Knowledge Management for E-service-Delivery – A Conceptual Approach within E-government

战略常用词汇1.Macro environment: 宏观经济环境Macro [‘mækrəu] adj. 宏观的，巨大的；Environment [in’vaiərənmənt] n. 环境工作平台2.Porter’s diamond model: 波特的钻石模型（研究国家竞争力）Diamond [‘daiəmənd] 钻石3.Porter’s five forces analysis: 波特的五力模型Force 力 analysis[ə’næləsis] n. 分析，分解；梗概，要略4.Industry: [ˈindəstri] 行业也作工业产业之意5.Sector: [ˈsektə]部门，领域6.Convergence: [kənˈvə:dʒəns] 集中，趋同7.SWOT:= strength； weakness； opportunity and threat 模型Strength [streŋθ]n.力量；优点，长处；Weakness [ˈwi:knis]n.弱点，缺点opportunity [ˌɔpəˈtju:niti] n.机会；适当的时机良机；有利的环境，条件threat [θret]n.威胁；恐吓8.Opportunity: 机会9.Threat: 威胁10.Strength: 优势11.Weakness: 劣势petitor: [kəmˈpetɪtə] n.竞争者对手13.Product life cycle: 产品生命周期14.Strategic group: 战略组群Strategic [strəˈti:dʒik] adj.战略（上）的；战略性的；有战略意义的；至关重要的group: n.组，团体；群，批15.Segmentation: [ˌseɡmənˈteiʃən]细分n.分割；切分；分段；16.Demand condition （also called diamond condition）需求条件，又称钻石条件Demand n.需求；需要；要求，请求；销路Condition [kənˈdiʃən] n.情况，状态；环境，条件；17.Factor conditions 有利因素状况18.Related and supporting industries 相关和支持性行业的存在Related[rɪˈleɪtɪd] adj.有关系的；supporting [səˈpɔ:tiŋ] adj.支持的，支撑的industries [ˈindəstriz] n.工业（ industry的名词复数）；19.Firm strategy, structure and competitive rivalry within an industry 企业战略、结构和同业竞争Strategy [ˈstrætidʒi] n.策略，战略Structure [ˈstrʌktʃə] n.结构；构造； vt.构成，排列Competitive [kəmˈpetitiv]adj.竞争的，比赛的；（价格等）有竞争力的rivalry [ˈraivəlri] n.竞争，对抗，对立；竞争行为within [wiˈðin]20.Threat of new entrants 新进入者的威胁entrants[ˈentrənts] n.参加者（ entrant的名词复数）；加入某行业的人entrant n.参加者，新加入的；参加竞赛者；新生，新工作者21.Barrier to entry 进入壁垒Barrier [ˈbæriə] n.障碍；屏障；栅栏；分界线Entry [ˈentri]n.进入，入场；入口处22.Power of supplier 供应商力量Power n.力量；政权，权力；强国，大国Supplier [səˈplaɪə] n.供应商；供应国；供应者，供给者；补充者23.Customer [ˈkʌstəmə] 客户顾客petitive rivalry between existing firms 现存企业间的竞争对手Existing [ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ] adj.目前的；现存的 v.存在（ exist的现在分词）；持续存在25.Substitute product 替代产品Substitute [ˈsʌbstitju:t] n.代替者；替补（运动员）；替代物26.Value chain 价值链Chain [tʃein] n.链子，链条；连锁，连续；拘束；连锁店或旅馆系列的事物27.Support or secondary value activities 辅助活动Support[səˈpɔ:t] vt.支持；帮助；支撑；维持Secondary [ˈsekəndəri] adj.第二的，中等的；助手，副手n.副手，代理人；28.Primary value activities 基本活动Primary[ˈpraiməri] adj.首要的，主要的；基本的 n.第一位；最好者；29.Firm infrastructure 企业基础设施建设infrastructure[ˈinfrəˌstrʌktʃə] n.基础设施；基础建设30.Human resource management 人力资源管理Human [ˈhju:mən] n. 人类人Resource [riˈsɔ:s] n.资源；物力，财力；办法；智谋31.Technology development 技术开发Technology[tekˈnɔlədʒi] n.科技（总称），工艺，技术development [diˈveləpmənt] n. (企业、行业等的)发展，扩展，壮大；研制，开发32.Procurement [prəˈkjʊəment] 采购 n.获得，取得；采购33.Inbound logistics 进货后勤inbound[ˈɪnˌbaʊnd] adj. 回内地的；归本国的；到达的；入境的logistics [ləʊˈdʒɪstɪks] n. 后勤34.Operations 生产经营35.Outbound logistics 发货后勤36.Marketing and sales 市场营销Marketing n. 销售行销；市场学sales 形容词销售的推销的名词销售额37.Service 服务（名词）动词：检修维修向……提供服务形容词：服务性的38.Margin 利润39.Improved performance and added value 提升业绩和增加价值.Improved v.改善，改进，提高( improve的过去式和过去分词 )；提高（土地、地产）的价值；利用（机会）；抓紧（时间）adj. 改良的Performance 表现；业绩；性能；运行情况added 形容词增加的额外的动词增加添加40.Improved understanding of environmental pressure 更加深刻理解周边环境压力Environmental [enˌvaɪərənˈmentl]环境的Environment [inˈvaiərənmənt] 环境pressure [ˈpreʃə] 压力41.Improved competitive position 提升竞争力Competitive [kəmˈpetitiv]adj.竞争的，比赛的；（价格等）有竞争力的；Position [pəˈziʃən] 名词地位，位置；态度42.A creative process of change 创造性的变化过程Creative [kriˈeitiv]adj.创造性的，有创造力的；有创意的，创新的Process [ˈprəuses] n.过程；工序；做事方法；工艺流程43.A target to motivate and improve operations 促进和改进营运的目标Target （服务的）对象、目标Motivate 动词促进激发使……有积极性44.Increased rate of organizational learning 提升组织学习程度Increased [inˈkri:st] adj.增加的，增强的v.增加，增大，增多（ increase的过去式和过去分词）；增强，增进；organizational [ˌɔɡənaiˈzeiʃənəl] 形容词组织的，编制的45.Functional structure 职能结构专有名词functional[英][ˈfʌŋkʃənəl] 形容词在工作的；工作（或运转）方式的46.Divisional structure （product division， geographical division）事业部结构（产品事业部、地区事业部）Divisional [diˈviʒənəl] adj.分割的，分开的；分区的，分部的Division [diˈviʒən] 部门Geographical [dʒɪəˈgræfɪkɵl] 区域的，地理的47.SBU （strategic business unit）战略业务单元Strategic [strəˈti:dʒik] adj.战略（上）的；战略性的；有战略意义的；至关重要的48.Matrix organization 矩阵组织Matrix [ˈmeɪtrɪks] n.<数>矩阵；模型Organization [ˌɔ:ɡənaiˈzeiʃən]名词组织，机构，团体形容词有组织的49.Coordinated decisions and better management control, therefore less suboptimizing （协调决策和管理控制，减少次优决策）Coordinated [kəuˈɔ:dineitid] adj.协调的v.使协调，使调和（ coordinate的过去式和过去分词）；协调；协同；成为同等control, [kənˈtrəul] vt.控制；管理therefore adv. 因此，所以less prep.减去；少掉；不足 adv.较少地，较小地suboptimizing [sʌb’ɔptimaiz] vi. 局部最优化（指使整体目标中的某个选定目标圆满实现，亦即实现最优化）50.Conformity with overall objectives-goal congruence is more likely to be achieved（有助于整体目标的一致性）.Conformity [kənˈfɔ:miti] n.符合；一致；Overall [ˈəuvərɔ:l] adj.全部的；全体的objectives-goal 目的目标congruence [ˈkɔŋɡruəns]n.适合；一致achieved [əˈtʃi:vd] adj.高度完美的 v.取得（ achieve的过去式和过去分词）；51.Standardization [ˌstændədaiˈzeiʃən]（标准化）52.Balance between functions, divisions, etc （在职能、事业部之间取得平衡）Balance vt.使（某物）保持平衡Function 职责，职务Division 部门Etc 副词等等及其他53.Economy of scale （规模经济）Economy [iˈkɔnəmi] n. （地区或国家的）经济，经济情况，经济状况；节约Scale [skeil] n. 规模，比例54.Top managers become better decision makers （高级管理层成为更好的决策者）Top 最高的最上层的最上面的Manager 管理人，经理Decision [diˈsiʒən] n.决定；果断；决议；（法院的）判决Make a decision 作出决定Maker 制造者制造商55.Speedier central decisions may be made in a crisis（delegation can be time-consuming.面临危机可以较快地集中决策以便应对（分权则会浪费时间） Speedier [ˈspi:di:ə] 快的迅速的快速的Central 集中的中央的核心的最重要的Decision 决策Crisis [ˈkraisis]n.危机；危难时刻；决定性时刻Delegation [ˌdelɪˈgeɪʃən] n.代表的委派，代表的选举；被委派，被选举Time-consuming adj. 耗费时间的56.Those of lower rank experience reduce job satisfaction.（底层员工缺乏工作满意度）Rank 阶级等级Experience [iksˈpiəriəns] 经验，体验；经历，阅历Reduce [riˈdju:s]vi.减少； vt.使变为；使变弱Satisfaction [ˌsætisˈfækʃən] n.满足，满意57.Senior management do not possess sufficient knowledge of all organizational activities. 高级管理层不能充分的知悉组织行为Senior [ˈsi:njə] adj.（级别、地位等）较高的；资深的；Possess [pəˈzes] vt.拥有；掌握，懂得；Sufficient [səˈfiʃənt] adj.足够的，充足的Organizational [ˌɔɡənaiˈzeiʃənəl] adj.组织的；编制的扩展Action 行动采取行动 take actionActive 积极的 actively 积极地58.Centralization places stress and responsibility onto senior management.（集权制使高层领导承担较大压力和责任）Centralization [ˌsentrəlai'zeiʃən,ˌsentrəli'zeiʃən] 集中化；集中Place 地方；职位Stress 名词：压力动词给……加压Responsibility 名词责任职责责任感责任心Onto 到……之上对……了解扩展In place 在适当的位置In person 亲自In place of 代替In the first place 起初，首先59.Subordinates experience restricted opportunity for career development toward senior management positions.（下属员工向上发展的职业机会有限）Subordinate [səˈbɔ:dinit] adj.级别或职位较低的；下级的；次要的；附属的 n.部属；部下，下级Experience [iksˈpiəriəns] n.经验，体验；经历Restricted [rɪˈstrɪktɪd] adj.有受限制的；v.限制（ restrict的过去式）Opportunity [ˌɔpəˈtju:niti] n.机会；适当的时机良机；有利的环境，条件Career [kəˈriə] n.生涯；职业；事业；development n.发展，进化；新生事物，新产品toward [təˈwɔ:d] prep.对于；向；为了；senior management positions 高级管理职位senior [ˈsi:njə] adj.（级别、地位等）较高的；资深的；60.Decisions often take considerable time. （决策往往花费较多之间）Considerable [ kənˈsidərəbl] adj.相当大（或多）的；Take 耗费（时间等）61.Strategic apex 战略顶点Strategic [strəˈti:dʒik] adj.战略（上）的；战略性的；有战略意义的；至关重要的Apex [ˈeɪpeks] n.顶；<喻>顶峰；62.Techno structure 技术结构63.Operating core 作业核心Core 中心核心64.Middle line 中间层65.Support staff 支持性人员Staff 全体职员66.Ideology [ˌaidiˈɔlədʒi]思想体系、意识形态67.Risk acceptance 风险接受68.Risk avoidance 风险规避69.Risk mitigation 风险缓释110.Risk transfer 风险转移Transfer [trænsˈfə:] n.转移；调动； vt.使转移；使调动；转让（权利等）；111. Operational risk 操作风险112.Political risk 政治风险Political [pəˈlitikəl] adj.政治的；政党的；113.Country risk 国家风险114.Project risk 项目风险Project [prəˈdʒekt] n.工程，事业；计划，方案；科研项目115.Legal/compliance risk 法律/合规风险Compliance [kəmˈplaɪəns] 合规n.服从，听从；承诺；遵守；遵从116. Commodity risk 产品风险Commodity[kəˈmɔditi] n.商品；日用品；有价值的物品；同义 product risk117.Market risk （foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk）市场风险（汇率风险、利率风险）foreign [ˈfɔrin] adj.外国的，外交的；外来的；118.Liquidity risk 流动性风险Liquidity [liˈkwiditi]n.流动性；流动资金；资产流动性；<119.Credit risk 信用风险Credit n.信誉，信用；[金融]贷款；荣誉；学分vt.相信，信任；归功于；110.Strategic risk 战略风险111.Reputation risk 声誉风险Reputation[ˌrepjuˈteiʃən] n.名气，名声；好名声；信誉，声望；荣誉，112.Risk appetite 风险偏好Appetite [ˈæpitait] n.欲望；胃口，食欲；嗜好，爱好113.Risk attitude 风险态度Attitude [ˈætitju:d]n.态度，看法；[114.Risk tolerance 风险容限tolerance[ˈtɔlərəns] n.宽容，容忍；限度115.Financial instrument 金融工具instrument [ˈinstrumənt] 工具仪器116.Derivatives 衍生品Derivative [diˈrivətiv] 衍生物，派生物derivate financial instrument 衍生金融工具117.Hedging 对冲/套期Hedging [ˈhedʒiŋ] n.套头交易，对冲买卖，套期保值ting 净额119.Forward contract 远期合约Contract [kənˈtrækt]合同，契约，婚约120.Swap 掉期/互换[swɔp]121.Options 期权Option 名词选择，选择权利122.Call options 看涨期权直译购买选择权123.Put options 看跌期权直译：卖出选择权124.Futures 期货（交易）Future 将来的未来的125.Exercise price 行权价格预购股票价格126.Elapse 失效、逾期Elapse [iˈlæps] vi.消逝；时间过去 n. （时间）的消逝127.Expire 到期Expire [iksˈpaiə] vi.期满；已过期 Have Expired日期满 expire on128.Maturity 到期日maturity [məˈtjʊərɪti:, -ˈtʊər-, -ˈtʃʊər-] （票据等的）到期129.Spot rate 即期汇率也作“即期汇率”Spot 名词（股票）现货，形容词现场的现货的实际利率 real interest rate130.Forward rate 远期汇率 =forward exchang rateForward [ˈfɔ:wəd] adv.前进地；向前；至将来；提前地扩展forward rate agreement（FRA）远期利率协定Forward value date 远期外汇到期日期货价格 Forward Price131.Premium/discount 升水/贴水Premium [‘pri:miəm] n.费用，额外费用；保险费；（商品定价、贷款利息等以外的）加价Discount [‘diskaunt] vt. 打折扣，减价出售；减息贷款；削价出售，打折；减价，减量 vi. 折扣；贴现率；贴现n. 贴现；数目；（任何面值上的）扣除额；扩展atpar平价premium升水premium 溢价 premium bond 溢价债券discount rate, bank rate 贴现率sales discount 销货折扣cash discount 现金折扣132.Interest rate 利率133.Exchange rate 汇率Exchange [iksˈtʃeindʒ] n.&vt. （货币）交换兑换134.Floating rate 浮动利率135.Fixed rate 固定利率。

Dell OpenManage Systems Management 概览指南版本 7.0注、小心和警告注: “注”表示可以帮助您更好地使用计算机的重要信息。

小心: “小心”表示可能会损坏硬件或导致数据丢失，并说明如何避免此类问题。

警告: “警告”表示可能会造成财产损失、人身伤害甚至死亡。

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HP OpenView Service Desk 5.0 is a comprehensive, scalable IT service desk solution based on a unified configuration management foundation. Using the HP OpenView Service Desk solution, your IT organization can easily streamline IT service processes as well as manage the IT service life cycle through comprehensive service level management capabilities. Built on ITIL principles and leveraging industry best practices, Service Desk enables you to manage IT services and provide effective controls for your critical service support and service delivery processes.Key features and benefits•Integrated IT Service Desk solution built on a unified Configuration Management Database (CMDB)•Based on the ITIL standard and HP ITSM Best Practices •Complete Help Desk Management solution handles end-user calls as well as automated alerts and events from infrastructure management solutions •Comprehensive Change Management solution to control IT infrastructure change and improve service availability •Management of the whole life cycle of SLAs and OLAs, with a flexible model featuring multi-domain, time-based, multi-tiered SLAs •Service/SLA predictive and near real-time compliance dashboard•Smart notifications (e.g. SLA jeopardy/violation)•Help Desk, Change and Service Level smart reports •Out-of-the-box forms, views and business logic to jump-start deployments and achieve quicker timeto value•Tight integration with HP OpenView Operations, Service Navigator and Network Node Manager •Open metric adapter to link to any source of metrics for SLMHP OpenView Service Desk 5.0 software Data sheetPreliminary**Preliminary informationThe information in this brief should be considered preliminary and subjectto change. Please check with your HP OpenView sales representative forthe latest product information.Product overviewHP OpenView Service Desk helps you control and automate business processes, services and infrastructure for all depart-ments of your IT or service provider organization. Based on the IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL) standard and best practices, the service management solution offers out-of-the-box function-ality without having to compromise on flexibility or openness. Service-delivery and support processes can be streamlined with a single workflow that integrates all processes.With HP OpenView Service Desk, you can manage service level agreements (SLAs). It shows the IT infrastructure components on which a service relies, which customers are receiving the service, and who is managing and supporting the service. It seamlessly brings together operational management and customer management to enable enterprise organizations and service providers to differentiate service levels successfully and manage the customer experience.The solution has standards-based open interfaces and adapters you can use to integrate to other solutions. With its powerful functionality, an intuitive user interface and drag-and-drop customization, HP OpenView Service Desk has established itself as the premier solution for service providers and enterprise customers.With HP OpenView Service Desk 5.0, your IT organiza-tion can respond more effectively to today’s IT challenges. It provides an integrated IT service desk solution built on a unified configuration management concept to enable seamless workflow integration across IT service management processes.HP OpenView Help Desk Manager 5.0 A comprehensive integrated help desk solutionA key element of a well-running IT service provider organi-zation is a central customer interface that acts as the hub between the service consumers and the IT organization. Whether that interface is provided through a web interface, through e-mail or through a telephone, HP OpenView Help Desk Manager 5.0 provides in-depth support. Through the seamless integration with the configuration management database of HP OpenView Service Desk, your front-line support agents have all information they needat their fingertips.In addition, the out-of-the-box integrations between HP OpenView Help Desk Manager and HP OpenView Operations and Service Navigator, HP OpenView Network Node Manager and HP OpenView Internet Services area fundamental element of the added value that HP provides to you. By establishing this “operations bridge” between these infrastructure management solutions and the service desk function, you can improve your capabilities to proactively manage incidents that are occurring in the infrastructure before they effectively impact your service levels.A core principle of the tight relation between HP OpenView solutions and HP OpenView Help Desk Manager is the population of the CMDB to ensure proper control of your key IT assets.HP OpenView Change Manager 5.0 Staying in controlEvery organization is affected by change on a daily basis. For the IT organization, management of change has become a key focus area, requiring an increased amount of attention.With increasing business process dependency on IT services and IT infrastructure, it has never been more important to ensure that changes to the infrastructure are managed to perfection. What’s more, you needa detailed understanding of the business impact of an outage as well as the ability to control the process to execute changes flawlessly and maintain service avail-ability and service performance to the agreed levels. HP OpenView Change Manager 5.0 enables you to manage change to your IT services to perfection, improving overall service availability and performance levels as well as providing solid controls to govern changes to your infrastructure.HP OpenView Service Level Manager 5.0Strategic step to link IT to the businessHP OpenView Service Level Manager 5.0 manages the whole life cycle of service levels: definition, configuration, monitoring and compliance reporting. It handles all the aspects of service levels, from availability and performance, as they are perceived by customers, to how the support organization performs, including any other key indicatorssuch as time to fulfill service requests.HP OpenView Service Level Manager 5.0 allows your IT organization to anticipate outages and degradations that are critical to the business, proactively and whenever a problem occurs, to react according to business priorities. HP OpenView Service Level Manager 5.0 also allows your IT organization to report on how it performs against operation level agreement (OLAs) as well as service level agreements (SLAs).What’s more, HP OpenView Service Level Manager 5.0 is an effective communication tool between the IT organi-zation and its customers. At any time, the customers of IT services can themselves have access to SLA monitoring and reporting capabilities.Get more out of your HP OpenView Service Desk solutionTo keep pace with the needs of the business, you need to manage expectations and track the performance of your internal service desk as well as the services you are providing. This means you need access to a scalable, effective and flexible reporting solution.The HP OpenView Performance Insight Reporting Solution provides this solution. It gives you a set of valuable canned reports that can leverage the HP OpenView Service Desk data for all Service Desk modules: Help Desk Manager, Change Manager and Service Level Manager.For example, when you extend the HP OpenView Service Level Manager module with service level metrics collected from HP OpenView Service Navigator, HP OpenView Internet Services or HP OpenView Performance Manager, you will be able to report on the service level agreements and key performance indicators that are important to managing your services effectively. In addition, theHP OpenView solution can help you detect trends and issues so you can continuously improve the qualityof your delivered services.Product featuresHP OpenView Help Desk Manager 5.0•Java™-based native and web GUI•Access to all IT service-related personal and organiza-tional data•Smart actions—launching third-party applications in the context of key parameters—for example notification tools or remote take-over tools•Knowledge management capabilities through checklist wizards and advanced find capabilities to retrieve context-sensitive information•Comprehensive wizard-driven business logic capabilities that improve process consistency across your organization •Granular, flexible access authorization across fields, forms, views and folders•Auditing mechanism to enable comprehensive tracking of updates to records in HP OpenView Service Desk •Charting and graphing for ad-hoc reporting•Tight integration with HP OpenView Operations and Service Navigator, HP OpenView Network Node Manager and HP OpenView Internet Services for strategic integration of operations management with service management•E-mail interface to allow automatic incident/service request creation and updates of incidents/service requests •Single sign-on (LDAP/Kerberos)HP OpenView Change Manager 5.0•Predefined and adaptable change templates•Ability to link multiple work orders to changes formulti-tiered workflow creation•Incorporation of workflow to automate change management processes•Intelligent outage planning, enabling window-of-opportunity calculation for maintenance •Graphical contextual CMDB viewer for change managers and configuration managers, supporting risk and impact analysis HP OpenView Service Level Manager 5.0•Management of whole life cycle of SLAs and OLAs •Flexible model featuring multi-domain, time-based, multi-tiered SLAs•Graphical designer enabling easy service/SLA design •Compliance calculation engine, both near real-time and predictive•Service/SLA compliance dashboard•Service/SLA compliance smart reports•Smart notifications (SLA jeopardy/violation)•Out-of-the-box metric adapters for key HP OpenView products and third-party applications•Auto-discovery of metrics•Open metric adapter to link to any source of metricsA complete solutionGet the most from your software investmentHP provides high-quality software services that address all aspects of your software application life-cycle needs. With HP, you have access to standards-based, modular, multi-platform software coupled with best-in-class services and support. The wide range of HP service offerings—from online self-solve support to proactive mission-critical services—enables you to choose the services that best match your business needs.For an overview of HP software services, visit:/serviceTo access technical interactive support, visit Software Support Online at:/managementsoftware/servicesTo learn more about HP Software Customer Connection, a one-stop information and learning portal for software products and services, visit:/go/swcustomerconnectionComprehensive trainingHP provides a comprehensive curriculum of HP OpenView and IT Service Management courses. These offerings provide the training you need to realize the full potential of your HP solutions, increase your network optimization and responsive-ness, and achieve better return on your IT investments.With more than 25 years experience meeting complex education challenges worldwide, HP knows training. This experience, coupled with unique insights into HP OpenView software, positions HP to deliver the optimum training experience. For more information about these educational courses, visit /learn.The smartest way to invest in ITHP Financial Services provides innovative financing and financial asset management programs to help you cost-effectively acquire, manage and ultimately retire your HP solutions. For more information on these services, please contact your HP sales representative or find us on the web at /go/hpfinancialservices.Technical specificationsSystem requirementsHardwareSoftwareSupported platforms, servers, applicationsOperating system supportGUI clientApplication serverWeb browsersDatabaseReporting application (optional)Please refer to the installation guidePlease refer to the installation guideWindows®2000 SP4, XP SP2HP-UX 11.11 and 11.23Solaris 2.8 and 2.9Windows 2000 and 2003HP-UX 11.11 and 11.23Solaris 2.8 and 2.9Red Hat Enterprise Linux AS/ES 3.0Internet Explorer 6.0 SP1Mozilla 1.6 for HP-UX, 1.4 for SolarisFirefox 1.0Oracle®9.2, Oracle 10gMS SQL 2000HP OpenView Performance Insight 5.1 Ordering informationFor ordering and configuration information for HP OpenView Service Desk 5.0, contact your HP OpenView sales representative.Java is a U.S. trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc. Linux is a U.S. registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. Microsoft, Windows and Windows NT are U.S. registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. Oracle is a registered U.S. trademark of Oracle Corporation, Redwood City, California.Contact informationTo find an HP OpenView sales office or reseller near you, visit: /buy.© 2004 Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P. The information contained herein is subject to change without notice. The only warranties for HP products and services are set forth in the express warranty statements accompanying such products and services. Nothing herein should be construed as constituting an additional warranty. HP shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein.。

^mmmm2021年第04期(总第220期）知识库系统构建及其关键技术研宄徐辉(中国人民解放军91977部队，北京100036)摘要：文章提出了一种知识库系统的设计构建方法，将知识管理理念与大数据等现代信息技术有机结合，通过构建知识 数据资产集中管控平台，对文档资料实施数字化采集存储管理;整合多源异构数据信息，消除数据竖井，实现数据统一管 控与共享服务;聚合各部门数据，整合提取价值信息，支撑知识共享创新应用，并详细介绍了知识库系统构建的关键技术。

关键词:知识库;知识管理;知识库建设中图分类号:TP309 文献标识码:B文章编号=2096-9759(2021)04-0121-04Research on the Construction of Knowledge Base System and Its Key TechnologiesX u H u i(The P LA91977 U n it,B e ijin g100036)A b stra ct:T h is paper proposes a m ethod fo r designing and constructing a knowledge base system.B y organically com biningknowledge management concepts w ith big data technology,a centralized management and control platform fo r knowledge data assets is constructed,and d ig ita l collection and storage management o f documents is im plem ented.B y integrating m ultisource heterogeneous data inform ation and elim inating data silos,un ifie d data management and sharing services are realized.B y ag­gregating data from various departments and extracting value inform ation,innovative applications o f knowledge sharing are re­alized.It also introduces the key technology o f knowledge base system construction in detail.Keywords:knowledge base;knowledge management;knowledge base construction.〇引言随着信息时代和知识经济时代的到来，知识管理逐渐成为 重要工作之一。

最全编程常⽤英语词汇打开应⽤保存⾼清⼤图其实在国内，绝⼤部分⼯作并不真的要求你英语多好，编程也⼀样。

如果只是做到平均⽔准或者⽐较好，都未必要英语很熟。

但是⼀般我还是会建程序员们好好学英语，迈过这个坎，你会发现完全不⼀样的世界，你会明⽩以前这个困惑真的是……下⾯是编程常⽤的英语词汇，赶紧收藏吧。

按字母索引A英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3a block of pointers ⼀块指针⼀组指针abbreviation 缩略语abstract 抽象的abstract syntax tree, AST 抽象语法树abstraction 抽象abstraction barrier 抽象屏障抽象阻碍abstraction of function calls 函数调⽤抽象access 访问存取access function 访问函数存取函数accumulator 累加器activate 激活ad hoc 专设adapter 适配器address 地址algebraic data type 代数数据类型algorithm 算法alias 别名allocate 分配配置alternative 备选amortized analysis 平摊分析anaphoric 指代annotation 注解anonymous function 匿名函数antecedent 前提前件先决条件append 追加拼接application 应⽤应⽤程序application framework 应⽤框架application program interface, API 应⽤程序编程接⼝application service provider, ASP 应⽤程序服务提供商applicative 应⽤序argument 参数⾃变量实际参数/实参arithmetic 算术array 数组artificial intelligence, AI ⼈⼯智能assemble 组合assembly 汇编assignment 赋值assignment operator 赋值操作符associated 关联的association list, alist 关联列表atom 原⼦atomic 原⼦的atomic value 原⼦型值attribute 属性特性augmented 扩充automatic memory management ⾃动内存管理automatically infer ⾃动推导autometa theory ⾃动机理论auxiliary 辅助B英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3backquote 反引⽤backtrace 回溯backward compatible 向下兼容bandwidth 带宽base case 基本情形base class 基类Bayes' theorem 贝叶斯定理best viable function 最佳可⾏函式最佳可⾏函数Bezier curve 贝塞尔曲线bignum ⼤数binary operator ⼆元操作符binary search ⼆分查找⼆分搜索⼆叉搜索binary search tree ⼆叉搜索树binary tree ⼆叉树binding 绑定binding vector 绑定向量bit 位⽐特bit manipulation 位操作black box abstraction ⿊箱抽象block 块区块block structure 块结构区块结构block name 代码块名字Blub paradox Blub 困境body 体主体boilerplate 公式化样板bookkeeping 簿记boolean 布尔border 边框bottom-up design ⾃底向上的设计bottom-up programming ⾃底向上编程bound 边界bounds checking 边界检查box notation 箱⼦表⽰法brace 花括弧花括号bracket ⽅括弧⽅括号branch 分⽀跳转breadth-first ⼴度优先breadth-first search, BFS ⼴度优先搜索breakpoint 断点brevity 简洁buffer 缓冲区buffer overflow attack 缓冲区溢出攻击bug 臭⾍building 创建built-in 内置byte 字节bytecode 字节码C英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3cache 缓存call 调⽤callback 回调CamelCase 驼峰式⼤⼩写candidate function 候选函数capture 捕捉case 分⽀character 字符checksum 校验和child class ⼦类choke point 滞塞点chunk 块circular definition 循环定义clarity 清晰class 类类别class declaration 类声明class library 类库client 客户客户端clipboard 剪贴板clone 克隆closed world assumption 封闭世界假定closure 闭包clutter 杂乱code 代码code bloat 代码膨胀collection 收集器复合类型column ⾏栏column-major order ⾏主序comma 逗号command-line 命令⾏command-line interface, CLI 命令⾏界⾯Common Lisp Object System, CLOS Common Lisp 对象系统Common Gateway Interface, CGI 通⽤⽹关接⼝compatible 兼容compilation 编译compilation parameter 编译参数compile 编译compile inline 内联编译compile time 编译期compiled form 编译后的形式compiler 编译器complex 复杂complexity 复杂度compliment 补集component 组件composability 可组合性composition 组合组合函数compound value 复合数据复合值compression 压缩computation 计算computer 计算机concatenation 串接concept 概念concrete 具体concurrency 并发concurrent 并发conditional 条件式conditional variable 条件变量configuration 配置connection 连接cons 构造cons cell 构元 cons 单元consequent 结果推论consistent ⼀致性constant 常量constraint 约束constraint programming 约束式编程container 容器content-based filtering 基于内容的过滤context 上下⽂语境环境continuation 延续性continuous integration, CI 持续集成control 控件cooperative multitasking 协作式多任务copy 拷贝corollary 推论coroutine 协程corruption 程序崩溃crash 崩溃create 创建crystallize 固化curly 括弧状的curried 柯⾥的currying 柯⾥化cursor 光标curvy 卷曲的cycle 周期D英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3dangling pointer 迷途指针野指针Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA 美国国防部⾼级研究计划局data 数据data structure 数据结构data type 数据类型data-driven 数据驱动database 数据库database schema 数据库模式datagram 数据报⽂dead lock 死锁debug 调试debugger 调试器debugging 调试declaration 声明declaration forms 声明形式declarative 声明式说明式declarative knowledge 声明式知识说明式知识declarative programming 声明式编程说明式编程declarativeness 可声明性declaring 声明deconstruction 解构deduction 推导推断default 缺省默认defer 推迟deficiency 缺陷不⾜define 定义definition 定义delegate 委托delegationdellocate 释放demarshal 散集deprecated 废弃depth-first 深度优先depth-first search, BFS 深度优先搜索derived 派⽣derived class 派⽣类design pattern 设计模式designator 指⽰符destructive 破坏性的destructive function 破坏性函数destructuring 解构device driver 硬件驱动程序dimensions 维度directive 指令directive 指⽰符directory ⽬录disk 盘dispatch 分派派发distributed computing 分布式计算DLL hell DLL 地狱document ⽂档dotted list 点状列表dotted-pair notation 带点尾部表⽰法带点尾部记法duplicate 复本dynamic binding 动态绑定dynamic extent 动态范围dynamic languages 动态语⾔dynamic scope 动态作⽤域dynamic type 动态类型E英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3effect 效果efficiency 效率efficient ⾼效elaborateelucidatingembedded language 嵌⼊式语⾔emulate 仿真encapsulation 封装enum 枚举enumeration type 枚举类型enumrators 枚举器environment 环境equal 相等equality 相等性equation ⽅程equivalence 等价性error message 错误信息error-checking 错误检查escaped 逃脱溢出escape character 转义字符evaluate 求值评估evaluation 求值event 事件event driven 事件驱动exception 异常exception handling 异常处理exception specification 异常规范exit 退出expendable 可扩展的explicit 显式exploratory programming 探索式编程export 导出引出expression 表达式expressive power 表达能⼒extensibility 可扩展性extent 范围程度external representation 外部表⽰法extreme programming 极限编程F英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3factorial 阶乘family （类型的）系feasible 可⾏的feature 特⾊field 字段栏位file ⽂件file handle ⽂件句柄fill pointer 填充指针fineo-grained 细粒度firmware 固件first-class 第⼀类的第⼀级的⼀等的first-class function 第⼀级函数第⼀类函数⼀等函数first-class object 第⼀类的对象第⼀级的对象⼀等公民fixed-point 不动点fixnum 定长数定点数flag 标记flash 闪存flexibility 灵活性floating-point 浮点数floating-point notation 浮点数表⽰法flush 刷新fold 折叠font 字体force 迫使form 形式form 表单formal parameter 形参formal relation 形式关系forward 转发forward referencesfractal 分形fractions 派系framework 框架freeware ⾃由软件function 函数function literal 函数字⾯常量function object 函数对象functional arguments 函数型参数functional programming 函数式编程functionality 功能性G英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3game 游戏garbage 垃圾garbage collection 垃圾回收garbage collector 垃圾回收器generalized 泛化generalized variable ⼴义变量generate ⽣成generator ⽣成器generic 通⽤的泛化的generic algorithm 通⽤算法泛型算法generic function 通⽤函数generic programming 通⽤编程泛型编程genrative programming ⽣产式编程global 全局的global declaration 全局声明glue program 胶⽔程序goto 跳转graphical user interface, GUI 图形⽤户界⾯greatest common divisor 最⼤公因数Greenspun's tenth rule 格林斯潘第⼗定律H英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3hack 破解hacker ⿊客handle 处理器处理程序句柄hard disk 硬盘hard-wirehardware 硬件hash tables 哈希表散列表header 头部header file 头⽂件heap 堆helper 辅助函数辅助⽅法heuristic 启发式high-order ⾼阶higher-order function ⾼阶函数higher-order procedure ⾼阶过程hyperlink 超链接HyperText Markup Language, HTML 超⽂本标记语⾔HyperText Transfer Protocol, HTTP 超⽂本传输协议I英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3identical ⼀致identifier 标识符ill type 类型不正确illusion 错觉imperative 命令式imperative programming 命令式编程implement 实现implementation 实现implicit 隐式import 导⼊incremental testing 增量测试indent 缩排缩进indentation 缩排缩进indented 缩排缩进indention 缩排缩进infer 推导infinite loop ⽆限循环infinite recursion ⽆限递归infinite precision ⽆限精度infix 中序information 信息information technology, IT 信息技术inheritance 继承initialization 初始化initialize 初始化inline 内联inline expansion 内联展开inner class 内嵌类inner loop 内层循环input 输⼊instances 实例instantiate 实例化instructive 教学性的instrument 记录仪integer 整数integrate 集成interactive programming environment 交互式编程环境interactive testing 交互式测试interacts 交互interface 接⼝intermediate form 过渡形式中间形式internal 内部internet 互联⽹因特⽹interpolation 插值interpret 解释interpreter 解释器interrupt 中⽌中断intersection 交集inter-process communication, IPC 进程间通信invariants 约束条件invoke 调⽤item 项iterate 迭代iteration 迭代的iterative 迭代的iterator 迭代器J英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3jagged 锯齿状的job control language, JCL 作业控制语⾔judicious 明智的K英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3kernel 核⼼kernel language 核⼼语⾔keyword argument 关键字参数keywords 关键字kludge 蹩脚L英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3larval startup 雏形创业公司laser 激光latitudelayout 版型lazy 惰性lazy evaluation 惰性求值legacy software 历史遗留软件leverage 杠杆 (动词)利⽤lexical 词法的lexical analysis 词法分析lexical closure 词法闭包lexical scope 词法作⽤域Language For Smart People, LFSP 聪明⼈的语⾔library 库函数库函式库lifetime ⽣命期linear iteration 线性迭代linear recursion 线性递归link 链接连接linker 连接器list 列表list operation 列表操作literal 字⾯literal constant 字⾯常量literal representation 字⾯量load 装载加载loader 装载器加载器local 局部的局域的local declarations 局部声明local function 局部函数局域函数local variable 局部变量局域变量locality 局部性loop 循环lvalue 左值Mmachine instruction 机器指令machine language 机器语⾔machine language code 机器语⾔代码machine learning 机器学习macro 宏mailing list 邮件列表mainframes ⼤型机maintain 维护manifest typing 显式类型manipulator 操纵器mapping 映射mapping functions 映射函数marshal 列集math envy 对数学家的妒忌member 成员memorizing 记忆化memory 内存memory allocation 内存分配memory leaks 内存泄漏menu 菜单message 消息message-passing 消息传递meta- 元-meta-programming 元编程metacircular 元循环method ⽅法method combination ⽅法组合⽅法组合机制micro 微middleware 中间件migration （数据库）迁移minimal network 最⼩⽹络mirror 镜射mismatch type 类型不匹配model 模型modifier 修饰符modularity 模块性module 模块monad 单⼦monkey patch 猴⼦补丁monomorphic type language 单型语⾔Moore's law 摩尔定律mouse ⿏标multi-task 多任务multiple values 多值mutable 可变的mutex 互斥锁Multiple Virtual Storage, MVS 多重虚拟存储N英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3namespace 命名空间native 本地的native code 本地码natural language ⾃然语⾔natural language processing ⾃然语⾔处理nested 嵌套nested class 嵌套类network ⽹络newline 换⾏新⾏non-deterministic choice ⾮确定性选择non-strict ⾮严格non-strict evaluation ⾮严格求值nondeclarativenondestructive version ⾮破坏性的版本number crunching 数字密集运算O英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3object 对象object code ⽬标代码object-oriented programming ⾯向对象编程Occam's razor 奥卡姆剃⼑原则on the fly 运⾏中执⾏时online 在线open source 开放源码operand 操作对象operating system, OS 操作系统operation 操作operator 操作符optimization 优化optimization of tail calls 尾调⽤优化option 选项optional 可选的选择性的optional argument 选择性参数ordinary 常规的orthogonality 正交性overflow 溢出overhead 额外开销overload 重载override 覆写P英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3package 包pair 点对palindrome 回⽂paradigm 范式parallel 并⾏parallel computer 并⾏计算机param 参数parameter 参数形式参数/形参paren-matching 括号匹配parent class ⽗类parentheses 括号Parkinson's law 帕⾦森法则parse tree 解析树分析树parser 解析器partial application 部分应⽤partial applied 分步代⼊的partial function application 部分函数应⽤particular ordering 部分有序pass by adress 按址传递传址pass by reference 按引⽤传递传引⽤pass by value 按值传递传值path 路径patternpattern match 模式匹配perform 执⾏performance 性能performance-criticalpersistence 持久性phrenology 相⾯physical 物理的pipe 管道pixel 像素placeholder 占位符planning 计画platform 平台pointer 指针pointer arithmetic 指针运算poll 轮询polymorphic 多态polymorphism 多态polynomial 多项式的pool 池port 端⼝portable 可移植性portal 门户positional parameters 位置参数precedence 优先级precedence list 优先级列表preceding 前述的predicate 判断式谓词preemptive multitasking 抢占式多任务premature design 过早设计preprocessor 预处理器prescribe 规定prime 素数primitive 原语primitive recursive 主递归primitive type 原⽣类型principal type 主要类型print 打印printed representation 打印表⽰法printer 打印机priority 优先级procedure 过程procedurual 过程化的procedurual knowledge 过程式知识process 进程process priority 进程优先级productivity ⽣产⼒profile 评测profiler 评测器性能分析器programmer 程序员programming 编程programming language 编程语⾔project 项⽬prompt 提⽰符proper list 正规列表property 属性property list 属性列表protocol 协议pseudo code 伪码pseudo instruction 伪指令purely functional language 纯函数式语⾔pushdown stack 下推栈Q英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3qualified 修饰的带前缀的qualifier 修饰符quality 质量quality assurance, QA 质量保证query 查询query language 查询语⾔queue 队列quote 引⽤quoted form 引⽤形式R英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3race condition 条件竞争竞态条件radian 弧度Redundant Array of Independent Disks, RAID 冗余独⽴磁盘阵列raise 引起random number 随机数range 范围区间rank （矩阵）秩排名rapid prototyping 快速原型开发rational database 关系数据库raw 未经处理的read 读取read-evaluate-print loop, REPL 读取-求值-打印循环read-macro 读取宏record 记录recursion 递归recursive 递归的recursive case 递归情形reference 引⽤参考referential transparency 引⽤透明refine 精化reflection 反射映像register 寄存器registry creep 注册表蠕变regular expression 正则表达式represent 表现request 请求resolution 解析度resolve 解析rest parameter 剩余参数return 返回回车return value 返回值reuse of software 代码重⽤right associative 右结合Reduced Instruction Set Computer, RISC 精简指令系统计算机robust 健壮robustness 健壮性鲁棒性routine 例程routing 路由row-major order 列主序remote procedure call, RPC 远程过程调⽤run-length encoding 游程编码run-time typing 运⾏期类型runtime 运⾏期rvalue 右值S英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3S-expression S-表达式save 储存Secure Sockets Layer, SSL 安全套接字层scaffold 脚⼿架鹰架scalar type 标量schedule 调度scheduler 调度程序scope 作⽤域SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE 尖叫式蛇底⼤写screen 屏幕scripting language 脚本语⾔search 查找搜寻segment of instructions 指令⽚段semantics 语义semaphore 信号量semicolon 分号sequence 序列sequential 循序的顺序的sequential collection literalsserial 串⾏serialization 序列化series 串⾏级数server 服务器shadowing 隐蔽了sharp 犀利的sharp-quote 升引号shortest path 最短路径SICP 《计算机程序的构造与解释》side effect 副作⽤signature 签名simple vector 简单向量simulate 模拟Single Point of Truth, SPOT 真理的单点性single-segment 单段的sketch 草图初步框架slash 斜线slot 槽smart pointer 智能指针snake_case 蛇底式⼩写snapshot 屏幕截图socket 套接字software 软件solution ⽅案source code 源代码space leak 内存泄漏spaghetti ⾯条式代码意⾯式代码spaghetti stack 意⾯式栈⾯条式栈spam 垃圾邮件spec 规格special form 特殊形式special variable 特殊变量specialization 特化specialize 特化specialized array 特化数组specification 规格说明规范splitter 切分窗⼝sprite 精灵图square 平⽅square root 平⽅根squash 碰撞stack 栈stack frame 栈帧stakeholderstandard library 标准函式库state machine 状态机statement 陈述语句static type 静态类型static type system 静态类型系统status 状态store 保存stream 流strict 严格strict evaluation 严格求值string 字串字符串string template 字串模版strong type 强类型structural recursion 结构递归structured values 结构型值subroutine ⼦程序subset ⼦集substitution 代换substitution model 代换模型subtype ⼦类型superclass 基类superfluous 多余的supertype 超集support ⽀持suspend 挂起swapping values 交换变量的值symbol 符号symbolic computation 符号计算syntax 语法system administrator 系统管理员system administrator disease 系统管理员综合症System Network Architecture, SNA 系统⽹络体系T英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3(database)table 数据表table 表格tag 标签标记tail-recursion 尾递归tail-recursive 尾递归的TAOCP 《计算机程序设计艺术》target ⽬标taxable operators 需节制使⽤的操作符taxonomy 分类法template 模版temporary object 临时对象testing 测试text ⽂本text file ⽂本⽂件thread 线程thread safe 线程安全three-valued logic 三值逻辑throw 抛出丢掷引发throwaway program ⼀次性程序timestamp 时间戳token 词法记号语义单位语元top-down design ⾃顶向下的设计top-level 顶层trace 追踪trailing space ⾏尾空⽩transaction 事务transition network 转移⽹络transparent 透明的traverse 遍历tree 树tree recursion 树形递归trigger 触发器tuple 元组Turing machine 图灵机Turing complete 图灵完备typable 类型合法type 类型type constructor 类构造器type declaration 类型声明type hierarchy 类型层级type inference 类型推导type name 类型名type safe 类型安全type signature 类型签名type synonym 类型别名type variable 类型变量typing 类型指派输⼊U英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3user interface, UI ⽤户界⾯unary ⼀元的underflow 下溢unification 合⼀统⼀union 并集universally quantify 全局量化unqualfied 未修饰的unwindinguptime 运⾏时间Uniform Resource Locator, URL 统⼀资源定位符user ⽤户utilities 实⽤函数V英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3validate 验证validator 验证器value constructor 值构造器vaporware 朦胧件variable 变量variable capture 变量捕捉variadic input 可变输⼊variant 变种venture capitalist, VC 风险投资商vector 向量viable function 可⾏函数video 视频view 视图virtual function 虚函数virtual machine 虚拟机virtual memory 虚内存volatile 挥发vowel 元⾳W英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3warning message 警告信息web server ⽹络服务器weight 权值权重well type 类型正确wildcard 通配符window 窗⼝word 单词字wrapper 包装器包装What You See Is What You Get, WYSIWYG 所见即所得What You See Is What You Want, WYSIWYW 所见即所想Y英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3Y combinator Y组合⼦Z英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3Z-expression Z-表达式zero-indexed 零索引的专业名词英⽂译法 1 译法 2 译法 3The Paradox of Choice 选择谬论。

User Manual for Accessing DELNET Discovery PortalThe official website of DELNET-Developing Library Network is www.delnet.in DELNET networks more than 6300 libraries in India and outside the country. It provides access to more than 3.5 crore records of Books, Journal Articles, etc. A link of Delnet Discovery Portal appears on the website www.delnet.inOnce you click to New Discovery Portal link welcome page appears of DELNET Discovery Portal displaying the name of the member Institute . You may notice your institution name on the webpage .(For those Institutions, who have leased-line connection for Internet and have shared their Static/Gateway Ip with DELNET)For those Institutions who have Broadband connection i.e. non-static IP the access will be made through login/password only.)Login & Password is provided by the DELNET to the librarian of Member Institute. Once you put login & password, you can see our Main database page for the online services of DELNET. 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Engineering Knowledge-Intensive Tasks inPublic OrganisationsAlvaro E.Arenas,Simon mbert,and Alistair esCCLRC Rutherford Appleton LaboratoryBusiness and Information Technology DepartmentOxfordshire,OX110QX,UK{A.E.Arenas,mbert,es}@Abstract.Public organisations often face knowledge problems due tothe continual and pervasive movement of staffbetween units and de-partment.The Pellucid project is developing a knowledge managementsystem to assist in such situations.This paper describes the knowledgeengineering and the knowledge level modelling undertaken in Pellucid.We use CommonKADS task templates as a mechanism to identify andderive knowledge-intensive tasks related to mobility in public organisa-tions.Assistance to employees in those tasks is provided by active hints,a conveyor of experience within an organisation.Keywords:Experience Management,E-Government,CommonKADS.1IntroductionOrganisational mobility is the pervasive movement or circulation of stafffrom one unit or department within an organisation to another.This is commonplace in public organisations,which may deliberately encourage it as a form of career development.It is clear that organisational mobility is not necessary a bad thing: inasmuch as mobile employees bring fresh ideas or experience of other areas,then the organisation can be enriched.Nevertheless,inevitably these employees will find it harder to perform as effectively as more experienced(static)staff,due to their relative lack of specific knowledge.Time must be spent in gaining famil-iarity,and although there might be training available,these are not sufficient in themselves.It is these problems that Pellucid aims to address[12].Pellucid uses the metaphor of an intelligent assistant who looks over one’s shoulder and answers questions one might have at a particular point of work [16].The assistant detects that an employee is working in a particular process, offering knowledge resources that facilitate her/his work according to her/his expertise.To this end,the Pellucid platform integrates technologies such as autonomous co-operating agents,organisational memory,workflow and process modelling,and metadata for accessing document repositories.The platform will be installed in three pilot sites:the management of publicly funded projects in the Mancomunidad de Municipios del Bajo Gualdaquivir(MMBG)in Spain; the installation and maintenance of the traffic light plants in the Traffic andMobility Management Department of the Comune di Genova in Italy;and the call center for management and resolution offixed telephony breakdowns of the Consejeria de la Presidencia de la Junta de Andalucia in Spain.Such diversity of applications requiresflexibility and adaptability as two important characteristics of Pellucid.In this paper we describe the knowledge engineering and the knowledge level modelling undertaken in Pellucid,taking into consideration the adaptability of the system to different business processes in public organisations.The Pellucid approach consists of three phases.In thefirst phase,described in section2,we model the contextual and conceptual aspects of a generic public organisation following the CommonKADS methodology[15].Then,specific aspects of a par-ticular organisation are included in a second phase by instancing them to some of the generic models and by adding domain-specific knowledge,as described in section3.Section4presents thefinal phase,which produces a detailed design taking into account implementation details.2A General Model for Experience Management in Public OrganisationsIn CommonKADS,the development of a system entails constructing a set of models of problem solving behaviour in its concrete organisations and application contexts.Thefirst phase in designing Pellucid has been the development of the organisational,task,knowledge and communication models for the case of a generic public organisation.2.1Organisational ModelThe organisational model describes the organisation in a structured,systems-like fashion.It includes aspects such as identification of problems and opportunity areas,organisational structure and resources.All these components come into play and interact when a new knowledge solutions is introduced into the organ-isation.Identifying Knowledge-Oriented Problems and Opportunities.In the case of public organisations,we have identified the following problems related to mobility of public employees:–When a worker leaves the organisation or changes to another department, there is not mechanism for preserving her/his experience in the previous position.–When a worker changes of position within the organisation,due to career pro-gression,s/he does not usually receive training.The acquisition of the specific experience is often left to the initiative of the colleagues or the worker.–New workers usually receive some sort of training when arriving in the organ-isation.The training is often planned to communicate them the specific rules and procedures of the organisation.Many relevant aspects of the position are normally left out.These problems present opportunities that should be considered in Pellucid design:–Capture the experience about operational processes of public employees.–Leverage the accumulated expertise of employees.–Make tasks more efficient and reduce wasted time in searching for informa-tion.–Other more efficient and uniform responses to the public from the organisa-tion.A General Business Process for Public Organisations.In general,the mission of public organisations is to serve the needs of the community[5].Those needs are represented by a portfolio of services offered by the organisation.As business process,we have selected the processing of a generic service as illustrated in Figure1.yout of a General Business ProcessReceive Service Request is concerned with the reception of service request. Once a service is requested,the next action is to determine which information is appropriate to answer the request.Then,the information needed to process the request is collected.Handling a service depends on the service itself,but here we analyse typical tasks such as writing reports,assessment of the service,etc. Finally,a response is generated for the customer and the service ends. Describing Knowledge Resources.Pellucid assumes that the business pro-cess of an organisation is automated with a workflow management system.The system also creates and maintains an organisational memory which contains knowledge resources.At any point of work,an employee may request assistanceof Pellucid,which offers then a hint indicating which actions could be executed and which knowledge resources are useful.The following are example of knowl-edge resources used by Pellucid:–Service Directory.Public organisations can be seen as service-oriented institutions.The business model we have developed is centred on solvinga service request.Hence,having a directory of all services offered by anorganisation constitutes an important knowledge resource.–Profile of monKADS tasks correspond to the tasks involved in solving a service request.These tasks are divided into sub-tasks we have called activities.It is important to store information about each activity, such as its time criticality,knowledge grade,description,etc.–Profile of Employee.The profile of an employee contains information relevant for the organisation,since from there it would be possible to de-termine her/his expertise and knowledge.Important components are the competences,capabilities and skills of each employee.–Documents.Public organisations are document-centred,so this is an im-portant knowledge resource.This resource denotes all documents owned by the organisation.It is useful to indicate the different kinds of document available.We have identified the following kind of documents:manuals,work-ing guidelines,work reports,assessments,meeting minutes,financial reports (spreadsheets),emails and images.2.2Task ModelIn the context of CommonKADS,a task is a subpart of a business process that represents a goal-oriented activity adding value to the organisation,handles in-put and delivers desired outputs in a structured and controlled way,consumes resources,requires and provides knowledge and other competences,and is per-formed by responsible and accountable agents.The methodology includes tex-tual templates to specify the tasks which includes information such as goal of the task,pre and post-conditions,objects handled,timing and control among others.We have defined a catalogue of knowledge-intensive tasks that may be used in any of the tasks associated to the business process presented in Figure1. This catalogue is based on the template of knowledge tasks proposed by Com-monKADS in[15],which includes general tasks such as classification,diagnosis, assessment,monitoring,design and assignment among others.Pellucid catalogue includes the following tasks:–Classification of Documents.Giving a document,this task allows one to know the classification of the document according to a topology.Such classification is useful in providing information/aid to users at any point in the business process.–Roadmap of Documents and Contacts Useful in a Process.This task aims at determining which documents/contacts are useful in a particular process,when knowledge about that process is incomplete.–Monitoring Progress in Handling a Service.Some processes are time-critical in the sense that the work should be done within a particular time.This task monitors the progress of such process,warning employees in case there is a risk of not ending the process in the specified time.–Resource Assignment.Given the nature of a process,it could be necessary to assign some resources to it.This task suggests an employee an optimum assignment of resources to such process.For instance,one of the most knowledge-intensive task in Figure1is In-formation Gathering.It requires determining the most appropriate information for the requested service and then obtaining such information.Determining the appropriate information may include generating a Roadmap of Documents and Contacts useful in that service.Figure2shows the task analysis worksheet for that task.Fig.2.Task Analysis Worksheet for Generating Document/Contacts Roadmap2.3Agent ModelIn CommonKADS,an agent can be human,an information system,or any other entity capable of carrying out a task.The agent model describes the characteris-tics of agents,in particular their competences,authority to act,and constraints in this respect.There are three main elements in Pellucid:the employee of the organisation, a workflow system(WfMS)representing the business process of the organisa-tion,and an organizational memory containing the relevant information of the organisation.In general,Pellucid assists the employee at any point in the work-flow system by providing useful information from the organisational memory. Agents in Pellucid reflect these components.The employee is represented by the Personal Assistant Agent(PAA),which is an interface agent serving andpersonalising information and suggestions to the user.There is a Personal As-sistant Agent per employee in the organisation.The interaction of Pellucid with the workflow system is managed by the Monitoring Agent.The whole func-tionality of the organisational memory is represented by three agents:the Role Agent(RA),which acts as an interface between the PAA and the organisational memory,the Information and Search Agent(ISA),in charge of searching and retrieving information from the organisational memory,and the Capitalisation Agent,which generates new knowledge in the organisational memory.Below,we summarise the main functionalities of these agents.–Personal Assistant Agent.This agent includes functionalities such as present-ing personalised information to the user,accepting comments/rating from the user about current task or selected information resource,and supporting administration of the user profile.–Monitoring Agent.This agent informs Role Agents about activities per-formed by the WfMS.It includes functionalities such as providing interface for receiving information about workflow events.–Role Agent.This agent includes functionalities such as pushing newly dis-covered knowledge to PAAs of interested users,handling queries from PAA, and delegating more complex or time-consuming queries from PAA to ISA.–Information Search Agent.This agent includes functionalities such as receiv-ing and handling queries,searching OM for document instances using gener-ated full-text indexes,and retrieving document from a document repository and providing mechanism to PAA for accessing a given document.–Capitalisation Agent.This agent creates global knowledge and reorganise historical data and knowledge data.It includes functionalities such as as-serting new facts based on review of historical data from OM.CommonKADS proposes templates for documenting the agent specifications. By way of illustration,Figure3shows the specification of Role Agent.Fig.3.Specification of Role Agent2.4Knowledge ModelThe knowledge model specifies the knowledge and reasoning requirements of the prospective system.It includes the domain knowledge model,which specifies the knowledge and information types we want to talk about in the system,and the task knowledge,which describes the goals an application pursues and how these goals can be realised through a decomposition into subtasks and inferences. Domain Knowledge Model.We present here a fragment of the domain knowl-edge model and refer the reader to[11]for a more complete model.Most con-structs of the domain knowledge model are similar to the ones used in modern object-oriented data models.Following CommonKADS,we use a notation as close as possible to UML.In general,public Organisations have as mission to serve the needs of a community through a set of Services which consists of Activities and involves Employees[5].Each activity requires Skills from the employee in order to be performed efficiently.An employee is chosen to work within a particular service on the basis of a Role played within the organisation.However,the role of an employee may change dynamically according to current needs.The employee who is subject to frequent changes of role within the organisation is a mobile employee(see Figure4).Fig.4.Fragment of the Domain KnowledgeGenerally,each business process can be divided into smaller steps called Ac-tivities.To accomplish an activity,an employee undertakes some Actions.It is worth noting that actions are not part of the business process,since different people can accomplish an activity in different ways.An activity depends on the problem to be solved and such information is captured in the concept of Con-text.The purpose of Pellucid is to support and enhance employees’performance by providing them with the knowledge required by the activity they are per-forming at the time they are actually performing the activity.To do so,it is included the concept of Active Hint,a representation of experience within theorganisation.Experience can be seen as knowing what to do in particular cir-cumstances.The circumstances correspond to the context and the know what to do is characterised by the action and resources needed in that action(see Figure 5).Fig.5.Fragment of the Domain KnowledgeAll elements modelled in the domain knowledge model constitute a general ontology for experience management.This ontology is used as a mechanism to express the main concepts of the system and their relation as well as to infer knowledge.Task Knowledge Model.The task knowledge model defines the strategies that will be used to achieve the main goal of a task.Task knowledge is typi-cally described in a hierarchical fashion:top level tasks such as Generate Con-tact/Document Roadmap are decomposed into smaller tasks,which in turn can be split up into even smaller tasks.At the lowest level of task decomposition,the tasks are linked to inferences—a primitive reasoning step—and input/output functions.Let us examine tasks Generate Contact/Document Roadmap.The general specification presented in Figure2gives an informal description of the goal of the task and the relation between input and output.It is worth mentioning there are no domain-dependent terms in such specification.This task can be seen as a particular case of an assignment task(cf.[15],chapter6)in which we are linking(assigning)an activity to people and document resources taking into consideration some constraints such as the grade of knowledge of people —their expertise—and the relevance of the documents used.The method used to realise this task is summarised in Figure6.In this method,decompose, determine and assign correspond to inferences.They are implemented using the ontology presented previously in the domain knowledge model.obtain and present correspond to input/output functions.2.5On Active HintsThe idea of knowledge delivery through active user support,triggered according to the context in a workflow,was developed by the DECOR project[2].PellucidFig.6.Task Method of Generating Contact/Document Roadmaphas borrowed the idea of active hints as conveyors of experience,and is working it out in a somewhat different direction:active hints are regarded as suggestions to the user to perform some actions that will assist her/his current activity.An active hint is triggered in a context and includes an action,a knowledge resource and a justification for the hint.The context is determined by the partic-ular activity that is carried out at that time in the workflow system.An action corresponds to an atomic act on the knowledge resource,for example use a doc-ument template,read a document or consider a contact list.The justification gives to the user a reason for the hint.The following is an example of a possible active hint in the context of a proposal evaluation when managing a project(see Figure8).Context:Proposal EvaluationAction:ConsiderResource:List of People and DocumentsJustification:People in the list have evaluated similar proposals in thepast,and they have used the associated documents for suchactivityThe catalogue of knowledge intensive tasks presented previously has a dual purpose in Pellucid.They could be subtasks of the business process,for instance Classifying a Document could be a task of the process of managing a project,or they could be used as internal tasks to generate active hints,for instance task Generate Contact/Document Roadmap was used to generate previous active hint.2.6Communication ModelThe communication model specifies the information exchange between the differ-ent agents.We begin with the identification of the conversation between agents, derived from the task and agent models.At this level,every conversation con-sists of just one single interaction and the possible answer.For instance,Figure 7illustrates the template describing the conversation between Monitoring Agent and Role Agent.Next,we model the data exchanged in each conversation by specifying speech acts.All this information can be collected in the form of sequence diagrams.We do not emphasize on this part due to lack of space.Fig.7.Conversation between Monitoring Agent and Role Agent3Modelling a Specific Business Process:Project Management in MMBG-SpainThe Mancomunidad de Municipios del Bajo Guadalquivir(MMBG)is an organi-sation created by eleven local authorities with the main objective of contributing to the social and economic development of an area with250,000inhabitants in the southern Region of Andalusia(Spain).The particular problem of MMBG is the wide range of tasks that must be handled by its employees.This variety of areas in the working environment requires a high degree offlexibility among the employees,and expertise is scarce and very valuable.In this situation,the need for knowledge capitalisation and for reuse of previous experiences is very critical,as it would lead to an increase of the efficiency and would allow for a better use of the human and technical resources.3.1A Business Process for Project ManagementThe pilot application that will be validated at the MMBG concerns the Man-agement of publicly funded Projects among this complex organisation.This will include all the tasks to be performed from the very early stages of the project to the justification of the project’s costs and activities,and the preservation of all the documents generated during the project execution.Figure8illustrates the business process for project management at MMBG.3.2Identifying Knowledge-Intensive TasksThe specific business process of an organisation is an aid in identifying knowledge-intensive tasks within the organisation and deriving possible hints to assist em-ployees in these tasks.For the business process of MMBG,presented in Figure 8,the most knowledge-intensive tasks are Feasibility Study and Proposal Evalu-ation.Determining which tasks are knowledge-intensive is part of the knowledge-elicitation process,and includes the participation of domain experts.In ourFig.8.Business Process for Project Management at MMBGproject,we have made use of techniques such as interviews and questionnaires for both identifying knowledge-intensive tasks and deriving possible hints.In a second phase,we plan to use protocol analysis techniques to validate the hints proposed to the user and to capture new ones.3.3Domain-Specific KnowledgeAnother important aspect in developing a knowledge-based system is the inclu-sion of domain-specific knowledge.We have constructed domain-specific ontolo-gies for each of the participating sites,following techniques as the one presented in subsection2.4.These ontologies have been merged with the main ontologies, allowing the system to reason about specific knowledge in the organisation.This process has been assisted with the aid of the Protege tool[13].4Artefact ModellingThe artefact modelling is concerned with the design,a specification of the soft-ware system based on the information provided by the previous models.It can be seen as a bridge between the application domain and the resulting system.Figure 9illustrates the general architecture of our system using the traditional Model-View-Controller(MVC)methaphor[10].The Monitoring Agent corresponds to the Controller Module,capturing inputs from the workflow management system bu means of its sensors and using an event-driven control regimen.The arrows in Figure9indicates informationflow,then the Monitoring Agent informs the Role Agent about received events and updates the Organisational Memory.The Personal Asistant Agent corresponds to the View Module,managing the infor-mation provided to the human user by applying personalisation techniques.The core of the system is the Application Model Module,which comprises the Role Agent,the Information and Search Agent and the Capitalisation Agent.This module includes the functions and data that together deliver the functionalityFig.9.General Architecture of Pellucidof the application.Ontologies and dynamic data manipulated during the reason-ing process are also considered to be part of the organisational memory.We have selected Java as the programming language for the implementation of agents.The ontologies presented in subsections2.4are represented in the OWL ontology language;such transformation is carried out with the aid of the Protege tool[13].The whole reasoning process makes use of the Jena2toolkit [6].Thefinal step in the design is to detail the architecture’s components.As a way of illustration,Figure10presents a fragment of the detailed design of the Role Agent.Fig.10.Detailed Design of the Role Agent5Related WorkPellucid has developed an approach highly influenced by the CommonKADS methodology[15],adapting elements of other approaches such as management of organisational memories[8],experience management[4]and active hints[2].Pellucid can be seen as an example of an Electronic Performance Support Systems(EPPS)[7],systems that aim to support and enhance users’perfor-mance by providing them with the knowledge required by the task they are performing at the time they are actually performing the task.Other examples of EPPS are the EULE system[14],the VirtualOffice and KnowMore systems [1]and integration of knowledge and business processes[16].The EULE system aims at offering assistance in the office work in the domain of insurance business[14].It includes a business-process modelling framework which starts with a high-level structure of business processes that span various organizational units,and then gets broken down into more and more local views which at the same time become more detailed,until at the most detailed level EULE office task representations are obtained.The system is coupled with a workflow system by linking a EULE office tasks to working steps of a workflow. When reaching a working step that is associated with a EULE task,the user can request EULE assistance and obtain then the information missing at that specific point.The VirtualOffice and KnowMore projects aim to support knowledge-intensive activities by providing automatic access to relevant information[1].Each activ-ity belongs to some comprehensive business process which is explicitly modelled and enacted by some WfMS.The activities are to be supported based on an available information space,which contains information sources of various types and characteristics together with suitable access structures.A central component is an intelligent assistant,which bridges between the information space and the knowledge-intensive activities and performs a process identification job(similar to the context identification job carried out by Pellucid)in which the system de-tects the particular circumstances of a process.The Virtual Office tool integrates paper-based information into workflow using a document management system for information extraction,following a request from the workflow.The Know-More project focuses on delivering goal-specific information in a proactive way by analysing the incoming stream of information that the organisation receives. These works were further extended in the DECOR project[2].The work of Staab and Schnurr in[16]is close to our work in putting an in-telligent assistant to work within a business process environment.It also exploits the inferential power of ontology-based retrieval on top of the Ontobroker soft-ware,using a notion of context-based views for coupling workflow and retrieval. In building the information system,they start with an analysis process that ex-plores the interdependence among the documents employed in the business pro-cess.Then,domain-specific information is added by including domain ontologies describing the content of documents,and contextual information.During the ex-ecution phase,the system acts as facilitator for sharing,creating and retrieving knowledge,providing users for active help as a response to their request.6ConclusionsThis paper has presented the knowledge engineering modelling undertaken in Pellucid,using the CommonKADS methodology.The main contribution of the paper lies in presenting and applying a set of knowledge-intensive tasks useful for experience management.Task typologies have been introduced previously in the literature in a more general context[3,9,15].We have been inspired by CommonKADS typology,adapting some tasks for the case of organisational mobility in public organisations.An important feature of Pellucid is the use of active hints to deliver knowledge to the members of an organisation[11].The knowledge-intensive tasks we have proposed have been used either to solve knowledge-intensive problems within the business process of the organisation or as a mechanism to derive active hints.Future work includes extending the tasks catalogue to include other tasks related to organisational mobility.We are currently working on the implementa-tion of the some of the tasks using semantic web technologies such as RDF and OWL,with the aid of the Jena toolkit[6].AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the IST Programme of the European Commis-sion,Project number IST-2001-34519.The authors are grateful to other project partnes for helpful comments.Pellucid partners comprise ACC CYFRONET-AGH in Poland,Institute of Informatics of Slovak Academy of Sciences in Slo-vakia,Sadiel S.A.in Spain,Softeco Sismat SpA in Italy,Consejeria de la Pres-idencia de la Junta de Andalucia in Spain,Comune di Genova in Italy,Manco-munidad de Municipios del Bajo Gualdaquivir in Spain,and SADESI in Spain. References1. A.Abecker,A.Bernardi,H.Maus,M.Sintek,and rmation Supplyfor Business Processes:Coupling Workflow with Document Analysis and Informa-tion Retrieval.Knowledge-Based Systems,13(5):271–284,2000.2. A.Abecker,S.Dioudis,L.van Elst,C.Houy,M.Legal,G.Mentzas,S.Muller,andG.Papavassiliou.Enabling Workflow-Embedded Organizational Memory Accesswith the DECOR Toolkit.In Dieng-Kuntz and Matta[8],pages63–14.3.V.R.Benjamins and M.Aben.Structure-Preserving Knowledge-Based SystemDevelopment through Reusable Libraries:A Case Study in Diagnosis.International Journal of Human-Computer Studies,47(2):259–288,1997.4.R.Bergmann.Experience Management.Lecture Notes in Artificial IntelligenceSeries.Springer,2002.5.J.M.Bryson.Strategic Planning for Public and Nonprofit Organizations.Jossey-Bass Public Administration Series,1995.6.J.J.Carroll,I.Dickinson,C.Dollin,D.Reynolds,A.Seaborne,and K.Wilkinson.Jena:Implementing the semantic web recommendations.Technical Report HPL-2003-146,Hewlett Packard Laboratories,2003.。

电脑开机按f1的解决方法导读:最近有用户反映，每次开机的的时候，都会出现提示按f1，不按f1就不会正常开机，这让用户非常苦恼。

出现开机要按f1的问题很多，解决方法也很多。

小编为大家罗列了几种开机按f1的情况和一些解决办法，我们一起往下看看。

方法步骤一、开机按Del键，进入BIOS设置，选择第一个“基本设置”，把floopy一项设置没“Disabel”无效就可以了。

二、刚开始开机时按DEL进入BIOS，按回车键进入第一项，看看里面的“Drive A”项是不是“None”，不是的话按“Pgup”或“PgDn”进行修改，修改后按“ESC”退出，选“Save & Exit Setup”项按回车退出BIOS，重启，再不行的话就换了电池再按上面的步骤重新设置既可。

三、开机需要按下F1键才能进入，主要是因为BIOS中设置与真实硬件数据不符引起的，可以分为以下几种情况：1、实际上没有软驱或者软驱坏了，而BIOS里却设置有软驱，这样就导致了要按F1才能继续。

2、原来挂了两个硬盘，在BIOS中设置成了双硬盘，后来拿掉其中一个的时候却忘记将BIOS设置改回来，也会出现这个问题。

3、主板电池没有电了也会造成数据丢失从而出现这个故障。

4、重新启动系统，进入BIOS设置中，发现软驱设置为1.44M了，但实际上机箱内并无软驱，将此项设置为NONE后，故障排除。

曾经有很多人问过这样的问题，下面将我遇过的此类问题做一下总结，希望对大家有所帮助。

1、Hareware Monitor found an error，enter POWER MANAGEMENT SETUP for details，Press F1 to continue，DEL to enter SETUP中文：监视功能发现错误，进入POWER MANAGEMENT SETUP察看详细资料，按F1键继续开机程序，按DEL键进入COMS设置。

解释：有的主板具备硬件的监视功能，可以设定主板与CPU的温度监视、电压调整器的电压输出准位监视和对各个风扇转速的监视，当上述监视功能在开机时发觉有异常情况，那么便会出现上述这段话，这时可以进入COMS设置选择POWER MANAGEMENT SETUP，在右面的**Fan Monitor**、**Thermal Monitor**和**Voltage Monitor**察看是哪部分发出了异常，然后再加以解决。