关于单片机的英文文献(上)

单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机简介中英对原文来源图书馆电子资源Single chip brief introductionThe monolithic integrated circuit said that the monolithic micro controller, it is not completes some logical function the chip, but integrates a computer system to a chip on. Summary speaking: A chip has become a computer. Its volume is small, the quality is light, and the price cheap, for the study, the application and the development has provided the convenient condition. At the same time, the study use monolithic integrated circuit is understands the computer principle and the structure best choice.The monolithic integrated circuit interior also uses with the computer function similar module, for instance CPU, memory, parallel main line, but also has with the hard disk behave identically the memory component7 what is different is its these part performance is opposite our home-use computer weak many, but the price is also low, generally does not surpass 10 Yuan then Made some control electric appliance one kind with it is not the 'very complex work foot, We use now the completely automatic drum washer, the platoon petti-coat pipe: VCD and so on Inside the electrical appliances may see its form! It is mainly takes the control section the core part.It is one kind of online -like real-time control computer, online -like is the scene control, needs to have the strong antijamming ability,the low cost, this is also and the off-line type computer (for instance home use PC,) main differenceThe monolithic integrated circuit is depending on the procedure, and may revise. Realizes the different function through the different procedure, particularly special unique some functions, this is other component needs to take the very big effort to be able to achieve, some are the flowered big strength is also very difficult to achieve. One is not the very complex function, if develops in the 50s with the US 74 series, or the 60s's CD4000 series these pure hardware do decides, the electric circuit certainly arc a big PCB board ! But if, if succeeded in the 70s with the US puts in the market the series monolithic integrated circuit, the result will have the huge difference. Because only the monolithic integrated circuit compiles through you the procedure may realize the high intelligence, high efficiency, as well as redundant reliabilityThe CPU is the key component of a digital computer. Its purpose isto decode instruction received from memory and perform transfers, arithmetic, logic, and control operations with data stored in internal registers, memory, or I/O interface units. Externally, the CPU provides one or more buses for transferring instructions, data, and control information to and from components connected to it. A microcontroller is present in the keyboard and in the monitor in the generic computer; thus these components are also shaded. In such microcontrollers, the CPU may be quite different from those discussed in this chapter. The wordlengths may be short, the number of registers small, and the instruction sets limited. Performance, relatively speaking, is poor, but adequatefor the task. Most important, the cost of these microcontrollers is very low, making their use cost effective.Because the monolithic integrated circuit to the cost is sensitive, therefore present occupies the dominant status the software is the most preliminary assembly language7 it was except the binary machine code above the most preliminary language, sincewhy were such preliminary must use?Why high-level did the language already achieve the visualization programming level not to use? The reason is very simple, is the monolithic integrated circuit docs not have home computer such CPU, and also has not looked like the hard disk such mass memory equipment. Inside even if a visualization higher order language compilation script only then a button, also will achieve several dozens K the sizes! Does not speak anything regarding the home use PC hard disk, but says regarding the monolithic integrated circuit cannot accept. The monolithic integrated circuit in the hardware source aspect's use factor must very Gao Caixing, therefore assembly, although primitive actually massively is using, Same truth, if attains supercomputer's on operating system and the application software home use PC to come up the movement, home use PC could also not withstand.It can be said that the 20th century surmounted three "the electricity" the time, namely the electrical time, the Electronic Ageand already entered computer time. However, this kind of computer, usually refers to the personal computer, is called PC machine. It by the main engine, the keyboard, the monitor and so on is composed. Also has a kind of computer, most people actually not how familiar. This kind of computer is entrusts with the intelligence each kind of mechanical monolithic integrated circuit (also to call micro controller). , This kind of computer's smallest system only has used as the name suggests a piece of integrated circuit, then carries on the simple operation and the control. Because its volume is small, usually hides in is accused the machinery "the belly". It in the entire installment, plays is having like the human brains role, it went wrong, the entire installment paralyzed. Now, this kind of monolithic integrated circuit's use domain already very widespread, like the intelligent measuring appliance, the solid work paid by time control, the communication equipment, the guidance system, the domestic electric appliances and so on, Once each product used the monolithic integrated circuit, could get up causes the effect which the product turned to a new generation, often before product range crown by adjective---- …intelligence?, like intelligence washer and so on. Now some factory's technical personnel or other extra-curricular electronic exploiter do certain products, are not theelectric circuit are too complex, is the function is too simple, and is imitated extremely easily. Investigates its reason, possibly on card, in the product has not used on the monolithic integrated circuit or other programmable logical component.单片机简介单片机又称单片微控制器，它不是完成某一个逻辑功能的芯片，而是把一个计算机系统集成到一个芯片上。

单片机设计体参考文献介绍单片机（Microcontroller）是一种集成了微处理器核心、存储器、输入/输出端口以及其他功能模块的集成电路芯片。

它具有低功耗、体积小、易于控制和使用的特点，广泛应用于各种电子设备中。

在单片机的设计过程中，参考文献的重要性不言而喻。

好的参考文献可以为设计者提供丰富的知识和经验，指导设计过程并解决问题。

本文将就单片机设计方面的参考文献进行全面、详细、完整和深入的探讨，为读者提供有关单片机设计的一些建议和指导。

选择合适的参考文献选择合适的参考文献是进行单片机设计的第一步。

以下是一些有关单片机设计的经典参考书目，供读者参考。

1. 《The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C》•作者：Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D.McKinlay•出版年份：2007年•内容简介：本书全面介绍了8051单片机的架构、编程和应用。

书中涵盖了从基本知识到高级应用的内容，适合初学者和有一定经验的读者。

2. 《ARM Cortex-M3和Cortex-M4单片机高级编程》•作者：Yifeng Zhu•出版年份：2013年•内容简介：本书详细介绍了ARM Cortex-M3和Cortex-M4单片机的架构、指令集和编程技巧。

作者通过丰富的实例和案例，深入浅出地讲解了单片机的高级编程技术。

3. 《单片机与嵌入式系统应用》•作者：Ryan Heffernan, Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Danny Causey•出版年份：2012年•内容简介：本书介绍了单片机和嵌入式系统的基本概念和原理，包括硬件和软件的设计和开发。

书中还提供了大量的实例和项目，帮助读者将理论知识应用到实际项目中。

单片机设计流程在进行单片机设计时，遵循一定的设计流程是非常重要的。

A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerT h e s i n g l e-c h i p m i c r o c o mp u t e r i s t h e c u l m i n a t i o n o f b o t h t h e d e v e l o p me n t o f t h e d i g i t a l c o mp u t e r a n d t h e i n t e g r a t e d c i r c u i t a r g u a b l y t h e t o w m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t i n v e n t i o n s o f t h e20t h c e n t u r yT h e s e t o w t y p e s o f a r c h i t e c t u r e a r e f o u n d i n s i n g l e-c h i p m i c r o c o m p u t e r.S o me e m p l o y t h e s p l i t p r o g r a m/d a t a m e mo r y o f t h e H a r v a r d a r c h i t e c t u r e,s h o w n i n F i g.3-5A-1,o t h e r s f o l l o w t h e p h i l o s o p h y, w i d e l y a d a p t e d f o r g e n e r a l-p u r p o s e c o mp u t e r s a n d m i c r o p r o c e s s o r s,o f m a k i n g n o l o g i c a l d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n p r o g r a m a n d d a t a m e mo r y a s i n t h e P r i n c e t o n a r c h i t e c t u r e,s h o w n i n F i g.3-5A-2.I n g e n e r a l t e r m s a s i n g l e-c h i p m i c r o c o m p u t e r i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y t h e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o f a l l t h e u n i t s o f a c o m p u t e r i n t o a s i n g l e d e v i c e, a s s h o w n iFig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM)R O M i s u s u a l l y f o r t h e p e r m a n e n t, n o n-v o l a t i l e s t o r a g e o f a n a p p l i c a t i o n s p r o g r a m.M a n y m i c r o c o m p u t e r s a n d m i c r o c o n t r o l l e r s a r e i n t e n d e d f o r h i g h-v o l u m e a p p l i c a t i o n s a n d h e n c e t h e e c o n o m i c a l m a n u f a c t u r e o f t h e d e v i c e s r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e p r o g r a m m e m o r y b e c o m m i t t e d p e r m a n e n t l y d u r i n g t h e m a n u f a c t u r e o f c h i p s.C l e a r l y,t h i s i m p l i e s a r i g o r o u s a p p r o a c h t o R O M c o d e d e v e l o p m e n t s i n c e c h a n g e s c a n n o t b e m a d e a f t e r m a n u f a c t u r e .T h i s d e v e l o p m e n t p r o c e s s m a y i n v o l v e e m u l a t i o n u s i n g a s o p h i s t i c a t e d d e v e l o p m e n t s y s t e m w i t h a h a r d w a r e e m u l a t i o n c a p a b i l i t y a s w e l l a s t h e u s e o f p o w e r f u l s o f t w a r e t o o l s.S o m e m a n u f a c t u r e r s p r o v i d e a d d i t i o n a l R O M o p t i o n s b y i n c l u d i n g i n t h e i r r a n g e d e v i c e s w i t h(o r i n t e n d e d f o r u s e w i t h)u s e r p r o g r a m m a b l e m e m o r y.T h e s i m p l e s t o f t h e s e i s u s u a l l y d e v i c e w h i c h c a n o p e r a t e i n a m i c r o p r o c e s s o r m o d e b y u s i n g s o m e o f t h e i n p u t/o u t p u t l i n e s a s a n a d d r e s s a n d d a t a b u s f o r a c c e s s i n g e x t e r n a l m e m o r y.T h i s t y p e o f d e v i c ec a n b e h a v e f u n c t i o n a l l y a s t h e s i n g l e c h i p m i c r o c o m p u t e r f r o m w h i c h i t i sd e r i v e d a l b e i t w i t h r e s t r i c t e d I/O a n d a mo d i f i e d e x t e r n a l c i r c u i t. T h e u s e o f t h e s e R O M l e s s d e v i c e s i s c o m m o n e v e n i n p r o d u c t i o n c i r c u i t s w h e r e t h e v o l u m e d o e s n o t j u s t i f y t h e d e v e l o p m e n t c o s t s o f c u s t o m o n-c h i p R O M[2];t h e r e c a n s t i l l b e a s i g n i f i c a n t s a v i n g i n I/O a n d o t h e r c h i p s c o mp a r e d t o a c o n v e n t i o n a l m i c r o p r o c e s s o r b a s e d c i r c u i t.M o r e e x a c t r e p l a c e m e n t f o r R O M d e v i c e s c a n b e o b t a i n e d i n t h e f o r m o f v a r i a n t s w i t h 'p i g g y-b a c k'E P R O M(E r a s a b l e p r o g r a m m a b l e R O M)s o c k e t s o r d e v i c e s w i t h E P R O M i n s t e a d o f R O M。

引言：单片机（Microcontroller）是一种广泛应用于嵌入式系统中的小型计算机芯片。

它集成了处理器核心、存储器、外设接口和时钟电路等核心部件，可以独立运行。

随着全球化的发展，外文文献对于学习和研究单片机领域来说至关重要。

本文翻译的外文文献《MicrocontrollerbasedTrafficLightControlSystem》详细介绍了基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统。

概述：交通信号灯控制是现代都市交通系统中至关重要的一环。

传统的交通信号灯控制系统通常由定时器控制，不能根据实际交通情况动态调整信号灯的时间。

而基于单片机的交通信号灯控制系统可以实现根据实时交通流量来动态调整信号灯的时间，优化交通效率。

本文将详细介绍该系统的设计和实现。

正文：一、单片机选型1.1.CPU性能：本文选择了一款高性能的32位单片机作为控制核心，它具有较高的处理能力和较大的存储器容量，可以同时处理多条交通路口的信号控制。

1.2.外设接口：该单片机具有丰富的外设接口，可以与交通信号灯、传感器和通信设备等进行连接，实现信号控制和数据交互。

1.3.低功耗设计：为了节约能源和延长系统寿命，在单片机选型时考虑了低功耗设计，降低系统运行的能耗。

二、硬件设计2.1.交通信号灯：在设计交通信号灯时，考虑了日夜可见性和能耗。

采用了高亮度LED作为信号灯光源，同时添加了光敏传感器控制信号灯的亮度，以满足不同时间段的亮度需求。

2.2.传感器：通过安装车辆感应器和行人感应器等传感器，可以在实时监测交通流量的基础上，智能调整信号灯时间，提高路口的交通效率。

2.3.通信设备：在交通信号灯控制系统中引入了通信设备，可以实现各交通路口之间的信息交互和协调控制，提高整体交通系统的效率。

三、软件设计3.1.程序架构：采用了多任务的实时操作系统，将交通信号灯控制、传感器数据处理和通信设备控制等功能分别封装成不同的任务，实现了系统的高效运行和任务调度。

INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLERSWhat are microcontrollers? They are what their name suggests. Today they can be found in almost any complex electronic device - from portable music devices to washing machines to your car. They are programmable, cheap, small, can handle abuse, require almost zero power, and there are so many variaties to suit every need. This is what makes them so useful for robotics - they are like tiny affordable computers that you can put right onto your robot.Augmented Microcontrollers and Development Boards In a pure sense, a microcontroller is just an IC (integrated circuit, or a black chip thing with pins coming out of it>. However it is very common to add additional external components, such as a voltage regulator, capacitors, LEDs, motor driver, timing crystals, rs232, etc to the basic IC. Formally, this is called an augmented microcontroller. But in reality, most people just say 'microcontroller' even if it has augmentation. Other abbreviations would be uncontroller and MicroController Unit (MCU>. Usually when I say 'microcontroller' what I really mean to say is 'augmented microcontroller.'As a beginner it is probably best to buy an augmented microcontroller. Why? Well because they have tons of goodies built onto them that are all assembled and debugged for you. They also often come with tech support, sample code, and a community of people to help you with them. My microcontroller parts list shows the more popular types that you can buy. They tend to cost from $30 to $150 depending on the features. This will give you a good introductory to microcontroller programming without having to be concerned with all the technical stuff.In the long term however you should build your own augmented microcontroller so that you may understand them better. The advantage to making your own is that it will probably cost you from $10-$30.Between getting a full augmented board and doing it yourself is something called a development board. These boards come pre-augmented with just the bare basics to get you started. They are designed for prototyping and testing of new ideas very quickly. They typically cost between $15 and $40.What comes with the IC?There is a huge variety of microcontrollers out on the market, but I will go over a few common features that you will find useful for your robotics project.For robots, ore important than any other feature on a microcontroller, is the I/O ports. Input ports are used for taking in sensor data, while output is used for sending commands to external hardware such as servos. There are two types of I/O ports, analog and digital.Analog Input Ports Analog Ports are necessary to connect sensors to your robot. Also known as an analog to digital converter (ADC>, they recieve analog signals and convert them to adigital number within a certain numerical range.So what is analog? Analog is a continuous voltage range and is typically found with sensors. However computers can only operate in the digital realm with 0's and 1's. So how does a microcontroller convert an analog signal to a digital signal?First, the analog is measured after a predefined period of time passes. At each time period, the voltage is recorded as a number. This number then defines a signal of 0's and 1's as shown:The advantage of digital over analog is that digital is much better at eliminating background noise. Cell phones are all digital today, and although the digital signal is less representative than an analog signal, it is much less likely to degrade since computers can restore damaged digital signals. This allows for a clearer output signal to talk to your mom or whoever. MP3's are all digital too, usually encoded at 128 kbps. Higher bit rates obviously mean higher quality because they better represent the analog signal. But higher bit rates also require more memory and processing power.Most microcontrollers today are 8 bit, meaning they have arange of 256 (2^8=256>. There are a few that are 10 bit, 12 bit, and even 32 bit, but as you increase precision you also need a much faster processor.What does this bit stuff mean for ADC? For example, suppose a sensor reads 0V to an 8 bit ADC. This would give you a digital ouput of 0. 5V would be 255. Now suppose a sensor gave anoutput of 2.9V, what would the ADC output be?Doing the math:2.9V/5V = X/255 X = 2.9*255/5 = 148So how do you use an analog port? First make sure your sensor output does not exceed your digital logic voltage (usually 0V -> 5V>. Then plug that output directly to the analog port.This bit range could also be seen as a resolution. Higher resolutions mean higher accuracy, but occasionally can mean slower processing and more succeptability to noise. For example, suppose you had a 3 bit controller which has a range of 2^3=8. Then you have a distance sensor that outputed a number 0->7 (a total of 8> that represents the distance between your robot and the wall. If your sensor can see only 8 feet, then you get a resolution of 1 bit per foot (8 resolution / 8 feet = 1>. But then suppose you have an 8 bit controller, you would get256/8=32 ~ 1 bit per centimeter - way more accurate and useful! With the 3 bit controller, you could not tell the difference between 1 inch and 11 inches.Digital I/O Ports Digital ports are like analog ports, but with only 1 bit (2^1=2> hence a resolution of 2 - on and off.Digital ports obviously for that reason are rarely used for sensors, except for maybe on/off switches . . . What they are mostly used for is signal output. You can use them to control motors or led's or just about anything. Send a high 5V signalto turn something on, or a low 0V to turn something off. Or if you want to have an LED at only half brightness, or a motor at half speed, send a square wave. Square waves are like turning something on and off so fast that its almost like sending outan analog voltage of your choice. Neat, huh?This is an example of a square wave for PWM:These squarewaves are called PWM, short for pulse width modulation. They are most often used for controlling servos or DC motor H-Bridges.Also a quick side note, analog ports can be used as digital ports.Serial Communication, RS232, UART A serial connection on your microcontroller is very useful for communication. You can useit to program your controller from a computer, use it to output data from your controller to your computer (great for debugging>, or even use it to operate other electronics such as digital video cameras. Usually the microcontroller would require an external IC to handle everything, such as an RS232.Timers A timer is the method by which the microcontroller measures the passing of time - such as for a clock, sonar, a pause/wait command, timer interrupts, etc.Motor Driver To run a DC motor you need to either have an H-Bridge or a Motor Driver IC. The IC is great for small robots that do not exceed 1 or 2 amps per motor and the rated motor voltage is not higher than about 12V. The homemade H-Bridge would need to be used if you wanted to exceed those specs. There are a few H-Bridge controllers commercially available to buy, but usually they are way too expensive and are designedfor battlebot type robots. The IC is small, very cheap, and can usually handle two motors. I highly recommend opting for the IC. Also, do not forget to put a heatsink onto the motordriver. Motordrivers give off pretty fireworks when they explode from overheating =>Another interesting note, you can stack IC's in parallel to double the allowable current and heat dissipation.Theoretically you can stack as many as you want, as long as the current is high enough to still operate the logic of the IC. This works for voltage regulators too.Output Indicators Im referring to anything that can be used for debugging by communicating information to you. LED's, buzzers, LCD screens, anything that gives output. The better the indicator, the easier the debugging. The best indicator is to have your robot tethered and print or data log sensor andaction data to your computer, but it isn't always possible to have your robot tethered.Programming Languages The lowest form of programming languagesis the machine language. Microcontrollers need to be programmed with this.These higher languages would then be compiled automaticallyinto a machine language, which then you can upload into your robot. Probably the easiest language to learn would be BASIC, with a name true to itself. The BASIC Stamp microcontrolleruses that language. But BASIC has its limitations, so if you have any programming experience at all, I recommend you program in C. This language was the precurser to C++, so if you can already program in C++, it should be really simple for you to learn. What complicates this is that there is no standard to programming microcontrollers. Each has its own features, its own language, its own compiler, and its own uploading to the controller method.This is why I do not go into too much detail because there are too many options out there to talk about. The support documents that come with the controllers should answer your specificquestions. Also, if you decide to use a PIC, understand that the compiler program (at least the good ones> can cost hundred of dollars. Most microcontrollers also require a special interface device between your computer and the chip for programming which could also cost from $10-$40.Costs With possibly the exception of DC motors, the microcontroller is the most expensive part of your robot. There is just no escaping the costs, especially for the beginner. But remember, after buying all this for your first robot, you do not need to buy any of it again as you can reuse everything. So here is the breakdown of costs. The chip itself, without augmentation, would only cost dollars. But understand the chip is useless without the augmentation, so you would need to do it yourself if you do not buy it already augmented. This could potentially cost just as much with the augmentation, and could cause you many frustrations.If however you are more experienced (and for some odd reason still reading this>, you can customize your own circuit to do exactly what you want. Why have a motordriver when you are only using servos anyway? If you decide to buy an augmented MCU, the cost will range from about $50-$150. To compile your program, you would need to get special compiling software. Atmel and BASIC Stamps have free compilers. PIC's however have fairly expensive compilers. There are some free ones available online, but they are of poor quality in my opinion. CCSC PIC C compiler is about $125, but I think it is worth getting if you are going to use PIC's.You will also need an uploader to transfer the program from your computer to the chip. This generally requires more special software and a special interface device. The Cerebellum PIC based controller has this built in which is really nice and convienent, but for any others expect to spend from $10-$40. People often opt to just make their own as the circuit isnt too complicated.As a prototyper, what you probably want most is a MCUdevelopment board. These augmented microcontrollers aredesigned for the prototyper in mind. To find these augmentedMCU's, do a search for 'pic development board,' 'atmeldevelopment board,' 'stamp development board,' etc.单片机的介绍什么是单片机? 正如它们的名字所说的那样。

单片机外文翻译外文文献英文文献单片机的发展与应用THE Application and Development ofMicrocontroller UnitMonolithic integrated circuits are a computer chip. It uses tec hnology will have a data processing ability of the microprocessor (cpu), storage in rom （program memory and data storage ram ）, the input, output interfaces circuit (I/O) integration interface i tu rned around with a chip in that small, constitutes a very good and the computer hardware system, where the application under the c ontrol of a monolithic integrated circuits can be accurate, fast and efficient procedures provided in advance to complete the task. So, a monolithic integrated circuits will have a computer chip of all t he functions.Thus, the microprocessor （monolithic integrated circuits has generally cpu ）chips are not functional, it can independently com plete modern industrial control required for intelligent control func tions, it is monolithic integrated circuits of the biggest characteristi c.Monolithic integrated circuits, however, and different from mac hines （ a microprocessor chips, the memory chip and input and o utput interfaces chip in with a piece of printed circuit board of a microcomputer ）, Monolithic integrated circuits chip in developing ago, it is only a function vlsi will have a strong, If of application development, it is a small microcomputer control system, but it m achine or a personal computer (pc is essential. the difference betw een).Monolithic integrated circuits of the application of chips at the level of application, the user （monolithic integrated circuits lear ners with users understand the structure of the chip ）monolithic integrated circuits and instruction system, and the integrated use o f technology and system design to the theory and techniques, in th is particular chip design application, thereby, the chip with a parti cular function.Different monolithic integrated circuits have different hardware and software, or the technical features are different, Character de pends on a hardware chip monolithic integrated circuits the intern al structure of the user to use some monolithic integrated circuits, we must know this type of product whether to meet the needs of the facilities and application of the indicators required. The tech nical features include functional characteristics, control and electric al attributes, These information to manufacturers in the technical manual. Software features refers to an instruction system and devel opment support of the environment, the quality of instruction or monolithic integrated circuits for reference, data processing and log ical processing, output characteristics and to the power input requi rements, etc. Development support of the environment, including th e instructions of compatible and portable. support software (contai ns can support the development and application software and hard ware resources. resources). To take advantage of the model of deve lopment of a monolithic integrated circuits application systems, lea rn its structural features and technological characteristic is require d.Monolithic integrated circuits to control system will ever use o f sophisticated electronic circuit or circuit, a control system to achi eve the software controls and enable intelligent, It is monolithic in tegrated circuits to control areas, such as communications products and household appliances, the instruments and processes to contr ol and control devices, theapplication of more monolithic integrate d circuits sector.Monolithic integrated circuits, of course, the application is not limited to the application or the category of the economic perfor mance is more important it is a fundamental change in the traditi onal methods designed to control and mind control techniques. it i s a revolution is an important milestone.Can say now is the policy, a hundred schools of thought conte nd "monolithic integrated circuits, World chip all the company unv eiled his monolithic integrated circuits, from 8, 16 to 32 bits, and,with mainstream c51 series of, and there is not compatible with e ach other, but they, as complementary to monolithic integrated circ uits, the application of the world provide a broad.Throughout monolithic integrated circuits of the development p rocess, the trend of a monolithic integrated circuits, has ：1.the low TDP COMSMcs -51 8031 a series of TDP for 630mw, and now a monolit hic integrated circuits, and generally in 100mw. As to ask for lowe r TDP monolithic integrated circuits, and now each monolithic inte grated circuits are used in the basic cmos (complementary metal o xides semiconductor technology). Like 80c51 adopt a hmos (the hig h density metal oxides semiconductor technology) and chmos (com plementary high density metal oxides semiconductor technology). C mos although TDP low, but owing to their physical characteristics to their work at a speed isn't high enough, but it has a high-spee d chmos TDP and low, these features are more appropriate to ask for lower TDP in a battery operated applications. so this process will be for a period of development. the main way to monolithic i ntegrated circuits。

SCM is an integrated circuit chip，is the use of large scale integrated circuit technology to a data processing capability of CPU CPU random access memory RAM，read—only memory ROM，a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer functions (which may also include display driver circuitry，pulse width modulation circuit，analog multiplexer, A / D converter circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small and complete computer systems。

SCM is also known as micro—controller （Microcontroller)，because it is the first to be used in industrial control. Only a single chip by the CPU chip developed from a dedicated processor。

The first design is by a large number of peripherals and CPU on a chip in the computer system，smaller, more easily integrated into a complex and demanding on the volume control device which. The Z80 INTEL is the first designed in accordance with this idea processor, then on the development of microcontroller and dedicated processors will be parting ways。

关于单片机的英文文献engine-control systems, brakingsystems (ABS). applications thatbenefitThe General Situation of AT89C51Microcontrollers are used in a multitude of commercial applicationssuch as modems, motor-control systems, air conditioner control systems, automotive engine and amongothers. The high processing speed and enhanced peripheral set of these microcontrollers make them suitable for such high-speed event-based applications. However, these critical application domains also require that these microcontrollers are highly reliable. The highreliability and low market risks can be ensured by a robust testing process and a proper tools environment for the validation of these microcontrollers both at the component and at the system level. Intel Platform Engineering department developed an object-oriented multi-threaded test environment for the validation of its AT89C51 automotive microcontrollers. The goals of this environment was not only to provide a robust testing environment for theAT89C51 automotive microcontrollers, but to develop an environment which canbe easilyextended and reused for the validation of several other futuremicrocontrollers. The environment was developed in conjunction withMicrosoft Foundation Classes (AT89C51). The paper describes the design and mechanism of this test environment, its interactions with varioushardware/software environmental components, and how to use AT89C51.1.1 IntroductionThe 8-bit AT89C51 CHMOSmicrocontrollers are designed to handle high-speed calculations and fast input/output operations. MCS 51microcontrollers are typically used for high-speed event control systems. Commercial applications include modems,motor-control systems, printers, photocopiers, air conditioner control systems, disk drives, and medical instruments. The automotive industry use MCS 51 microcontrollers in airbags, suspension systems, and antilock The AT89C51 is especially well suited to from itsprocessing speed and enhanced on-chip dynamicsuspension, antilock braking, and stability control applications.peripheral functions set, such as automotive power-train control, vehicleBecause of these critical applications, the market requires a reliable cost-effective controller with a low interrupt latency response, abilityto service the high number of time and event driven integrated peripherals needed in real time applications, and a CPUwith above average processing power in a single package. The financial and legal risk of having devices that operate unpredictably is very high. Once in the market, particularly in mission critical applications such as an autopilot or anti-lockbraking system, mistakes are financially prohibitive. Redesign costs can run as high as a $500K, much more if the fix means 2 back annotating it across a product family that share the samecore and/or peripheral design flaw. In addition, field replacements of components is extremely expensive, as the devices are typically sealed in modules with a total value several times that of the component. To mitigate these problems, it is essential that comprehensive testing of the controllers be carried out at both the component level and system level under worst case environmental and voltage conditions. This complete and thorough validation necessitates not only a well-defined process but also a proper environment and tools to facilitate and execute the mission successfully. Intel Chandler Platform Engineering group provides post silicon system validation (SV)of various micro-controllers and processors. The system validation process can be broken into three major parts. The type of the device and its application requirements determine which types of testing are performed on the device.1.2 The AT89C51 provides the following standard features:4Kbytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bittimer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duple serial port, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Modestops the CPUwhile allowing the RAM,timer/counters, serial port and interrupt sys -tem to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the。

我国的单片机起步虽然较晚，但经过几十年的发展，也取得了巨大的成就。

不论是工业生产还是社会生活的各个方面都离不开单片机的使用。

下面是搜素整理的单片机英文参考文献的分享，以供参考。

单片机英文参考文献一： [1]Hui Wang. Optimal Design of Single Chip Microcomputer Multi-machine Serial Communication based on Signal VerificationTechnology[J]. International Journal of Intelligent Information and Management Science,2020,9（1）。

[2]Philip J. Basford,Steven J. Johnston,Colin S. Perkins,Tony Garnock-Jones,Fung Po Tso,Dimitrios Pezaros,Robert D. Mullins,Eiko Yoneki,Jeremy Singer,Simon J. Cox. Performance analysis of single board computer clusters[J]. Future Generation ComputerSystems,2020,102. [3]. Computers; Reports from University of Southampton Describe Recent Advances in Computers （Performance Analysis of Single Board Computer Clusters）[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2020. [4]Yunyu Cao,Jinjin Dang,Chenxu Cao. Design of Automobile Digital Tire Pressure Detector[J]. Journal of Scientific Research and Reports,2019. [5]Sudad J. Ashaj,Ergun Er?elebi. Reduce Cost Smart Power Management System by Utilize Single Board Computer Artificial Neural Networks for Smart Systems[J]. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems,2019. [6]Hanhong Tan*, Yanfei Teng. Design of PWM Lighting brightness Control based on LAN QIAO Cup single Chip Microcomputer[J]. International Journal of Computational and Engineering,2019,4（3）。

Principle of MCUSingle-chip is an integrated on a single chip a complete computer system. Even though most of his features in a small chip, but it has a need to complete the majority of computer components: CPU, memory, internal and external bus system, most will have the Core. At the same time, such as integrated communication interfaces, timers, real-time clock and other peripheral equipment. And now the most powerful single-chip microcomputer system can even voice, image, networking, input and output complex system integration on a single chip.Also known as single-chip MCU (Microcontroller), because it was first used in the field of industrial control. Only by the single-chip CPU chip developed from the dedicated processor. The design concept is the first by a large number of peripherals and CPU in a single chip, the computer system so that smaller, more easily integrated into the complex and demanding on the volume control devices. INTEL the Z80 is one of the first design in accordance with the idea of the processor, From then on, the MCU and the development of a dedicated processor parted ways.Early single-chip 8-bit or all of the four. One of the most successful is INTEL's 8031, because the performance of a simple and reliable access to a lot of good praise. Since then in 8031 to develop a single-chip microcomputer system MCS51 series. Based on single-chip microcomputer system of the system is still widely used until now. As the field of industrial control requirements increase in the beginning of a 16-bit single-chip, but not ideal because the price has not been very widely used. After the 90's with the big consumer electronics product development, single-chip technology is a huge improvement. INTEL i960 Series with subsequent ARM in particular, a broad range of applications, quickly replaced by 32-bit single-chip 16-bit single-chip high-end status, and enter the mainstream market. Traditional 8-bit single-chip performance has been the rapid increase in processing power compared to the 80's to raise a few hundred times. At present, the high-end 32-bit single-chip frequency over 300MHz, the performance of the mid-90's close on the heels of a special processor, while the ordinary price of the model dropped to one U.S. dollars, the most high-end models, only 10 U.S. dollars. Contemporary single-chip microcomputer system is no longer only the bare-metal environment in the development and use of a large number of dedicated embedded operating system is widely used in the full range of single-chip microcomputer. In PDAs and cell phones as the core processing of high-end single-chip or even a dedicated direct access to Windows and Linux operating systems.More than a dedicated single-chip processor suitable for embedded systems, so it was up to the application. In fact the number of single-chip is the world's largest computer. Modern human life used in almost every piece of electronic and mechanical products will have a single-chip integration. Phone, telephone, calculator, home appliances, electronic toys, handheld computers and computer accessories such as a mouse in the Department are equipped with 1-2 single chip. And personal computers also have a large number of single-chip microcomputer in the workplace. Vehicles equipped with more than 40 Department of the general single-chip, complex industrial control systems and even single-chip may have hundreds of work at the same time! SCM is not only far exceeds the number of PC and other integrated computing, even more than the number of human beings.Hardwave introductionThe 8051 family of micro controllers is based on an architecture which is highly optimized for embedded control systems. It is used in a wide variety of applications from militaryequipment to automobiles to the keyboard on your PC. Second only to the Motorola 68HC11 in eight bit processors sales, the 8051 family of microcontrollers is available in a wide array of variations from manufacturers such as Intel, Philips, and Siemens. These manufacturers have added numerous features and peripherals to the 8051 such as I2C interfaces, analog to digital converters, watchdog timers, and pulse width modulated outputs. Variations of the 8051 with clock speeds up to 40MHz and voltage requirements down to 1.5 volts are available. This wide range of parts based on one core makes the 8051 family an excellent choice as the base architecture for a company's entire line of products since it can perform many functions and developers will only have to learn this one platform.The basic architecture consists of the following features:·an eight bit ALU·32 descrete I/O pins (4 groups of 8) which can be individually accessed·two 16 bit timer/counters·full duplex UART· 6 interrupt sources with 2 priority levels·128 bytes of on board RAM·separate 64K byte address spaces for DATA and CODE memoryOne 8051 processor cycle consists of twelve oscillator periods. Each of the twelve oscillator periods is used for a special function by the 8051 core such as op code fetches and samples of the interrupt daisy chain for pending interrupts. The time required for any 8051 instruction can be computed by dividing the clock frequency by 12, inverting that result and multiplying it by the number of processor cycles required by the instruction in question. Therefore, if you have a system which is using an 11.059MHz clock, you can compute the number of instructions per second by dividing this value by 12. This gives an instruction frequency of 921583 instructions per second. Inverting this will provide the amount of time taken by each instruction cycle (1.085 microseconds).单片机原理单片机是指一个集成在一块芯片上的完整计算机系统。