水利工程毕业设计外文翻译---三峡水利枢纽工程

水利工程三峡水利枢纽工程外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)The Three Gorges ProjectsFirst. The dam site and basic pivot disposalThe Three Gorges Projects is select to be fixed on San Dou Ping in Yichang, located in about 40 kilometers of the upper reaches of key water control project of Ge Zhou Ba which was built. River valley, district of dam site, is widen, slope, the two sidesof the bank is relatively gentlely. In the central plains have one island (island, fort of China,), possess the good phased construction water conservancy diversion condition. The foundation of pivot building is the hard and intact body of granite. Have built Yichang and gone to stride bridge that place of 4 kilometers in the about 28 -km-long special-purpose expressway of building site and dam low reaches --West Yangtze Bridge of imperial tomb. Have also built the quay of district of a batch of dams. The dam district possesses the good traffic condition.Two. Important water conservancy project buildings1. damThe dam is a concrete gravity dam, which is 2309 meters long, it’s height is 185meters , the dam is 181 meters high the most. Release floodwater dam section lie riverbed, 483 of the total length, consist of 22 form hole and 23 release floodwater in the deep hole, among them deep hole is imported 90 meters , the mouth size of hole is 7*9 meters; Form hole mouth is 8 meter wide, overflow weir is 158 meters, form hole and deep hole adopt nose bank choose, flow way go on and can disappear. Dam section lies in and releases floodwater on a section of both sides of the dam in the hydropower station, there are hydropower stations that enter water mouth. Enter water mouth baseplate height 108 meters. Pressure input water pipeline for carry person who in charge of, interior diameter 12.40, adopt the armored concrete to receive the strength structure. Make and let out flow of 102500 cubic meters per second the most largely in the dam site while checking the flood.2. power stationsThe power stations adopt the type after the dam to assign the scheme, consist of two groups of factory buildings on left, right and underground factory building altogether. Install 32 sets of hydroelectric generating set together, 14 factory buildings of left bank among them, 12 factory buildings of right bank, 6 underground factory buildings. The hydraulic turbine, in order to mix the flowing type, the specified capacity of the unit of the unit is 700,000 kilowatts.3. open up to navigation buildingThe open up to navigation buildings include permanent lock and ship lift (of the the technological public relations, the steel cable that plans to be replaced with spiral pole technology in the original plan promotes technology), lie in the left bank. Permanent lock double-line five continuous chain of locks. Single grades of floodgate room effective size for 280*34*5, can pass the 10,000 ton-class fleet. The promoting type for single track first grade vertically of the ship lift is designed, it is 120*18*3.5 meters to bear the effective size of design of railway carriage or compartment of ship, can pass a combination vessel of 3000 tons once. Total weight is 11800 tons to bear the design of railway carriage or compartment of ship when operating, it is 6000 newtons to always promote strength.Three.The major project amount and arranges in time limit The subject building of the project and major project amount of the waterconservancy diversion project are: Excavate 102,830,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, fill out and build 31,980,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, concrete builds 27,940,000 cubic meters, 463,000 tons of reinforcing bars, make and fit 32 with hydroelectric generating set. All project construction tasks were divided into three stages and finished, all time limit was 17 years. The first stage (1993-1997 year) is preparation of construction and the first stage of the project, it takes 5 years to construct, regard realizing damming in the great river as the sign. The second stage (1998-2003 year) is the second stage, it takes 6 years to construct, lock as initial conservation storage of the reservoir, the first batch of aircrews generate electricity and is open up to navigation with the permanent lock as. The third stage (2004-2009 year) is the third stage of the project, it takes 6 years to construct, regard realizing the sign all aircrews generate electricity and finish building with all of multi-purpose project as. One, two project finish as scheduled already, the third stage of the project in inside the plan to construct too, ship lift tackle key problems of not going on intensely.Four. Enormous benefit of the Three Gorges Projects The Three Gorges Projects is the greatest water control project in China ,also in the world , it is the key project in controlling and developing the Changjiang River. The normal water storage level of the Three Gorges Projects reservoir is 175 meters, installed capacity is 39,300 million cubic meters; The total length of the reservoir is more than 600 kilometers, width is 1.1 kilometers on average; The area of the reservoir is 1084 sq. km.. It has enormous comprehensive benefits such as preventing flood, generating electricity, shipping,etc..1. prevent floodPrimary goal of building the Three Gorges Projects is to prevent flood . The key water control project in Sanxia is the key project that the midstream and downstream of the Changjiang River prevent flood in the system. Regulated and stored by the reservoir of Sanxia, form the capacity of reservoir in the upper reaches as river type reservoir of 39,300 million cubic meters, can regulate storage capacity and reach 22,150 million cubic meters, can intercept the flood came above of Yichang effectively, cut down flood crest flow greatly, make Jingjiang section prevent floodstandard meet, improve from at present a about over ten years to once-in-a-hundred-year. Meet millennium first special great flood that meet, can cooperate with Jingjiang flood diversion partition application of flood storage project, the crushing calamity of preventing the occurrence of both sides of section of Jingjiang and bursting in the main dike, lighten midstream and downstream losing and flood threat to Wuhan of big flood, and can create conditions for administration of Dongting Hu district.2. generates electricityThe most direct economic benefits of the Three Gorges Projects is to generate electricity . Equilibrate the contradiction that contemporary China develops economic and serious energy shortage at a high speed, the hydroelectric resources that a clean one can be regenerated are undoubtedly optimum choices. The total installed capacity of power station of Sanxia is 18,200,000 kilowatts, annual average generation is 84,680 million kilowatt hours. It will offer the reliable, cheap, clean regenerated energy for areas such as East China, Central China and South China of economic development, energy deficiency,etc.It play a great role in economic development and environmental pollution of reducing.Electric power resource that the Three Gorges Projects offers, if given a workforce of electricity generation by thermal power, mean building 10 more thermal power plants of 1,800,000 kilowatts, excavate more 50 million tons of raw coals every year on average. Besides environment of influencing of the waste residue, it will also discharge a large number of carbon dioxide which form the global greenhouse effects every year, cause the sulfur dioxide of acid rain, poisonous gas carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. At the same time, it will also produce a large amount of floating dust, dustfall,etc… Thermal power plant and abandon dreg field extensive occupation of land seize more land from East China, Central China area that have a large population and a few land just originally this. This not only makes China bear the pressure that greater environment brings in the future, cause unfavorable influence on the global environment too.3. shippingSanxia reservoir improve Yichang go to Chongqing channel of the ChangjiangRiver of 660 kilometers notably, the 10,000 ton-class fleet can go to the harbour of Chongqing directly. The channel can rise to 50 million tons from about 10 million tons at present through ability in one-way year, transporting the cost can be reduced by 35-37%. Unless until reservoir regulate, Yichang low water flows minimum seasons downstream,whose name is can since at present 3000 cubic meters /second improve until 5000 cubic meters per above second, the shipping condition get greater improvement too to enable the Changjiang River in low water season of midstream and downstream.Five. The questions in building the Three Gorges Projects1. silt issuethe Changjiang River Yichang Duan Nian amount of sand failed 530 million tons, silt the reservoir of Sanxia up. The reservoir blocks water level is 175 meters high, installed capacity is 39,300 million m3 normally,its die water level is 145 meters, the minimum capacity of a reservoir is 17,200 million m3, storage capacity 22,100 million m3, the conservation storage regulates the capacity of reservoir 16,500 million m3. The operation scheme of the reservoir is: Limit height is 145 meters of water level, in flood season, meet flood adjust big under 56700 m3 per second, and power station smooth to let out through deep hole over 3 years, can reduce the sand of the reservoir to deposit. Great flood comes, the reservoir is adjusted bigly, still put and let out 56700 m3per second; Deposit towards the reservoir after the flood. The reservoir begins conservation storage, between about two months and normal water storage level 175 meters high in September. The water level of the storehouse is dropped to 155 meters high before the flood next year, utilize conservation storage to generate electricity. In 155 meters water level, can keep the river shipping of Sichuan. By flood season, the water level was dropped to 145 meters water level again, because the flow was large at that time, could keep the river shipping of Sichuan. This is a reservoir operation scheme of innovation.2. question that the slope comes down by the bank of reservoir areaThe question that the slope comes down is through detailed geological survey by 2 reservoir area banks, there is several to come down potentially on water bank of Kuku of Sanxia, the big one can be up to millions of m3. But closest to dam sitepotential landslide, too far on 26 kilometers, such as happen, come down, shock wave that evoke get dam disappear, reduce 2-3 meters to to be high, it is safe not to influence the dam. In addition, if the slippery wave happens in the bank of the storehouse, because the reservoir is wide and deep, will not influence shipping.3. engineering question of the pivotThe pivot of Three Gorges is 185 meters high concrete gravity dam pivots and 18,200,000kW, the project amount is large, but all regular projects after all, our country has more experience. The stability problem of some foundation can meet the safe requirement through dealing with. 700,000kW hydroelectric generating set, imported from foreign countries in the first batch, was made by oneself at home later. The more complicated one is lock of five grades of Line two, deep-cut in the rock bank, slope reaches 170 meters at the supreme side, the underpart floodgate room vertical 60 meters, high rock slope stability worries about. But the meticulous research of engineer and constructors is designed, blown up and the anchor is firm and excavating, the rock slope is steady in a long-term. There is ship lift of 3000t passenger steamer, it is the biggest in the world, in course of designing and studying, and repair the test and use the ship lift first.4.ecological environment problemThe respect useful to ecological environment of the Three Gorges Projects is: Prevent and cure downstream land and cities and towns to flood, reduce the air pollution of electricity generation by thermal power, improve some climate, the reservoir can breed fish etc.. The respect disadvantageous to ecology is: Flood more than 300,000 mu of cultivated land, ground of fruit is more than 200,000 mu, immigrants reach the highland by the storehouse, will destroy the ecological environment, the still water weakens the sewage self-purification ability, worsen water quality, influence reproduction of the wild animal,etc. in the reservoir. So is both advantageous and disadvantageous, do not hinder building the Three Gorges Projects. Should reduce being unfavorable to minimum extent, it is mainly that reservoir immigrants want to plant trees and grass, build the terraced fields, ecological environment protection, does not require the self-sufficiency of grain. Accomplish these, want making a great effort and fund. Control blowdown such as Chongqing,Fuling, Wan County, carry on sewage disposal, protect the water quality of the reservoir, protect the wild animal, set up the protection zone. Although ecological environment protection is difficult, must solve and can solve. As for the scenery of Sanxia, because the high near kilometer of rock bank, and Sanxia dam is only in fact higher than the river surface 110 meters. The scenery basically remains unchanged, the high gorge produces Pinghu, increase even more beautifully.Six. Immigrant's question in the reservoir areaThe reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line there are 24,500 hectares of cultivated land in all; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people. The task is arduous, but must find a room for good immigrants, make its life improve to some extent, help immigrants to create the working condition, live plainly and struggle hard through 20 years, grow rich. Most immigrants retreat to the highland, it is nonlocal that some immigrants get. The reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line own cultivated land (suck the ground of mandarin orange) 24,500 hectares in common; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, The total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people.1.exploration and opening of the immigrants in SanxiaThe exploration of an immigrant in Sanxia and open country are in the engineering construction of Sanxia, implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, relevant people's governments organize and lead immigrants to arrange work, use immigrant's funds in a unified manner, exploit natural resources rationally, based on agriculture, the agriculture,industry and commerce combine, through many channel, many industries, multi-form, many method find a room for immigrants properly, immigrants' living standard reach or exceed originally and competently, and create the condition for long-term economic development and improvement of immigrant's living standard of reservoir area of Three Gorges. Immigrant's policy of the exploration, is a great reform of the reservoir immigrants of our country. Policy this, and reservoir area of Three Gorges immigrant put forward at the foundation of pilot project eight year in experience and lessons that immigrant work since new China set up of summarizing. At the beginning of reservoir immigrants in Sanxia, carry out exploration immigrants' principles and policies, insist the country supports, the policy is favourable, each side supports, principle of relying on one's own efforts, appeared by the government, develop local resources in a planned way, expand the capacity of placing, help, offer service of forming a complete set, wide to open up, produce the life way, make it reach " take out offing, goal that so steady as to live, can get rich progressively ". Meanwhile, the country approves reservoir area of Three Gorges as " the open economic region of Sanxia ", enjoy some special policies opening to the outside world in the coastal area, call the immigrants in Sanxia of the developed coordinated cooperation of province and city, immigrant's enterprises and relevant The factor of production has been pushed to the broader large market. The governments at all levels of reservoir area of Three Gorges have issued some development coordinated cooperation, favourable measure inviting outside investment too. Reservoir area immigrant demonstrate with open to urge, develop, in order to develop, urge benign situation that place.2. reorganization and expansion of the immigrants in SanxiaThe reorganization of immigrants in Sanxia and the expansion immigrants in Sanxia are that one involve undertaking that the society of reservoir area reconstruct,resources are recombinated, the recombinating is one of the prominent characteristics of the immigrants in Sanxia, move the fundamental difference duplicated with traditional simple compensation immigrants, former state too. Implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, must demand to combine immigrants to move, reconfigure the factor of production, thus improve the disposition efficiency of resources, form new productivity. Expand while being what is called, expansion of scale, improvement of structure even more, function strengthen improvement of quality. Look with the view of development economics and implement the course of exploration immigrants, it is the course of economic expansion of reservoir area. Exploration immigrants begin from expanding, and ending at realizing expanding, the course that the whole immigrant move and rebuild one's home is running through economic expansion, full of to the yearning that expands in the future. Certainly, in actual operation, should set out from immigrant's reality to pay attention to all, insist reason is expanded.Seven. Investment and benefit questionInvests 90,090 million yuan (1993 price) in investment and the Three Gorges Projects static behavior of benefit question, invests more than about 200 billion yuan dynamically while finishing in project. The investment source of the Three Gorges Projects is as follows, state loan, state-run hydropower station each of price of electricity raise the price 0.4-0.7 fen, power station electric rate income of Ge Zhou Ba, the electric rate income after the power station of Sanxia generates electricity wait for, the country has this financial resources to guarantee to invest in putting in place. About benefit, it is estimated it in ten years after the Three Gorges Projects is built up, total project investment principal and interest, unless including project fee and fee for immigration, can have repaid with electric rate income,it prevent flood, shipping,etc. share make the investment. And the Three Gorges Projects prevent flood, generate electricity, shipping,etc. benefit long-term, and enormous social benefit. Therefore, benefit of the Three Gorges Projects is very great, there is increase slightly to even make the investment, it is very rational too to repay service life to slightly lengthen.三峡水利枢纽工程一、坝址及基本枢纽布置三峡工程大坝坝址选定在宜昌市三斗坪，在已建成的葛洲坝水利枢纽上游约40km处。

三峡水库建成的利与弊英语作文三峡水库建成的利与弊英语作文在日常生活或是工作学习中，大家对作文都再熟悉不过了吧，借助作文人们可以实现文化交流的目的。

那么你有了解过作文吗？下面是小编整理的三峡水库建成的利与弊英语作文，希望对大家有所帮助。

三峡工程首要的建设目标是防洪，使荆江大堤的防洪能力由十年一遇提高到百年一遇。

The primary construction goal of the Three Gorges project is flood control, so that the flood control capacity of Jingjiang levee will be increased from once in ten years to once in 100 years.三峡工程总装机容量1820万千瓦。

年发电量达847亿千瓦时，将给沿江的工业城镇和广大地区提供廉价而清洁的电力。

这是三峡工程最主要的直接经济效益，也是三峡工程建设的充分条件。

The total installed capacity of the Three Gorges project is 18.2 million kilowatts. With an annual generating capacity of 84.7 billion kwh, it will provide cheap and clean power for industrial towns and vast areas along the river. This is the main direct economic benefit of the Three Gorges Project and the sufficient condition for the construction of the Three Gorges Project.三峡水库的形成，改善了峡谷河段的航道，万吨级船队有半年时间可以直达重庆，通航能力可从现在的每年1000万吨提高到5000万吨，而且可降低航运成本30%~37%。

英文作文三峡大坝英文，The Three Gorges Dam is one of the mostremarkable engineering feats in modern history. Completedin 2006, it stands as the world's largest power station in terms of installed capacity. This massive structure spans the Yangtze River in China, providing hydroelectric power, flood control, and navigation improvement. The dam has brought about significant changes, both positive and negative, to the region and beyond.One of the most evident benefits of the dam is its contribution to China's energy needs. By harnessing the power of the Yangtze River, the dam generates an enormous amount of electricity, helping to fuel China's rapid economic growth. This has led to increasedindustrialization and urbanization in the surrounding areas, providing jobs and improving living standards for millionsof people.However, the construction of the dam has also raisedenvironmental concerns. The inundation of large areas of land upstream has caused the displacement of over a million people and submerged valuable farmland and archaeological sites. Additionally, the alteration of the river's natural flow has impacted ecosystems downstream, affecting biodiversity and fish populations.Despite these drawbacks, the dam has been successful in its primary objectives of flood control and navigation improvement. The reservoir helps to regulate the flow of the Yangtze River, reducing the risk of catastrophic floods that have plagued the region for centuries. Furthermore, the increased depth and width of the river have made it navigable for larger vessels, facilitating trade and transportation.Overall, the Three Gorges Dam represents a complex trade-off between development and conservation. While it has undoubtedly brought about economic benefits and improved the lives of many people, it has also come at a cost to the environment and displaced communities. Moving forward, it will be essential to continue monitoring andmitigating the dam's impacts to ensure sustainable development in the region.中文，三峡大坝是现代历史上最显著的工程壮举之一。

The Three Gorges Dam is a massive hydroelectric gravity dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping,in Yiling District,Yichang,Hubei province, China.It is the worlds largest power station in terms of installed capacity22,500MW. The dam was completed in2012.The Three Gorges Dam is a remarkable engineering feat,and its construction has had a profound impact on the regions ecology,economy,and culture.Here is an English essay about the Three Gorges Dam with a translation into Chinese.The Three Gorges Dam:A Modern WonderThe Three Gorges Dam is a testament to human ingenuity and the power of modern engineering.Situated along the Yangtze River,the dam stands as a colossal structure that not only harnesses the rivers energy but also reshapes the landscape and the lives of the people living in its vicinity.Construction and PurposeThe construction of the dam began in1994and was completed in2006,with the final 33rd turbine unit being installed in2012.The primary purpose of the dam is to generate hydroelectric power,which is a clean and renewable source of energy.It is estimated that the dam produces enough electricity to supply power to millions of homes and businesses across China.Ecological ImpactWhile the dam has brought about significant economic benefits,it has also raised concerns about its ecological impact.The creation of the Three Gorges Reservoir has led to the submersion of numerous towns and archaeological sites,displacing thousands of people and affecting the habitats of various species.Efforts have been made to mitigate these effects,such as the establishment of new habitats and the implementation of conservation programs.Cultural SignificanceThe Three Gorges region is rich in cultural heritage,with a history that spans thousands of years.The dams construction has had a profound effect on this heritage,with some areas being preserved and others being lost forever.The dam serves as a reminder of thebalance that must be struck between progress and preservation.ConclusionThe Three Gorges Dam is a symbol of Chinas rapid development and its commitment to harnessing natural resources for the benefit of its people.It is a complex project that has brought both opportunities and challenges.As we look to the future,it is essential to continue to evaluate the dams impact and strive for sustainable solutions that honor the past while embracing the future.三峡大坝：现代奇迹三峡大坝是人类智慧和现代工程力量的见证。

三峡大坝建造过程英文作文英文：The construction of the Three Gorges Dam was a massive undertaking that required careful planning and execution. The project began in 1994 and was completed in 2006, taking a total of 12 years to finish. 。

The first step in the construction process was todivert the Yangtze River so that the dam could be built on dry ground. This involved building two cofferdams, which are temporary barriers built to contain the river and create a dry work area. The cofferdams were constructed using millions of tons of earth and rock, and once they were in place, the river was diverted through a series of tunnels and channels.Once the river was diverted, the next step was to begin building the dam itself. This involved pouring millions of cubic meters of concrete and installing thousands of tonsof steel reinforcement. The dam is over 2,300 meters long and stands 185 meters tall, making it one of the largest concrete structures in the world.In addition to the dam, the construction project also included the building of a ship lift, which allows ships to bypass the dam and navigate the river. This was a complex engineering feat that required the construction of a massive elevator system capable of lifting ships weighing up to 3,000 tons.Throughout the construction process, engineers and workers faced numerous challenges, including the relocation of over a million people whose homes would be flooded by the rising waters behind the dam. This required careful planning and coordination to ensure that the displaced residents were resettled in new homes and provided with the support they needed to start over.Despite the challenges, the Three Gorges Dam was completed on time and has had a significant impact on the region. It has helped to control flooding along the YangtzeRiver, generate clean hydroelectric power, and improve navigation for ships traveling through the area.中文：三峡大坝的建设是一项庞大的工程，需要精心的规划和执行。

英文原文：Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering ConstructionDesign Layout[Key words] construction layout Fuzzy multiple attribute decisionmaking Water Resources and Hydropower Construction[Abstract] Analysis of affecting factors of the construction layout program characteristics that people value in identifying these indicators fuzzy constraints are difficult to give exact values, while decision-making process has been one of psychological, subjective will and the work experience and other aspects influence decision-making process and therefore there is certainly ambiguity.1, Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Construction Layout FactorsConstruction advantages and disadvantages of the general layout scheme, involving many factors, from different angles to evaluate the evaluation factors generally have two categories, qualitative factors, and quantitative factors of a class. Qualitative factors are mainly: 1. Favorable production, easy to administer, facilitate the degree of life; 2. During the construction process, the degree of co-ordination; 3. The principal impact of construction and operation; 4. Meet the security, fire, flood prevention, environmental protection requirements; 5. Temporary Works and the combination of permanent works and so on. Indicators are mainly quantitative factors;1. Site preparation earthwork quantity and cost;2. The extent of use of earth excavation;3. Temporary works of construction work quantity and cost;4. Workload and a variety of materials, transport costs;5. Size and cost of land acquisition;6. Made to the area to field, the recovery or recycling construction fees.As the construction is construction planning layout content, is that people under work experience, combined with engineering data on the occurrence of a future prediction about. Therefore, both qualitative factors, and the quantitative factors, there is uncertainty. We know that the uncertainty of two different forms; one is uncertain whether the incident occurred in 11 random, the event itself the state of uncertainty 11 ambiguity. Randomness is an external cause in general uncertain, but ambiguity is an inherent uncertainty of the structure. From the information point of view, therandomness involves only the amount of information, while the ambiguity is related to the meaning of information. We can say that ambiguity is more profound than the randomness, the uncertainty more generally, especially in the subjective understanding of areas of role ambiguity is much more important than the role of randomness. Random people for a lot of research has been carried out, achieved fruitful results; while ambiguity was ongoing and in-depth knowledge and research in the. All people involved in the system, carried out by people planning, feasibility studies, evaluation of decision-making, design and management, and therefore, can not ignore the objective world of things in the human brain, one by one to reflect the uncertainty of ambiguity, it is an objective difference intermediate division caused by the transition of a kind of uncertainty. Construction Layout Design is no exception, in the arrangement of construction there are a large number of objective fuzzy factors. For example, the construction of facilities, coordination between the levels of "good" and "general" is an accurate value can not be described. Therefore, the arrangement can not ignore or avoid the construction of the fuzziness existing in the process, but should be objective and deal with ambiguity of this objective, understand the rules for people planning, demonstration, evaluation and decision, design and management to provide a scientific basis and methods.As the construction layout of the content involved in more programs fuzzy factors exist, the traditional construction arrangement he considered the existence of ambiguity, but in decision-making process has fuzzy information precision, not a real fuzzy optimization. Therefore, the program should focus on optimization of fuzzy factors into account, the ambiguity should be reflected in the decision-making on the index, index weights. For quantitative indicators, mainly the amount and cost of the project issues, its value can be found in engineering materials and design documents to determine by calculation, the results are the values of the parameters and experience. As every engineer's understanding of things is not the same experience in a certain range of parameter changes, the results also in a certain range. For qualitative indicators, according to experts, engineering experience, through expert scoring method, set the value of statistics to determine. Such subjective factors, the knowledge structure and decision-making preferences play a major role. But in practice, due to the complexity of objective things and the people's thinking on the use of fuzzy concept, to describe with precision the number becomes very difficult, but with "some", "left"and the like get fuzzy concept to describe the more reasonable. Determine the weights of evaluation indexes, there are many mathematical ways to determine the accurate calculation. We know, for different projects, in the same factors, their importance is not the same, then the mathematical model is difficult to fully reflect the actual situation, the help of experts in engineering experience must be judged.Since the existence of the above ambiguity, avoid or ignore the ambiguity is unscientific, incomplete. Previous index value that decision-making, decision weights for programs for determining the value of the preferred method, there is bound to sidedness and limitations. As technology develops, people are increasingly demanding of precision, the object of study become more complicated, as complicated to some degree after the meaning of the precise cognitive declines and the appropriate fuzzy but accurate. Here, the introduction of fuzzy mathematical tools, the use of modern fuzzy multiple attribute decision making theory, Fuzzy multiple attribute decision making model, can exist for people to consider the ambiguity of the objective, to provide strong support for rational decision-making.2, Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Construction Design LayoutConstruction Layout as a focus of the system around the concrete layout of the temporary structures. There are 1. All kinds of storage, stockpile and Spoil; 2. Mechanical repair system; 3. Metal structure, mechanical and electrical equipment and construction equipment installed base; 4. Wind, water and electricity supply systems; 5. Other construction plant, such as steel processing, wood processing, prefabricated factory; 6. Office and living space, such as offices, laboratories, dormitories, hospitals, schools, etc.; 7. Fire safety facilities and other, such as fire stations, guard, and security cordon so. At this time, various types of temporary structures should be put forward, the construction of facilities furnished a list of partial pressure, their area, building area and volume of construction and installation; on fertilization with an estimate of land acquisition, land area and the proposed land use plan, the study to reclaiming land in the use of the measures, site preparation earthwork volume calculations, the integrated cut and fill balance of the proposed excavation of the use of effective planning.Construction of facilities in order to avoid conflict between the layouts, construction of facilities in the analysis of adjacency relations, is to analyze the relationship between the construction of facilities, strength of correlation andrelationship. Usually based on the adjacency relationship, consider the construction schedule, construction strength, facilities operation and logistics. Analysis of the size and layout of the construction of facilities present at the location of the ground between the site controlled the indicators are: 1. The scale of construction facilities layout, the main considerations to meet the construction requirements of the case, the construction of facilities, capacity and layout area. 2. Foundation bearing capacity of the construction of facilities to consider geology, slope stability and so on. 3. Hydrological requirements and construction guide closure of the case, consider the different construction periods, flood, water table, water level changes in the construction site layout planning of construction restrictions and impact. 4. The height difference logistics constraints, considering logistics and vertical elevation gradient lines, logistics of import and export. 5. Construction of the distance between these facilities and restrictions, mainly refers to the construction of facilities necessary for running the minimum operating radius, the minimum limit transportation question, minimum import and export logistics, construction and facilities, the safety distance between. 6. Construction site area of internal and external traffic conditions, construction equipment, consider the minimum safe height and width of the transport, building materials inside the transport requirements.To be concrete system facilities arranged in a prominent position, so that interference by the other facilities as small as possible, the need for construction of facilities at this time analysis of the relationship between the adjacent, as many facilities for Hydropower Construction, different facilities have a clear focus on functionality, such as depots, gas stations, etc., if not for the neighbor relations analysis, because the construction of facilities for the inter-functional conflict, construction and project management to bring incalculable damage and safety hazards buried.References:[1] Lu Yu Mei editor of the Three Gorges Dam Construction [M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press, 2003[2] Wei-Jun Zhu, Zhang Xiaojun and so the overall layout design of the Three Gorges Project Construction [J]. The people of the Yangtze River, 2001.32 (10) :4-5.译文：水利水电工程施工的布置方案设计[关键词]施工布置模糊多属性决策水利水电施工[论文摘要]分析施工布置方案的影响因素特点，指出人们在确定这些指标值时受到模糊性因素的限制很难给出精确值，同时决策过程还受到人们心理、主观意愿和工作经验等多方面的影响，因而决策过程也必然存在模糊性。

虹吸溢洪道 siphon spillway倒虹吸管 inverted siphon防洪限制水位 restricted stage for flood prevention 非常溢洪道 emergency spillway非溢流重力坝 nonoverflow gravity dam过坝建筑物 structures for passing dam过木建筑物 log pass structures过鱼建筑物 fish-pass structures护坡 slope protection输水建筑物 water conveyance structure水工建筑物 hydraulic structure校核洪水位 water level of check flood泄水建筑物 discharge structure枯水期 low water period取水建筑物 water intake structure施工导流 construction diversion水利工程 hydraulic engineering，water project 水利枢纽 hydraulic complex拦河闸 river sluice水土流失 water and soil loss通航建筑物 navigation structure土石坝 earth-rock dam橡胶坝 rubber dam校核洪水位 water level of check flood泄水重力坝 overflow gravity dam有效库容 effective storage水库特征库容 Characteristic capacity of reservoir 水库特征水位 Characteristic level of reservoir支墩坝 buttress dam重力坝 gravity dam鱼道 fish canal。

介绍三峡大坝英语作文英文回答：The Three Gorges Dam is a truly magnificent feat of engineering and one of the most iconic landmarks in China. Located on the Yangtze River, it is the world's largest hydroelectric dam, boasting a whopping 32 generators with a combined capacity of 22,500 megawatts. This colossalproject has had a profound impact on China, both economically and environmentally.Before the dam was built, the Yangtze River was prone to devastating floods, which often caused widespread damage and loss of life. The Three Gorges Dam has put an end to these floods, providing much-needed flood control for the region. It has also been instrumental in generating renewable energy, reducing China's reliance on fossil fuels and contributing to its ambitious climate goals.In addition to its practical benefits, the Three GorgesDam has also become a major tourist destination. Its sheer size and architectural beauty are awe-inspiring, andvisitors flock to the area to witness this engineering marvel firsthand.However, it's important to acknowledge that the construction of the Three Gorges Dam has also had some negative consequences. The displacement of millions of people from their homes, the submergence of historical and cultural sites, and the potential impact on the river's ecosystem are all concerns that have been raised.Overall, the Three Gorges Dam is a complex and multifaceted project with both positive and negative aspects. It is a testament to China's engineering prowess and has brought significant benefits to the region. However, it's essential to carefully consider the trade-offsinvolved in such large-scale infrastructure projects and to prioritize sustainability and environmental protection inthe future.中文回答：三峡大坝是中国标志性的地标之一，也是一项真正壮观的工程杰作。

介绍三峡大坝英语作文The Three Gorges Dam, a monumental engineering feat in modern China, stands as a testament to the country's remarkable technological advancements and unwavering commitment to sustainable development. This immense structure, located on the Yangtze River, is not just a dam; it's a symbol of China's rising global influence and commitment to environmental stewardship.The dam's construction began in 1994 and was completed in 2009, spanning a length of over 2,300 meters and reaching a maximum height of 185 meters. Its purpose is threefold: to control flooding, generate hydroelectric power, and improve navigation conditions on the Yangtze River. The dam's 26 generators produce a combined power output of over 22,500 megawatts, making it the largest power station in the world.One of the most remarkable aspects of the Three Gorges Dam is its environmental impact. By regulating the flow of the Yangtze River, the dam has reduced flooding in downstream areas, protecting millions of people from potential disasters. At the same time, it has created avast reservoir that has transformed the surrounding landscape, providing a new habitat for a wide range of plant and animal species.The dam's construction, however, was not without controversy. Concerns were raised about the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people and the potential ecological impact of the reservoir. These issues were addressed through compensation schemes and environmental impact assessments, ensuring that the project was implemented in a sustainable and responsible manner.Despite these challenges, the Three Gorges Dam has become a source of national pride for the Chinese people. Its success is a testament to the country's engineering prowess and commitment to innovation. The dam not only generates clean, renewable energy but also acts as a catalyst for economic growth in the region, creating jobs and opportunities for local communities.The Three Gorges Dam is not just a monument to engineering excellence; it's a symbol of China's commitment to sustainable development. Its story is one of innovation, resilience, and environmental stewardship, offering aglimpse into the future of engineering and sustainable development worldwide.**三峡大坝：中国工程奇迹的缩影**三峡大坝，这一中国现代工程奇迹，不仅展示了中国在科技领域的卓越成就，更体现了该国对可持续发展的坚定承诺。

描写三峡大坝英语作文（通用5篇）描写三峡大坝英语篇1The environmental impact of the Three Gorges Project pros and consthe ecological balance in the regulation of the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.The Group noted that the Three Gorges Project Demonstration:beneficial effects mainly in the middleincluding reducing flood damage to the ecological environmentreduce coal pollution of the environmentreduce siltation of Dongting Lake and so on.Adverse effects mainly in the reservoir areain addition to farmland inundatedchanging landscapes and large number of immigrantsthe Shang Duizhen rare speciesTail floodslandslidesearthquakesand so on terrestrial plants and animals have a certain influence.描写三峡大坝英语作文篇2Th e Three Gorges are situated ① in the middle reaches of the Yangtze Riverand are famous throughout the world.The Three Gorges are:the Xiling Gorge(西陵峡)Wu Gorge(巫峡)and Qutang Gorge(瞿塘峡).Along with them there are a number of beautiful places of interestsuch asZhaojun VillageQu Yuan Temple and Baidi Town.The Gezhouba Dam is at the entrance to the Gorges.A big power station has been built here.Since the reform and open policies began to be carried outgreat changes have taken place and the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River have taken on a new look.At present a large multipurpose water conservancy project ② is under construction.The Three Gorges will benefit ③ the people more and make greater contributions to China.描写三峡大坝英语作文篇3The three gorges dam is located in China's hunan provincethe whole project is expected to completion in 20__.The flood control and power generation function with the dam.The Yangtze river in the same period a year is always flooding.Destroyed crops and homeseven claimed many lives.Because the surface of the lakethe dam will rise by more than 100 metersand need immigrants millionsthe three gorges region of the many places of interest will be submerged.描写三峡大坝英语作文篇4As with many dams there is a debate over costs and benefits. Although there are economic benefits such as flood control clean hydroelectricity and navigation there are also concerns about the relocation of people siltation loss of archaeological and cultural sites and the impact on regional ecosystemWhile the country benefits from gargantuan potential of electricity generation we have to face up to various environmental conservation issues concerning geological and ecological environment along both river sides and whole upper reaches. The professional designers of the great dam now have to work out a practical way to prevent and remedy pollution effectively which has already been the focus of world attention. 描写三峡大坝英语作文篇5大家好!欢迎您到三峡大坝参观游览!下面我将通过介绍，使大家对工程有一个较为全面的了解。

毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目水库及电力系统简介专业水利水电工程班级2007级四班学生陈剑锋指导教师杨忠超重庆交通大学2011 年RESERVOIRSWhen a barrier is constructed across some river in the form of a dam, water gets stored up on the upstream side of the barrier, forming a pool of water, generally called a reservoir.Broadly speaking, any water collected in a pool or a lake may be termed as a reservoir. The water stored in reservoir may be used for various purposes. Depending upon the purposes served, the reservoirs may be classified as follows: Storage or Conservation Reservoirs.Flood Control Reservoirs.Distribution Reservoirs.Multipurpose reservoirs.(1) Storage or Conservation Reservoirs. A city water supply, irrigation water supply or a hydroelectric project drawing water directly from a river or a stream may fail to satisfy the consumers’ demands during extremely low flows, while during high flows; it may become difficult to carry out their operation due to devastating floods. A storage or a conservation reservoir can retain such excess supplies during periods of peak flows and can release them gradually during low flows as and when the need arise.Incidentally, in addition to conserving water for later use, the storage of flood water may also reduce flood damage below the reservoir. Hence, a reservoir can be used for controlling floods either solely or in addition to other purposes. In the former case, it is known as ‘Flood Control Reservoir’or ‘Single Purpose Flood Control Reservoir’, and in the later case, it is called a ‘Multipurpose Reservoir’.(2) Flood Control Reservoirs A flood control reservoir or generally called flood-mitigation reservoir, stores a portion of the flood flows in such a way as to minimize the flood peaks at the areas to be protected downstream. To accomplish this, the entire inflow entering the reservoir is discharge till the outflow reaches the safe capacity of the channel downstream. The inflow in excess of this rate is stored in stored in the reservoir, which is then gradually released so as to recover the storage capacity for next flood.The flood peaks at the points just downstream of the reservoir are thus reduced by an amount AB. A flood control reservoir differs from a conservation reservoir only in its need for a large sluice-way capacity to permit rapid drawdown before or after a flood.Types of flood control reservoirs. There are tow basic types of flood-mitigation reservoir.Storage Reservoir or Detention basins.Retarding basins or retarding reservoirs.A reservoir with gates and valves installation at the spillway and at the sluice outlets is known as a storage-reservoir, while on the other hand, a reservoir with ungated outlet is known as a retarding basin.Functioning and advantages of a retarding basin:A retarding basin is usually provided with an uncontrolled spillway and anuncontrolled orifice type sluiceway. The automatic regulation of outflow depending upon the availability of water takes place from such a reservoir. The maximum discharging capacity of such a reservoir should be equal to the maximum safe carrying capacity of the channel downstream. As flood occurs, the reservoir gets filled and discharges through sluiceways. As the reservoir elevation increases, outflow discharge increases. The water level goes on rising until the flood has subsided and the inflow becomes equal to or less than the outflow. After this, water gets automatically withdrawn from the reservoir until the stored water is completely discharged. The advantages of a retarding basin over a gate controlled detention basin are:①Cost of gate installations is save.②There are no fates and hence, the possibility of human error and negligence in their operation is eliminated.Since such a reservoir is not always filled, much of land below the maximum reservoir level will be submerged only temporarily and occasionally and can be successfully used for agriculture, although no permanent habitation can be allowed on this land.Functioning and advantages of a storage reservoir:A storage reservoir with gated spillway and gated sluiceway, provides more flexibility of operation, and thus gives us better control and increased usefulness of the reservoir. Storage reservoirs are, therefore, preferred on large rivers which require batter controlled and regulated properly so as not to cause their coincidence. This is the biggest advantage of such a reservoir and outweighs its disadvantages of being costly and involving risk of human error in installation and operation of gates.(3) Distribution Reservoirs A distribution reservoir is a small storage reservoir constructed within a city water supply system. Such a reservoir can be filled by pumping water at a certain rate and can be used to supply water even at rates higher than the inflow rate during periods of maximum demands (called critical periods of demand). Such reservoirs are, therefore, helpful in permitting the pumps or water treatment plants to work at a uniform rate, and they store water during the hours of no demand or less demand and supply water from their ‘storage’ during the critical periods of maximum demand.(4) Multipurpose Reservoirs A reservoir planned and constructed to serve not only one purpose but various purposes together is called a multipurpose reservoir. Reservoir, designed for one purpose, incidentally serving other purpose, shall not be called a multipurpose reservoir, but will be called so, only if designed to serve those purposes also in addition to its main purpose. Hence, a reservoir designed to protect the downstream areas from floods and also to conserve water for water supply, irrigation, industrial needs, hydroelectric purposes, etc. shall be called a multipurpose reservoir.水库拦河筑一条像坝的障碍时，水就被拦蓄在障碍物的上游并形成水塘．通常称之为水库。

the three gorges dam翻译the three gorges dam翻译是：三峡大坝。

例句：1. The Three Gorges Dam is an infrastructure projectbuilt for flood control and hydropower generation.三峡大坝是一个用于防洪和发电的基建项目。

2. The construction of the Three Gorges Dam began in 1994 and was completed in 2006.三峡大坝的建设始于1994年，于2006年完工。

3. The dam spans across the Yangtze River, forming the largest reservoir in China.大坝横跨长江，形成中国最大的水库。

4. The Three Gorges Dam is designed to generate clean energy by harnessing the power of flowing water.三峡大坝通过利用水流的动力来发电，以产生清洁能源。

5. The dam has a total capacity of generating 22,500 megawatts (MW) of electricity, making it the largest power station in the world.大坝总装机容量为22,500兆瓦，是世界上最大的发电站。

6. The Three Gorges Dam has greatly improved floodcontrol capabilities in the Yangtze River basin.三峡大坝极大地改善了长江流域的防洪能力。

7. The dam has helped to regulate water flow and reduce the risk of devastating floods in downstream areas.大坝有助于调节水流，降低下游地区遭受洪水灾害的风险。

水利工程枢纽布置英语作文Water conservancy engineering hub layout is animportant part of urban planning. It plays a crucial rolein flood control, water supply, and irrigation. Thelocation of the hub should take into account the topography, hydrology, and the distribution of water resources.When designing the layout of a water conservancy engineering hub, it is essential to consider the overall coordination and integration of various facilities, such as dams, reservoirs, pumping stations, and water treatment plants. The layout should be optimized to ensure efficient operation and maintenance of these facilities.The layout of the hub should also prioritize environmental protection and ecological conservation. It is important to minimize the impact on the surrounding natural environment and wildlife habitats. Green spaces and ecological corridors should be integrated into the layoutto enhance the overall ecological balance.In addition, the layout of the hub should take into account the needs of local communities and industries. It should be designed to provide convenient access to water resources for agricultural, industrial, and domestic use. The layout should also consider the potential for recreational and tourism development around the water conservancy facilities.Furthermore, the layout of the hub should incorporate advanced technologies and innovative solutions to improve the efficiency and sustainability of water management. This may include the use of smart water monitoring systems, renewable energy sources, and water-saving irrigation techniques.Overall, the layout of a water conservancy engineering hub should be carefully planned to achieve a balance between functional requirements, environmental considerations, and social needs. It should serve as a model for sustainable water resource management and contribute to the overall development of the region.。

附录一：外文翻译The Three Gorges ProjectsFirst. The dam site and basic pivot disposalThe Three Gorges Projects is select to be fixed on San Dou Ping in Yichang, located inabout 40 kilometers of the upper reaches of key water control project of Ge Zhou Ba which was built. River valley, district of dam site, is widen, slope, the two sidesof the bank is relatively gentlely. In the central plains have one island (island, fort of China,), possess the good phased construction water conservancy diversion condition. The foundation of pivot building is the hard and intact body of granite. Have built Yichang and gone to stride bridge that place of 4 kilometers in the about 28 -km-long special-purpose expressway of building site and dam low reaches --West Yangtze Bridge of imperial tomb. Have also built the quay of district of a batch of dams. The dam district possesses the good traffic condition.Two. Important water conservancy project buildings1. damThe dam is a concrete gravity dam, which is 2309 meters long, it’s height is 185 meters , the dam is 181 meters high the most. Release floodwater dam section lie riverbed, 483 of the total length, consist of 22 form hole and 23 release floodwater in the deep hole, among them deep hole is imported 90 meters , the mouth size of hole is 7*9 meters; Form hole mouth is 8 meter wide, overflow weir is 158 meters, form hole and deep hole adopt nose bank choose, flow way go on and can disappear. Dam section lies in and releases floodwater on a section of both sides of the dam in the hydropower station, there are hydropower stations that enter water mouth. Enter water mouth baseplate height 108 meters. Pressure input water pipeline for carry person who in charge of, interior diameter 12.40, adopt the armored concrete to receive the strength structure. Make and let out flow of 102500 cubic meters per second the most largely in the dam site while checking the flood.2. power stationsThe power stations adopt the type after the dam to assign the scheme, consist oftwo groups of factory buildings on left, right and underground factory building altogether. Install 32 sets of hydroelectric generating set together, 14 factory buildings of left bank among them, 12 factory buildings of right bank, 6 underground factory buildings. The hydraulic turbine, in order to mix the flowing type, the specified capacity of the unit of the unit is 700,000 kilowatts.3. open up to navigation buildingThe open up to navigation buildings include permanent lock and ship lift (of the the technological public relations, the steel cable that plans to be replaced with spiral pole technology in the original plan promotes technology), lie in the left bank. Permanent lock double-line five continuous chain of locks. Single grades of floodgate room effective size for 280*34*5, can pass the 10,000 ton-class fleet. The promoting type for single track first grade vertically of the ship lift is designed, it is 120*18*3.5 meters to bear the effective size of design of railway carriage or compartment of ship, can pass a combination vessel of 3000 tons once. Total weight is 11800 tons to bear the design of railway carriage or compartment of ship when operating, it is 6000 newtons to always promote strength.Three.The major project amount and arranges in time limit The subject building of the project and major project amount of the water conservancy diversion project are: Excavate 102,830,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, fill out and build 31,980,000 cubic meters in cubic metre of earth and stone, concrete builds 27,940,000 cubic meters, 463,000 tons of reinforcing bars, make and fit 32 with hydroelectric generating set. All project construction tasks were divided into three stages and finished, all time limit was 17 years. The first stage (1993-1997 year) is preparation of construction and the first stage of the project, it takes 5 years to construct, regard realizing damming in the great river as the sign. The second stage (1998-2003 year) is the second stage, it takes 6 years to construct, lock as initial conservation storage of the reservoir, the first batch of aircrews generate electricity and is open up to navigation with the permanent lock as. The third stage (2004-2009 year) is the third stage of the project, it takes 6 years to construct, regard realizing the sign all aircrews generate electricity and finish building with all of multi-purpose project as. One, two project finish as scheduled already, the third stageof the project in inside the plan to construct too, ship lift tackle key problems of not going on intensely.Four. Enormous benefit of the Three Gorges Projects The Three Gorges Projects is the greatest water control project in China ,also in the world , it is the key project in controlling and developing the Changjiang River. The normal water storage level of the Three Gorges Projects reservoir is 175 meters, installed capacity is 39,300 million cubic meters; The total length of the reservoir is more than 600 kilometers, width is 1.1 kilometers on average; The area of the reservoir is 1084 sq. km.. It has enormous comprehensive benefits such as preventing flood, generating electricity, shipping,etc..1. prevent floodPrimary goal of building the Three Gorges Projects is to prevent flood . The key water control project in Sanxia is the key project that the midstream and downstream of the Changjiang River prevent flood in the system. Regulated and stored by the reservoir of Sanxia, form the capacity of reservoir in the upper reaches as river type reservoir of 39,300 million cubic meters, can regulate storage capacity and reach 22,150 million cubic meters, can intercept the flood came above of Yichang effectively, cut down flood crest flow greatly, make Jingjiang section prevent flood standard meet, improve from at present a about over ten years to once-in-a-hundred-year. Meet millennium first special great flood that meet, can cooperate with Jingjiang flood diversion partition application of flood storage project, the crushing calamity of preventing the occurrence of both sides of section of Jingjiang and bursting in the main dike, lighten midstream and downstream losing and flood threat to Wuhan of big flood, and can create conditions for administration of Dongting Hu district.2. generates electricityThe most direct economic benefits of the Three Gorges Projects is to generate electricity . Equilibrate the contradiction that contemporary China develops economic and serious energy shortage at a high speed, the hydroelectric resources that a clean one can be regenerated are undoubtedly optimum choices. The total installed capacity of power station of Sanxia is 18,200,000 kilowatts, annual average generation is84,680 million kilowatt hours. It will offer the reliable, cheap, clean regenerated energy for areas such as East China, Central China and South China of economic development, energy deficiency,etc.It play a great role in economic development and environmental pollution of reducing.Electric power resource that the Three Gorges Projects offers, if given a workforce of electricity generation by thermal power, mean building 10 more thermal power plants of 1,800,000 kilowatts, excavate more 50 million tons of raw coals every year on average. Besides environment of influencing of the waste residue, it will also discharge a large number of carbon dioxide which form the global greenhouse effects every year, cause the sulfur dioxide of acid rain, poisonous gas carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide. At the same time, it will also produce a large amount of floating dust, dustfall,etc… Thermal power plant and abandon dreg field extensive occupation of land seize more land from East China, Central China area that have a large population and a few land just originally this. This not only makes China bear the pressure that greater environment brings in the future, cause unfavorable influence on the global environment too.3. shippingSanxia reservoir improve Yichang go to Chongqing channel of the Changjiang River of 660 kilometers notably, the 10,000 ton-class fleet can go to the harbour of Chongqing directly. The channel can rise to 50 million tons from about 10 million tons at present through ability in one-way year, transporting the cost can be reduced by 35-37%. Unless until reservoir regulate, Yichang low water flows minimum seasons downstream,whose name is can since at present 3000 cubic meters /second improve until 5000 cubic meters per above second, the shipping condition get greater improvement too to enable the Changjiang River in low water season of midstream and downstream.Five.The questions in building the Three Gorges Projects1. silt issuethe Changjiang River Yichang Duan Nian amount of sand failed 530 million tons, silt the reservoir of Sanxia up. The reservoir blocks water level is 175 meters high, installed capacity is 39,300 millionm3 normally,its die water level is 145 meters, theminimum capacity of a reservoir is 17,200 million m3, storage capacity 22,100 million m3, the conservation storage regulates the capacity of reservoir 16,500 million m3. The operation scheme of the reservoir is: Limit height is 145 meters of water level, in flood season, meet flood adjust big under 56700m3 per second, and power station smooth to let out through deep hole over 3 years, can reduce the sand of the reservoir to deposit. Great flood comes, the reservoir is adjusted bigly, still put and let out 56700m3per second; Deposit towards the reservoir after the flood. The reservoir begins conservation storage, between about two months and normal water storage level 175 meters high in September. The water level of the storehouse is dropped to 155 meters high before the flood next year, utilize conservation storage to generate electricity. In 155 meters water level, can keep the river shipping of Sichuan. By flood season, the water level was dropped to 145 meters water level again, because the flow was large at that time, could keep the river shipping of Sichuan. This is a reservoir operation scheme of innovation.2. question that the slope comes down by the bank of reservoir areaThe question that the slope comes down is through detailed geological survey by 2 reservoir area banks, there is several to come down potentially on water bank of Kuku of Sanxia, the big one can be up to millions of m3. But closest to dam site potential landslide, too far on 26kilometers, such as happen, come down, shock wave that evoke get dam disappear, reduce 2-3meters to to be high, it is safe not to influence the dam. In addition, if the slippery wave happens in the bank of the storehouse, because the reservoir is wide and deep, will not influence shipping.3. engineering question of the pivotThe pivotof Three Gorges is 185 meters high concrete gravity dampivots and 18,200,000kW, the project amount is large, but all regular projects after all, our country has more experience. The stability problem of some foundation can meet the safe requirement through dealing with. 700,000kW hydroelectric generating set, imported from foreign countries in the first batch, was made by oneself at home later. The more complicated one is lock of five grades of Line two, deep-cut in the rock bank, slope reaches 170 meters at the supreme side, the underpart floodgate room vertical 60 meters, high rock slope stability worries about. But the meticulousresearch of engineer and constructors is designed, blown up and the anchor is firm and excavating, the rock slope is steady in a long-term. There is ship lift of 3000t passenger steamer, it is the biggest in the world, in course of designing and studying, and repair the test and use the ship lift first.4.ecological environment problemThe respect useful to ecological environment of the Three Gorges Projects is: Prevent and cure downstream land and cities and towns to flood, reduce the air pollution of electricity generation by thermal power, improve some climate, the reservoir can breed fish etc.. The respect disadvantageous to ecology is: Flood more than 300,000 mu of cultivated land, ground of fruit is more than 200,000 mu, immigrants reach the highland by the storehouse, will destroy the ecological environment, the still water weakens the sewage self-purification ability, worsen water quality, influence reproduction of the wild animal,etc. in the reservoir. So is both advantageous and disadvantageous, do not hinder building the Three Gorges Projects. Should reduce being unfavorable to minimum extent, it is mainly that reservoir immigrants want to plant trees and grass, build the terraced fields, ecological environment protection, does not require the self-sufficiency of grain. Accomplish these, want making a great effort and fund. Control blowdown such as Chongqing, Fuling, Wan County, carry on sewage disposal, protect the water quality of the reservoir, protect the wild animal, set up the protection zone. Although ecological environment protection is difficult, must solve and can solve. As for the scenery of Sanxia, because the high near kilometer of rock bank, and Sanxia dam is only in fact higher than the river surface 110 meters. The scenery basically remains unchanged, the high gorge produces Pinghu, increase even more beautifully.Six. Immigrant's question in the reservoir areaThe reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line there are 24,500 hectares of cultivated land in all; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, totalpopulation of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people. The task is arduous, but must find a room for good immigrants, make its life improve to some extent, help immigrants to create the working condition, live plainly and struggle hard through 20 years, grow rich. Most immigrants retreat to the highland, it is nonlocal that some immigrants get. The reservoir of Sanxia will flood 632 sq. km. of land area, will involve Chongqing, 20 county (market) of Hubei. The reservoir of Sanxia floods and involves 2 cities, 11 county towns, 116 market towns; Flood or flood 1599 of industrial and mining enterprises that influence, reservoir flood line own cultivated land (suck the ground of mandarin orange) 24,500 hectares in common; Flood 824.25 kilometers of highways, 92,200 kilowatts of power stations; The area of house of flooding area is 34,596,000 square meters, The total population of living in the flooding area is 844,100 people (agricultural population 361,500 people among them). Consider population growth and other factors of moving etc. two times during construction, the total population of trends of reservoir immigration allocation of Sanxia will be up to 1,130,000 people.1.exploration and opening of the immigrants in SanxiaThe exploration of an immigrant in Sanxia and open country are in the engineering construction of Sanxia, implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, relevant people's governments organize and lead immigrants to arrange work, use immigrant's funds in a unified manner, exploit natural resources rationally, based on agriculture, the agriculture,industry and commerce combine, through many channel, many industries, multi-form, many method find a room for immigrants properly, immigrants' living standard reach or exceed originally and competently, and create the condition for long-term economic development and improvement of immigrant's living standard of reservoir area of Three Gorges. Immigrant's policy of the exploration, is a great reform of the reservoir immigrants of our country. Policy this, and reservoir area of Three Gorges immigrant put forward at the foundation of pilot project eight year in experience and lessons that immigrant work since new China setup of summarizing. At the beginning of reservoir immigrants in Sanxia, carry out exploration immigrants' principles and policies, insist the country supports, the policy is favourable, each side supports, principle of relying on one's own efforts, appeared by the government, develop local resources in a planned way, expand the capacity of placing, help, offer service of forming a complete set, wide to open up, produce the life way, make it reach " take out offing, goal that so steady as to live, can get rich progressively ". Meanwhile, the country approves reservoir area of Three Gorges as " the open economic region of Sanxia ", enjoy some special policies opening to the outside world in the coastal area, call the immigrants in Sanxia of the developed coordinated cooperation of province and city, immigrant's enterprises and relevant The factor of production has been pushed to the broader large market. The governments at all levels of reservoir area of Three Gorges have issued some development coordinated cooperation, favourable measure inviting outside investment too. Reservoir area immigrant demonstrate with open to urge, develop, in order to develop, urge benign situation that place.2. reorganization and expansion of the immigrants in SanxiaThe reorganization of immigrants in Sanxia and the expansion immigrants in Sanxia are that one involve undertaking that the society of reservoir area reconstruct, resources are recombinated, the recombinating is one of the prominent characteristics of the immigrants in Sanxia, move the fundamental difference duplicated with traditional simple compensation immigrants, former state too. Implement immigrant's policy of the exploration, must demand to combine immigrants to move, reconfigure the factor of production, thus improve the disposition efficiency of resources, form new productivity. Expand while being what is called, expansion of scale, improvement of structure even more, function strengthen improvement of quality. Look with the view of development economics and implement the course of exploration immigrants, it is the course of economic expansion of reservoir area. Exploration immigrants begin from expanding, and ending at realizing expanding, the course that the whole immigrant move and rebuild one's home is running through economic expansion, full of to the yearning that expands in the future. Certainly, in actual operation, should set out from immigrant's reality to pay attention to all, insistreason is expanded.Seven. Investment and benefit questionInvests 90,090 million yuan (1993 price) in investment and the Three Gorges Projects static behavior of benefit question, invests more than about 200 billion yuan dynamically while finishing in project. The investment source of the Three Gorges Projects is as follows, state loan, state-run hydropower station each of price of electricity raise the price 0.4-0.7 fen, power station electric rate income of Ge Zhou Ba, the electric rate income after the power station of Sanxia generates electricity wait for, the country has this financial resources to guarantee to invest in putting in place. About benefit, it is estimated it in ten years after the Three Gorges Projects is built up, total project investment principal and interest, unless including project fee and fee for immigration, can have repaid with electric rate income,it prevent flood, shipping,etc. share make the investment. And the Three Gorges Projects prevent flood, generate electricity, shipping,etc. benefit long-term, and enormous social benefit. Therefore, benefit of the Three Gorges Projects is very great, there is increase slightly to even make the investment, it is very rational too to repay service life to slightly lengthen.三峡水利枢纽工程一、坝址及基本枢纽布置三峡工程大坝坝址选定在宜昌市三斗坪，在已建成的葛洲坝水利枢纽上游约40km处。

IntroductionThe Three Gorges Dam which is located in YiChang of China is the biggest hydropower project all over the world and the whole project costs 16 years from Dec. 14th 1994 to 2009. There are two important parts, the main building works and diversion projects, included in the project. The investment of the project is 248.537 billion Yuan in total: dam Project costs 126.385 billion Yuan, power transmission project spends 36.499 billion Yuan, and the amount of resettlement funds is 85.653 billion Yuan.Why this project was selected for reviewSo far, as the biggest hydroelectric project, this project costs a huge number of money, time as well as numerous human and material resources, at the same time, it creates world record in many ways. The project needs not only very strict requirements in technical aspect, but also the harsh demanding in project management. So this project meets the requirements of the course, which will help us understand senior project management intuitively and deeply by studying this case.Brief explanation of project objectives, proposed scope and key stakeholders;1：project objectives：(1) The benefit of Flood controlThree Gorges Dam’s primary objective is to reduce the losses anddamage by controlling the frequent and hazardous floods of Yangtze River(2) The capacity of electric power generationThe dam’s secondary benefits are producing cheap and clean electric power which is equivalent with 15 nuclear plants.(3) The benefit of shippingThe Gorges Dam project that has improved more than 600 km navigation mileages and increased the shipping capacity will accelerates the waterborne traffic and lower cost.(4)The function of drought resistingThree Gorges Dam of the huge storage can effectively ease the drought situation by adjusting the water release.2：Proposed scope:This project will form a huge reservoir which is 600 km long. The length of the dam crest is 3035 meters; the height of the dam is 185 meters. The ordinary water level is 175 meters with water storage of 39.3 billion cubic meters, of which flood control storage capacity is 22.15 billion cubic meters.3：key stakeholders:China Three Gorges Corporation which is the legal entity for Three Gorges Dam Project is in the charge of the State Council. Itsresponsibilities include the financing, constructing, operating and balancing the economy benefits and the environment protection.The Three Gorges Dam Project led to the biggest immigrant throughout our country history. Immigrants who lose their land and home were placed separately to 11 provinces from the reservoir region according to the principle of local settlement and relocated settlement.Outline of key success criteria and deliverables1. The criteria of flood controlFlood always causes more terrible impact in this region than others owing to its rich agricultural land and prosperous cities. There are some criteria for flood control of the dam. First, the flood control standard of this project should be upgraded to a level of preventing 100-year floods. With such flood coming, the dam can regular the flow which will not exceed 56700 cubic meters every second. Secondly, The Three Gorges project need to reduce the sediment by the scour of flood into the Dongting lake. Not only can we effectively mitigate the threat to Dongting lake, but also extend the life of the Dongting lake. Thirdly, it should strengths the flexibility and reliability of control flood to avoid terrible losses such as the destroy to Wuhan, the terminal of Jinghan trunk railways, and the damage to people and their property2.The criteria of electric power generationThe project has been predicted that 26 turbine-generator unitscan generate electricity in 2003.From then on, they can put 2.8 million KW every year. The dam should be able to product the energy for central and east of China to satisfy their need of reducing cost and accelerating the development of economy. What’s more, this benefit should gives impetus to replace the thermal power which used to be dominated in China by this kind of clean and green energy which can reduce large amounts of carbon dioxide and more than2 million tons’harmful gas emissions a year.3 The criteria of navigationThe significant criteria of navigation is accelerating the prosperity of waterborne traffic and lowering cost. For one hand, By the Three Gorges reservoir’s regulation, in dry season, the water release can get 5860 cubic meters per second which is larger than the amount of natural circumstances that ensure the ton fleet from Chongqing to Shanghai easily. For another hand, the completion of the dam will promote the standardization and aggregation of ship form because of the Yangtze River’s channel and water conditions improved. Shipping fuel consumption decrease to7.66 kg/km from 26 kg/km, and transportation cost lower 25% ~ 35% percent.。

DamThe first dam for which there are reliable records was build or the Nile River sometime before 4000 . It was used to divert the Nile and provide a site for the ancient city of Memphis .The oldest dam still in use is the Almanza Dam in Spain, which was constructed in the sixteenth century. With the passage of time,materials and methods of construction have improved. Making possible the erection of such large dams as the Nurek Dam, which is being constructed in the . on the vaksh River near the border of Afghanistan. This dam will be 1017ft(333m) high, of earth and rock fill. The failure of a dam may cause serious loss of life and property; consequently, the design and maintenance of dams are commonly under government surveillance. In the United States over 30,000 dams are under the control of state authorities. The 1972 Federal Dams Safety Act (PL92-367)requires periodic inspections of dams by qualified experts. The failure of the Teton Dam in Idaho in June 1976 added to the concern for dam safety in the United States.1 Type of DamsDams are classified on the type and materials of construction, as gravity, arch, buttress ,and earth .The first three types are usually constructed of concrete. A gravity dam depends on its own weight for stability and it usually straight in plan although sometimes slightly curved.Arch dams transmit most of the horizontal thrust of the water behind them to the abutments by arch action and have thinner cross sections than comparable gravity dams. Arch dams can be used only in narrow canyons where the walls are capable of withstanding the thrust produced by the arch action. The simplest of the many types of buttress dams is the slab type, which consists of sloping flat slabs supported at intervals by buttresses. Earth dams are embankments of rock or earth with provision for controlling seepage by means of dam may be included in a single structure. Curved dams may combine both gravity and arch action to achieve stability. Long dams often have a concrete river section containing spillway and sluice gates and earth or rock-fill wing dams for the remainder of their length.The selection of the best type of dam for a given site is a problem in both engineering feasibility and cost. Feasibility is governed by topography, geology and climate. For example, because concrete spalls when subjected to alternate freezing and thawing, arch and buttress dams with thin concrete section are sometimes avoided in areas subject to extreme cold. The relative cost of the various types of dams depends mainly on the availability of construction materials near the site and the accessibility of transportation facilities. Dams are sometimes built in stages with the second or late stages constructed a decade or longer after the first stage.The height of a dam is defined as the difference in elevation between the roadway, or spillway crest, and the lowest part of the excavated foundation. However, figures quoted for heights of dams are often determined in other ways. Frequently the height is taken as the net height is taken as the net height above the old riverbed.on damsA dam must be relatively impervious to water and capable of resisting the forces acting on it. The most important of these forces are gravity (weight of dam) , hydrostatic pressure, uplift, ice pressure, and earthquake forces are transmitted to the foundation and abutments of the dam, which react against the dam with an equal and opposite force, the foundation reaction. The effect of hydrostatic forces caused by water flowing over the dam may require consideration in special cases.The weight of a dam is the product of its volume and the specific weight of the material. The line of action of dynamic force passes through the center of mass of the cross section. Hydrostatic force may act on both the upstream and downstream faces of the dam. The horizontal componentH of the hydrostatic force is the force or unit width of damhit is2/2HrhhWhere r is the specific weight of water and h is the depth of water .The line of action of this force is h/3 above the base of thedam .The vertical component of the hydrostatic force is equal to the weigh of water vertically above the face of the dam and passes through the center of gravity of this volume of water.Water under pressure inevitably finds its way between the dam And its foundation and creates uplift pressures. The magnitude of the uplift force depends on the character of the foundation and the construction methods. It is often assumed that the uplift pressure varies linearly from full hydrostatic pressure at the upstream face (heel)to full tail-water pressure at the downstream face (toe).For this assumption the uplift force U isU=r(h1+h2)t/2Where t is the base thickness of the dam and h1and h2 are the water depths at the heel and toe of the dam,respectively. The uplift force will act through the center of area of the pressure trapezoid.Actual measurements on dams indicate that the uplift force is much less than that given by Eq.(2)Various assumption have been made regarding the distribution of uplift of Reclamation sometimes assumes that the uplift pressure on gravity dams varies linearly from two-thirds of full uplift at the heel to zero at the toe. Drains are usually provided near the heel of the dam to permit the escape of seepage water and relieve uplift.译文：坝据可靠记载，世界上第一座坝是公元前4000年以前在尼罗河上修建的。

长江三峡英文介绍英文阅读带翻译长江三峡西起重庆奉节县白帝城，东至湖北宜昌市南津关，沿线有许多文化遗址等景观。

今天小编为大家带来中国旅游景点长江三峡英文介绍，欢迎大家阅读!长江三峡英文介绍The Three Gorges have showed the magic workings of nature with their marvelous andbeautiful mountains and waters. The grotesque peaks and rocks on the two sides of the ThreeGorges are accounting the great changes taking place in the region in the past billionyears，and the variegated wracks of lives sleeping deep between the rock layers are narratingthe history of the evolvement of lives during the past hundreds of millions of years.How manyvisitors have been attraded here by the charming thou-sand-year-long history of theregion，the great ancient relics of human civilization，and the mysterious folktales!Sandwiched between the mountains on the mid part of the Yangtze River，the ThreeGorges runs across Fengjie and Wushan Mountain in Sichuan Province and Badong，Zigui，andYichang in Hubei Province，extending 193 kilometers tong to include Qutang Gorge，WuxiaGorge，and Xiling Gorge.Cityof White Emperor in Fengjie is the vital passage of the west partof the Three Gorges. Nanjinguan in Yichang is the important gateway of the east part. Alongthe banks of the Yangtze River，the high peaks rise in emerald verdure overhanging rocks towerinto the clouds，dangerous cliffs seem to reach the sky，rocks are jagged andgrotesque,waterfalls are spraying and sparkling，clouds and mists are curling，rapids andtorrents are seething，and fierce waves are deep，serene and exquisite.长江三峡以其奇秀壮丽的山水风景尽显了大自然的神工巧匠。