MDC_Autumn 2013_2_Key concepts

Marvell.Moving Forward FasterDoc. No. MV-S105539-00, Rev. --May 9, 2011Document Classification: Proprietary InformationAlaska ® 88E1116RTechnical Product BriefGigabit Ethernet TransceiverAlaska® 88E1116R Technical Product BriefGigabit Ethernet TransceiverDocument ConventionsNote: Provides related information or information of special importance.Caution: Indicates potential damage to hardware or software, or loss of data.Warning: Indicates a risk of personal injury.Document StatusDoc Status: Advance Technical Publications: 1.00For more information, visit our website at: DisclaimerNo part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, for any purpose, without the express written permission of Marvell. Marvell retains the right to make changes to this document at any time, without notice. Marvell makes no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to any information contained in this document, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Further, Marvell does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of the information, text, graphics, or other items contained within this document.Marvell products are not designed for use in life-support equipment or applications that would cause a life-threatening situation if any such products failed. Do not use Marvell products in these types of equipment or applications.With respect to the products described herein, the user or recipient, in the absence of appropriate U.S. government authorization, agrees:1) Not to re-export or release any such information consisting of technology, software or source code controlled for national security reasons by the U.S. Export Control Regulations ("EAR"), to a national of EAR Country Groups D:1 or E:2;2) Not to export the direct product of such technology or such software, to EAR Country Groups D:1 or E:2, if such technology or software and direct products thereof are controlled for national security reasons by the EAR; and,3) In the case of technology controlled for national security reasons under the EAR where the direct product of the technology is a complete plant or component of a plant,not to export to EAR Country Groups D:1 or E:2 the direct product of the plant or major component thereof, if such direct product is controlled for national security reasonsby the EAR, or is subject to controls under the U.S. Munitions List ("USML").At all times hereunder, the recipient of any such information agrees that they shall be deemed to have manually signed this document in connection with their receipt of any such information.Copyright © 1999–2011. Marvell International Ltd. All rights reserved. Marvell, Moving Forward Faster, the Marvell logo, Alaska, AnyVoltage, DSP Switcher, Fastwriter, Feroceon, Libertas, Link Street, PHYAdvantage, Prestera, TopDog, Virtual Cable Tester, Yukon, and ZJ are registered trademarks of Marvell or its affiliates. CarrierSpan, LinkCrypt, Powered by Marvell Green PFC, Qdeo, QuietVideo, Sheeva, TwinD, and VCT are trademarks of Marvell or its affiliates.Patent(s) Pending—Products identified in this document may be covered by one or more Marvell patents and/or patent applications.Doc. No. MV-S105539-00 Rev. -- Copyright © 2011 Marvell Page 2Document Classification: Proprietary Information May 9, 2011, AdvanceAlaska ® 88E1116R Technical Product BriefGigabit Ethernet TransceiverCopyright © 2011 Marvell Doc. No. MV-S105539-00, Rev. --May 9, 2011, AdvanceDocument Classification: Proprietary InformationPage 3O VERVIEWThe Alaska ® 88E1116R Gigabit Ethernet Transceiver is a physical layer device containing a single Gigabit Ethernet transceiver. The transceiver implements the Ethernet physical layer portion of the 1000BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, and 10BASE-T standards. It is manu-factured using standard digital CMOS process and contains all the active circuitry required to implement the physical layer functions to transmit and receive data on standard CAT 5 unshielded twisted pair.The 88E1116R device supports the RGMII (Reduced pin count GMII) for direct connection to a MAC/Switch port.The 88E1116R device integrates MDI interface termi-nation resistors into the PHY . This resistor integration simplifies board layout and reduces board cost by reducing the number of external components. The new Marvell ® calibrated resistor scheme will achieve and exceed the accuracy requirements of the IEEE 802.3 return loss specifications.The 88E1116R device can run off a single 1.8V, 2.5V, or 3.3V supply. Alternatively if the regulators are not used then the 88E1116R device can run off 1.8V and1.2V supply.The 88E1116R device has two regulators to generate all required voltages. The 88E1116R device supports 1.8V, 2.5V, and 3.3V HSTL/SSTL and 2.5V LVCMOS I/O StandardsThe 88E1116R device incorporates the Marvell® Vir-tual Cable Tester ® (VCT™) feature, which uses Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) technology for the remote identification of potential cable malfunctions, thus reducing equipment returns and service calls. Using VCT, the Alaska 88E1116R device detects and reports potential cabling issues such as pair swaps, pair polarity and excessive pair skew. The device will also detect cable opens, shorts or any impedance mis-match in the cable and reporting accurately within one meter the distance to the fault.The 88E1116R device uses advanced mixed-signal processing to perform equalization, echo and crosstalkcancellation, data recovery, and error correction at a gigabit per second data rate. The device achieves robust performance in noisy environments with very low power dissipation.F EATURES•10/100/1000BASE-T IEEE 802.3 compliant •Four RGMII timing modes - This eliminates the need for adding trace delays on the PCB•Supports LVCMOS, SSTL, and HSTL I/O Stan-dards on the RGMII interface•Integrated MDI interface termination resistors that eliminate twelve passive components•Energy Detect and Energy Detect+ low power modes•Three loopback modes for diagnostics•“Downshift” mode for two-pair cable installations •Fully integrated digital adaptive equalizers, echo cancellers, and crosstalk cancellers•Advanced digital baseline wander correction •Automatic MDI/MDIX crossover at all speeds of operation•Automatic polarity correction•IEEE 802.3u compliant Auto-Negotiation•Software programmable LED modes including LED testing•Supports IEEE 1149.1 JTAG•MDC/MDIO Management Interface •CRC checker, packet counter •Packet generation•Virtual Cable Tester (VCT)•Auto-Calibration for MAC Interface outputs •Coma Mode support•Requires a single 1.8V supply•I/O pads can be supplied with 1.8V, 2.5V, or 3.3V •Two regulators generate all required voltages. Regulator can be supplied with 1.8V, 2.5V or 3.3V.•Commercial grade •64-Pin QFN package88E1116R Device used in Copper ApplicationAlaska ® 88E1116R Technical Product BriefGigabit Ethernet TransceiverDoc. No. MV-S105539-00, Rev. -- Copyright © 2011 MarvellPage 4Document Classification: Proprietary InformationMay 9, 2011, AdvanceTable of ContentsS ECTION 1.S IGNAL D ESCRIPTION (5)1.1Pin Description...............................................................................................................61.1.1Pin Type Definitions (6)1.264-Pin QFN Pin Assignment List - Alphabetical by Signal Name (13)S ECTION 2.P ACKAGE M ECHANICAL D IMENSIONS (14)2.164-Pin QFN Package (14)Copyright © 2011 Marvell Doc. No. MV-S105539-00, Rev. --May 9, 2011, AdvanceDocument Classification: Proprietary InformationPage 5Signal DescriptionSection 1. Signal DescriptionThe 88E1116R device is a 10/100/1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet transceiver.Figure 1:88E1116R Device 64-Pin QFN Package (Top View)34567891011121314Top ViewC O N F I G [3]C O M A n L ED [0]V D D OL E D [1]L E D [2]R E S E T nA V D D RD V D DD I S _RE G 12D V D D88E1116RT R S T nAlaska ®88E1116R Technical Product Brief Gigabit Ethernet TransceiverDoc. No. MV-S105539-00, Rev. -- Copyright © 2011 Marvell Page 6Document Classification: Proprietary InformationMay 9, 2011, Advance1.1Pin Description1.1.1Pin Type DefinitionsPin TypeDefinitionH Input with hysteresis I/O Input and output I Input only O Output only PU Internal pull up PD Internal pull down D Open drain output Z Tri-state output mADC sink capabilityCopyright © 2011 Marvell Doc. No. MV-S105539-00, Rev. --May 9, 2011, AdvanceDocument Classification: Proprietary InformationPage 7Signal DescriptionPin DescriptionTable 1:Media Dependent Interface 64-QFN Pin #Pin NamePin TypeDescription3031MDIN[0]MDIP[0]I/O, DMedia Dependent Interface[0].In 1000BASE-T mode in MDI configuration, MDIN/P[0] correspond to BI_DA±. In MDIX configuration, MDIN/P[0] correspond to BI_DB±.In 100BASE-TX and 10BASE-T modes in MDI configuration, MDIN/P[0] are used for the transmit pair. In MDIX configuration, MDIN/P[0] are used for the receive pair.“The unused MDI pins cannot be connected to ground. They need to be left floating, because they have internal bias.The 88E1116R device contains an internal 100 ohm resistor between the MDIP/N[0] pins.2526MDIN[1]MDIP[1]I/O, D Media Dependent Interface[1].In 1000BASE-T mode in MDI configuration, MDIN/P[1] correspond to BI_DB±. In MDIX configuration, MDIN/P[1] correspond to BI_DA±.In 100BASE-TX and 10BASE-T modes in MDI configuration, MDIN/P[1] are used for the receive pair. In MDIX configuration, MDIN/P[1] are used for the transmit pair.“The unused MDI pins cannot be connected to ground. They need to be left floating, because they have internal bias.The 88E1116R device contains an internal 100 ohm resistor between the MDIP/N[0] pins.2324MDIN[2]MDIP[2]I/O, D Media Dependent Interface[2].In 1000BASE-T mode in MDI configuration, MDIN/P[2] correspond to BI_DC±. In MDIX configuration, MDIN/P[2] corresponds to BI_DD±. In 100BASE-TX and 10BASE-T modes, MDIN/P[2] are not used.“The unused MDI pins cannot be connected to ground. They need to be left floating, because they have internal bias.The 88E1116R device contains an internal 100 ohm resistor between the MDIP/N[0] pins.1920MDIN[3]MDIP[3]I/O, D Media Dependent Interface[3].In 1000BASE-T mode in MDI configuration, MDIN/P[3] correspond to BI_DD±. In MDIX configuration, MDIN/P[3] correspond to BI_DC±.In 100BASE-TX and 10BASE-T modes, MDIN/P[3] are not used.“The unused MDI pins cannot be connected to ground. They need to be left floating, because they have internal bias.The 88E1116R device contains an internal 100 ohm resistor between the MDIP/N[0] pins.Alaska ® 88E1116R Technical Product BriefGigabit Ethernet TransceiverDoc. No. MV-S105539-00, Rev. -- Copyright © 2011 Marvell Page 8Document Classification: Proprietary InformationMay 9, 2011, AdvanceThe RGMII interface supports 10/100/1000BASE-T mode of operation.Table 2:RGMII Interface 64-QFN Pin #Pin NamePin TypeDescription60TX_CLK I RGMII Transmit Clock provides a 125 MHz, 25 MHz, or 2.5 MHz reference clock with ± 50 ppm tolerance depending on speed.63TX_CTRLIRGMII Transmit Control. TX_EN is presented on the rising edge of TX_CLK. A logical derivative of TX_EN and TX_ER is presented on the falling edge of TX_CLK.62615958TXD[3]TXD[2]TXD[1]TXD[0]IRGMII Transmit Data.TXD[3:0] run at double data rate with bits [3:0] presented on the rising edge of TX_CLK, and bits [7:4] presented on the falling edge of TX_CLK.In 10/100BASE-T modes, the transmit data nibble is presented on TXD[3:0] on the rising edge of TX_CLK.53RX_CLK ORGMII Receive Clock provides a 125 MHz, 25 MHz, or 2.5 MHz reference clock with ± 50 ppm tolerance derived from the received data stream depending on speed.49RX_CTRL ORGMII Receive Control. RX_DV is presented on the rising edge of RX_CLK.A logical derivative of RX_DV and RX_ER is presented on the falling edge of RX_CLK.55545150RXD[3]RXD[2]RXD[1]RXD[0]ORGMII Receive Data. RXD[3:0] run at double data rate with bits [3:0] presented on the rising edge of RX_CLK, and bits [7:4] presented on the falling edge of RX_CLK.In 10/100BASE-T modes, the receive data nibble is presented on RXD[3:0] on the rising edge of RX_CLK.Copyright © 2011 Marvell Doc. No. MV-S105539-00, Rev. --May 9, 2011, AdvanceDocument Classification: Proprietary InformationPage 9Signal DescriptionPin DescriptionTable 3:Management Interface and Interrupt 64-QFN Pin #Pin NamePin TypeDescription48MDCIMDC is the management data clock reference for the serial management interface. A continuous clock stream is not expected. The maximum fre-quency supported is 8.3 MHz.45MDIO I/OMDIO is the management data. MDIO transfers management data in and out of the device synchronously to MDC. This pin requires a pull-up resistor in a range from 1.5 kohm to 10 kohm.Table 4:LED Interface 64-QFN Pin #Pin NamePin TypeDescription689LED[0]LED[1]LED[2]OLED/Interrupt outputs.Table 5:JTAG Interface 64-QFN Pin #Pin NamePin TypeDescription43TDI I Boundary scan test data input.41TMS I, PU Boundary scan test mode select input.TMS contains an internal 150 kohm pull-up resistor. 42TCK I, PU Boundary scan test clock input.TCK contains an internal 150 kohm pull-up resistor.11TRSTnI, PUBoundary scan test reset input. Active low. TRSTn contains an internal 150 kohm pull-up resistor as per the 1149.1 specification. After power up, the JTAG state machine should be reset by applying a low signal on this pin, or by keeping TMS high and applying 5 TCK pulses, or by pulling this pin low by a 4.7 kohm resistor.44TDO OBoundary scan test data output.Alaska ® 88E1116R Technical Product BriefGigabit Ethernet TransceiverDoc. No. MV-S105539-00, Rev. -- Copyright © 2011 Marvell Page 10Document Classification: Proprietary InformationMay 9, 2011, AdvanceTable 6:Clock/Configuration/Reset/I/O 64-QFN Pin #Pin NamePin TypeDescription64CONFIG[0]I Hardware Configuration 1CONFIG[1]I Hardware Configuration 2CONFIG[2]I Hardware Configuration 3CONFIG[3]I Hardware Configuration38XTAL_INIReference Clock. 25 MHz ± 50 ppm tolerance crystal reference or oscillator input.NOTE: If AVDDC is tied to 1.8V, then the XTAL_IN pin is not 2.5V/3.3V tolerant.If AVDDC is tied to 2.5V, then the XTAL_IN pin is not 3.3V tolerant.39XTAL_OUT 0Reference Clock. 25 MHz ± 50 ppm tolerance crystal reference. When the XTAL_OUT pin is not connected, it should be left floating.10RESETnIHardware reset. Active low.0 = Reset 1 = Normal57VREF IRGMII input voltage reference.Must be set to VDDOR/2 when used as 1.8V HSTL, 2.5V SSTL_2, and 3.3V. Set to VDDOR when used as 2.5V LV CMOS.Copyright © 2011 Marvell Doc. No. MV-S105539-00, Rev. --May 9, 2011, AdvanceDocument Classification: Proprietary InformationPage 11Signal DescriptionPin DescriptionTable 7:Test 64-QFN Pin #Pin NamePin TypeDescription3536HSDACN HSDACPO OAC Test Point. Positive and Negative.These pins are also used to bring out a differential TX_TCLK. Connect these pins with a 50 ohm termination resistor to VSS for IEEE testing and debug purposes. If debug and IEEE testing are not of importance, these pins can be left floating.32TSTPT OTest Point.Table 8:Control and Reference 64-QFN Pin #Pin NamePin TypeDescription33RSET I Constant voltage reference. External 4.99 kohm 1% resistor connection to VSS required for each pin.17CTRL18O 1.8V Regulator Control. This signal ties to the base of the BJT. If the 1.8V regulator is not used it can be left floating.12DIS_REG12I1.2V Regulator Disable. Tie to VDDO to disable, tie to VSS to enable.Alaska ® 88E1116R Technical Product BriefGigabit Ethernet TransceiverDoc. No. MV-S105539-00, Rev. -- Copyright © 2011 Marvell Page 12Document Classification: Proprietary InformationMay 9, 2011, AdvanceTable 9:Power & Ground 64-QFN Pin #Pin NamePin TypeDescription21222729AVDDPowerAnalog supply. 1.8V 1. AVDD can be supplied externally with 1.8V, or via the 1.8V regulator.1. AVDD supplies the MDIP/N[3:0] pins.3437AVDDCAnalog supply - 1.8V or 2.5V, or 3.3V 2.AVDDC must be supplied externally. Do not use the 1.8V regulator to power AVDDC.2. AVDDC supplies the XTAL_IN and XTAL_OUT pins.1415AVDDR1.2V Regulator supply - 1.8VAVDDR can be supplied externally with 1.8V, or via the 1.8V regulator. If the 1.2V regulator is not used, AVDDR must still be tied to 1.8V.16AVDDXPower1.8V Regulator supply -2.5V,3.3V, (or 1.8V).AVDDX must be supplied externally. Note that this supply must be the same voltage as AVDDC.If the 1.8V regulator is not used, then it means a 1.8V supply is in the sys-tem. AVDDX (along with AVDDC) would be tied to 1.8V in this case.5134047DVDD PowerDigital core supply - 1.2V.DVDD can be supplied externally with 1.2V, or via the 1.2V regulator.746VDDO Power1.8V,2.5V, or3.3V non-RGMII digital I/O supply 3.VDDO must be supplied externally. Do not use the 1.8V regulator to power VDDO.3. VDDO supplies the MDC, MDIO, RESETn, LED[2:0], CONFIG[3:0], TDI, TMS, TCK, TRSTn, TDO, DIS_REG12, CTRL18, HSDAC, and TSTPT5256VDDOR Power1.8V,2.5V, or3.3V RGMII digital I/O supply4.VDDOR must be supplied externally. Do not use the 1.8V regulator to power VDDOR.4. VDDOR supplies the TXD[3:0], TX_CLK, TX_CTRL, RXD[3:0], RX_CLK, and RX_CTRL pins.EPADVSS GNDGround to device. The 64-pin QFN package has an exposed die pad (E-PAD) at its base. This E-PAD must be soldered to VSS.Refer to the package mechanical drawings for the exact location and dimen-sions of the EPAD.182855. Pin 28 must be connected to AVDD in Revision A0. Refer to the Rev A0 Release Notes for Pin 28 connection details.NC NCNo connect. These pins are not connected to the die so they can be con-nected to anything on the board.Copyright © 2011 Marvell Doc. No. MV-S105539-00, Rev. --May 9, 2011, AdvanceDocument Classification: Proprietary InformationPage 13Signal Description64-Pin QFN Pin Assignment List - Alphabetical by Signal Name1.264-Pin QFN Pin Assignment List - Alphabetical by Sig-nal NamePin #Pin NamePin #Pin Name21AVDD 24MDIP[2]22AVDD 20MDIP[3]27AVDD 18NC 29AVDD 28NC 34AVDDC 53RX_CLK 37AVDDC 49RX_CTRL 14AVDDR 10RESETn 15AVDDR 33RSET 16AVDDX 50RXD[0]4COMAn 51RXD[1]64CONFIG[0]54RXD[2]1CONFIG[1]55RXD[3]2CONFIG[2]42TCK 3CONFIG[3]43TDI 17CTRL1844TDO 12DIS_REG1241TMS 5DVDD 11TRSTn 13DVDD 60TX_CLK 40DVDD 63TX_CTRL 47DVDD 58TXD[0]35HSDACN 59TXD[1]36HSDACP 61TXD[2]6LED[0]62TXD[3]8LED[1]32TSTPT 9LED[2]7VDDO 48MDC 46VDDO 30MDIN[0]52VDDOR 25MDIN[1]56VDDOR 23MDIN[2]57VREF 19MDIN[3]EPAD VSS 45MDIO 38XTAL_IN 31MDIP[0]39XTAL_OUT26MDIP[1]Alaska ® 88E1116R Technical Product BriefGigabit Ethernet TransceiverDoc. No. MV-S105539-00, Rev. -- Copyright © 2011 MarvellPage 14Document Classification: Proprietary InformationMay 9, 2011, AdvanceSection 2. Package Mechanical Dimensions2.164-Pin QFN PackagePackage Mechanical Dimensions64-Pin QFN PackageTable 10:64-Pin QFN Mechanical DimensionsDimensions in mmSymbol MIN NOM MAXA0.800.85 1.00A10.000.020.05A2--0.65 1.00A30.20 REFb0.180.230.30D9.00 BSCD18.75 BSCE9.00 BSCE18.75 BSCe0.50 BSCL0.300.400.50θ0°--12°aaa----0.25bbb----0.10chamfer----0.60Die Pad SizeSymbol Dimension in mmD2 5.21 ± 0.20E2 6.25 ± 0.20Copyright © 2011 Marvell Doc. No. MV-S105539-00, Rev. --May 9, 2011, Advance Document Classification: Proprietary Information Page 15Marvell. Moving Forward FasterMarvell Semiconductor, Inc.5488 Marvell LaneSanta Clara, CA 95054, USATel: 1.408.222.2500Fax: 。

学校代码 10459学号或申请号密级硕士学位论文论文题目作者姓名：张三导师姓名：李四教授学科门类：工科专业名称：培养院系：大电气、大物工完成时间：20xx年4月A thesissubmitted toZhengzhouUniversityfor the degree ofMasterThesis TitleBySan ZhangSupervisor: Prof. Si LiMajor NameInstitute NameApril20xx学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究所取得的成果。

除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的科研成果。

对本文的研究作出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。

本声明的法律责任由本人承担。

学位论文作者：日期：年月日学位论文使用授权声明本人在导师指导下完成的论文及相关的职务作品，知识产权归属郑州大学。

根据郑州大学有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留或向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅；本人授权郑州大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或者其他复制手段保存论文和汇编本学位论文。

本人离校后发表、使用学位论文或与该学位论文直接相关的学术论文或成果时，第一署名单位仍然为郑州大学。

保密论文在解密后应遵守此规定。

学位论文作者：日期：年月日摘要随着我国工业技术水平的快速发展与进步，对材料的质量的要求也越来越高。

在各个行业领域中，材料和器件中表面和亚表面的完整性会影响和决定系统和仪器设备的工作效率以及运行寿命。

此外，随着中国工业的高速发展，空气及水源污染问题也变得日益严峻。

环境污染导致了某些疾病的高发，皮肤病即是受环境因素诱导的典型疾病之一。

近年来，中国居民的皮肤病发病率逐年上升，且新增病例呈年轻化趋势。

因此实现对材料表面裂纹和皮肤表面病变的无损检测尤为重要。

PN 2560394March 2006©2006 Fluke Corporation. All rights reserved.®i30s/i30AC/DC Current ClampsInstruction Sheet IntroductionThe i30s AC/DC Current Clamp has been designed for use with oscilloscopes and DMMs for accurate, non-intrusive measurement of both AC, DC, and complex waveform currents. The i30 AC/DC Current Clamp has been designed for use with DMMs only. Using advanced Hall Effect technology the i30s can accurately measure currents with a resolution of 1 mA from 5 mAto 30 A over the frequency range of DC to 100 kHz. These features make it a powerful tool for use in inverters, switch mode power supplies, industrial controllers and other applications requiring current measurements and/or waveform analysis. SymbolsThe table below lists the symbols used on the product and/or inthis manual.Symbol Description ~Do not dispose of this product as unsorted municipalwaste. Contact Fluke or a qualified recycler fordisposal.W Important Information. See manual.T Double insulation.-Do not apply around or remove from the HAZARDOUSLIVE conductors.)Conforms to Canadian Standards Association.P Complies with the relevant European standards.Safety InstructionsPlease read this section carefully. It will make you familiar with the most important safety instructions for handling your product. In this instruction sheet, a Warning identifies conditions and actions that pose hazard(s) to the user. A Caution identifies conditions and actions that may damage the calibrator or the test instruments.W X WarningThe i30s and i30 may only be used and handled byqualified personnel. To avoid personal injury, followthese precautions:•To avoid electric shock, use caution duringinstallation and use of this product; highvoltages and currents may be present in circuitunder test.•Do not use the product if damaged. Alwaysconnect probe to display device before it isinstalled around the conductor.•Always ensure the probe is removed from any live electric circuit, and leads are disconnectedbefore removing the battery cover.•Use the Current Probe only as specified in the operating instructions; otherwise the currentprobe’s safety features may not protect you.•Adhere to local and national safety codes.Individual protective equipment must be usedto prevent the shock and arc blast injury wherehazardous live conductors are exposed.•Do not hold the Current Probe anywherebeyond the tactile indicator.•Before each use, inspect the Current Probe.Look for cracks or missing portions of theCurrent Probe housing or output cableinsulation. Also look for loose or weakenedcomponents. Pay particular attention to theinsulation surrounding the jaws.•Use caution when working with voltages above60 V dc, 30 V ac rms or 42 V ac peak. Suchvoltages pose a shock hazard.•Use of this equipment is designed to protectagainst transients in equipment in fixedequipment installations, such as distributionpanels., feeders and short branch circuits, andlighting systems in large buildings.•Use of this equipment in a manner not specified herein may impair the protection provided bythe equipment.•CAT III equipment is designed to protect against the transients in the equipment in fixedequipment installations, such as distributionpanels, feeders and short branch circuits, andthe lighting systems in large buildings. SpecificationsElectrical CharacteristicsAll accuracies stated at 23°C ± 1°CCurrent range 20 A ACRMSor DCMeasuring range ± 30 AOverload capacity 500 AOutput sensitivity 100 mV/AAccuracy (at 25 °C) ± 1 % of reading ± 2 mA Resolution ± 1 mATypical output noise level 200 µVRMSLoad impedance > 100 k Ohms ≤ 100 pF Conductor positionsensitivity± 1 % relative to center readingFrequency rangei30s DC to 100 kHz (0.5 dB)i30 DC to 20 kHz (0.5 dB)di / dt following 20 A / µsResponse time Better than 1 µsTemperaturecoefficient± 0.01 % of reading / °COperating humidity: 15 to 85 % (noncondensing)CAltitude: 2000m Power supply 9 V Alkaline, NEDA 1604/PP3IEC 6LR61Working voltage (see Safety Standards) 300 V ACRMSor DCBattery life 30 hours, low battery indicatorGeneral Characteristics19 mm diameterMaximum conductorsizeOutput cable andconnections:i30s 2 m cable terminated with a BNCconnector (50 Ohms) suppliedwith a 4 mm safety adaptor i30 1.5 m cable terminated with a dual4 mm banana safety plugOutput zero Manual adjust via thumbwheelOperating temperature0 to +50 °Crange-20 to +85 °CStorage temperaturerange (with batteryremoved)g Weight 290Typical Performance PlotsFrequency in HzG a i n i n d B1010-1-2-31000i30s100000Frequency in HzG a i n i n d B101000.00-0.50-1.00-2.00-1.50-2.50-3.00100010000i30100000ehr01.epsTypical Frequency ResponseFrequency in Hz100-5-10-15-201000i30s100000Frequency in HzP h a s e S h i f t i n D e g r e e sP h a s e S h i f t i n D e g r e e s100-15-10-20100020000i30100000-5ehr02.epsTypical Frequency ResponseTypical Accuracy CurveSafety StandardsBS EN 61010-1: 2001BS EN 61010-2-032: 2002BS EN 61010-031: 2002CSA C22.2 No. 1010.1, Category III, Pollution degree 2300 VRMSUse of the probe on uninsulated conductors is limited to 300 V ACRMS or DC and frequencies below 1 kHz.EMC StandardsBS EN 61326: 1998 +A1, A2, and A3.Operating InstructionsFigure 1. i30s & i30 AC/DC Current ClampsW WarningTo avoid injury, when using the probe ensure thatyour fingers are behind the protective barrier asshown in Figure 1. Do not use the probe if any partof the probe, including the lead and connector(s),appear to be damaged or if a malfunction of theinstrument is suspected.Clean the case periodically by wiping it with a damp cloth and detergent. Do not use abrasive cleaners or solvents. Do not immerse the probe in liquids.Switch OnWhen the probe is switched on, the red LED will illuminate. The LED starts flashing when the battery voltage is too low for normal operation and warns the user that it requires changing. This procedure is described below.Zero AdjustmentThe output zero offset voltage of the probe may change due to thermal shifts and other environmental conditions. To adjust the output voltage to zero, depress the thumbwheel and rotate. Ensure that the probe is away from the current carrying conductor whilst the adjustment is made.Current Measurement1.Switch on the probe using the On – Off switch andcheck that the LED is lit.2.Connect the output lead to an oscilloscope, multimeter,or other measuring equipment.3.If necessary adjust the probe output voltage to zero asdescribed in section Zero Adjustment.4.Clamp the jaw of the probe around the conductorensuring a good contact between the closing faces ofthe jaws.5.Observe and take measurements as required. Positiveoutput indicates that the current flow is in the directionshown by the arrow on the probe.Battery ReplacementW WarningTo avoid personal injury, always ensure the probe isremoved from any live electric circuit, and leads aredisconnected before removing the battery cover.Never operate the probe without the battery coverfitted.The red LED will flash when the minimum operating voltage is approached. Refer to Fig.1. Use the following procedure:1.Unclamp the probe from the conductor, turn it off usingthe On – Off switch and disconnect the output leads,from external equipment.2.Loosen the captive screw that secures the batterycover. Lift the cover through 30° and pull it clear of theprobe body as shown in Fig 1. The battery is thenaccessible. Replace the battery and re-fit the batterycover and fasten the screw.NoteReplacement with other than the specified type ofbattery will invalidate the warranty.Fit only the type 9 V PP3 Alkaline (MN 1604).LIMITED WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITYThis Fluke product will be free from defects in material and workmanship for one year from the date of purchase. This warranty does not cover fuses, disposable batteries, or damage from accident, neglect, misuse, alteration, contamination, or abnormal conditions of operation or handling. Resellers are not authorized to extend any other warranty on Fluke’s behalf. To obtain service during the warranty period, contact your nearest Fluke authorized service center to obtain return authorization information, then send the product to that Service Center with a description of the problem.THIS WARRANTY IS YOUR ONLY REMEDY. NO OTHER WARRANTIES, SUCH AS FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, ARE EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. FLUKE IS NOT LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSSES, ARISING FROM ANY CAUSE OR THEORY. Since some states or countries do not allow the exclusion or limitation of an implied warranty or of incidental or consequential damages, this limitation of liability may not apply to you.Fluke CorporationP.O. Box 9090 Everett, WA 98206-9090 U.S.A. Fluke Europe B.V. P.O. Box 1186 5602 BD Eindhoven The NetherlandsMouser ElectronicsAuthorized DistributorClick to View Pricing, Inventory, Delivery & Lifecycle Information:F luke:FLUKE-i30s。

·专家论坛·免疫相关性血细胞减少症刘惠，付蓉，邵宗鸿（天津医科大学总医院血液内科，天津300052）关键词：血细胞减少；自身抗体；自身抗原；树突状细胞中图分类号：R552文献识别码：A文章编号：1673-6087（2013）03-0171-05DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-6087.2013.03.005近10余年，在鉴别骨髓衰竭性疾病时，发现了一类由针对骨髓未成熟造血细胞自身抗体介导的2系或3系血细胞减少，暂称之为狭义的“免疫相关性血细胞减少症(IRH)”[1-6]。

该症以往多被误诊为不典型再生障碍性贫血（AA）或归于骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)，但按AA或MDS治疗疗效欠佳，迁延不愈。

正确认识并诊治此类血细胞减少，不仅有益于患者，而且有益于丰富造血调控学说、纯化并修正对AA和MDS本质的认识，有重要临床价值和学术意义。

如何鉴别并正确诊断此类疾病呢？受外周血库姆(Coombs)试验的启发，我们用骨髓单个核细胞(BMMNC)替代外周血成熟红细胞进行Coombs试验(BMMNC-Coombs)，发现部分患者可出现细胞凝集，提示存在针对骨髓细胞的自身抗体[7-9]。

进而，采用流式细胞术(FCM)检测骨髓造血细胞（CD15+粒细胞、GlyCoA+有核红细胞、CD34+干祖细胞）膜结合的自身抗体，可检测到自身抗体（IgG、IgM或IgA）[10]。

以上2种方法现已被国内多所医院采用[11-16]。

在上述研究基础上，我们对IRH患者免疫状态进行了初步研究，结果显示，IRH发病是某种未知原因引起T淋巴细胞调控失衡，辅助性T细胞2（Th2细胞）比例增多[17]导致B淋巴细胞数量、亚群、功能异常[18-19]，进而产生抗骨髓未成熟造血细胞自身抗体并破坏或抑制骨髓造血，最后引起血细胞减少的综合征[3-4,20]。

近年，我们对IRH的发病机制及实验室特征等进行了更为深入的研究，现将研究所得介绍如下。

supposition n. 1a matter of speculation2a solicitation of an invitation of n. 3abandoned left a. 4aberrant abnormal a. 5abort quit v. 6abruptly suddenly ad. 7absorb appeal v. 8absorb learn(学习)v. 9absorb take in v. 10abstract not concrete a. 11absurd ridiculous a. 12abundance large amount n. 13abundance great number n. 14abundant affluent a. 15abundant ample a. 16abundant numerous a. 17abundant plentiful a. 18abundant substantial a. 19abundantly plentifully ad. 20access reach v. 21accessible reachable a. 22accessible easy to reach a. 23accidental unexpected a. 24accommodate provide for v. 25accomplished achieved a. 26accomplished skilled a. 27account description n. 28account for explain v. 29accumulate collect v. 30accumulate pile up v. 31accurate correct a. 32accurately correctly ad. 33acknowledge recognize v. 34actually in fact ad. 35added extra a. 36adept skilled a. 37adherent supporter n. 38adjacent nearby a. 39adjacent neighboring a. 40adjust modify v. 41admit let in v. 42adopt enact v. 43advance improvement n. 44advent arrival n. 45advent beginning n. 46affair matter n. 47afford provide v.48aggravate increase v.49aggravate annoy v.50aggregate overall a.51aggregate combined a.52agile astute a.53agile clever a.54agile quick and active a.55agile move and act quickly a.56air feeling n.57alarm sound v.58alarm warning n.59albeit although conj. 60albeit even though conj. 61allow enable v.62allude suggest v.63allude to refer to phrv. 64ally with link to v.65alter change to v.66amazing remarkable/replacement a.67ambiguous vague a.68ambivalent mixed a.69ample plentiful a.70ample spacious a.71anchor hold in place v.72ancient old a.73ancient antique a.74annihilate destroy v.75annihilate completely remove v.76annually yearly ad. 77anomaly irregularity n.78antagonist competitor n.79anticipate expect v.80antiseptic clean a.81antithesis opposite n.82antler horn n.83anxiety worry n.84apart from exception phr. 85apart from except for phr. 86apparatus equipment n.87apparent obvious a.88apparently clearly ad. 89appeal attraction n.90appealing attractive a.91appear seem v.92appearance rise n.93appearance arrival n.94appearance showing up n.95application use n. 96appreciable noticeable a. 97approach method n. 98approach move toward v. 99approximately roughly ad. 100architecture structure n. 101archive record v. 102archive stock v. 103archive store v. 104arduous difficult a. 105arid dry a. 106arise emerge v. 107arrangement configuration n. 108array range n. 109article item n. 110article object n. 111as a rule in general phr. 112assert declare v. 113assertion strong statement n. 114asset advantage n. 115assimilate combine v. 116assistance help n. 117assorted various a. 118assume believe v. 119assume suppose v. 120assume take on v. 121assumption premise n. 122astonishing amazing a. 123astute clever a. 124at random without a definite pattern phr. 125attachment to preference for n. 126attain achieve v. 127attainment achievement n. 128attendant accompanying a. 129attest to confirm v. 130attribute accredit v. 131attribute characteristic n. 132attribute to credit with v. 133attribution character n. 134augment increase v. 135available obtainable a. 136avenue method n. 137avenue means n. 138avid enthusiastic a. 139barely just ad. 140barge boat n. 141barrier obstacle n.142barrier impediment n.143battle struggle n.144be inclined tend v.145be accustomed to get used to phrv.146be aware of familiar with phrv.147be beforehand foreordain v.148be closer resemblance to be more like 149be consistent with be compatible with phr.150be entitled to have the right phrv.151beckon invite v.152become extinct die out phrv.153being creature n.154beneficial advantageous a.155blossom flourish v.156blossom thrive v.157boast puff v.158boast exaggerate v.159bombard assail v.160bombard assault v.161bombard strike v.162boom expansion n.163boon great benefit n.164boost raise v.165boundary periphery n.166branch division n.167breed reproduce v.168brilliant bright a.169brittle breakable a.170brittle fragile a.171broad appeal wide popularity a.172broadly generally ad.173broadly extensively ad.174bulk majority n.175bulk large part n.176bulk major part n.177bulk large portion n.178bulk great quantity n.179burgeon expand v.180bustling lively a.181camouflage disguise v.182camouflage hide v.183camouflage decorate(装饰)v.184camouflage blend with circumstances v.185cardinal fundamental a.186cargo shipment n.187celebrated famous a.188central essential a.189certain specified a. 190chancy risky a. 191channel provide v. 192channel direct v. 193channel guide v. 194chaotic disorganized a. 195cherish value v. 196chief major a. 197chisel carve v. 198choose opt v. 199chronic persistent a. 200chronic confirmed a. 201chronic habitual a. 202chronic inveterate a. 203chronically constantly ad. 204circuitous indirect a. 205circumstance condition n. 206cite quote v. 207cite refer to v. 208classic typical a. 209clear visible a. 210clear apparent a. 211cling to attach to v. 212close careful a. 213clue hint n. 214coating cover n. 215coincide with be as the same time as v. 216collaborate cooperate v. 217collaboration joint effect n. 218collect gather v. 219collide hit each other v. 220collide with run into v. 221commemorate celebrate v. 222compact concise a. 223compact compressed(结实的) a. 224comparable equivalent a. 225compel push v. 226compelling convincing a. 227compensate reimburse v. 228compensate for balance phrv. 229complaint protest v. 230complement supplement n. 231complement add to v. 232completely totally ad. 233complex elaborate a. 234complex system n. 235complicated complex a.236complicated made things more difficult a. 237component constituent a. 238composition mixture n. 239comprehensive understandable a. 240comprehensive complete a. 241comprise form v. 242comprise make up v. 243concern interest v. 244conclusive final a. 245conclusive ultimate a. 246conducive contributive a. 247configuration arrangement n. 248configuration form n. 249confine limit v. 250confront face v. 251congeal solidify v. 252consecutive successive a. 253consequence result n. 254consequence importance n. 255consequent later a. 256consequent resultant a. 257consequent resulting a. 258consequential significant a. 259consequently therefore ad. 260consequently thus ad. 261conserve save v. 262consider think as v. 263consider view as v. 264consider think about v. 265considerable substantial a. 266consist of compose of v. 267consistent regular a. 268consistently regularly ad. 269conspicuous notable a. 270constant stable a. 271constantly always ad. 272constellation collection n. 273constellation combination n. 274constitution component n. 275constrain restrict v. 276constraint limit n. 277constraint restriction n. 278consume eat up v. 279consumed used up v. 280contemplate consider v. 281contentious disputed a. 282continual constant a.283continuous uninterrupted a. 284contrive create v. 285contrive invent v. 286conventional customary a. 287conventional traditional a. 288converging concentrating a. 289convert transform v. 290convert into change to v. 291convict condemn v. 292convict sentence v. 293convict doom(判决)v. 294conviction belief n. 295conviction strong belief n. 296cope with handle phrv. 297cope with deal with phrv. 298copious plentiful a. 299core center n. 300correspondence harmony n. 301corroborate confirm v. 302costly expensive a. 303counsel advise v. 304counter oppose v. 305counter of in the opposite of a. 306counterpart version(版本)n. 307counterpart similitude(类似物)n. 308counterpart equivalent(同等物)n. 309countervail compensate v. 310countervail oppose v. 311couple associate v. 312covered included a. 313crawl move v. 314create invent v. 315creative inventive a. 316crest peak n. 317critical crucial a. 318critical essential a. 319criticize debate(争论;辩论)v. 320crucial important a. 321crucially decisively ad. 322crushed ground a. 323cumbersome awkward a. 324cumbersome clumsy a. 325cumbersome unwieldy a. 326curb control v. 327current present a. 328dam block v. 329dangle hang v.330daring bold a. 331debate argue v. 332decimate destroy v. 333decimation destruction n. 334degree extent n. 335degree measure n. 336delicate dainty a. 337delight please v. 338delight pleasure n. 339deluxe lavish a. 340demand need n. 341demise extinction n. 342demography population n. 343dense crowded a. 344dense thick a. 345depend rely on v. 346dependable reliable a. 347depict describe v. 348depict portray v. 349depletion drain n. 350deposit accumulate v. 351deposit lay down v. 352derive arise v. 353design create v. 354designate identify v. 355detractor critic(批评者)n. 356detrimental harmful a. 357deviate digress v. 358deviation departure n. 359devise create v. 360devoid of lack of a. 361devoid of without(prep.) a. 362devoid of scant of a. 363devoted dedicated a. 364devoted to concentrated on a. 365dictate determine v. 366dictate order v. 367differential uneven a. 368diffuse travel v. 369diffuse spread(out)v. 370diligent careful a. 371diligently carefully ad. 372dilute reduce v. 373dim decrease v. 374disassemble break apart v. 375disassemble break up v. 376disband dismiss v.377discard throw away v. 378discard throw up v. 379discernible noticeable a. 380discernible discriminating a. 381discharge release v. 382disentangle disband v. 383disgust distaste v. 384disintegrate break apart v. 385disintegrate fall apart v. 386disintegrate tear apart v. 387dismantle demolish v. 388disorder anarchy n. 389dispensable not necessary a. 390dispersal distribution n. 391displace move out of position v. 392disposition temperament n. 393dispute contention n. 394dispute argument n. 395dissipate disperse v. 396dissipated dispersed a. 397dissuade discourage v. 398distinct clear and recognizable a. 399distinction difference n. 400distinction honor n. 401distinction excellence n. 402distinctive characteristic a. 403distinguish notice from the difference v. 404distribute spread v. 405distribution dispersion n. 406distribution geographic range n. 407disturb upset v. 408diverse distinct a. 409diversification emergence of many varieties n. 410diversity variety n. 411divest deprive v. 412divest get rid of v. 413domestic home a. 414dormant hibernated a. 415dormant inactive a. 416dramatically greatly ad. 417drastic extreme a. 418drastically obviously ad. 419drastically severely(严重地)ad. 420dual double a. 421duplicate copy v. 422duplicate repeat n. 423durable lasting a.424earn acquire v. 425ease facilitate(使容易)v. 426eccentric erratic a. 427eccentric strange a. 428efface eliminate v. 429elaborate detailed a. 430elaborate dainty a. 431elapsed passed a. 432element weather condition n. 433eliminate remove v. 434elusive difficult to catch a. 435emanate emerge v. 436embark on start v. 437embed insert v. 438embed implant v. 439embed enclose v. 440emergence appearance n. 441emergency crisis n. 442emergent developing a. 443employ use v. 444enable allow v. 445enactment establishment n. 446encapsulate state briefly v. 447encourage stimulate v. 448endangered not abundant a. 449endeavor enterprise n. 450endow bestow v. 451engulf swallow v. 452enhance improve v. 453enhance intensify v. 454enjoy experience v. 455enlist obtain v. 456enormous great a. 457enrich enhance v. 458ensue result v. 459ensuing subsequent a. 460ensure guarantee v. 461entail involve v. 462enthusiastic eager a. 463environment setting n. 464ephemeral short-lived a. 465ephemeral transient a. 466episode event n. 467equilibrium balance n. 468era period n. 469eradicate remove completely v. 470erect build v.471erratic unpredictable a. 472erratic irregular a. 473escalate extend v. 474essential crucial a. 475established qualified a. 476establishment formation(构成)n. 477estimate projection n. 478estimation evaluation n. 479euphoric extremely happy a. 480evaluate judge v. 481eventual later a. 482eventually later ad. 483eventually ultimately ad. 484evidence proof n. 485evident apparent a. 486evident obvious a. 487evoke arouse v. 488evoke draw v. 489evoke produce v. 490evoke promote v. 491evoke stimulate v. 492evoke create in the mind v. 493exaggerate overstate v. 494excavate dig out v. 495excavation dug-out n. 496exceed surpass v. 497exceed beyond above v. 498exceedingly extremely ad. 499excess go beyond n. 500exclusively only ad. 501excrete expel v. 502exercise use v. 503exhausted tired a. 504exhausted used up a. 505exhibit demonstrate v. 506exhibit display v. 507expand stretch v. 508expand increase v. 509expanse area n. 510expansive large a. 511expediency convenience n. 512expediency advantage(优势;利益)n. 513expedient fitting a. 514expend use v. 515explicit obvious a. 516explicitly clear ad. 517exploit utilize v.518exploit take advantage of v. 519exploit make use of v. 520explore investigate v. 521expose to subject to (遭受)v. 522express communicate v. 523extant existing a. 524extant remaining a. 525extant not extinct a. 526extend stretch v. 527extend reach v. 528extol praise v. 529extraneous inessential a. 530extraneous from outside a. 531extraordinary exceptional a. 532exude release v. 533exude give off v. 534fabricate produce v. 535far-reaching extensive a. 536far-reaching broad a. 537fascinating extremely attractive a. 538fashion make v. 539fashion way n. 540fashionable popular a. 541feasible achievable a. 542feasible practical a. 543feast eating n. 544ferry transport n. 545fertile reproductive a. 546fertile productive a. 547figure out map(详细规划)phr. 548finding discovery n. 549first and foremost above all phr. 550flake fragment n. 551flattery praise n. 552flee run away from v. 553flexible adaptable a. 554float stay on the top v. 555float upward rise phrv. 556flourish prosper v. 557flourish thrive v. 558flourishing prosperous a. 559flow movement n. 560fluctuate change v. 561fluctuation variation n. 562focal point centre area n. 563follow track v. 564for instance for example phr.565forage feed n. 566forage search for food v. 567formidable excessive a. 568foster encourage v. 569foster urge v. 570foster promote the development of v. 571foul pollute v. 572fragment break up v. 573fragmentation break n. 574fragmentize break up v. 575frankly openly ad. 576frankly sincerely ad. 577friction conflict n. 578function operation n. 579function utility n. 580fundamental basic a. 581funds money n. 582furthermore in addition ad. 583gap opening n. 584gear adjust v. 585generate produce v. 586genuinely actually ad. 587get accustomed to become used to phrv. 588give rise to produce phrv. 589given particular a. 590govern regulate v. 591govern control v. 592grasp understand v. 593groom clean v. 594groom make up v. 595groundless unfounded a. 596grounds reasons n. 597groundwork base n. 598groundwork basis n. 599groundwork foundation n. 600grudging unenthusiastic a. 601guarantee ensure v. 602hallmark characteristic n. 603hamper district v. 604hamper restrict v. 605hamper make difficulty v. 606handy convenient a. 607haphazard random a. 608harness use v. 609harness utilize v. 610harsh drastic a. 611hasty hurried a.612haul pull v.in no relation to phrv. 613have nothing to do with614havoc destruction n. 615hazard danger n. 616heed notice v. 617heighten increase v. 618heir inheritor n. 619hence therefore ad. 620heritage legacy n. 621heritage tradition n. 622heterogeneous varied a. 623hide conceal v. 624hinder interfere with v. 625hint clue n. 626hint implication n. 627hint indication n. 628hint lead n. 629hire employ v. 630hobby pastime n. 631hold support v. 632hold keep up v. 633hollow an empty space n. 634homogeneous uniform a. 635host of great number n. 636however yet conj. 637hub center n. 638huge large a. 639hurdle fence v. 640hypothetical supposed a. 641ice sheet glacier(冰河)n. 642identical the same a. 643idiosyncrasies peculiarity n. 644ignite set on fire v. 645illusion impression(印象)n. 646immediately closest ad. 647immense great a. 648immense huge a. 649immense vast a. 650immensely extremely ad. 651immigration movement n. 652immobile fixed a. 653immobility absence of motion n. 654immoral indecent a. 655immoral improper a. 656impermeable impenetrable a. 657impermeable impervious a. 658impetus stimulus v.659impetus incentive n. 660implausible unbelievable a. 661implement tool n. 662imply indicate v. 663imposing impressive a. 664imprecise inexact a. 665improbable unlikely a. 666in fact actually phr. 667in great demand in popularity phr. 668in respect to in term of phr. 669inaccessible unreachable a. 670inadvertently unintentionally ad. 671inadvertently without knowing ad. 672inauspicious unfavorable a. 673incidentally by the way ad. 674inclement unfavorable a. 675inconceivable unimaginable a. 676inconclusive without result(毫无结果) a. 677incorporate include v. 678incorporate merge v. 679incursion invasion n. 680indicate demonstrate v. 681indigenous native a. 682indispensable essential a. 683indispensable necessary a. 684indispensable needed a. 685indispensable required a. 686indispensable vital a. 687indispensable significant(重要的) a. 688induce bring v. 689induce cause v. 690ineffectively without any result ad. 691inert motionless a. 692inert motiveless a. 693inevitable unavoidable a. 694inference conclusion n. 695infirm weak a. 696inflate expand v. 697infrastructure foundation n. 698ingenious very clever a. 699ingenuity cleverness n. 700ingenuity creativeness n. 701ingenuity inventiveness n. 702ingenuity resourcefulness n. 703inherent essential a. 704inherent internal a. 705inherent instinctive a.706inherent in characteristic of a. 707inherently essentially ad. 708inhibit hinder v. 709inhospitable unfavorable a. 710inhospitable adverse a. 711initial first a. 712initially originally ad. 713initiate begin v. 714initiate start v. 715innovation new n. 716innovative new a. 717inordinate excessive a. 718Instant moment n. 719instantaneous immediate a. 720instigate incite v. 721instructive informative v. 722insufficient inadequate a. 723intact untouched a. 724intangible nonmaterial a. 725intangible immaterial a. 726integral essential a. 727intense strong a. 728intentionally deliberately ad. 729intermediate in-between a./n. 730intimate close a. 731intricate complex a. 732intricate carefully shaped a. 733intrigue interest v. 734intriguing fascinating a. 735intrinsic essential a. 736intrinsic inherent a. 737intrusive invasive a. 738invade move into v. 739invaluable highly useful a. 740Invariably always ad. 741invent devise v. 742inviolable withoutexception a. 743inviolable allowing no attack a. 744invoke appeal v. 745irrecoverable permanent a. 746irreparable permanent a. 747isolated separated a. 748jettison release v. 749jolt shock v. 750judge estimate v. 751junction connection n. 752juncture connection n.753justified right a. 754justify prove v. 755key significant a. 756lading cargo n. 757lading shipment n. 758landscape scenery n. 759large extensive a. 760largely mostly ad. 761launch initial v. 762launch initiate v. 763launch start v. 764legitimacy authority n. 765legitimately properly ad. 766leisure free time n. 767leisurely slowly a. 768lethal fateful a. 769lethal deadly a. 770liberal extensive a. 771liken to compare v. 772likewise similarly ad. 773linger wander v. 774linger stroll v. 775link connect v. 776link consist of v. 777link put together v. 778listening advertent a. 779livelihood means of support n. 780locale place n. 781locate find v. 782lucrative profitable a. 783luxuriant thriving a. 784magnify enlarge v. 785magnitude extent n. 786magnitude amount n. 787maintain continue v. 788majestic magnificent a. 789make their way travel phrv. 790malleable pliable a. 791mandatory required a. 792mandatory obligatory a. 793manifest reveal v. 794manipulate control v. 795marked considerable a. 796markedly distinctly ad. 797mask cover v. 798mask disguise v. 799massive enormous a.800massive huge a. 801mastery control n. 802matter issue n. 803maximum greatest size n. 804mean average n. 805merely only ad. 806merely simply ad. 807merely no more than ad. 808merge blend v. 809merge combine v. 810meticulously carefully ad. 811microbe germ n. 812milestone significant event n. 813milky way galaxy n. 814mimic imitate v. 815mimic copy v. 816miniature small a. 817minuscule tiny a. 818minute tiny a. 819minute very small a. 820minutely finely ad. 821minutely in detail ad. 822mirror reflect v. 823misconception wrong idea n. 824misleading erroneous a. 825misleading inaccurate a. 826misunderstanding wrong idea n. 827misunderstanding FALSE idea n. 828mock pretend v. 829modest limited(有限的) a. 830modest not too large (不大的) a. 831modification alteration n. 832momentous significant a. 833monitor observe v. 834monopolize dominate(支配)v. 835monotone tedious a. 836monotonous boring a. 837moreover additionally ad. 838moreover in addition ad. 839motif pattern n. 840mount climb v. 841mount grow v. 842mount increase v. 843mundane material a. 844mundane ordinary a. 845myriad countless a. 846myriad innumerable a.847myriad numerous a. 848narrow limit v. 849nature character n. 850nearly almost ad. 851necessary required a. 852needless to say obvious phr. 853nevertheless however ad. 854nevertheless in spite of ad. 855nocturnal nighttime a. 856notable important a. 857notable outstanding a. 858note record v. 859noticeable obvious a. 860notwithstanding despite prep. 861objective purpose n. 862oblige force v. 863obscure conceal v. 864obscure hide v. 865obscure unclear a. 866obscure not clear a. 867obsession with fixation on n. 868obtain acquire v. 869obvious evident a. 870occasion event n. 871of legitimacy lawful a. 872of likelihood probable a. 873offset compensate v. 874offset balance v. 875offset make up v. 876old male aged male n. 877omit exclude v. 878omit neglect v. 879on the contrary on the other hand phr. 880on the contrary whereas(然而; 反之)phr. 881on the whole in general ph. 882ongoing current a. 883onset beginning n. 884onset start n. 885opaque impenetrable a. 886optimal most advantageous a. 887option choice n. 888orchestrate stage-manage v. 889orientation perspective n. 890orientation introduction n. 891originally at the first ad. 892ornament decorate v. 893ornamental decorative a.894ornamentation decoration n. 895outbreak sudden increase v. 896outcome result n. 897outermost farthermost away a. 898overview summary n. 899overwhelming powerful a. 900pacify assuage v. 901paradox contrary n. 902paradoxically seemingly contradictory ad. 903parcel out distribute phrv. 904pare away remove v. 905partly in some degree ad. 906patch spot n. 907patch area n. 908peak maximum n. 909peak highest point n. 910peak time of the greatest period n. 911peculiar strange a. 912penetrate enter v. 913perceptible appreciable a. 914perceptible noticeable a. 915peril danger n. 916perilous dangerous a. 917perilous risky a. 918perilous hazardous a. 919perilous toxic a. 920periodically regularly ad. 921periodically from time to time ad. 922perishable easy to spoil a. 923permanent lasting a. 924permeate penetrate v. 925permit allow v. 926perpetual constant a. 927persist continue v. 928persist last v. 929persistent long lasting a. 930personality character n. 931pertinent relevant a. 932pervasive widespread a. 933phenomena[pl.]events n. 934phenomenal extraordinary a. 935phenomenon occurrence n. 936phenomenon observable fact n. 937piecing joining n. 938pigment color n. 939pigmentation coloring n. 940pigmentation dye n.941pinnacle high point n. 942pinpoint precise a. 943pinpoint describe precisely v. 944pinpoint clearly identify v. 945plausible believable a. 946plausible paradoxical a. 947pledge promise n. 948plumage feather n. 949pocketbook affordable a. 950popular widespread a. 951popular broad appeal a. 952pore hole n. 953pore space(空间)n. 954portion part n. 955portion constituent n. 956pose place v. 957pose present v. 958posit propose v. 959posit suggest v. 960posit assume v. 961postulate presume v. 962postulate hypotheses v. 963potent powerful a. 964potential possible a. 965practically nearly ad. 966precarious insecure a. 967precede be beyond v. 968precede come before v. 969precious valuable a. 970precipitate bring about v. 971precision accuracy n. 972preclude rule out v. 973predicament difficult situation n. 974predicament serious situation n. 975prediction prophecy n. 976predominant principal a. 977predominant most aggressive a. 978predominant very noticeable a. 979predominantly primitively ad. 980predominately mainly ad. 981preeminent foremost a. 982premise assume v. 983premise assumption n. 984preoccupation with concentration on phr. 985preordain appoint v. 986preordain foreordain v. 987preordain ordain v.988prerequisite requirement n. 989prerequisite something required n. 990prerequisite something needed to happen n. 991preserve protect v. 992preserve retain v. 993preserve save v. 994presumable probably a. 995prevailing popular a. 996prevailing dominant a. 997prevalent common a. 998prevalent prevailing a. 999previous past a. 1000previously before ad. 1001primarily mainly ad. 1002primary dominant a. 1003primitive early a. 1004principal essential a. 1005principal major a. 1006principle rule n. 1007principle standard n. 1008prior previous a. 1009priority ranking preference n. 1010pristine pure a. 1011prized valued a. 1012probe explore v. 1013process purify(提纯;精炼)v. 1014procure obtain v. 1015procure acquire v. 1016profound far-reaching a. 1017programmed determined a. 1018prohibitive unaffordable a. 1019projection estimate n. 1020proliferation increase n. 1021prolifically abundantly ad. 1022prolong extend v. 1023prominent eminent a. 1024prominent outstanding a. 1025prominent principal a. 1026promote encourage v. 1027pronounced clear a. 1028pronounced definite a. 1029pronounced notable a. 1030propagate multiply v. 1031propagate reproduce v. 1032propel push v. 1033property characteristic n. 1034property quality n.1035proponent supporter n.1036prosper succeed v.1037prosperous wealthy a.1038prototype model n.1039protrude project v.1040protrude extend v.1041protrude stick out v.1042provoke elicit v.1043prowess expertise n.1044prowess ambition(雄心)n.1045proximity closeness n.1046proximity nearness n.1047proximity to close to n.1048pursue chase v.1049quarters residences n.1050radical drastic a.1051radical extreme a.1052radical fundamental a.1053radically completely a.1054raise to cause to come about 1055ramification branch n.1056ramification consequence n.1057range vary v.1058rare scarce a.1059rate classify v.1060rather than instead of phr.1061readily easily ad.1062ready receptive(能接纳的) a.1063realm area n.1064rebellion revolt n.1065rebound recovery n.1066receptacle receiver n.1067receptivity to openness to phr.1068recharge refill v.1069recur repeat v.1070refine improve v.1071refined decent a.1072refined with high quality a.1073refreshing unusual a.1074refuse garbage n.1075regardless without considering ad.1076regulate adjust v.1077regulate control v.1078reinforce strengthen v.1079relative comparative a.1080relatively comparatively ad.1081relatively correspondingly ad.1082relatively oppositely ad.1083relevant applicable adj. 1084relic remain n.1085relic remnant n.1086reluctant disinclined a.1087remarkable notable a.1088remarkable incredible a.1089remedy cure v.1090remnant remaining a.1091remnant remains n.1092remote distant a.1093remote isolated(孤立的) a.1094render make v.1095rendering presentation n.1096renowned famous a.1097repercussion effect n.1098replicas copies n.1099repudiate reject v.1100reputation fame n.1101reserve save v.1102resident inhabitant n.1103residual remaining a.1104resilient easy to recover a.1105resilient quick to recover a.1106restricted limited a.1107retain keep v.1108retreat recede v.1109retrieve bring back v.1110reveal manifest v.1111reveal show v.1112reveal make known v.1113revenues income n.1114revival restoration n.1115revival resuscitation n.1116revolution dramatic change n.1117revolutionize change dramatically v.1118rigidly strictly ad.严厉地1119rigorous demanding a.1120rigorous harsh a.1121rise emerge v.1122risk danger n.1123ritual ceremonial n.1124rival compete v.1125roam wander v.1126robust healthy a.1127role function n.1128rotate turn v.。