.1 the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer‘s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is an 4 in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it 5 out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow 6 the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual 7 — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they‘ve apparently learned is when to 8 .Is there an adaptive value to 9 intelligence? That‘s the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance 10 at all the species we‘ve left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real11 of our own intelligence might be. This is 12 the mind of every animal I‘ve ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would 13 on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, 14 , is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that 15 animals ran the labs, they would test us to 16 the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really 17 , not merely how much of it there is. 18 , they would hope to study a 19 question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? 20 the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C]inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think19. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. ―Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,‖ William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word ―habit‖ carries a ne gative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don‘t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they‘re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.―The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,‖ says Dawna Markova, author of ―The Open Mind‖ and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Part ners. ―But we are taught instead to ‗decide,‘ just as our president calls himself ‗the Decider.‘‖ She adds, however, that ―to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.‖A ll of us work through problems in ways of which we‘re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to2approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. ―This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything,‖ explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book ―This Year I Will...‖ and Ms. Markova‘s business partner. ―That‘s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you‘re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.‖ This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by beingA. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable.22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can beA. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23.‖ ruts‖(in li ne one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning toA. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova‘s comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ? A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom –or at least confirm that he‘s the kid‘s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.3Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family‘s geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, ―There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,‖ says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father‘s line or mito chondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don‘t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26.In paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK‘s ___________.[A]easy availability[B]flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A]locate one‘s b irth place[B]promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A]trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.4[A]disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A]Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It‘s problems[C]DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.Ironically, the first evidence for this idea appeared in the United States. Not long ago, with the country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the global leader in automotive-assembly productivity. Yet the research revealed that the U.S. factories of Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.More recently, while examing housing construction, the researchers discovered that illiterate, non-English- speaking Mexican workers in Houston, Texas, consistently met best-practice labor productivity standards despite the complexity of the building industry‘s work.What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don‘t force it. After all, that‘s how education got started. When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years ago, they didn‘t have time to wonder much about anything besides finding food. Only when humanity began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.As education improved, humanity‘s productivity potential, they could in turn afford more education. This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the complex political systems required by advanced5economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn‘t const rain the ability of the developing world‘s workforce to substantially improve productivity for the forested future. On the contrary, constraints on improving productivity explain why education isn‘t developing more quickly there than it is.31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries ___________.[A] is subject groundless doubts[B] has fallen victim of bias[C] is conventional downgraded[D] has been overestimated32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system __________.[A]challenges economists and politicians[B]takes efforts of generations[C] demands priority from the government[D] requires sufficient labor force33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive[C]the U.S workforce has a better education[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.[A] when people had enough time[B] prior to better ways of finding food[C] when people on longer went hung[D] as a result of pressure on government35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.[A] results directly from competitive environments[B] does not depend on economic performance[C] follows improved productivity[D] cannot afford political changesText 4The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was ―So much6important attached to intellectual pursuits ‖ Accord ing to many books and articles, New England‘s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans‘ theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. `Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts church in the decade after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. There men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts men or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, The in thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. sexual confusion, economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read th e magical words: ―come out from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.‖ One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.Mean while , many se ttles had slighter religious commitments than Dane‘s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New world for religion . ―Our main end was to catch fish. ‖36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life.[B] intellectual interests were encouraged.[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations738. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.[A] were famous in the New World for their writings[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.[A] influenced by superstitions[B] troubled with religious beliefs[C] puzzled by church sermons[D] frustrated with family earnings40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect[C] came from different backgrounds.[D] left few formal records for later referencePart BDirections:Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Coinciding with the groundbreaking theory of biological evolution proposed by British naturalist Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies, changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he attempted to show how all aspects of culture changed together in the evolution of societies.42._____________.In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a new theory of culture known as historical particularism. Historical particularism, which emphasized the uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .8Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not as one of many cultures belonging to a broader evolutionary stage or type of culture. 44._______________.Historical particularism became a dominant approach to the study of culture in American anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that, according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.Also in the early 1900s, French sociologist Émile Durkheim developed a theory of culture that would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture—known as functionalism—became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin and passed from society to society. This theory was known as diffusionism.[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics, the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the ―survival of the fittest,‖ in which weaker races and societies must eventu ally be replaced by stronger, more advanced races and societies.[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people‘s social structure, such as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children‘s entrance into adulthood.[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage, categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms of government, technology, and systems of food production, all changed as societies evolved.[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a society functioning.[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested, on the basis of inadequate information, that farming, pottery9making, and metallurgy all originated in ancient Egypt and diffused throughout the world. In fact, all of these cultural developments occurred separately at different times in many parts of the world.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association.46It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. 47Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance.48 While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.Section & Writing10Part A51. Directions:Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions. ―White pollution ‖is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to1)give your opinions briefly and2)make two or three suggestionsYou should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address.Part B52. Directions:In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)11。

2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析Section I Use of English一、文章结构本文是一篇有关动物智力话题的文章。

文章源自2008年5月的The New York Times （《纽约时报》），作者是Verlyn Klingkenberg ，原文标题为“The Cost of Smarts ” （《聪明的代价》）。

全文结构思路如下所示：二、试题解析Ⅰ○1Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are. ○2 1 the fruit-fly experiments described by Carl Zimmer in the Science Times. ○3Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly 2 to live shorter lives. ○4This suggests that 3 bulbs burn longer, that there is a(n) 4 in not being too bright. 对动物的智力研究总使我们想知道人类是如何得聪明。

就以《科学时代》里Carl Zimmer 的论文所描述的果蝇实验为例吧。

经过训练比一般果蝇更聪明的那些果蝇趋向于有更短的寿命。

这表明光线暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长一些，暗淡也是一种优势。

1. [A] Suppose 假设、猜想 [B] Consider 考虑 [C] Observe 观察 [D] Imagine 设想【正确答案】[B] 【试题考点】语义衔接/词汇辨析【解题思路】文章开篇指出：Research on animal intelligence always makes us wonder just how smart humans are （对动物智力的研究总是让我们对人类到底有多聪明感到好奇”，接着举了果蝇的例子。

华中农业大学二OO一年食品化学硕士研究生入学考试一、名词解释（共10分，每题1分）1.滞后效应采用回吸的方法绘制的MSI和按解吸的方法绘制的MSI并不互相重叠的现象称为滞后效应。

2.改性淀粉天然淀粉经过适当的化学处理、物理处理或酶处理，使某些加工性能得到改善，以适应特定的需要，这种淀粉称为变性淀粉。

3.必需氨基酸（并举一例）人体不可缺少，机体内又不能合成的，必须从食品而补充的氨基酸，称为必需氨基酸。

4.助氧化剂是一些具有合适氧化还原电位的二价或多价过渡金属，即使浓度低至0.1mg/kg，仍能缩短链引发期，使氧化速率加快。

5.定向酯交换当酯交换反应在油脂熔点温度以下进行时，脂肪酸的重排是定向的，称为定向酯交换。

6.蛋白质的二级结构多肽链骨架部分氨基酸残基有规则的周期性空间排列，即肽链中局部肽段骨架形成的构象。

常见的二级机构有α-螺旋，β折叠、β转角等。

7.维生素原原来没有维生素活性但在体内能转变为维生素的物质称为维生素原,胡萝卜素就是维生素A原。

8.生物可利用性指食品中某种营养成分经肠部吸收后在体内的利用率，包括吸收率、转化成活性形式的比例，在代谢中发挥的功能。

9.助色团有些基团的吸收波段在紫外区，不可能发色，但当它们与发色团相连时，可使整个分子对光的吸收向长波方向移动，这类基团被称为助色团。

10.沙氏AH/B生甜团学说风味单位(flavor unit)是由共价结合的氢键键合质子和位置距离质子大约3Å的电负性轨道产生的结合。

化合物分子中有相邻的电负性原子是产生甜味的必须条件。

其中一个原子还必须具有氢键键合的质子。

氧、氮、氯原子在甜味分子中可以起到这个作用，羟基氧原子可以在分子中作为AH或B。

二、填空题（共10分，每空0.5分）1.一般在刚好低于样品起始冰点几度时，以浓缩效应为主，化学反应速度加快，在正常冷冻贮藏温度（-18℃）时，以低温效应为主，化学反应速度降低。

2.β环状糊精是由7 个D-葡萄糖以α-1，4苷键首尾相接形成的非还原性低聚糖，环外侧排列着许多羟基基团，具有亲水性，环孔穴内壁呈疏水性，故它具有保色，保香，乳化等特性。